THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

THE Cardiovascular SYSTEM

UST-CRS 1PTA S.Y. 20092010

GROUP 6 PASCUA, Jane QUIDLAT, Adrien QUILAPIO, Rawnsley RAMIREZ, Reina RANTE, Tara SACDALAN, Ramon

What is the CIRCULATORY SYSTEM?

The cardiovascular (cardio = heart; vascular = blood vessels) consists of three interrelated components: the heart, blood, and blood vessels to transport oxygen and nutrients to organs and tissues throughout the body and carry away waste products.

What are the some of the vital functions of the CIRCULATORY

The circulatory system increases the flow of blood to meet increased energy demands during exercise and regulates body temperature. Also, when foreign substances or organisms invade the body, the circulatory system swiftly conveys disease-fighting elements of the immune system, such as white blood cells and antibodies, to regions under attack. In addition, in the case of injury or bleeding, the circulatory system sends clotting cells and proteins to the affected site, which quickly stop bleeding and promote healing.

What is CIRCULATION ?

CIRCULATION
Movement of an object or substance through a CIRCULAR course that it RETURNS to its STARTING POINT.

Extent to which the blood

I N N T E E R R N N A A LC LO

I N T R A C E L L U L A R

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E B I X N T L T R O A O E C R E D L S L P T U I L L T A A R S I

A M L A F

W P A n T a E r e s R a r m c s a ei l i u a

Body Fluids

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ANIMALS- 70% - 90% water Humans- 70% water by weight

50%= cell water

OI I n n n r t o a g r o g r a c r a g l n e g n a i l a i u n c l n c i a i r c c

Composition of the Body (water Fluids )

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e l e c t r

PROT EIN GRO UPS

A L B U M I N S

G L O B U LI N S

FIB RI NO GE N

FOR MED ELE MEN TS

B L O O D

DISSO LVED GASES

DISSOLV ED PROTEIN S

Composition of Blood PLASMA 55%

WATER 90% DISSOLVED PROTEINS
o o

Plasma proteins Organic and Inorganic materials OXYGEN CARBON DIOXIDE NITROGEN

DISSOLVED GASES
o o o

Composition of Blood
PROTEIN GROUPS ALBUMINS- keeps osmotic equilibrium of plasma w/ other cells GLOBULINS- metal bonding proteins FIBRINOGEN- functions in blood coagulation

FORMED ELEMENTS 45% of blood

Composition of Blood
blood for MEN

1. BLOOD CELLS (ERYTHROCYTES), contains HEMOGLOBIN for transport of O2 and CO2. -54 million/milliliter of -48 million/milliliter of blood for WOMEN HEMOGLOBIN- pigment that gives color to the RED BLOOD CELLS

Composition of Blood (LEUKOCYTES) 2. WHITE BLOOD CELLS

-Produces antibodies -Protects body against infection -50 000- 100 00 million/milliliter of blood - 1WBC - 1000 RBC 3. CELL FRAGMENTS (PLATELETS IN MAMMALS) or cells (THROMBOCYTES in other vertebrates) function of blood coagulation.

Hemostasis
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Prevention of blood loss, BLOOD COAGULATION, process of clotting There are special elements & proteins in forming clots Theres a continuous sequence of catalytic action (involving series of plasma proteins).

Hemostasis
Major Elements
1.

Fibrinogen plasma protein that forms Fibrin Prothrombin inactive form of the enzyme Thrombin Thromboplastin one of the major clotting factors (from platelets)

2.

3.

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Trivia
Hemophilia
Also known as the royal disease Blood clots fail to form, resulting in severe bleeding Due to the lack of X chromosome

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Vertebrate Circulation System: THE HEART

Remember!
All Vertebrates have CLOSED circulation systems. These systems are classified by the number of chambers in the heart, which determines the basic configuration of blood flow.

FISH

nthesimplestvertebrate circulatory systems seen in fish, blood flows in a single loop, traveling from the heart to the gills, and then on around the body.

Fishes have two-chambered hearts with one atrium and one ventricle.
The sinus venosus is an enlarged chamber preceding the atrium which collects the blood from the venous system to guarantee a smooth delivery of blood to the heart.

Blood pumped from the ventricle travels through arteries to the gills, where it diverges into capillaries and exchanges gases. Leaving the gills, the capillaries reconvene into blood vessels that carry the oxygenated blood to the rest of the body, where the vessels again diverge into capillaries before reconvening into veins that return to the heart.

FROG

In other vertebrates, a more complex pattern has gradually evolved. Instead of flowing in a single circuit, blood flows in a double loop, first through the lungs, and then back to the heart before moving on through the rest of the body.

Frogs and other amphibians have three-chambered hearts with two atria and one ventricle.
Blood pumped from the ventricle enters a forked artery. One fork, the pulmonary circulation, leads to the lung.

