I

OPERATOR'S MANUAL

MODEL 9450A DUAL-CHANNEL DIGITAL OSCILLOSCOPE

Serial Number May 1992

LeCroy
Corporate Headquarters 700 Chestnut Ridge Road Chestnut Ridge, NY 10977-6499 Tel: (914) 425-2000, TWX: 710-577-2832 European Headquarters 2, rue Pre-de-la-Fontaine P.O. Box 341 1217 Meyrin 1/Geneva, Switzerland Tel.: (022) 71 9 21 11 , Telex: 41 9 058

Copyrightm May 1992, LeCroy. Ail rights reserved. information in this publication supersedes all earlier versions. Specifications subject to change.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

i!
8 Extended Pulse Parameters
Extended Parameters Display Extended Parameters Setup Extended Parameters List

Table of Contents

9 The Rear Panel

Mains Voltage Selection (67) Fuse Protection Power Switch (66) Accessory Power Connectors (73) GPIB and RS-232-C Port Selection (70) RS-232-C Connector (68) Accessory Control (69) BNC Connector (62) External CK Input (62) Sampling CK Output (63) Trigger Out (64) Trigger Veto (65) Reset (71)

10 Getting Started
Waveform Acquisition Saving and Recalling Front-Panel Setups Storing and Recalling Waveforms Waveform Expansion Waveform Processing

11 Getting More from your Oscilloscope

Rapid Response of the Front-Panel Controls Accurate Amplitude Measurements Accurate Time Measurements Auto-Calibration

12 Waveform Processing Option (WPO1)

Processing Capabilities Summed Average Continuous Average Arithmetic Extrema Functions Enhanced Resolution

? C

GENERAL INFORMATION
It is recommended that the shipment be thoroughly inspected immediately upon delivery to the purchaser. All material in the container should be checked against the enclosed Packing List. LeCroy cannot accept responsibility for shortages in comparison with the Packing List unless notified promptly. If the shipment is damaged in any way, please contact the Customer Service Department or local field offlce immediately. LeCroy warrants its oscilloscope products to operate within specifications under normal use for a period of two years from the date of shipment. Spares, replacement parts and repairs are warranted for 90 days. The instrument's firmware is thoroughly tested and thought to be functional, but is supplled "as is" with no warranty of any kind covering detailed performance. Products not manufactured by LeCroy are covered solely by the warranty of the original equipment manufacturer. In exercising this warranty, LeCroy will repair or, at its option, replace any product returned to the Customer Service Department or an authorized service facility within the warranty period, provlded that the warrantor's examination discloses that the product 1s defectlve due to workmanship or materials and that the defect has not been caused by mlsuse, neglect, accident or abnormal conditlons or operation. The purchaser is responsible for transportation and insurance charges for the return of products to the servicing facility. LeCroy wlll return all in-warranty products with transportation prepaid. This warranty 1s in lieu of all other warranties, expressed or implied, including but not limited to any implied warranty of merchantability, fitness, or adequacy for any particular purpose or use. LeCroy shall not be liable for any speclal, Incidental, or consequential damages, whether in contract or otherwise. Answers to questions concerning installation, calibration, and use of LeCroy equipment are available from the Customer Service Department, 700 Chestnut Ridge Road, Chestnut Ridge, New York 10977-6499, U.S.A., tel. (914)578-6061, and 2 , rue du Pre-de-la-Fontaine, 1217 Meyrin 1, Geneva, Switzerland, tel. (4 1)22/7 19 2 1 11, or your local field engineering office. LeCroy offers a selection of customer support services. Maintenance agreements provide extended warranty and allow the customer to budget maintenance costs after the initial two year warranty has expired. Other services such as installation, training, enhancements and on-site repair are available through specific Supplemental Support Agreements.

INITIAL INSPECTION

c i?

r r

WARRANTY

i : ai ''

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PRODUCT ASSISTANCE

MAINTENANCE AGREEMENTS

PRODUCT DESCRIPTION
INTRODUCTION The LeCroy 9450A is a high-performance digital oscilloscope suited to a wide variety of research, design and test applications. It is used to capture, analyze, display and archive electrical waveforms in fields such as electronic engineering, physics and defense research, automated testing and measurement, telecommunications, laser research, computer design, electromagnetic pulse and interference measurement, lidar technology and ultrasonics research. The 9450A features two 400 megasamplelsecond 8-bit Flash ADC systems, with 50K non-volatile memories for waveform acquisition and storage, and two 50K memories for waveform processing, expansion and temporary storage. High-speed internal data transfer and processing are performed using a multi-processor system. The central processor is a powerful Motorola 68020 microprocessor which performs computations and controls the oscilloscope's operation.

ARCHITECTURE

Hi-Z, 50 Cl
Amplifiers t Attenuators
Non-volat ile RS-232-C

GPlB

- Time base

68020 Microprocessor 16 MHY

4
68881 Reference Memory lOOK Processing Memory lOOK Display Processor
t

Real Time Clock Working Memory 664 KB Program Memory 750 KB

64 KB Memory

9450A BLOCK DIAGRAM

Figure 1

TRIGGER

Product D e s c r i ~ t i o n 7

Trigger Classes Single-source trigger Pattern trigger

Operatlonal M o d e s Hold-off by time Hold-off by number of events Pulse width > Pulse wldth < (FASTGLITCH) Interval width > Interval width < Wait for a given time Wait for a given event count

State Qualified trigger TimelEvent Qualified trigger TV trigger

Trigger on a given line in a chosen field

additinn

nerindir ralihratinn ic n ~ r f n r m e dtn enciire lnno term

atelv to the left and right of the CRT.

screen also presents internal status and measurement results, as

screen dump button. Plotting is done in parallel with normal

MANUALIREMOTE

The front-M an el lavout and o~eration be verv familiar to users will

instantly on me nign

i '

