Terry Nguyen Year 11 Chemistry

Construct word and balanced formulae equations of chemical reactions as they are encountered

Naming Compounds: METAL NON-METAL: 1. Name the metal element first. 2. Then name the non-metal, add -ide at the end. 3. If the element has more than one possible valency, then the valency is stated in Roman numerals in brackets. They are usually Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb) and Tin (Sn). Iron (Fe) +2 (ferrous) Copper (Cu) +1 (Cuprous) +3 (ferric) Lead (Pb) +2 +4 Tin (Sn) +2 (Cupric) +2 +4

NON-METAL NON-METAL: 1. Name the element of the lower group of the Periodic Table first. 2. The second element is changed to -ide . 3. Add a prefix if needed. 4. If the first element has the valency 1, a prefix is not needed. However, the prefix is required for the second element if it has a valency of 1). 1 Eg: 1. CaO is Carbon Monoxide. 2. CO2 is Carbon Dioxide 3 4 5 TriTetraPent8 9 10 OctNanoDeca2 MonoDi6 7 HexHept-

Terry Nguyen Year 11 Chemistry

ACID RADICAL/ POLYATOMIC IONS: the acid radical always name second.

Nitrate Nitrite Sulfate Sulfite Phosphate Phosphite

NO3(-) NO2(-) SO4(2-) SO3(-) PO4(3-) PO3(3-)

Ammonia Ammonium

NH3(+) NH4(+)

Hydrochloric Acid Sulfuric Acid Sulfurous Acid Nitric Acid Nitrous Acid

HCl H2SO4 H2SO3 HNO3 HNO2

Permanganate MnO4(-) Chromate Dichromate Acetate CrO4(2-) C2O7(2-) CH3OO(-)

Writing Equations: 1. 2. 3. Write the equation in words. To do this, you need a reactants and products. Write its formula if it is a compound, or symbol if it is an element. Make sure the equation is balanced. Count up how many of each type of atom you have on

each side of the equation. Compare them on the left to the right. If th ey are equal, your equation is complete. If not, you need to put numbers in front of each formula until the number of atoms of each element is the same on each side of the equation. This is because you cannot make or destroy atoms in a chemical reaction 4. they just get rearranged .

Write the state of each reactants and products.

(s) Solid (g) Gas (aq) Aqueous a substance in solution with water

(l) Indicates a pure liquid such as water or concentrated acid

Identify that the biosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere contain examples of mixtures of elements and compounds

Spheres ATMOSPHERE HYDROSPHERE LITHOSPHERE BIOSPHERE

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ELEMENTS FOUND Oxygen Nitrogen Gold Carbon

COMPOUNDS FOUND Carbon Dioxide Sodium Chloride Aluminosilicate Carbohydrates

Terry Nguyen Year 11 Chemistry

Identify the difference between elements, compounds and mixtures in terms of particle theory
The Particle Theory: Matter is made up of small invisible particles called atoms. Matter is made up of tiny particles which are continuously moving . The particle theory explains the different state in which matter exists as well as their interactions .

Matter

Pure Substances

Mixtures (Impure Substances)

Elements

Compounds

Homogeneous

Heterogeneous

Element : is the simplest substance that cannot be separated by ordinary physical or chemical
means. Elements are made up of the same type of atom. An atom is the smallest building block of matter. Two or more atoms chemically combined is called a molecule.

Molecule is a cluster of two or more atoms held together by a covalent bond.

Compound : is a pure substance which consists of two or more different elements chemically
combined in a fixed ratio. A compound can only decomposed using chemical means.

Mixture: is a physical blending of two or more substances in variable proportions .

Homogeneous Mixture : have uniform composition and properties throughout. Heterogeneous Mixture : are those which are not uniform in composition and properties
throughout.

Terry Nguyen Year 11 Chemistry

Identify and describe the procedures th at can be used to separate naturally occurring mixtures of: Solids of different sizes Solids and liquids Dissolved solids in liquids Liquids Gases

Assess separation techniques for their suitability in separating examples of earth materials, identifying the differences in properties which enable these separations

Consider what is in the mixture

the number of components and their properties.