The other fork, the systemic circulation, leads to the rest of the body.

Blood returning from the pulmonary circulation enters the left atrium, while blood from the systemic circulation enters the right atrium. Although there is some mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in the ventricle, a ridge within the ventricle assures that most of the oxygenated blood is diverted to the systemic circulation and most of the deoxygenated blood goes to the pulmonary circulation.

e threechambered heart amphibians creates opportunity for blood to mix in e ventricle which pumps th oxygenated and deoxygenated ood with each beat.

While in birds and mammals this would deadly, scientists now understand that three-chambered heart is actua advantageous for amphibians and reptil

These animals do not breathe constantly for example, amphibians absorb oxygen through their skin when they are underwaterand the three-chambered heart enables them to adjust the proportions of blood flowing to the body and the lungs depending on whether the animal is breathing or not. The three-chambered heart actually results in more efficient oxygen delivery for amphibians and reptiles.

What is the difference between Pulmonary Circulation and Systemic Circulation?

e circuit that takes od to and from the lungs known as the monary Circulation.

The circuit that takes th blood around the res of the body is calle Systemic Circulatio

Asvertebratesmovedfrom life in the sea to life on land, they evolved lungs as new respiratory organs for breathing. At the same time, they became more active and developed greater energy requirements.

Animals use oxygen to release energy from food molecules in a process called cellular respiration, so land-dwelling vertebrates also developed a greater requirement for oxygen. These changes, in turn, led to changes in the structure of the heart and circulatory system.

Birdsandmammalshave high energy quirements even by vertebrate standard d a corresponding high demand for oxyge
Their hearts have four chamberstwo atria and two ventriclesresulting in a complete separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood and highly efficient delivery of oxygen to the tissues.

Small mammals have more rapid heart rates than large mammals because they have the highest energy needs. The resting heart rate of a mouse is 500 to 600 beats per minute, while that of an elephant is 30 beats per minute. Blood pressure also varies among different mammal species. Blood pressure in a giraffes aorta is about 220 mm of mercury when the animal is standing. This pressure would be dangerously high in a human, but is necessary in a giraffe to lift blood up the animals long neck to its brain.

Althoughothergroups of vertebrates have hearts with a different structure than those of humans, they are still sufficiently similar that scientists can learn about the human heart from other animals. Scientists use a transparent fish, the zebra fish, to learn how the heart and the blood vessels that connect to it form before birth. Fish embryos are exposed to chemicals known to cause congenital heart defects, and scientists look for resulting genetic changes. Researchers hope that these studies will help us understand why congenital heart malformations occur, and perhaps one day

The HUMAN HEART

Anterior view of the Heart

Posterior view of the Heart

Location AND SIZE of the Heart

The relative size and weight of the heart give few hints of its incredible strength. Approximately the size of a persons fist, the hollow, cone-shaped heart weighs less than a pound. The heart is located within the bony thorax and is flanked on each side by the lungs. Its more pointed apex is directed toward the left hip and rests on the diaphragm. The broad base, from which the great vessels of the body emerge, points toward the right shoulder and lies beneath the second rib.

It lies in the mediastinum, a mass of tissue that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column between the lungs. About two-thirds of the mass of the heart lies to the left of the bodys midline. You can visualize the heart as a cone lying on its side.

STRUCTURE of the Heart: The Four Chambers

Thehumanhearthasfour chambers. The upper two chambers, the right and left atria, are receiving chambers for blood. The atria are sometimes known as auricles. They collect blood that pours in from veins, blood vessels that return blood to the heart. The hearts lower two chambers, the right and left ventricles, are the powerful pumping chambers. The ventricles propel blood into arteries, blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

Awalloftissue(septum) separates the right and left sides of the heart. Each side pumps blood through a different circuit of blood vessels: The right side of the heart pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs, while the left side of the heart pumps oxygen-rich blood to the body. Blood returning from a trip around the body has given up most of its oxygen and picked up carbon dioxide in the bodys tissues. This oxygen-poor blood feeds into two large veins, the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava, which empty into the right atrium of the heart.

STRUCTURE of the Heart: The Heart Valves

T T SP AM A h tr ei o u e ri m r l t i c t m r H ou l a i o e vs ul c n a ep na r ni aV r t td ra y V rl a i V v ca e v ul e l v s ae r

Fourvalveswithinthe heart prevent blood from flowing backward in the heart. The valves open easily in the direction of blood flow, but when blood pushes against the valves in the opposite direction, the valves close. Two valves, known as atrioventricular valves, are located between the atria and ventricles. ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES: relating to the heart structure

The right atrioventricular valve is formed from three flaps of tissue and is called the TRICUSPID VALVE. The left atrioventricular valve has two flaps and is called the bicuspid or MITRAL VALVE.