Product Description

Reference memories, C a n d D: Two 50K, 16-bit word memories which can store one acquired and/or processed waveform, or up to 200 waveform segments. Function memories E a n d F: Two 50K, 16-bit word memories for waveform processing. Peak and Glitch Detection Minimum and maximum peaks, as fast as 0.002% of the record length (minimum 2.5 nsec), are captured and displayed with 100% probability. Using LeCroy's FASTGLITCH trigger technique (see the trigger section below), glitches faster than 2.5 nsec can be detected on all time-base settings. Horizontal Section Tlme Base Range: 1 nsecldiv to 5000 secldiv. Clock accuracy: I f 0.002% Interpolator resolution: 5 psec. Interpolator accuracy: 20 ps RMS Sampling clock output: BNC connector on rear panel. External clock in: BNC connector on rear panel. Random Interleaved Sampling (RIS) for repetitive signals from 1 nsecldiv to 5 psecldiv. Single shot for transient signals and repetitive signals from 10 nsecldiv to 200 msecldiv. Roll for slowly-changing signals from 500 msecldiv to 5000 sec/div. Sequence mode divides the acquisition memory into 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 or 200 segments. signals Horizontal expansion: Dual zoom mode allows d~fferent or different sections of the same signal to be expanded up to 1000 times. Pre-trigger recording: Adjustable in 0.2% increments to 100% of full scale (grid width). Post-trigger delay: Adjustable in 0.02 division increments up to 10,000 divisions. External trigger input: 1 M a , < 20 pF, 250 V max. (DC AC 10 kHz). External trigger range:

Acquisition Modes

+ peak

f2

V in Ext,

f 20 V in ExtIlO.

Display

Cursors

Remote Control

Probes

General

INSTALLATION

CAUTION If a LeCroy oscilloscope set for 115 V is plugged into a 220 V power source, severe damage can occur. Before powering up the unit, ensure that the correct mains voltage has been set.

DISPLAY LAYOUT

I II Ill IV V

Real-time clock field Menu field Icon field Trigger delay field Time and frequency field

VI Abridged trigger fleld VII Abrldged front-panel status field Vlll Displayed trace field IX Message field X Trigger level field

ICON FIELD (111)

TRIGGER DELAY FIELD (IV)

CH2

n
Figure 3

0 . 2 mV DC

Trigger source: Channel 2 Trigger level: 0.2 mV Trigger coupling: DC

SPECIAL LeCROY TRIGGER GRAPHICS INDICATE the S L O P E and LEVEL of the TRIGGER

NJ or 9U1W TRIGER

EXAMPLE of MESSAGE FIELD DISPLAY

Figure 4

MANUAL OPERATION

n
DISPLAY of VERTICAL SENSITIVITY PARAMETERS In the ABRIDGED PANEL STATUS FIELD

1 V # UQ 10mV T/div 10 ps
CHI

Figure 5

Chm 1 10ns>.l

I
CHI

n
Figure 6

52mVDC

CH1>.1 v = CHZ 50 mV& T/div 10 ns

SENSITIVITY DATA DISPLAYED In the ABRIDGED PANEL STATUS FIELD a n d In the DISPLAYED TRACE FIELD

Fixed Sensitivity 2V 1V 0.5 V to 20 mV 10 mV 5 mV

Offset Range

Voltage

f 5 times f lotimes f 12 times f 24 times f 48 times

f 10 V f 10V f 6 V to f f 240 mV f 240 mV

240 mV

.
Main Henu

UPWARD- and DOWNWARD-POINTING, DOUBLE-SHAFT ARROWS INDICATING that INPUT WAVEFORMS are O F F SCREEN

Figure 7

Sampling Modes

TIME BASE TlMElDlV RIS

SAMPLING RATE TlMElPOlNT SS

DISPLAYED RECORD LENGTH (Polnts) RIS SS

1 2 5

nsec nsec nsec

100 psec 100 psec 100 psec 100 100 100 100 100 100 250 500 1
psec psec psec psec psec psec psec psec nsec

------2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 5 10 25 50 0.1 0.25 0.5 1 2.5 5 10 25 50
nsec nsec nsec nsec nsec nsec nsec nsec nsec nsec nsec nsec nsec nsec pr e psec psec psec psec psec psec psec psec

100 200 500 1000 2000 5000 10000 20000 50000 40000 40000 50000

------40 80 200 400 800 2000 4000 8000 20000 40000 40000 50000 40000 40000 50000 40000 40000 50000 40000 40000 50000 40000 40000 50000 40000 40000 50000 40000 40000 50000 40000 40000 50000 40000 40000 50000

10 nsec 20 nsec 50 nsec 0.1 psec 0.2 psec 0.5 psec 1 psec 2 psec 5 psec 10 psec 20 psec 50 psec 0.1 msec 0.2 msec 0.5 msec 1 msec 2 msec 5 msec 10 msec 20 msec 50 msec 0.1 sec 0.2 sec 0.5 sec 1 sec 2 sec 5 sec 10 sec 20 sec 50 sec 100 sec 200 sec 500 sec 1 ksec 2 ksec 5 ksec

---

---------

---

-------

---------------

---

-------------

-----

---

-----

-----

-----------------

---

-----

ROLL M O D E 0.1 msec 0.25 msec 0.5 msec 1 msec 2.5 msec 5 msec 10 msec 25 msec 50 msec 0.1 sec 0.25 sec 0.5 sec 1 sec

-----------

---

-----

---

---------

Manual Operation

PROBES

Two Model P9020 passive probes are supplied with the oscilloscope. These probes have 10 M a input impedance and 16 pF capacitance. The system bandwidth with these probes is DC to 250 MHz (typical) in 1 M a DC coupling, and > 10 Hz to 250 MHz in AC coupling. Active FET probes (Tektronix models P6201, P6202a and P6230) may be powered via probe power connectors on the rear panel. PROBE CALIBRATION outputs (21). (22)- To calibrate the P9020 probe, connect it to one of the input channels BNC connectors (23). (25) or (30). Connect the probe's grounding alligator clip to the front panel ground lug (22) of the oscilloscope and connect the tip to lug (21). Adjust the oscilloscope's front-panel controls as described in Section 8. If over- or undershoot of the displayed signal occurs, it is possible to adjust the probe by inserting the small screwdriver. supplied with the probe package, into the trimmer on the probe's barrel and turning it clockwise or counter-clockwise to achieve the optimal square-wave contour.

s=
BANDWIDTH LIMIT TRIGGER CONTROLS (STANDARD)

etn By s t i g the Bandwidth-Limit button (20) to ON, the bandwidth can be reduced from 300 MHz to 80 MHz (-3 dB). Bandwidth limiting may be useful in reducing signal and system noise or preventing high-frequency aliasing. For example, bandwidth limiting reduces any high-frequency signals that may cause aliasing in single-shot applicat~ons using time-base settings faster than 20 ~sec/division.
Two basic trigger modes are available. The standard trigger facilities are described below. For a full description of the SMART trigger facilities refer to Section 6. The standard trigger has a single source and is completely controlled from the front panel. SMART trigger functions are selected by pressing the SMART Trigger button (35) which switches "ON" the adjacent LED. Pressing the SMART Trigger button again, switches off the LED and returns the oscilloscope to standard trigger control. SMART trigger functions are inspected and modified using a display menu.

