What are the difference between hub and switch?

Hub is a layer 1 device. It will out the signal from all of its port except the one from where its insert. It is unable to detectthe collision. It works on single collision and single broadcast domain. Switch is layer 2 device. It maintains a CAM table that store the MAC address of devices attached on its port. CAM table is used to make the forwarding decision. It works on per port collision and single broadcast domain.

What is layer?
Layer is a completely logical partition of PDU (protocol data unit) process. That define how the information is travel form one computer to other over the network.

What is TCP/IP?
It is combination of two protocols TCP and IP. It is used for reliable data transfer.

What is operating system?

An operating system (sometimes abbreviated as "OS") is the program that, after being initially loaded into the computer by a boot program, manages all the other programs in a computer. It provides a platform to applicationsoftware.

What is package software?

The collection of mostly used software released in package Form Company. For Example Ms-Office that contain word,power point, Excel, etc.

Full form of .co.in, .com

y y y y y y

COM - ".com" stands for "commercial". NET - ".net" stands for "network" ORG - ".org" stands for "organization" INFO - ".info" stands for "information" BIZ - ".biz" stands for "business". IN - 'IN' stands for India. The 'IN' is a 2-letter country code for India.

What is ring topology?

In a ring topology, device one connects to device two, device two connects to device three, and so on to the last device, which connects back to device one.

Which cable is used in LAN?

Generally coaxial and TP media is used in LAN networking.

What are Difference between STP and UTP?

STP cable is mostly used by IBM; it has an extra cover over each pair. UTP cable is used in star topology. It has a single cover over all pair.

What is IEEE?

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers or IEEE (read eye-triple-e) is an international non-profit, professional organization for the advancement of technology related to electricity. It has the most members of any technical professional organization in the world, with more than 365,000 members in around 150 countries.

What is 802.3?
IEEE 802.3 is a collection of IEEE standards defining the physical layer and the media access control (MAC) of the data link layer of wired Ethernet. Physical connections are made between nodes and infrastructure devices hubs,switches and routers by various types of copper or fiber cable.

Full form of ping.

PING stand for Packet Internet Grouper

What are the minimum requirements for xp installation?

64MB RAM 1.5GB free HDD space 233MHz minimum processor.

What are 10Base2, 10Base5 and 10BaseT Ethernet LANs?

10Base2 An Ethernet term meaning a maximum transfer rate of 10 Megabits per second that uses baseband signaling, with a contiguous cable segment length of 100 meters and a maximum of 2 segments. 10Base5An Ethernet term meaning a maximum transfer rate of 10 Megabits per second that uses baseband signaling, with 5 continuous segments not exceeding 100 meters per segment. 10BaseTAn Ethernet term meaning a maximum transfer rate of 10 Megabits per second that uses baseband signaling and twisted pair cabling.

What is the difference between an unspecified passive open and a fully specified passive open?
An unspecified passive open has the server waiting for a connection request from a client. A fully specified passive open has the server waiting for a connection from a specific client.

Explain the function of Transmission Control Block

A TCB is a complex data structure that contains a considerable amount of information about each connection.

What is a Management Information Base (MIB)?

A Management Information Base is part of every SNMP-managed device. Each SNMP agent has the MIB database that contains information about the device's status, its performance, connections, and configuration. The MIB is queried by SNMP.

What is anonymous FTP and why would you use it?

Anonymous FTP enables users to connect to a host without using a valid login and password. Usually, anonymous FTP uses a login called anonymous or guest, with the password usually requesting the user's ID for tracking purposes only. Anonymous FTP is used to enable a large number of users to access files on the host without having to go to the trouble of setting up logins for them all. Anonymous FTP systems usually have strict controls over the areas an anonymous user can access.

What is a pseudo tty?

A pseudo tty or false terminal enables external machines to connect through Telnet or rlogin. Without a pseudo tty, no connection can take place.

What does the Mount protocol do?

The Mount protocol returns a file handle and the name of the file system in which a requested file resides. The message is sent to the client from the server after reception of a client's request

What is External Data Representation?

External Data Representation is a method of encoding data within an RPC message, used to ensure that the data is not systemdependent.

