Biolinguistics is the study of the biology and evolution of language.

It is a highly interdisciplinary field, including linguists, biologists, neuroscientists, psychologists, mathematicians, and others.

Origins
The biolinguistic perspective began to take shape half a century ago, among the linguists influenced by the developments in biology and mathematics (1). Eric Lennebergs Biological Foundations of Language remains a basic document of the field (3). In 1974, the first Biolinguistic conference was organized by Massimo Piattelli-Palmarini, bringing together evolutionary biologists, neuroscientists, linguists, and others interested in the development of language in the individual, its origins, and evolution (4). Biolinguistics, shifting the focus of investigation in linguistics to a comprehensive scheme that embraces natural sciences, promises to yield a framework by which we can understand the fundamentals of the faculty of language.

Developments
Recent work in theoretical linguistics and cognitive studies at MIT construes human language as a highly non-redundant species-specific system. Noam Chomskys latest contribution to the study of the mind in general and language in particular is his minimalist approach to syntactic representations. This effort to understand how much of language can be given a principled explanation has resulted in the Minimalist Program (2). In syntax, lexical items are merged externally, building argument representations; next, the internal merge induces movement and creates constituent structures where each is part of a larger unit. This mechanism allows people to combine words into infinite strings. If this is true, then the objective of biolinguists is to find out as much as we can about the principles underlying mental recursion.

Hypothesis
It is possible that the core principles of the language faculty can be correlated to natural laws (such as for example, the Fibonacci sequence an array of numbers where each consecutive number is a sum of the two that precede it, see for example the discussion Urigereka 1997 and Carnie and Medeiros 2005) (5). According to the hypothesis being developed, the essential properties of language arise from nature itself: the efficient growth requirement appears everywhere, from the pattern of petals in flowers, leaf arrangements in trees and the spirals of a seashell to the structure of DNA and proportions of human head and body. If this law applies to existing systems of cognition, both in humans and non-humans, then what allows our mind to create language? Could it be that a single cycle exists, a unique component of which gives rise to our ability to construct sentences, refer to ourselves and other persons, group objects and establish relations between them, and eventually understand each other? The answer to this

question will be a landmark breakthrough, not only within linguistics but in our understanding of cognition in general.

Critics
David Poeppel, a neuroscientist and linguist, has noted that if neuroscience and linguistics are done wrong, there is a risk of "inter-disciplinary cross-sterilization", arguing that there is a Granularity Mismatch Problem, as different levels of representations used in linguistics and neural science lead to vague metaphors linking brain structures to linguistic components. Poeppel and Embick also introduce Ontological Incommensurability Problem, where computational processes described in linguistic theory cannot be restored to neural computational processes. He suggests that neurolinguistic research should try to have theories of how brain encodes linguistic information and what could be cognitively realistic computation.[1]

People in biolinguistics

Noam Chomsky, MIT Massimo Piattelli-Palmarini, University of Arizona David Poeppel, University of Maryland Karin Stromswold, Rutgers University W. Tecumseh Fitch, University of St. Andrews Marc D. Hauser, Harvard University Philip Lieberman, Brown University Derek Bickerton, University of Hawaii Lyle Jenkins, Biolinguistics Institute Kenneth Wexler, MIT Ray C. Dougherty, New York University (NYU) Alec Marantz, NYU/MIT Alona Soschen, Andrew Carnie University of Arizona Juan Uriagereka, University of Maryland David Medeiros, University of Arizona Charles Reiss, Concordia University

See also

Neurolinguistics

References
1. ^ Poeppel, David; Embick, David (2005). "Defining the Relation Between Linguistics and Neuroscience". in Anne Cutler. Twenty-First Century Psycholinguistics: Four Cornerstones. Lawrence Erlbaum.

Conferences

Biolinguistic Investigations Conference, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, February 2007. http://www.biolinguistics.net Conference on Biolinguistics: Language Evolution and Variation, Universit di Venezia, June 2007. http://www.biolinguistics.uqam.ca

The Journal of Biolinguistics. http://www.biolinguistics.eu

Biolinguistics adalah studi tentang biologi dan evolusi bahasa. It is a highly interdisciplinary field, including linguists , biologists, neuroscientists , psychologists, mathematicians, and others. Ini adalah sangat interdisipliner bidang, termasuk ahli bahasa, ahli biologi, ahli syaraf, psikolog, ahli matematika, dan lain-lain.

