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Chapter 4 Complex Numbers

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Complex Numbers

4.1

Complex Numbers

One of the things we learn in high school is that the symbol 1 cannot be a real number, since the square of a real number is always 0. In this lecture we are going to describe a number system C (the complex numbers), generalizing the real numbers R, and large enough to give a meaning to 1. In fact we have already mentioned them in our discussion of the method of partial fractions. definition 4.1.1. The set of complex numbers C is the set of all ordered pairs (x, y) of real numbers x, y R equipped with the following operations 1. Addition: If z1 = (x1 , y1 ) C and z2 = (x2 , y2 ) C then we dene z1 + z2 = (x1 + x2 , y1 + y2 ) C 2. Multiplication: If z1 = (x1 , y1 ) C and z2 = (x2 , y2 ) C then we dene def z1 z2 = (x1 x2 y1 y2 , x1 y2 + y1 x2 ) C example 4.1.2. If a = (1, 2) and b = (3, 4) are complex numbers, calculate a + b and ab.
def

Of course complex numbers may be represented as points on the x, y plane in the usual way. Let z = (a, b), then:

z = (a,b) r b = r sin a = r cos

definition 4.1.3. If z = (a, b) C :

(a) the distance to the origin, r = a2 + b2 , is called the absolute value of z and is denoted by |z|. b (b) The angle = arctan + 2k for some integer k is called the argument a of z. (c) z = (r cos , r sin ) is the polar form of z

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4.2 R C

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4.2

RC
(x1 , 0) + (x2 , 0) = (x1 + x2 , 0)

Consider the elements of C of the form (x, 0). These add and multiply as complex numbers according to the formulas and which are the same formulas as for the real numbers x1 and x2 . So we may regard R as a subset of C according to x R(x, 0) C, and then addition and multiplication correspond in R and C. Geometrically this corresponds to regarding the x axis as a subset of the x, y plane. It means we will think of x R as being the same as (x, 0) C. (x1 , 0)(x2 , 0) = (x1 x2 0 0, x1 0 + 0 x2 ) = (x1 x2 , 0)

4.3

Consider the special element i = (0, 1) C. Let us calculate i2 .

1, Rectangular and Polar Form

claim 4.3.1. If z = (a, b) C, then z = a + ib where a = (a, 0) and b = (b, 0).

Thus i = (0, 1) is the square root of 1, but in order to get it we have had to go to a larger number system than R, because R itself has no square root of 1.

i2 = (0, 1) (0, 1) = (0 0 1 1, 0 1 + 1 0) = (1, 0) = 1

definition 4.3.1. is z = a + ib.

The rectangular form of complex number z = (a, b)

The rectangular form is the usual form used and it is easier to calculate with. We do calculations as usual and treat i as an unknown variable with the property i1 = 1. It may be proven (later on in the course) that: ei = cos + i sin This is known as Eulers formula. definition 4.3.2. The polar form of a complex number z = (a, b) with |z| = r and argument is: z = r(cos + i sin ) = rei . 41 Sophie Chrysostomou

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Complex Numbers

theorem 4.3.3. DeMoivres Theorem : If z1 = (a1 , b1 ) = r1 ei1 and z2 = (a2 , b2 ) = r2 ei2 , then
i z1 z2 = r1 1 r2 ei2 = r1 r2 ei(1 +2 ) = r1 r2 [cos(1 + 2 ) + i sin(1 + 2 )] n n z1 = r1 (cos n1 + i sin n1 )

example 4.3.4. Let z1 = Find cos 5 5 , sin . 12 12

2 2 , , and z2 = 2 2

3 1 . Find z1 z2 . , 2 2

Homework: Let z1 = Find cos , sin . 12 12

1 1 , , and z2 = 2 2

1 3 . Find z1 z2 . , 4 4

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Sophie Chrysostomou

4.4 Conjugate, and Real and Imaginary Parts

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4.4

Conjugate, and Real and Imaginary Parts

definition 4.4.1. Let a + ib C. We dene Re z = a and Im z = b, the real and imaginary parts of z. The conjugate of a + ib is dened and denoted by def a + ib = a ib. Note that (a + ib)(a + ib) = a2 + b2 is real and non-negative and |z| = zz. Some simple properties of conjugate and absolute value are 1. z = z 2. z1 z2 = z 1 z 2 3. z1 + z2 = z 1 + z 2 4. |z|2 = zz or 5. z1 z2 = z1 z2 z 1 = 2. z |z|

6. |z1 z2 | = |z1 | |z2 | 7. |z1 + z2 | |z1 | + |z2| with equality i one of z1 and z2 is a non-negative mutiple of the other. proof.

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44

Complex Numbers

example 4.4.2. Let z1 = 7+9i, z2 = 4+2i, z3 = 3i, z4 = 1+( 3)i, z5 = 2 i. (a) Find z1 + z2 , z2 z3 , z4 , z1 z5 , |z5 |, 1/z4 . (b) Find each zn in its polar form. solution :

example 4.4.3. Let P (z) = solution :

2z+3 . z1

Find the conjugate of P (1 + 3i)

example 4.4.4. Find Re (1 + i)2 . Homework: 1. Show that i) rei = rei 44 ii) ei + 1 = 0. Sophie Chrysostomou

4.5 Simple Functions of a Complex Variable

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4.5

Simple Functions of a Complex Variable

If P (x) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + ... + an xn is a polynomial with real or complex coecients, then the polynomial P is a perfectly well dened function funcP (x) tion with domP = C taking values in C. Also, if f (x) = Q(x) where P and Q are polynomials with real or complex coecients then the rational function f is a perfectly well dened function with domain C {z C | Q(x) = 0} taking values in C 1. Find the domain of f (z) =
z . z 2 +1

2. Let P (z) = i + (3 + 4i)z 2 Calculate P (2 3i). Find the real and imaginary parts of P (z).

Homework: Let P (z) = 2+i+(1i)z +(1+i)z 2 . Calculate P (1i). Also nd the real and the imaginary parts of P (z).

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Sophie Chrysostomou