Properties Used Solids of different sizes

Process Used Sieving Sedimentation Froth Flotation Magnetic Separation

Examples Sand and granites Magnetic materials from other objects

Solids and Liquids

Decanting Filtration Centrifuging

Sediments from wine

Dissolved Solids in Liquids

Crystallisation Evaporation

Salts and sea water

Liquids

Distillation (liquids with different boiling points) Separating Funnel (liquids that are immiscible) Fractional Distillation (liquids that have close boiling points)

Petroleum fractions from crude oil

Gases

Liquefaction then Fractional Distillation

Nitrogen and oxygen in air

Terry Nguyen Year 11 Chemistry

Describe situations in which gravimetric analysis supplies useful data for chemists and other scientists
Gravimetric Analysis is a method of analysis that involves the measurement of masses. It allows us to find out the composition of the mixture by separating out the components and weighing them.

Eg: The percentage of dissolved solids present in water. This helps chemists and agricultural scientists determine whether river or bore water is suitable for crops or for drinking. The mineral content of ores. This helps mining and chemical engineers decide whether or not it will be economic to mine an ore body and extract the metals present.

Apply systematic naming of inorganic compounds as they are introduced in the laboratory
Inorganic compounds do not normally contain carbon.

Group Acids

Characteristics Taste sour, release hydrogen ions when dissolve in water, neutralise bases to form salts, turn blue litmus red

Examples HCl, H 2SO4, HNO3

Bases

Taste biter, release hydroxide ions when dissolved in water, neutralise acids to form salts, turns red litmus blue

NaOH, NA2CO3

KOH,

NH4OH,

Salts

Ionic compounds that are formed when NaCl, CuSO4, KBr, FeS an acid and a base neutralise each other, soluble salts are electrolysis

Molecular compound Compounds bonded

compose exist

of as

covalently H2O, CO2, SO2, NO2 discrete

atoms,

molecules, non-conductors of electricity Silicates Glassy, rock-making materials, Si---O SiO2, covalent bonds present in giant network solids KAl3, Si2O10(OH)2,

(Mg2Fe)2SiO4

Terry Nguyen Year 11 Chemistry

Identify IUPAC names for carbon compounds as they are encountered Identify IUPAC names for carbon compounds as they are encountered
Organic compounds are composed of carbon and other elements. They are named by the IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry)

C1 C2 C3 C4

MethEthPropBut-

C5 C6 C7 C8

PentHexHeptOct-

ALKANES

CnH2n+2 Only single bonds Suffix ending for alkanes is -ane

Ethane H H C H H C H H

ALKENES

CnH2n 1-Ethene At least one carbon-carbon double bond H Suffix ending for alkenes is -ene In front of the stem put the lower number C of the carbon atom to which the double bond joins H

H C H

ALKYNES

CnH2n-2 At least one car-carbon triple bond The suffix ending for alkynes is -yne In front of the stem put the lower number of the carbon atom to which the triple bond exists

Eth-1-yne

Terry Nguyen Year 11 Chemistry

Explain the relationship between the reactivity of an element and the likelihood of its existing as an uncombined element
Reactivity is a chemical rather than physical property. Some elements are highly reactive, others are inert (non-reactive). Elements are highly reactive if they interact with other chemical substances in the environment. Metals such as sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium are very reactive. They readily combine with oxygen or water to form new substances. Gold and platinum are very unreactive and only participate in chemical reactions and extreme conditions. This explains why gold and silver can be found in nature. Such metals are called native metals. Amongst the non-metals, fluorine and oxygen are the most reactive and helium and neon are the least reactive.

Classify elements as metals, non -metals and semi-metals according to their physical properties

Property Melting Point Boiling Point Electrical Conductivity Heat Conductivity Appearance Examples

Metals Usually high Usually high High High Shiny Aluminium, lithium

Non-Metals Usually low Usually low Very low Very low Usually not lustrous Chlorine, carbon

Semi-Metals High Usually high Low Low Variable Silicon, arsenic

Metals tend to melt and boil at much higher temperature than non -metals. Because of this, metals are hard, shiny solids at room temperature (25 C) whereas non -metals are gases. Metals are also good conductors. They are malleable and ductile.