Trigger Sources

Trigger Coupling

i '

Manual Operation

i ' i :

slope is possible for fixed gain settings of 5 and 10 mV/div. For all other fixed gain settings, only a negative trigger slope is possible. AC: Signals are capacitively coupled; DC levels are rejected and frequencies below 50 Hz are attenuated.
LF REJ: Signals are coupled via a capacitive high-pass filter network. DC is rejected and signal frequencies below 50 kHz are attenuated. The LF REJ trigger mode is used when stable triggering on medium to high frequency signals is desired. H F REJ: Signals are DC coupled to the trigger circuit and a low-pass filter network attenuates frequencies above 50 kHz. The HF REJ trigger mode is used to trigger on low frequencies.

i l
Trigger Adjustment (Delay, Level and Slope)

?j

r r r

DC: All of the signal's frequency components are coupled to the trigger circuit. This coupling mode is used in the case of high frequency bursts, or where the use of AC coupling would shift the effective trigger level. TRIGGER BELAY knob (40)- is used-to adjust the amount of pre- or post-trigger delay desired when recording signals. Turning this knob slowly allows fine adjustment of the trigger point; turning it quickly results in rapid trigger point movement. Note that the value of the trigger delay applies to all the trigger sources. Pretrigger adjustment up to 100% full scale, in steps of 0.2% is available. The value is displayed in % in the Panel Status display (press button (2) in the Main menu) and indicated on the grid by the position of an upward pointing arrow t in the Trigger Delay field (IV). Post-trigger adjustment is possible up to 10,000 divisions in 0.02 division increments. A post-trigger delay is indicated by a leftward-pointing arrow, t,in the left-hand corner of the Trigger Delay field (IV). The exact delay in seconds is specified beside this arrow. ZERO button (41)- The Zero function resets the trigger delay from previously set positions to the farthest left grid line (i.e. 0.0% Pretrigger position). TRIGGER LEVEL knob (42)- adjusts the required voltage level of a signal which is being used to generate a trigger. The level can be adjusted independently for each trigger source. Note that the trigger level is specified in volts and is normally unchanged when the vertical gain or offset is modified. 27

Trigger M o d e

No. of Segments

PtslSegment 20 msecldiv

PtslSegment Maximum

2 5 10 20 50 100 200

20000 8000 4000 2000 800 400 200

20000 10000 5000 2000 1000 500 200

U
Trigger Status

cl'

6 L:

LManual Operation

When the 9450A is in Single or Seqnce mode and has finished acquiring data, all the parameters may be modified by manipulating the appropriate front-panel controls, but such modification indicated by parameter changes in the Abridged Front Panel Status field (VII) - will only be taken into account when the next trace is being acquired. Whenever the oscilloscope is in the Norm or Auto trigger modes, data are continuously acquired and a display is rapidly generated. Adjustment of the front-panel controls will cause prompt changes in the acquisition parameters and immediate waveform acquisition with the new settings. TRIGGER STATUS, TRIG'D and READY LEDs (located to the left of the Zero button (41))- The Trig'd LED indicates that an acquisition has been completed (normally after a valid trigger). The Ready LED indicates that the trigger circuit has been armed and that the oscilloscope is currently digitizing input signals. When it receives a valid trigger signal, it will continue digitization until the other trigger conditions, such as trigger delay, have been satisfied and will then display the acquired waveform. In RIS, at slow trigger rates, the trigger LED lights up each time an intermediate acquisition occurs. This feature helps to monitor the behavior of the waveform even before the waveform is reconstructed. Trigger Symbols To allow immediate recognition of the current trigger conditions, the oscilloscope displays a special set of trigger graphics, which appear in the Front Panel Status field (VII). Some examples of the standard trigger symbols are given in Figure 8. An extended set of symbols for the SMART trigger may be found in Section 6.

r r r

' K r

i'

:
3I

Ch 1 1.8 mV HF

Ch 2 11 mV LF REJ

ExtllO -1.4 V HF REJ

Line Trigger

n n u n

Trigger Source: Level: Coupling: Slope:

Channel 1 1 . 8 rnV HF Posltlve

Trigger Source: Level: Coupling: Slope:

Channel 2 11 rnV LF REJ Positlve

Trigger Source: Level: Coupling: Slope:

ExtllO -1.4 V HF REJ Negative

Trlgger Source: Llne

EXAMPLES O F T H E STANDARD TRIGGER GRAPHICS

Figure 8

i : i i
DISPLAY CONTROL AND EXPANSION

: i

Manual Operation

the Store button (1). Press the button corresponding to the required source and then choose either Mem C or D as required. FUNCTION E, F buttons (58)- Turn the display of a computed or stored waveform ON or OFF. The type of computation may be defined by pressing the Redefine button (51) CHANNELS 1, 2 buttons (59) - Turn the display of signals applied to the input connectors (23), (25) and (30) ON or OFF. Data are always recorded simultaneously into the acquisition memories, irrespective of whether the trace displays are ON or OFF.

i': '

'

Before waveform acquisition the traces are controlled by the Vertical and TimeIDivision controls ((37). (38), (39), and (44), (45). respectively). Displayed traces may be modified within certain limits following waveform acquisition. Expand A, B (56), Memory C, D (57), and Function E, F (58). are controlled by the Display Control kaobs and buttons (49) through (54). Only one trace can be controlled at a time. The identity of the controlled trace is indicated by a rectangular frame around the waveform descriptor in the Displayed Trace field (VIII) . Whenever more than one of the six traces listed above is currently displayed, the frame may be moved to the next trace by pressing the Select button (55). HORIZONTAL POSITION knob (49)- Horizontally positions an expanded waveform and the intensified region along the source trace. This control is activated only after the Expand A and/or B buttons (56) have been pressed to display the expanded trace. The Horizontal Position knob allows the user to scroll continuously through a displayed waveform. When the waveform source is a sequence waveform, two additional options appear in the root menu. They can be used to change between segments of a sequence acquisition while keeping a constant expansion factor and position. If the buttons are pressed continuously, the display will rapidly move from one segment to the next. This capability can also be used with the dual-zoom feature. VERTICAL POSITION knob (50)- Vertically repositions the selected trace.