Asal-usul
The biolinguistic perspective began to take shape half a century ago, among the linguists influenced by the developments in biology and mathematics (1). Eric Lenneberg's Biological Foundations of Language remains a basic document of the field (3). Perspektif yang biolinguistic mulai berbentuk setengah abad yang lalu, di antara para ahli bahasa dipengaruhi oleh perkembangan di bidang biologi dan matematika (1). Lenneberg Eric's Biologis Foundations of Bahasa tetap menjadi dasar dari bidang dokumen (3). In 1974, the first Biolinguistic conference was organized by Massimo Piattelli-Palmarini , bringing together evolutionary biologists , neuroscientists, linguists, and others interested in the development of language in the individual, its origins, and evolution (4). Pada tahun 1974, Biolinguistic pertama konferensi ini diselenggarakan oleh Massimo PiattelliPalmarini, menyatukan evolusi biologi, ahli syaraf, ahli bahasa, dan orang lain yang tertarik dalam pengembangan bahasa dalam individu, asal-usulnya, dan evolusi (4). Biolinguistics, shifting the focus of investigation in linguistics to a comprehensive scheme that embraces natural sciences , promises to yield a framework by which we can understand the fundamentals of the faculty of language. Biolinguistics, mengalihkan fokus penyelidikan dalam linguistik untuk skema yang komprehensif yang mencakup ilmu-ilmu alam, menjanjikan untuk menghasilkan suatu kerangka dengan mana kita dapat memahami dasar-dasar kemampuan bahasa.

Perkembangan
Recent work in theoretical linguistics and cognitive studies at MIT construes human language as a highly non-redundant species-specific system. Noam Chomsky 's latest contribution to the study of the mind in general and language in particular is his minimalist approach to syntactic representations. Baru-baru ini bekerja di teoretis linguistik dan kognitif studi di MIT menafsirkan bahasa manusia sebagai non-redundant yang sangat spesies-sistem tertentu. Noam Chomsky 's kontribusi terbaru terhadap kajian pikiran pada umumnya dan khususnya bahasa adalah pendekatan minimalis sintaksis representasi. This effort to understand how much of language can be given a principled explanation has resulted in the Minimalist Program (2). Upaya ini untuk mengerti berapa banyak bahasa dapat diberikan penjelasan berprinsip telah mengakibatkan Program Minimalis (2). In syntax, lexical items are merged externally, building argument representations; next, the internal merge induces movement and creates constituent structures where each is part of a larger unit. Dalam sintaksis, leksikal digabung eksternal, membangun argumen representasi; berikutnya, menggabungkan internal gerakan mendorong dan menciptakan struktur konstituen di mana masing-masing adalah bagian dari unit yang lebih besar. This mechanism allows people to combine words into infinite strings. Mekanisme ini memungkinkan masyarakat untuk menggabungkan string

kata menjadi tak terbatas. If this is true, then the objective of biolinguists is to find out as much as we can about the principles underlying mental recursion . Jika ini benar, maka tujuan biolinguists adalah untuk mencari tahu sebanyak yang kita dapat tentang prinsipprinsip mental yang mendasari rekursi.

Hipotesis
It is possible that the core principles of the language faculty can be correlated to natural laws (such as for example, the Fibonacci sequence an array of numbers where each consecutive number is a sum of the two that precede it, see for example the discussion Urigereka 1997 and Carnie and Medeiros 2005) (5). Ada kemungkinan bahwa prinsipprinsip inti dari fakultas bahasa dapat dikorelasikan dengan hukum-hukum alam (seperti misalnya, deret Fibonacci - sebuah array dari angka-angka di mana masing-masing nomor berturut-turut adalah jumlah kedua yang mendahului itu, lihat misalnya diskusi Urigereka 1997 dan Carnie dan Medeiros 2005) (5). According to the hypothesis being developed, the essential properties of language arise from nature itself: the efficient growth requirement appears everywhere, from the pattern of petals in flowers, leaf arrangements in trees and the spirals of a seashell to the structure of DNA and proportions of human head and body. Menurut hipotesis yang dikembangkan, sifat-sifat esensial bahasa muncul dari alam itu sendiri: syarat pertumbuhan yang efisien muncul di mana-mana, mulai dari pola di kelopak bunga, daun pohon pengaturan dan spiral dari kulit kerang dengan struktur DNA dan proporsi kepala dan tubuh manusia. If this law applies to existing systems of cognition, both in humans and non-humans, then what allows our mind to create language? Jika hukum ini berlaku untuk sistem yang ada kognisi, baik pada manusia dan non-manusia, lalu apa yang memungkinkan pikiran kita untuk menciptakan bahasa? Could it be that a single cycle exists, a unique component of which gives rise to our ability to construct sentences, refer to ourselves and other persons, group objects and establish relations between them, and eventually understand each other? Mungkinkah siklus satu ada, komponen unik yang menimbulkan kemampuan kita untuk membangun kalimat, merujuk kepada diri kita sendiri dan orang lain, kelompok benda-benda dan membangun hubungan di antara mereka, dan akhirnya mengerti satu sama lain? The answer to this question will be a landmark breakthrough, not only within linguistics but in our understanding of cognition in general. Jawaban atas pertanyaan ini akan menjadi landmark terobosan, tidak hanya dalam bahasa tetapi dalam pemahaman kita tentang kesadaran pada umumnya.