Tiny white cords, the chordae tendineae literally, heart strings anchor the cusps to the walls of the ventricles. When the heart is relaxed and blood is passively filling its chambers, the AV valve flaps hang limply into the ventricles. As the ventricles contract, they press on the blood in their chambers, and the intraventricular pressure (pressure inside the ventricles) begins to rise. This causes the AV valve flaps to be forced upward, closing the valves.

At this point the chordae tendineae are working to anchor flaps in a closed position. If the flaps were unanchored, they would blow upward into the atria like an umbrella being turned inside out by a gusty wind. In this manner, the AV valves prevent backflow into the atria when the ventricles are contracting.

The other two heart valves are located between the ventricles and arteries. They are called semilunar valves because they each consist of three half-moon-shaped flaps of tissue. The other two heart valves are located between the ventricles and arteries. They are called semilunar valves because they each consist of three halfmoon-shaped flaps of tissue. The right semilunar valve, between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery, is also called the PULMONARY VALVE. The left semilunar valve, between the left ventricle and aorta, is also called the AORTIC VALVE.

STRUCTURE of the Heart: Myocardium

Muscletissue,knownas myocardium or cardiac muscle, wraps around a scaffolding of tough connective tissue to form the walls of the hearts chambers. The atria, the receiving chambers of the heart, have relatively thin walls compared to the ventricles, the pumping chambers. The left ventricle has the thickest wallsnearly 1 cm (0.5 in) thick in an adultbecause it must work the hardest to propel blood to the farthest reaches of the body.

Microscopic view of the Cardiac Muscle

STRUCTURE of the Heart: Pericardium

Atough,double-layered sac known as the pericardium surrounds the heart. The inner layer of the pericardium, known as the epicardium, rests directly on top of the heart muscle. The outer layer of the pericardium attaches to the breastbone and other structures in the chest cavity and helps hold the heart in place. Between the two layers of the pericardium is a thin space filled with a watery fluid that helps prevent these layers from rubbing against each other when the heart beats.

STRUCTURE of the Heart: Endocardium

Theinnersurfacesof the hearts chambers are lined with a thin sheet of shiny, white tissue known as the endocardium. The same type of tissue, more broadly referred to as endothelium, also lines the bodys blood vessels, forming one continuous lining throughout the circulatory system. This lining helps blood flow smoothly and prevents blood clots from forming inside the circulatory system.

STRUCTURE of the Heart: The Coronary Arteries

Theheartisnourished not by the blood passing through its chambers but by a specialized network of blood vessels. Known as the coronary arteries, these blood vessels encircle the heart like a crown. About 5 percent of the blood pumped to the body enters the coronary arteries, which branch from the aorta just above where it emerges from the left ventricle.

Three main coronary arteriesthe right, the left circumflex, and the left anterior descendingnourish different regions of the heart muscle. From these three arteries arise smaller branches that enter the muscular walls of the heart to provide a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients. Veins running through the heart muscle converge to form a large channel called the coronary sinus, which returns blood to the right atrium.

UNCTIONS OF THE HEAR

Theheartsdutiesare much broader than simply pumping blood continuously throughout life. The heart must also respond to changes in the bodys demand for oxygen. The heart works very differently during sleep, for example, than in the middle of a 5-km (3-mi) run. Moreover, the heart and the rest of the circulatory system can respond almost instantaneously to shifting situations when a person stands up or lies down, for example, or when a person is faced with a potentially dangerous situation.

UNCTIONS OF THE HEAR Cardiac Cycle

What is the Cardiac Cycle?

The cardiac cycle refers to the events of one complete heartbeat, during which both atria and ventricles contract and then relax.

SYSTOLE contraction

DIASTOLE relaxation

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UNCTIONS OF THE HEAR

eneration of the Heartbe

LUB DUP

The first sound (lub) is caused by the closing of the AV valves. The second heart sound (dup) occurs when the semilunar valves close. The first sound is longer and louder than the second heart sound, which tends to be short and snap.

UNCTIONS OF THE HEAR

Regulation of Heart Rate

The normal resting heart rate of an average adult is 70 bpm. However the heart can beat as much as 3x faster at more than 200 bpm when the person is exercising vigorously. Younger people have faster heart rates than adults do. In infants the normal heart rate is about 120, while 100 in young children. Many athletes, by contrast, often have relatively slow resting heart rates because physical training makes the heart stronger and enables it to pump the same amount of blood with fewer beats. An athletes resting heart rate may be only 40 to 60 beats per minute.