Mercury and Bromine are liquids at room temperature. Semi-metals have high melting points, but they are not good conductors.
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Terry Nguyen Year 11 Chemistry

Account for the uses of metals and non -metals in terms of their physical properties
Metals Lead (car batteries) Mercury (thermometer) Aluminium (car parts) Gold (shiny appearance) Copper (good conductor) Iron (railways, pipes) Non-Metals Bombs (atomic H bombs) Oxygen (medical uses) Chlorine (disinfecting pools) Argon gas (electrical bulbs) Semi-Metals Silicon (insulators) Terrulium (glass, ceramic, electrical resistors) as

semi-metals are not good conductors

Identify that matter is made of particles that are continuously moving and interacting
Matter exists in three states they are liquids, solids and gases.

Gases consist of tiny particles called molecules. The distance of these molecules are very large

compared to the size of each gas molecule. The molecules of gas move in rapid, random, straight line motion. They collide with each other and the sides of the contai ner, and there is no net energy loss during these collisions. The kinetic energy of the molecules increases as the temperature of the gas increases. Gas particles are in constant motion and will continue to move in all directions until stopped by the walls of a container. Gases always spread to occupy all the available space and can be compressed. Liquids consist of closer particles than gases. The particles can slip past each other, but

because of their close proximity, a particle cannot travel far before colliding with a neighbouring particle. The lack of space is the reason why liquids are virtually incompressible and have definite volume. Particles of liquids do not occupy in fixed positions allows the liquid to flow and hence take on the shape of its container. Cannot be compressed but can diffuse (spread). Solids consist of restricted particles. Each particle in solid occupies a fixed position in relation

to its neighbours and the particles vibrate about these fixed positions in the limited space availa ble to them. As a result, solids have definite shape as well as a definite volume. Cannot be compressed.

Terry Nguyen Year 11 Chemistry

Describe qualitative the energy levels of electrons in atoms

Electrons can have up to seven shells of orbiting electrons surround a nucleus consist of neutrons and protons. The 2n^2 rule is used to determine the maximum number of electrons able to reside in each energy level. The first shell can have a maximum of 2 electrons (2x1^2) The second shell can have a maximum of 8 electrons (2x2^2) . And so forth.

Describe atoms in terms of mass number and atomic number

Atomic number is the number of protons of an element. Each kind of element has a unique atomic number. The number of protons is the same as the number of electrons of an element. Mass number is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons. Atomic number A

Atomic mass

Describe the formation of ions in terms of atoms gaining or losing electrons

Elements in nature tend to copy those of noble elements. They either gain or lose electron(s) for it to be complete, with a full outermost electron shell (of 8 electrons). These elements are now called ions. Ion is a charged particle formed when an atom lose or gain electrons. When an atom gains one or more electrons, it becomes a negative ion. This ion is known as anion. When an atom loses one or more electrons, it becomes a positive ion. This ion is known as cation.

Terry Nguyen Year 11 Chemistry

Apply the Periodic Table to predict the ions formed by atoms of metals and non -metals
Metals on the Periodic Table tend to lose electrons to be stable. As a result, their valencies are positive. They become positive ions. When metals lose electrons, these electr ons have to go somewhere ; they do not flow around freely. They may go to another atom, forming negative ions. Or they may go to a positive ion, converting it back to an atom. Non-metals tend to gain electrons to become stable. As a result, their valencies are negative. They become negative ions.

Apply Lewis electron dot structures to: The formation of ions The electron sharing in some simple molecules

An element:

[ Na ] = [ Na ] Na Cl = [ Na ] [ Cl ]

Elements forming compounds:

Sharing of electrons in simple molecule:

[H]

Describe the formation of ionic compounds in terms of the attraction of ions of opposite charge
An ionic compound involves the transferring (giving) of electrons from one substance, usually a metal, to another substance, usually a non-metal. The ionic bonds arise from the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions. When forming ionic compounds, one element gives its electrons to the other elements (usually from metal to non-metal) as for the compounds to be ionic. The metal element from positive ions while the non-metal element forms negative ions; as a result, they attract each other and form ionic compound.
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Terry Nguyen Year 11 Chemistry

Describe molecules as particles which can move independently of each other

Molecules are particles that can exist and move independently of each other. A molecule was originally defined as a cluster of two or more atoms held together by a covalent bond, as in sharing electrons. This results in strong bond in each molecule . Thus molecule is now defined as the smallest unit of a substance that can move independently.

Distinguish between molecules containing one atom (the noble gases) and molecules with more than one atom
Molecules containing one atom (the noble gases) are found in Group VIII of the Periodic Table, aka the inert gases. Atoms of inert gases do not join with each other (itself), or with any other atoms . This is because they have a full complete stable outer s hell.