L= 2

33

Hain h

Dwl zoom
off

Mi-1.WV

n
Figure 9

#:

CHI

.2 V

c14 . 6 V ! T/div 1pe

DUAL ZOOM EXPANSION

Manual Operation

Select button (55) and press Redefine (5 1). A full-page setup menu for the function appears on the screen. To return to the waveform display, press either the Return button (10) or the Redefine (5 1) button. The currently selected processing function and its parameters may be modified with the soft keys (2) to (5). First select the field to be modified. The rectangular frame around parameter values indicates the currently selected field. Pressing the Previous Field button (2) will cause the frame to move towards the top of the list, whereas pressing the Next Field button (3) will cause the frame to move downwards. The Reference knob (48) can also be used to move the frame from one field to another. Note that the options available in each field are listed in the frame in the lower right corner of the screen. Following field selection, the current value of the field may be modified by pressing either the Previous Value or Next value button (4) or (5) or turning the Difference knob (46). Since the identity of the lower fields may depend on the function chosen, the parameters should be modified from top to bottom. The following standard waveform processing functions are available: Average: summed - Arithmetic: Identity, Negation, Addition, and Subtraction Available Functions Summed Average: Summed averaging consists of the repeated addition, with equal weight, of recurrences of the source waveform. Whenever the maximum number of sweeps is reached, the averaging process stops. The averaging process may be interrupted by switching the trigger mode from Norm to Single (31) or by turning the function trace OFF (button (58)). Averaging will continue when these actions are reversed. The currently accumulated average may be reset by changing an acquisition parameter, such as input gain, offset or coupling, trigger condition or time base. The number of accumulated sweeps is displayed in the Displayed Trace field (VIII) of the corresponding function or of its expansion. After the maximum number of sweeps is reached, a larger number of sweeps may be accumulated by increasing the maximum number of sweeps in the setup menu. In this case, care must be taken to leave the other parameters unchanged, otherwise the accumulation will be restarted. Summed averaging may be performed over Channel 1 or 2.

5 Manual Operation

CH2 -6.6mV DC

CHI 1 0 nV = ai2 20 mV T/div 1 0 t m

DISPLAYED TRACE SHOWING REFERENCE a n d DIFFERENCE, VOLTAGE CURSORS, a n d A L P H A N U M E R I C READOUT o f TRACE AMPLITUDE. T h e VERTICAL BAR o n the LEFT EDGE o f the GRID INDICATES that TRACKING Is being u s e d .

Figure 10
Note: Measurement resolution wlth the Voltage cursors is 0.2% of lull scale (8 divisions).

At -26.0m
Uk38H-i~

T/div .m I e

DISPLAYED TRACE SHOWING T I M E CURSORS, thelr VOLTAGE DIFFERENCES their T I M E DIFFERENCES and the CORRESPONDING FREQUENCY.

Figure 11
Note: Measurement resolution with Time cursors Is 0.5% of full scale (10 divisions) tor unexpandedwaveforms and up to 0.0002% tor expanded waveforms.

Time 19.6733 p e CH1-0.06V

n
Figure 12

DC

Mi .6 V
T/div
6 pa

D I S P L A Y E D T R A C E S S H O W I N G M A R K E R C U R S O R , I N T E R V A L B E T W E E N TRIGGER P O I N T and C U R S O R , and A L P H A N U M E R I C R E A D O U T of T R A C E A M P L I T U D E

p a d m Source

4 2 . 5 m . 4.2175pel 1708pte - 1 1.70V p e r i o d u 710.8m .Spe .SV -1.68V width u 8 8 . 0 m l ~ ~ n 81mV rise u 223.41.1WV Pall u 228.2edov 1.112V delcry Zs 306.1me .6V M2 1 m = O V CHI 0.71V #: T/div .6 p e maxinun mininun

aharrrli

* *

PULSE PARAMETERS DISPLAY

Figure 13

Case 1

base

base

90%-

--

Case 2

r.ise )tlme4

) fall

top

time

base base

Pulse Parameters
PULSE TERMS A N D DEFINITION

Figure 14 Once the Parameters button is pressed, a pair of cross-hair cursors appear on the currently selected waveform. Measurements may be performed on any region of interest by simply positioning the cursors, using the Reference and Difference controls (48) and (46). The cursors define the left- and right- hand boundaries of the area on which measurements will be made. Pressing the Tracking button (47) causes the Difference cursor to track the Reference cursor at a fixed interval as determined by the Difference control. A horizontal bar on the top line of the grid indicates that tracking is on. Its length shows the tracking interval. Precise information relating to the cursor positions (in time), and the number of data points within the region of interest, is provided

Manual Operation

Mean determines the average value of all the data points selected as described above.

r= 1

Standard Deviation (Sdev) is the standard deviation of the measured points from the mean. It is calculated from the following formula:

1 ( v, - mean )'

RMS is derived from the square root of the average of the squares of the magnitudes, for all the data as described above.

Time Measurements

Note: For the time measurements it is necessary to distinguish between magnitude crossings occurring on leading edges and those occurring on trailing edges. In the equations below the following notation has been used: M I = number of M J = number of tt: = time when t l : = time when leading trailing leading trailing edges found edges found edge i crosses the x% level edge i crosses the x% level

All times are linearly interpolated between two measured points.

Period is calculated from the average length of the full periods of the waveform within the selected interval. A full period is the time measured between the first and third 50% crossing points, the third and fifth, the fifth and seventh, etc.

1 Mt-1

Mt

-1
ttz -

i = l

1(

d o)

INFORMATION

Jl

Parameter has been determlned for several periods (up to 100) and the average of those values has been taken. Parameter has been determlned over an integral number of periods. Insufficient data to determlne a parameter. WARNINGS 1.0. amplitude hlstogram Is flat withln statlstlcal fluctuations. Minimum and maximum are used to assign base and top.