Operating System Interview Questions

What are the basic functions of an operating system? - Operating system controls and coordinates the use of the hardware among the various applications programs for various uses. Operating system acts as resource allocator and manager. Since there are many possibly conflicting requests for resources the operating system must decide which requests are allocated resources to operating the computer system efficiently and fairly. Also operating system is control program which controls the user programs to prevent errors and improper use of the computer. It is especially concerned with the operation and control of I/O devices. Why paging is used? - Paging is solution to external fragmentation problem which is to permit the logical address space of a process to be noncontiguous, thus allowing a process to be allocating physical memory wherever the latter is available. While running DOS on a PC, which command would be used to duplicate the entire diskette? diskcopy What resources are used when a thread created? How do they differ from those when a process is created? - When a thread is created the threads does not require any new resources to execute the thread shares the resources like memory of the process to which they belong to. The benefit of code sharing is that it allows an application to have several different threads of activity all within the same address space. Whereas if a new process creation is very heavyweight because it always requires new address space to be created and even if they share the memory then the inter process communication is expensive when compared to the communication between the threads. What is virtual memory? - Virtual memory is hardware technique where the system appears to have more memory that it actually does. This is done by time-sharing, the physical memory and storage parts of the memory one disk when they are not actively being used. What is Throughput, Turnaround time, waiting time and Response time? - Throughput number of processes that complete their execution per time unit. Turnaround time amount of time to execute a particular process. Waiting time amount of time a process has been waiting in the ready queue. Response time amount of time it takes from when a request was submitted until the first response is produced, not output (for time-sharing environment). What is the state of the processor, when a process is waiting for some event to occur? - Waiting state What is the important aspect of a real-time system or Mission Critical Systems? - A real time operating system has well defined fixed time constraints. Process must be done within the defined constraints or the system will fail. An example is the operating system for a flight control computer or an advanced jet airplane. Often used as a control device in a dedicated application such as controlling scientific experiments, medical imaging systems, industrial control systems, and some display systems. Real-Time systems may be either hard or soft real-time. Hard real-time: Secondary storage limited or absent, data stored in short term memory, or read-only memory (ROM), Conflicts with time-sharing systems, not supported by general-purpose operating systems. Soft real-time: Limited utility in industrial control of robotics, Useful in applications (multimedia, virtual reality) requiring advanced operating-system features. What is the difference between Hard and Soft real-time systems? - A hard real-time system guarantees that critical tasks complete on time. This goal requires that all delays in the system be bounded from the retrieval of the stored data to the time that it takes the operating system to finish any request made of it. A soft real time system where a critical real-time task gets priority over other tasks and retains that priority until it completes. As in hard real time systems kernel delays need to be bounded