Molecules with more than one atom (elements): Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen

- Fluorine
Chlorine Bromine Iodine

exists as diatomic molecules

Those 7 elements above cannot exist as a monotonic molecule but as diatomic molecules. They join with its identical atom to form a molecule. They are held together by covalent bond caused by the two atoms sharing a pair of electrons. a strong force

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Terry Nguyen Year 11 Chemistry

Describe the formation of covalent molecules in terms of sharing of electrons

Covalent bond is the sharing of electrons between atoms. In molecules, two diatomic molecules are held together by covalent bond . By sharing electrons, each atom in the molecule effectively has a full shell of eight electrons orbiting around it. Hydrogen gas (H2) Chlorine Gas (Cl 2)

Cl

Cl

Some compounds also occur as molecules. This means that if two or more different types of atoms joined together by covalent bonding . They are also known as MOLECULES. Water (H2O) / Water Molecule

O H H

Construct formulae for compounds formed from: Ions Atoms sharing electrons

Ions: NaCl Sodium Chloride: Sodium has 1 electron in its outer shell, while Chlorine has 7. Sodium then gives its outer electron to Chlorine, so both Chlorine and Sodium are full. Since Sodium has 8 electrons in its outer shell as 1 was given away, and Chlorine also has 8 since it received one from Sodium. This is ionic bonding as an electron was given away. Atoms sharing electrons: HCl Hydrochloric Acid: Hydrogen only has one electron in its very first shell, while chlorine has 7 in its outermost shell. Hydrogen then shares its electron with Chlorine, so both of them are now stable. Since hydrogen has 2 (full for the very first shell), and chlorine has full outermost shell of 8 electrons. This is covalent bonding as it is a sharing of electron.
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Terry Nguyen Year 11 Chemistry

Identify the differences between physical and chemical change in terms of rearrangement of particles
Physical Change: is a change that does not lead to the formation of new chemical substances. Physical changes mainly involve small energy changes, usually a change of state which can be easily reversed. Eg: Filtration physically separating suspended solids and water. Changing the physical shape: metals being made into a wire Changes of state: melting, evaporation, condensation all are physical changes.

Chemical Change: are changes that involve the breaking of chemical bonds and formation of new chemical bonds to form new substances. This requires a lot of energy. Eg: Burning a match the tip of the match reacts with oxygen in a reaction called combustion. A metal dissolving in a solution of acid Electrolysis of water the decomposition of a chemical substance by the application of water.

Summarise the difference between the boiling and electrolysis of water as an example of the difference between boiling and chemical change
Boiling is an example of a physical change as water simply changes state and no new substances are form. While boiling, water changes from its H2O liquid (l) state to H2O gas (g) state. It is also easy to reverse and requires a small amount of energy. Electrolysis of water is an example of electrolysis as electrolysis of water produces two new substances which are Hydrogen gas and Oxygen gas. It is hard to reverse as you need the gases mixed together with a spark. And electrolysis requires much more energy.

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Terry Nguyen Year 11 Chemistry

Identify light, heat and electricity as the common forms of energy that may be released or absorbed during the decomposition or synthesis of substances and identify examples of these changes occurring in everyday life
During the decomposition of copper carbonate and nickel carbonate, heat energy was used to decompose these substances. Decomposition of copper carbonate and nickel carbonate are chemical changes as they produce carbon dioxide and oxides as products. Heat energy was absorbed during decomposition to produce new sub stances. During the decomposition of a mixture of sodium chloride and argon nitrate, light energy was used. The mixture was left in the sun from 5 -10 minutes, and it begins to change to black colour , or stains. Decomposition of sodium chloride mix with argon nitrate is a chemical change, where light energy was absorbed to produce new substances. During the electrolysis of water, electricity was used to separate water molecules into smaller substances such as Hydrogen gas and Oxygen gas. Electrolysis is clearly a chemical change as two new substances formed. And electricity was absorbed during electrolysis of water.

Explain that the amount of energy needed to separate atoms in a compound is an indication of the strength of the attraction, or bond, between them
The amount of energy necessary to separate atoms in a compound is a measure of how strong the chemical bonds are. This is why decomposition requires a large input of energy to initiate as the chemical bonds between each atom are strong. In ionic compounds there are strong electrostatic forces between oppositely charged ions. In covalent compounds there are strong covalent bonds holding the atoms together. The stronger the chemical bond, the more energy that is required to break the compound into atoms.