--<
f

( L

Only an upper llmlt could be estlmated (actual value of parameter may be smaller than displayed value). Signal Is partlally In overflow. Signal Is partlally In underflow. Signal Is partially in overflow and partially In underflow. PULSE PARAMETER WARNINGS

8
$

Figure 15

MENU FIELD (11) CONTROLS

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

PAPa Roar11

P m l STATUS

Ato<iliary

x-Ynodo

P o r s i ~ node

MAIN M E N U and RELATED M E N U KEYS

Figure 16

U#UISITI[3N PAMETEm

-1

CN,

F i d V/div

-11

IFF&

T o t a l V/div

60m V W .O nV
hc11W

Chamhl2
10 nV 10.0 nV 0.0 nV ACIW

2di2'
T I E BhSE
Tinddiv

0 nV

a m
W no

RI5

m,

W d i v
L o o b i M

MX)

oVpimllv ~

F a SEONn
E b p m t m

nods:

Tindpk

Weeg
N ~ o

60

TRIeeER

Standard
10.0 x

S FX3LE I
22 nV

Pm-tPiggsr Dslay

Trippar an

+ edoo of C - I Yw

Lave1

Couplins
T b arrartly prwelsctsd Sncrt T r i m C l o w fm 'Pottern'
PANEL STATUS MENU

Figure 17

Reviwo

Npxt

rrlmY

STATUS f a

T r i w T i n e 11-Sep-113:4Z:40.2 ~ertsopl./div 6.00nv Offeet CoUplirQ DCWQ BU-Linit HorSoal./div lop HorSoal./pnt 2.5W d i v Trig Delay 0.2 X Rs
ReoadType
SIHjLE

- . mV 76
CF F
4MX)

C H A N 1: M E M O R Y S T A T U S M E N U

Figure 18

Manual Operation

-Trlgosr Tirns
R i ww

rbnt

Q-3Pp-isBB 1 : 9 4 . 66:27
2.1omv OCWQ
0.10~ 2.5 n m
1B.BBO p

vmtsoawdiv

WPrt

0.OO.v
QF

Carplino
Hawmldiv
HaS~talmlplt

mumt
M d i v

40

Trio Dolay
RaOordTypm

SImE

Faokrrn

EXPAND A: MEMORY STATUS MENU

Figure 19

5 Manual Operation

Mi N.xt
TRAQ

T r i ~ p Tirs r

11-1sBB 1.OOV DCWO

2.0~~8

iB:66:18.Q Wfwt

VrtS~dddiv -?ling HaSoale/div HaSoale/e T r ib l c ~ ~ M T y p

B -m W t L
W d i v

-0.78 V ON

2.6m
6.2 1 PPO

800

SINQE

R#un

M E M O R Y C: M E M O R Y STATUS M E N U

Figure 20

Rwiam bxt

-Trigow Time
@
Vmrt SwWdiv WlirP HorSoale/div HorSoale/pnt

11-Slp-lsBB 17:OO:W.O 7.68 mV DClW 2 . 0 ~ 0.10Jm 6.2 X PPO W f d B W U t w d l v

1 .O mv 1
(H

a0

Trig Delay rasoordTypm

SINOLE

Return

FUNCTION E: MEMORY STATUS M E N U

Figure 21

5 Manual Operation

K ~ R Y STATUS for

Rwiow

Nmxt

TriPror ~ ~ u l - i g g18:92:28.8 f o r 29.883 e o V e r t S w l d d i v 1WmV W W ~ -12 mV

-4Jling

DCWO

BWlilit

OFF

Ha Soalddiv H W pt a d l
S=vn-

0.W p 10 ne 28.OdR-a

Pntddiv

w
10

T i m

Trig 0 . 1 ~ ReoadType

SINGLE

YSweepo

R.tun

MEMORY STATUS M E N U after a n ACQUISITION in SEQUENCE M O D E

Figure 22

Revlow
Next

-@

suxmccETIFEsof o f 1 0 segmta F i m t Trig T h : 4-0ot-1890 14:88:63.5 L& T r i ~Tim: 4-0ot-is90 14:W:26.0 1 I 4-t-114:66:63.6 2 I 4-t-is90 14:67:W.8 3I 4I 6I
8I

4-t-1990 4&t-1990 4-t-is90 4-t-1990 4-t-1990 4-t-1990 4-t-1990 4-t-1990

14:W:10.3 14:57:11.0 14:67:16.7 14:67:20.8 14:57:20.7 14:67:20.8 14:67:24.% 14:67:2B.O

71
8I

QI
hlute/ Relative
Return

10 I

TRIGGER TIMING

Figure 23

Saw
Panel * 1 -l *2

I
SAVE

-*l9
SAE

-l *4 -l *6
SAE

-l *8 -l *7
SAVE

Eluui

T
Figure 24

SAVE FRONT-PANEL S E T U P M E N U

fEcALL P A M ,

Panel 1 RECALL Po7el2

Pone1 3 RECALL Panel 4 Panel 6 RECALL Panel 8 Panel 7 RECALL Default

ha .a
ha .a

4-t-1990

16:W:W

440t-1990 16: 09:00 16:Og: 18

h n 4-t-1990 u

h n a t - 1 9 9 0 16:W:B u frwn 26-Sep-IS90 16: 46: 69 h a 26-Sop-1890 16:66: 16 .a

Prors 26-5ep-19SI

16:28:68

A predefined r q m x b i b l o etato

RETUW
RECALL FRONT-PANEL SETUP

Figure 25

UC(UISITIP( PARAPETERS

VERTICN
Fixed V/&v T o t a l V/&v OWd

Chanall 50 n V 53 .O nV 0n V

Chams1 2

m
T I E BAS Tiwdiv
RIS
(F I F

AClM

n V W.OnV 0n V KIM0

w no

Tins/Pt

1 no 0

w d i v

F a SEONn nods: +sqmnh 6

T W p k

10-

wg w
riocb

W
l'lXWAL

TRIBBER
-1

Delay

10.0

x
Level Carplins
0 nV

Tripper an

edpo of CHFSrH

Thu cursntly preeelsctsd Snart T r i m C l a i m 'Singla Sovrao'