What is the cause of thrashing? How does the system detect thrashing? Once it detects thrashing, what can the system do to eliminate this problem? - Thrashing is caused by under allocation of the minimum number of pages required by a process, forcing it to continuously page fault. The system can detect thrashing by evaluating the level of CPU utilization as compared to the level of multiprogramming. It can be eliminated by reducing the level of multiprogramming. What is multi tasking, multi programming, multi threading? - Multi programming: Multiprogramming is the technique of running several programs at a time using timesharing. It allows a computer to do several things at the same time. Multiprogramming creates logical parallelism. The concept of multiprogramming is that the operating system keeps several jobs in memory simultaneously. The operating system selects a job from the job pool and starts executing a job, when that job needs to wait for any i/o operations the CPU is switched to another job. So the main idea here is that the CPU is never idle. Multi tasking: Multitasking is the logical extension of multiprogramming .The concept of multitasking is quite similar to multiprogramming but difference is that the switching between jobs occurs so frequently that the users can interact with each program while it is running. This concept is also known as time-sharing systems. A time-shared operating system uses CPU scheduling and multiprogramming to provide each user with a small portion of time-shared system. Multi threading: An application typically is implemented as a separate process with several threads of control. In some situations a single application may be required to perform several similar tasks for example a web server accepts client requests for web pages, images, sound, and so forth. A busy web server may have several of clients concurrently accessing it. If the web server ran as a traditional single-threaded process, it would be able to service only one client at a time. The amount of time that a client might have to wait for its request to be serviced could be enormous. So it is efficient to have one process that contains multiple threads to serve the same purpose. This approach would multithread the web-server process, the server would create a separate thread that would listen for client requests when a request was made rather than creating another process it would create another thread to service the request. To get the advantages like responsiveness, Resource sharing economy and utilization of multiprocessor architectures multithreading concept can be used. What is hard disk and what is its purpose? - Hard disk is the secondary storage device, which holds the data in bulk, and it holds the data on the magnetic medium of the disk.Hard disks have a hard platter that holds the magnetic medium, the magnetic medium can be easily erased and rewritten, and a typical desktop machine will have a hard disk with a capacity of between 10 and 40 gigabytes. Data is stored onto the disk in the form of files. What is fragmentation? Different types of fragmentation? - Fragmentation occurs in a dynamic memory allocation system when many of the free blocks are too small to satisfy any request. External Fragmentation: External Fragmentation happens when a dynamic memory allocation algorithm allocates some memory and a small piece is left over that cannot be effectively used. If too much external fragmentation occurs, the amount of usable memory is drastically reduced. Total memory space exists to satisfy a request, but it is not contiguous. Internal Fragmentation: Internal fragmentation is the space wasted inside of allocated memory blocks because of restriction on the allowed sizes of allocated blocks. Allocated memory may be slightly larger than requested memory; this size difference is memory internal to a partition, but not being used What is DRAM? In which form does it store data? - DRAM is not the best, but its cheap, does the job, and is available almost everywhere you look. DRAM data resides in a cell made of a capacitor and a transistor. The capacitor tends to lose data unless its recharged every couple of milliseconds, and this recharging tends to slow down the performance of DRAM compared to speedier RAM types. What is Dispatcher? - Dispatcher module gives control of the CPU to the process selected by the short-term scheduler; this involves: Switching context, Switching to user mode, Jumping to the proper location in the user program to restart that program, dispatch latency time it takes for the dispatcher to stop one process and start another running. What is CPU Scheduler? - Selects from among the processes in memory that are ready to execute, and allocates the CPU to one of them. CPU scheduling decisions may take place when a process: 1.Switches from running to waiting state. 2.Switches from running to ready state. 3.Switches from waiting to ready. 4.Terminates. Scheduling under 1 and 4 is non-preemptive. All other scheduling is preemptive. What is Context Switch? - Switching the CPU to another process requires saving the state of the old process and loading the saved state for the new process. This task is known as a context switch. Context-switch time is pure overhead, because the system does no useful work while switching. Its speed varies from machine to machine, depending on the memory speed, the number of registers which must be copied, the existed of special instructions(such as a single instruction to load or store all registers). What is cache memory? - Cache memory is random access memory (RAM) that a computer microprocessor can access more quickly than it can access regular RAM. As the microprocessor processes data, it looks first in the cache memory and if it finds the data there (from a previous reading of data), it does not have to do the more time-consuming reading of data from larger memory.

What is a Safe State and what is its use in deadlock avoidance? - When a process requests an available resource, system must decide if immediate allocation leaves the system in a safe state. System is in safe state if there exists a safe sequence of all processes. Deadlock Avoidance: ensure that a system will never enter an unsafe state. What is a Real-Time System? - A real time process is a process that must respond to the events within a certain time period. A real time operating system is an operating system that can run real time processes successfully

RSA

How do you use RSA for both authentication and secrecy?

Latest Answer: The general idea is finding 3 numbers E,N, M so that one of them is public and the

other private. and it is near impossible to find them out.E,N are public known and M is privateFor Encryption:Encript the data with E and N values.the only way of decrypting ...
Token Ring Segment

You need to connect a token ring segment to ethernet segment. Would you use a Router a BRouter or a Bridge? Explain your answer.
Latest Answer: If both the segments are working on same network then a bridge can be used, if they are

running on a different network to have the connectivity we need to use a router. ...
Wireless security

In SOHO wireless N router what is the maximum speed and range that can be achieve. Which security which provide he maximum speed and range. What should be the security authentication.
Latest Answer: 100 Mbps to 300 Mbps ...
Secure Transmission Medium

Which is the most secure transmission medium? Which is the most insecure transmission medium? Justify
Latest Answer: Trasmission through ethernet cable would be more secure as it would be difficult for

intruders to access the user resources. Wireless medium is the unsafe of all as it could be easily hacked without a good encryption like WPA personel or WPA 2 ...
Sharing and Security

What lets us access the shared network folders quickly without having to browse the entire network?
Latest Answer: Go to Start ->Run Type "ip address" or "computer name" ...
Pix Firewall

What is Pix Firewall Security? How does it differ from a firewall?