UNCTIONS OF THE HEAR Cardiac Output

What is the Cardiac Output? (CO) is the The cardiac output

amount of blood pumped out by each side of the heart (actually, each ventricle) in 1 minute. It is the product of the heart rate (HR) and the stroke volume (SV). *Stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped out be a ventricle with each heartbeat.

If we use the normal resting values for heart rate (75 bpm) and stroke volume (70 ml/beat), the average adult cardiac output can easily be figured: CO = HR * SV CO = 75 beat/min * 70 ml/beat CO = 5250 ml/min

Vertebrate Circulation System: BLOOD VESSELS

B V C A l e a r o i p t o n i e d s l r l i V e a e s r s i s e e s l s

Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart, branching to smaller and smaller units ending at the capillaries, which transfer oxygen and other blood components to and from the tissues. Oxygen-poor blood continues through the capillaries to veins, which converge to carry blood back to the heart, lungs, and liver.

BLOOD VESSELS: Veins

The vein conducts the deoxygenated blood from the capillaries back to the heart.

However, three exceptions to this description exist:

The pulmonary veins return blood from the lungs, where it has been oxygenated, to the heart; The portal veins receive blood from the pyloric, gastric, cystic, superior mesenteric, and splenic veins and, entering the liver, break up into small branches that pass through all parts of that organ; And the umbilical veins convey blood from the fetus to the mother's placenta.

Veins enlarge as they proceed, gathering blood from their tributaries. They finally pour the blood through the superior and inferior venae cavae into the right atrium of the heart. Their coats are similar to those of the arteries, but thinner, and often transparent.

This false-color electron micrograph shows red blood cells packed into a capillary, the smallest type of blood vessel. Blood flows from the capillaries into veins after oxygen has been exchanged.

BLOOD VESSELS: Arteries

Tubular vessels that conveys blood from the heart to the tissues of the body. Two arteries have direct connection with the heart: (1) the aorta, which, with its branches, conveys oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to every part of the body; and (2) the pulmonary artery, which conveys blood from the right ventricle to the lungs, whence it is returned bearing oxygen to the left side of the heart.

BLOOD VESSELS: capillaries

Connects arteries and the veins. Diameter: 0.0127 to about 0.2032 mm (0.0005 to about 0.008 in) Present in great numbers throughout the entire body. Walls are exceedingly thin and readily permeable. They are surrounded by lymph, and there is a constant interchange between the substances in the blood within the capillaries and the waste products in the body tissues and lymph outside. This interchange facilitates the processes of nutrition and elimination and enables the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide to take place. Lymph capillaries assist the blood

invertebrate Circulation System: The Heart IN

The simplest kinds of hearts, present in some invertebrates such as some types of worms, consist of a muscular tube which squeezes rhythmically and moves blood-like liquid by peristaltic contraction (in sea squirts such heart can actually pump blood several minutes in one direction and then reverse the flow into the opposite direction).

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Such diversity in the structure and number of invertebrate hearts can be explained by the relatively small size and low metabolic activity of these animals as well by the fact that the role of invertebrate circulatory system is not necessarily respiratory exchange, but rather nutrient transport (which does not require as rigid and systematic circulation as does respiratory exchange).

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On the other hand, some mollusk hearts have quite a complex structure, which may include four atria and one ventricle (Nautilus), or be composed from multiple (seven and more) individual hearts as in annelid worms.

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Invertebrates with Hearts IN

WORMS

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Some species of earthworm have four pairs of hearts (as in Pheretima posthuma) and some other have five pairs (Lumbricus) of hearts. The hearts of earthworm have valves and help push blood in one direction forward or backward.

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OCTOPUS

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An octopus is a fast moving mollusk that has closed circulatory system and has three hearts, one systemic heart and two branchial hearts.

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COCKROACH

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A cockroach has a chain of hearts, in all totaling to 13. Some regard it as a single heart with 13 chambers. These are funnel shaped chambers with a pair of tiny holes called ostia.

The ostia allow blood into the cockroach hearts. The hearts push the blood forward, in the direction of the head.

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SCORPION
Scorpions have a heart with 7 chambers which is green in color.

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PRAWNS
A prawn like, Indian fresh water prawn, Palemon malcomsonii has one heart with five pairs of ostia.

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End

References:
Hickman. (2006). Integrated Principles of ZOOLOGY. New York: McGraw Hill. Marieb, E.N. (2004). Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology. Pearson Education Inc.:Philippines. Mosby. (2006). Mosbys Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing and Health Professions 7th Edition. Missouri: Mosby Elvier Inc. Microsoft Encarta 2009. 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

UST-CRS 1PTA S.Y. 20092010

GROUP 6 PASCUA, Jane QUIDLAT, Adrien QUILAPIO, Rawnsley RAMIREZ, Reina RANTE, Tara SACDALAN, Ramon