I

FRONT-PANEL SETUP MENU of the DEFAULT SETUP

Figure 26

INSTRUENT IDENTIFICATION
Hordcop~

Serial Numbr: WW2Q6

SoPt Version: LECROY 94MM 04.3

RS292

Soft Options: Standard

Time
Hard Options:

Standard

GPIB 8 RS232 COPFIGURATION

[3SD ranote oartrol RS232 cutput only

GPIB ak addrew 4

Return

9450A AUXILIARY SETUPS M E N U

Figure 27

HARD COPY

Previous
FIELD

@ @

Device type:
Hardoopy port:

W 74MA plotter or compatible

RS232 (wet uee 8 bite with printerel

Next Prwioue
VALE Next

Plotter speed:

Normal

W e r of installed pens: Pcrge fwd:

>

OFF

PLOT SIZE

Pcper format: Non stcndard Canoe1 Size of the grid square Iml : Position of lower left corner: xtmnl +10
y t m l +10 Return

VALUES

Plot area 625 x 448 d

99 - 9
The HARDCOPY MENU

Figure 28

Manual Operation

Use the Reference knob (48) or buttons (2) and (3) to scroll through the parameters. Note that the options available for each parameter are indicated on the lower right-hand edge of the screen. Use the Difference knob (46) or buttons (4) and (5) to choose the required option. Hardcopy parameters can be selected by the user as shown in the following table:
PLOTTERS Devlce Type: HP 7550A (or compatlble) HP 7470A (or compatible) Graphtec FP 5301 Phllips PM8151 RS-232-C GPIB (IEEE-488) PRINTERS EPSON FX80 (or cornpatlble) HP QuietJet (or compatible) HP ThinkJet HP LaserJet RS-232-C GPlB Two t o one Single Double Hi-speed double Quadruple CRT screen One t o one HI-res CRT

Hardcopy Port:

Graphlcs Density:

---------

Plotter Speed: N u m b e r of Installed Pens: Page Feed: Plot Size:

Normal Low speed

1 to 8

---------

--------Off On Plot Area: 157x112 mrr? 235x168 r n d 313x224 mmz Prlnt Size: ISO AS-US 8 . 5 " ~ 5.5"

Off On IS0 AS-US 8 . 5 " ~ 5.5" IS0 A4-US 8 . 5 " ~ 5.5" I S 0 AS-US 17"x 11 " Non-standard

Nonstandard:

Slze of the grid square: 1 t o 99.9 m m In 0.1 rnm steps Lower left corner posltlon x [mm] : -999 to 999 rnm In 1 m m steps y [mm]: -999 to 999 mrn In 1 m m steps

Non-standard: Size of rld square [mrn : 1 t o 99.8 m m in steps o 0.1 m m

Table 3

RS-232-C Setup

RS232

- Ranots Control Port

ma i s FIaD

fgBardmt0:paiJ
Charootere length (bite) : 8

Nact
ma i s
VKLE

Parity : naris
Hrnberoe8tcpbite: 1

Next

Caroel

Retun

800

16200
RS-232-C S E T U P M E N U

Figure 29

T I E SENP
Dato: 8
Previous FIELD

Nov 1890 B l 2 : w

Next
Reviare
VALE Next

LOAD T I E

Return

TIME SETUP MENU

Figure 30

Poral
STATUS
~ P Y

Savo

PArL Reoall Auxiliary

stupe

X-Y o f f

Return

Time 3.0818~~

n
Figure 31

CH2 1OnV 4

T/dLv 6me
XY M O D E DISPLAY

Cursors

a
Manual Operation

The definition of A X and AY is dependent on the type of cursors used. The following table shows how AX and AY are defined for each type of measurement.

Where VAbs = Absolute Voltage cursors VRel = Relative Voltage Cursors TAbs = Absolute Time cursors T R ~ = Relative Time cursors ~ = Origin Org VxRef = Voltage of the reference cursor on the X trace VyRef = Voltage of the reference cursor on the Y trace V x ~ i f = Voltage of the difference cursor on the X trace V y ~ ~=f Voltage of the difference cursor on the Y trace Selecting the Reference Point In order to make the polar readout of the absolute time cursor more useful, there is the possibility of choosing between two reference points. The reference is either located at point (0. 0). i.e. at X = 0 Volt and Y = 0 Volt, or at the center of the square grid. Menu button (9),active only in absolute time cursor mode, toggles the position of the reference origin between the center of the grid and (0,O). The values of the origin are displayed on the left-hand side of the square grid. By changing the offsets of the source traces the user can center a figure on the screen and then measure angles and distances with respect to the center of the figure.

--. 4

3 a

5 Manual Operation
PERSISTENCE DISPLAY The Persistence Display mode (Figure 32) is turned on by pressing button (9) in the main menu, and is turned off by either pressing button (9) again or by switching to the XY display mode in the main menu.

k i n Pku

Clear
display

sweep

t 1.42728 ms

off

100 Psrei-

man1 1ps 20 mV

100 Sweepe

~ a t t e m ~ ~ x e n t e r e d 20mV = CHI

J-u-ul
No Wait
PERSISTENCE DISPLAY M O D E

C 2 20mV H T/div

1 pe

Figure 32

The Persistence Display mode allows the user to examine the evolution of a signal in time. A user-selectable number of successive sweeps are overlaid on the screen and the resultant display shows the variation in the signal during the sweeps. The display is updated continuously, with data older than the chosen number of sweeps being eliminated from the display. When persistence is set to INFINITE, all data is retained on the display until it is cleared by the user.