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Terry Nguyen Year 11 Chemistry

Identify differences between physical and chemical properties of elements, compounds and mixtures
Elements and Compounds: each element has its own distinctive properties, both physical and chemical. When two or more elements combine chemically, the elements lose their properties. The new compound formed has its own distinctive properties that are very different from the prop erties of the elements in the compound . Chemical Properties Water Puts out fires Physical Properties at 25 C Colourless liquid Boiling point 100 C Hydrogen Burns explosively in air or oxygen Oxygen Promotes burning Colourless gas Boiling point: -253 Colourless gas Boiling point: -183 C

Mixtures: the components of a mixture keep their own properties, as mixture is when substances blend in physically. A mixture of hydrogen and oxygen would keep the property of hydrogen and oxygen. No new substance with new properties has been formed. A mixture does not have its own properties; its properties depend on what the components are and the properties of a mixture changes as the components of the mixture change.

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Terry Nguyen Year 11 Chemistry

Describe the physical properties used to classify compounds as ionic or covalent mol ecular or covalent network
Ionic bonding ionic compounds are usually hard, brittle, dense solids. They are not able to conduct

electricity in solid state but are able to when molten or in solution. They have high melting and boiling point. They are not able to conduct electricity because ions are in their fixed positions and there are no electrons, so no heat or light energy can flow through. Covalent molecular relatively low melting and boiling point . They do not conduct electricity well.

They are liquids or gases at normal temperature. They are soft and brittle. Covalent network brittle when hit. They have high melting and boiling point, do not conduct

electricity when solid or even when molten, and usually occur as solids under normal conditions.

Distinguish between metallic, ionic and covalent bonds

Metallic bonding positive metal ions arranged in a 3D lattice with delocalised free -moving

electrons surrounding (from valence shell) . It is usually a bond of metal to metal. Ionic Bonding - is the transferring (giving) of electrons usually from a metal to a non -metal. It is an electrostatic attraction between two atoms. Covalent Bonding is the sharing of electrons between two atoms, where no atoms receive or lose

electrons. It is usually from non-metal to a metal.

Describe metals as three-dimensional lattices of ions in a sea of electrons

Metals consist of a lattice of positive ions through which a cloud of delocalised electrons move. The random movement of all the outer shell electrons provides the bond (force) that holds all these ions together. It is a strong metallic bond, meaning that a lot of energy is needed to break it.

Describe ionic compounds in terms of repeating three -dimensional lattices of ions

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Terry Nguyen Year 11 Chemistry

Eg: Sodium Chloride: consists of many sodium and chloride ions

a large network or lattice of

positive sodium ions held tightly together by electrostatic forces and extending in three dimensions. The formula NaCl indicates that, within this network, there is one sodium ion for e very chloride ion.

Explain why the formula for an ionic compound is an empirical formula

The formula of ionic compounds is empirical. This means that it shows the simplest ratio of ions present in the three-dimensional lattice of the compound. The formula of an ionic compound does not show the actual number of ions present in a unit.

Identify common elements that exist as molecules or as covalent lattices

Molecules water (hydrogen and oxygen), oxygen, fluorine, nitrogen, carbon dioxide.

Covalent lattices Iodine, salt (sodium and chlorine)

Explain the relationship between the properties of conductivity and hardness and the structure of ionic, covalent molecular and covalent network structures
When a covalently bonded substance is hit, covalent bonds must be broken in order to make it shatter. Covalent bonds are strong and cannot be distorted, so the substance is brittle. Covalent molecular substances have weak intermolecular forces so are soft; while covalent network substances have strong intermolecular forces so are hard. When an ionic substance is hit, the array of ions is distorted so that ions with the same charge come close to each other and repel, thus the solid shatters. In covalently bonded substances (of any kind), there are no ions or delocalised electrons which are free to form a current. All the electrons in the substance are tightly held by the molecules, so no electricity can be conducted in the solid or liquid state. When an ionic substance is solid, the ions are firmly held in the array and there are no delocalised electrons, so there are no charged particles which are able to move and form a current. When the substance melts or is dissolved, the ions are then free to move and form a current, so can then conduct electric ity.

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