Latest Answer: CISCO pix firewall security is statefull firewall. It uses ASA Technology ...
Routing and Routed protocol

Explain what are routing protocol and routed protocol?

Latest Answer: Routing Protocol: This process includes the exchanges and analysis of routing

informaion,each router chooses the best route to each subnet path selaection. Ex: rip, Eigrp, ospf, bgpRouted Protocol: This process defines a pocket struture and logical ...
RIPv1 vs. RIPv2

what is the difference between RIPv1 vs. RIPv ?State advantages and disadvantages in detailed. which is better to use?
Latest Answer: RIP v2 supports VLSM with a new field in the header "subnet mask"Supports

authentication with the authentication field in the headerApart from these ,the protocol still remains the same ...
Communication of four routers

A software company owns four branches and Internet connection is available at every branch what will be required to build a Virtual Private Network between them and how it will be done.
Latest Answer: First you have to purchase 4 routers for each branch. then four static ip address through

internet service provider & set the ip addresses as per given below1. for 1st branch router wan address is 17.10.15.1 (provided by service privider)
LAN Connection

...

Suppose in a LAN, if one host does not get connection, what problem could have occured?
Latest Answer: There can be more than one reason for the host not connecting to the network. Check

the following:-1. Network adapter drivers (remove the driver and reinstall)2. UTP cable from the switch/IO box (must be a straight cable)3. RJ-45 Pins perfectly ...
Domain Controller

what is domain controller $how it manage a network security

Latest Answer: Domain controller is a system where Active Directory is installed in which every object

is stored & having roll is to provide the access of services to client who are request to access the services over domain. ...
Trust relationship between two different forests

how to create trust relationship between two different forests.

Basic difference between layer2 switch & layer3 switches

Latest Answer: L2 Switch, or L2VPN, is forwarding packets based on the MAC. In more depth, if you

have 2 switches, switch#1 has been configured for 2 vlans, ports 2,3,4 for vlan111, and ports 5,6,7 for vlan222, and switch#2 has been configured for 2 vlans too, ports ...
Why the hub placed on layer1(physical layer)?

Latest Answer: A hub is a layer 1 (physical) device because it does not use any part of the packet

header to direct the packet to the right destination, it just broadcasts to all connected computers. ...
Natting, Static Natting and Dynamic Natting

What is Natting, What is Static Natting and Dynamic Natting and how to apply on the traffic?
Latest Answer: NAT i nothing but Network address translation. to transfer the inside local Private

address into the outside public address(Internet.Static NAT : in this one private insde local address need one outside public address.dynamic NAT : multiple local private ...
Latest Technology

What are the latest technologies in networking?

What is the difference between simm & dimm

Latest Answer: SIMM Single In Line Memory moduleDIMM Dual In Line Memory Module ...
Organization Unit

What is Organization Unit? Features of Organization Unit and its benifits

Latest Answer: Organization Unit is like creating a group of users or computers in a domain so that we

can apply policies easily to a group at a time. ...

If a computer have an IP address is 10.1.1.5 and subnet mask is 255.255.255.0 then what does it mean.

If a computer have an IP address is 10.1.1.5 and subnet mask is 255.255.255.0 then what does it mean.
What is the difference between IARP and RARP?

Latest Answer: Both RARP and IARP belong to Datalink layer protocols.RARP is used to get the IP

address of specific host with the known MAC address.Inverse Arp(IARP) is used to get the IP address of remote host with the known DLCI number rather than MAC address, while ...
Can traceout command work across the firewall? If No then why? If Yes then why?

Latest Answer: Traceroute is based on ICMP type 30 under Windows and UDP under *NIX; traceroute

pacjets that would hit the firewall should be dropped similarly any echo replay coming from inside the firewall should be restricted outbound. The answer: traceroute can ...
DHCP Server

If two computers are connected to a dhcp server , How the APIPA will assign to these computers ?.Will it be same IP for two computers? If it is different how it will vary the IP ? On what basis it will
Latest Answer: APIPA is auto assign to the PC if there is not connection to DHCP Server. If both PCs

is configured using DHCP, there will not be IP conflicts and both IP will be assigned in the range of IP that is configured in DHCP Server and both IPs will be in same ...
What is the difference between BOOTP and RARP?