Manual Operation

Selecting Traces

Traces are selected using the TraceOnIOff buttons (56) through The display can be cleared at any time by pressing Clear Display (button (3)), allowing a new persistence display to build up. When a displayed trace is turned off, subsequent sweeps cease to contribute and the display will gradually disappear. The desired number of sweeps is selected by pressing Sweeps button (8). The options are 1, 2, 5, 10,20, 50, 100,200,INFINITE. If the persistence display is turned off and on again, the original trace will be retained, provided that no further triggers are received (e.g. if the oscilloscope is triggered in Single trigger mode). Any changes made to the acquisition conditions will cause the persistence display to be cleared and a new display will be built up. On slow timebases (Roll Mode) there is no display update until the acquisition is complete. In some cases this can take a considerable time and it may appear as if nothing is happening. Persistence display cannot be used in Auto Roll mode. Since there is never a completed acquisition, a display update is impossible. In sequence mode, each segment is overlaid and the entire segmented waveform contributes as a single sweep. When Summed Averaging, FFT Power Average, or Extrema are performed, the intermediate accumulated sweeps which are displayed at regular intervals in normal display mode, each contribute as single sweeps in persistence mode.

r r r

Cursor Measurements

Full cursor facilities are available in persistence display mode with both absolute and relative measurements supported. The time and voltage cursors are completely independent of the normal display cursors. The measurement readings appear in the Displayed Trace Field (VIII) on the right hand side of the screen. Voltage cursors are similar to those in normal display mode. Time cursors consist of vertical bars which are placed on the desired part of the displayed waveform. Waveform parameter measurements are not available in persistence display mode.

i l

5 Manual Operation
STORE MENU The Store button (1) enables the user to store any trace in the acquisition memories into reference Memories C and/or D.
FRarl

TO

k c
k D

W
W

A
B

Plemc

Fm E
FmF

co >

12

mi
b 2

Cawel

Mi 0.30 V

n
Figure 33

DC

Mi .6 V
T/di v .5 pa

STORE TRACE MENUS

Note: Users should be aware that Memories C and D are volatile and will be erased when the oscilloscope is switched off. For nonvolatile storage, use the CD > 1 2 button (8) before switching off the oscilloscope.

T I E BASE CONTROL
Prwiam
F I M

Externrrl Tim Bow:

iGEXq
:

# d p

~ WK ~

Next
ma i # VALUE @

Nota: Unmgirg the t i d d i v i s i a r i kncb metame normal time b088 behovior.

Next
Mify sesmente START
#

CONTINUOUS

SE(MNCE

MOE

#SeQnents

Tine/@

2.6m

w %o = 2l m

cant i r u o u c ~

Note:~krttontothelefttostort. Pudl SWNCE HIE 6 button t o h o l t .

Mi

VERTICAL OFF
hgaYl%

nmE
t i n v o l k Cdivieionsl .
inaotive
OfFWt etuye

Wf2md.
Return

SPECIAL MODES M E N U

Figure 34

involve the use of verv hieh-urecision clocks or clocks that urovide

Continuous Seauence

This is a s ~ e c i a lform of seauence acauisition. It continuouslv waverorms (wnere

I

Vertical Offset Mode

THE SlMART TRIGGER

SMART Trlgger

Push Button >6 -

Standard Trigger

I
Slngle-source State Quallfled TV Mode Pattern TimelEvent Qualified

T H E S M A R T TRIGGER

Figure 35

Width-based Trigger

--

' c

The SMART Trigger

FASTGLITCH trigger mode, like the other modes, can be selected at any time-base setting. The user can define widths with 2.5 nsec resolution starting at a minimum value of 2.5 nsec. For recurrent glitches, the oscilloscope's random interleaved sampling mode allows glitch visualization with an equivalent sampling rate of up to 10 gigasampleslsec, that is one sample point every 100 psec. Missing bits in long data streams are easily triggered on using the interval width triggering facility. For ranging applications, interval trigger may be used to ignore unwanted signal reflections. Multi-source Triggers There are four types of multi-source triggers in the 9450A. These are the Pattern, State Qualified, TimeIEvent Qualified, and T V triggers. Details of how to set up these triggers are given later in this section. A pattern trigger is defined as a logical AND combination of the states of Channel 1, Channel 2 and External. The states are defined as being either low (L) or high (H) or don't care (X) with respect to the individually defined trigger thresholds. Furthermore, the user decides whether the oscilloscope should trigger at the beginning of the defined pattern or at the end, i.e. when the pattern is "entered" or "exited". The FASTGLITCH and time-separation trigger capabilities described above can be combined with pattern trigger, enabling the user to compare the "duration" of the pattern, or the interval between patterns, with a reference time. This also applies to the hold-off by time or number of events. The pattern trigger will be appreciated every time complex logic has to be tested. Examples are: computer or microprocessor debugging; High Energy Physics where a physical event is identified by several events occurring simultaneously; and debugging of data transmission busses in telecommunications. When set to pattern trigger, the oscilloscope always checks the logic AND of the defined input logic states. However, with the help of de Morgan's laws, the pattern becomes much more general. T o demonstrate this, consider an example which is of particular importance, that is a bi-level or window trigger. Bi-level trigger means that the user is expecting a single-shot signal where the amplitude will go outside a known range in either direction.

Pattern Trigger

79

I
Trigger LHX entering width checked

L
*t
width checked

Trigger LHX exiting

f
Figure 36

PATTERN TRIGGER TIMING DIAGRAM

CH2
EXT Pattern XLL
CHI (Source)

J
1 I

I
Present presl Abs Absent

Triggers (Pattern present) Triggers (Pattern absent)

-T f
< - Wait
20 nsec (3 ev)

< - 20 sec

( l o 9 ev)

20 nsec (3 ev)

3 20 sec (lo9 ev)

< Wait

S T A T E - Q U A L I F I E D TRIGGER T I M I N G D I A G R A M

Figure 37

CH2
EXT Pattern XLL

I
1

CHI (Source)

Triggers (Entering Pattern)

Triggers (Exiting Pattern)

-t -t
5 Wait 5: 2 0 sec
10 nsec ( 0 ev)

( 1 OQ ev)

I Wait

10 nsec ( 0 ev)

2 0 sec ( 1 O9 ev)

T I M E I E V E N T Q U A L I F I E D TRIGGER T I M I N G DIAGRAM

Figure 38

TV Signal

-Field transltlon
IL I

-.