Kritik
David Poeppel, a neuroscientist and linguist, has noted that if neuroscience and linguistics are done wrong, there is a risk of "inter-disciplinary cross-sterilization", arguing that there is a Granularity Mismatch Problem , as different levels of representations used in linguistics and neural science lead to vague metaphors linking brain structures to linguistic components. David Poeppel, seorang ahli syaraf dan ahli bahasa, telah mencatat bahwa jika ilmu syaraf dan linguistik yang melakukan kesalahan, ada risiko "lintas disiplin antar-sterilisasi", dengan alasan bahwa ada suatu Granularity

Mismatch Soal, sebagai representasi tingkat yang berbeda yang digunakan dalam linguistik dan ilmu saraf menyebabkan metafora samar struktur otak untuk menghubungkan komponen linguistik. Poeppel and Embick also introduce Ontological Incommensurability Problem , where computational processes described in linguistic theory cannot be restored to neural computational processes. Poeppel dan juga memperkenalkan Ontologis Embick ketakterbandingan Soal, di mana proses komputasi yang dijelaskan dalam teori linguistik tidak dapat dikembalikan ke proses komputasi saraf. He suggests that neurolinguistic research should try to have theories of how brain encodes linguistic information and what could be cognitively realistic computation. [ 1 ] Dia menunjukkan bahwa penelitian neurolinguistic harus mencoba untuk memiliki teori tentang bagaimana otak mengkodekan informasi linguistik dan apa yang bisa secara kognitif perhitungan realistis. [1]

Orang-orang di biolinguistics

Noam Chomsky , MIT Noam Chomsky, MIT Massimo Piattelli-Palmarini , University of Arizona Massimo Piattelli-Palmarini, University of Arizona David Poeppel , University of Maryland David Poeppel, University of Maryland Karin Stromswold , Rutgers University Karin Stromswold, Rutgers University W. Tecumseh Fitch , University of St. Andrews W. Tecumseh Fitch, University of St Andrews Marc D. Hauser , Harvard University Marc D. Hauser, Harvard University Philip Lieberman , Brown University Philip Lieberman, Brown University Derek Bickerton , University of Hawaii Derek Bickerton, University of Hawaii Lyle Jenkins , Biolinguistics Institute Lyle Jenkins, Biolinguistics Institute Kenneth Wexler , MIT Kenneth Wexler, MIT Ray C. Dougherty , New York University (NYU) Ray C. Dougherty, New York University (NYU) Alec Marantz , NYU/MIT Alec Marantz, NYU / MIT Alona Soschen , Alona Soschen, Andrew Carnie University of Arizona Andrew Carnie University of Arizona Juan Uriagereka , University of Maryland Juan Uriagereka, University of Maryland David Medeiros , University of Arizona David Medeiros, University of Arizona Charles Reiss , Concordia University Charles Reiss, Concordia University

Lihat pula

Neurolinguistics Neurolinguistics

Referensi
1. ^ Poeppel, David; Embick, David (2005). ^ Poeppel, David; Embick, David (2005). "Defining the Relation Between Linguistics and Neuroscience".

"Menentukan Hubungan Antara Linguistik dan Neuroscience". in Anne Cutler. Twenty-First Century Psycholinguistics: Four Cornerstones . di Anne Cutler. Twenty-First Century psikolinguistik: Empat Pilar. Lawrence Erlbaum. Lawrence Erlbaum.

Pertemuan

Biolinguistic Investigations Conference, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, February 2007. http://www.biolinguistics.net Investigasi Biolinguistic Conference, Santo Domingo, Republik Dominika, Februari 2007. Http://www.biolinguistics.net Conference on Biolinguistics: Language Evolution and Variation, Universit di Venezia, June 2007. http://www.biolinguistics.uqam.ca Konferensi Biolinguistics: Bahasa Evolusi dan Variasi, Universit di Venezia, Juni 2007. Http://www.biolinguistics.uqam.ca

The Journal of Biolinguistics. http://www.biolinguistics.eu Journal of Biolinguistics. Http://www.biolinguistics.eu