Latest Answer: Some network hosts will not have internal disk to store TCP/IP configuration data such

as IP address, gateway.....etc. BOOTP sends IP addresses and other configuration data to hosts that broadcast BOOTP requests. Reverse Address Resolution Protocol ...
Write the purpose of vnp and name the vnp technology supported by windows 2000.

Latest Answer: VPN (Virtule Private Network)It is mainly used to connect to local domain of user

through the internet and we can work as if we are in the company and disadvantage is it needs external internet connection. ...
What is the difference between rackmount and standalone unit?

Latest Answer: A rackmounting kit can be mounted in a rack and it comes with all accesories to mount

in the rack. A stand alone unit cannot be mounted in rack. This would be placed on a desk. ...
How to provide ip address permanent by using DHCP Server?

Latest Answer: To Give perticular ip address to specific computer by DHCP we have to note down the

MAC address of that speceific pc by the follwing command click start-run-cmd then press enter then write ipconfig/all in command line and ...
What is dora process in DHCP and how it works?

Latest Answer: DHCP (D)iscover DHCP (O)ffer DHCP (R)equest DHCP (A)ck Step 1: Your computer

sends a "Discovery" request, asking for it's IP information from any listening DHCP servers. Step 2: Any listening DHCP servers will "Offer" ...
What are the different types of network security?

Latest Answer: This is kind of broad question......But generally it can be said as securing computer or

any technical equipments (like pritners, smartphones & etc....) which is connected to the organizational networks.There are different ways in which we can do ...

How to restore flash memory of cisco 2600 series router if IOS is currupt ?

Latest Answer: Firstly, the TFTP server must have a network connection to the router, and must be able

to ping the IP address of the router targeted for a TFTP software upgrade. To achieve this, the router interface and the TFTP server must have an IP address in the ...
What is the difference between router ACLs and Firewall ACLs?

Latest Answer: Fundamental purpose: 1)Routers are designed to route traffic, not stop

it.2)Firewalls are designed to examine and accept/reject traffic. But the both ACL are do the same job. Depending upon our requirments we do our ACL configuration on it. ...
How do you configure the Gateway for two different network in Linux

Latest Answer: Make one linux box as a router. Then configure the linux box as a common

gateway for the two diffrent netwok. Add routing inforamation in gateway box to make communication between two networks. ...
Is it possible to connect two private networks through Internet using VPN concentrator?

Latest Answer: Yes, The use of VPN is to secure connection between two private networks

over the internet. ...

What is the command that is used to identify/list the port no.s used by various applications in Unix/Windows?

What is the command that is used to identify/list the port no.s used by various applications in Unix/Windows?
What are the different encryption types and tools available.

Latest Answer: MD5 & Shai, chap, Mschap, Mschapv2, spap,pap etc.Well I want to know more

on this pls comment about the encryption tools. ...

How to retrieve administrator password without using any third party tools?

Latest Answer: Use NTFS Bootable CD Go to command Prompt Just Rename the SAM file in

the C: drive ...

Why the Hop count for RIP is given 16 as unreachable. One reason for this Count-to-infinity. Is there

Why the Hop count for RIP is given 16 as unreachable. One reason for this Count-toinfinity. Is there any other reasons for this?
In terms of efficient network operation, is it better to have bigger or smaller collision and broadcast

In terms of efficient network operation, is it better to have bigger or smaller collision and broadcast domains? If it is better to have smaller ones, why is smaller better, and how do we make them smaller? If it is better to have bigger ones, why is bigger better, and how do we make them bigger? What else can you tell me about them?
How will request send by http browser from workstation to any website goes through router and come back

How will request send by http browser from workstation to any website goes through router and come back to workstation and open web page. Explain how packets travel in term of ip protocols. ?
Difference between routing protocol and routed protocol?

Latest Answer: Routed Protocols Direct the Lan Segments like IP IPX & Apple Talk..Whereas

routing protocols use routed protocols to make their communication possible.(Rip/igrp/IS-IS/ospf/Eigrp)are few routing protocols. ..