Line synchronlzlng pulses

~ I I Y Y m T Y I I I
t
T V TRIGGER T I M I N G DIAGRAM

Trlgger

Figure 39

; v
ZERO

ADJUST

SMART TRIGGER

EVENTS WIDTH

<

WIDTH >

4\

'P

36
ON

0-

35

33 32

T H E SMART TRIGGER CONTROLS

Figure 40

MTRf860R

Rrviour

TrigOk T p : ye

Fitate OJaliPied
DCC

k x t

FIELD

@ J
@

T r i g g r Sovmr:

Chamall
- 2

:
:

L
H

Revioue
VKUE

mtunal

Pattamstate;

jiizq

Sunary While CHAN1

Canosl
Uaib
LwPl

. CHAW . EXT = L H X absent 4 4 l . O n o m d T r ~ a n + ~ & MT

CHAN1

e
CHWz OnV

22mV

C r pi o r lw

M:
( 3 r l

Ac

DCT 0.WV

Ac

Retvn

o a0.ooOp y

T H E S M A R T TRIGGER M E N U

Figure 4 1

H'off

100.0ns
Pattern Trigger

Pattern LHX e x i t e d

Trigger on Chanl . Chan 2 . Ext = L H X exited followed by a hold-off by 100 nsec

CHI
Wait

84 mV DC
XHX

J - rUl-.- r u u
60010860 evts
State Qualified Trigger

While the states Chanl . Chan 2 . Ext = X H X are absent wait for 60,010,860 events and trigger on a + edge of Chanl

C 2 0 .OO V AC H a.-ur-L.JLrHHX

Wait

N EXT
Line 8

25 evts

TimeIEvents Qualified Trigger After Chanl Chan2 . Ext = H H X exited Wait for 25 events and trigger on a + edge of Chan2

J-

Trigger on EXT TV signal, line 8, any field

S M A R T TRIGGER GRAPHICS

Figure 42

Front Panel

Single-source Trigger

I
Source, Coupling, Slope, Level, Mode

I
Pulse Interval

Menu

I
Front Panel
Hroff by Tlrne 25nsec20sec M'ofi by # Events 0-10
@

I
Widtk 1Onsec - 20sec Width> 25nsec - 20sec

Width< 2. 5nsec - 2Osec

W~dth> 2.5nsec - 20sec

Fastglitch

SINGLE-SOURCE TRIGGER

Figure 43

Hold-off By Time

SMART TRIBBR

T r i g g w Type
W i d U l Typr

: blngle Souroe(
:

P u t Width

Sunary

by

tmilinO edge
M.0m

20.0 Z

OF CHANi

Loval

22 mV

Cwpliw
*~E&F

bw
Figure 44

Tine/Evmta

HOLD-OFF BY T I M E

SMART TRIGQR
Previous
FIELD Next

Trigger Type

:
:

Single Source

WidthType

pGiiaKq

Previam VALE
Next

Surmcrry

camel

on + trcii-iiw ~ ~ 1 l d o by P P

10.0 X

Levol
Return

Couplirg

1.0mV Dc

Pre-trig~erDelay

Pulse Uidth

HOLD-OFF BY NUMBER O F EVENTS

Figure 45

T
r t )

4- Threshold Trigger position: Pulse width < T (FASTGLITCH trigger)

Trigger

lTru--L
Trigger position: Pulse width > T
PULSE W I D T H TRIGGERS

Figure 4 6

SMART

TRISingle Sovroo
:

Previous

Trigger Type :

FIELD
Next

WidVlTyp

pziamq

Reviare
VALE Next

Sunnary

16 .O X

Canoe1 Lwel 1.O mV Coupling

Return

Pre-trigger Delay

Pulse Width

PULSE WIDTH < A SPECIFIED VALUE

Figure 47

*
4

T T
Interval width < T Trigger position:

Interval * width > T

Trigger position:

INTERVAL W I D T H TRIGGERS

Figure 48

Interval Width < a Specified Value

SMART T R I a X R

Previoue FIELD Next Previous

VALE

T r i ~ ~ Type er

:
:

Single Soume l~nterwrl

@ @

Width Type

W W i

Next

Surmary

r on
Qnwl

trwiling edge o f CHAW Width < 1 5 . 0 ~

30.0 X

Level 1.0n V Cwpling M:

mm u

R e - t r i p Delay
INTERVAL WIDTH

Pulse Width

< A SPECIFIED VALUE Figure 49

Pattern Trigger

I
Front p Panel

Coupling, Level Select state of. CHI ,. CH2, EXT: LHX

+ Adjusted before entering the

SMART trigger

Interval

Front Panel

H' off by Time 25nsec20sec

H'off by # Events 0-loB

Width< 2.5nsec -20sec

Widttv 2.5nsec - 20sec

Width< 1 Onsec - 20sec

W~dttv 25nsec -20sec

in SMART Trigger Mode

* FASTGLITCH
PATTERN TRIGGER

Figure 50

SPlART TRIPrevious

Trigger Type

:
:

Pattern

FIELD

@ @

Width Type Chamel I

Interval Width

Next
Reviars
VKlE Next

-12
External

patternstate :

sE!!!EY
Canoe1

Trigger on CHANi CHAN2 w i t h H o l d o f F by 4 0 . 0 ~

:
:

I
H
X

entered

. MT
a

L H X

entered

Level coupling
R a m

MAN1 31mV

CHAFt2 ImV

AC

MT 0.00V

P r e - t r i m Delay

26.0 X

P A T T E R N TRIGGER M E N U

Figure 5 1

Bi-level Trigger

Adjusting the Bi-level Trigger

Front Panel

State-Qualified Trigger

I
Level

Adlusted before entering the SMART

I
Define Source CHI, CH2, EXT or LINE

I
Front Panel
+

I
Wait by # Events f 3 to lo9
in SMART Trigger Mode

Wait by time 20 nsec to 20 sec

No Wait

STATE-QUALIFIED TRIGGER

Figure 52

SHART lRI66ER

TriogarType :
T r i w

StclteOJaliPied
CHANl

amnel1
Cherrrlz

External

PattsnStote:
Sumry

#rile W 1
Wait
LwaL

4U.Onod TriOgsrcn-mc@

. CHANZ . EXT = X H X
m
1mv

:
ulmaant
A C

: E

present CHAUi

mi
3lmV

Mf 0.WV

Cwpliw
*issr~

M:
blcr]r

Ac

26.0 X

STATE QUALIFIED TRIGGER M E N U

Figure 53

Front Panel

TirnelEvent Qualified Trigger

I
Coupling, Slope, Level

Adjusted for each channel before entering the SMART trlgger

I
Define Source CHI , CH2, EXT or LINE

I
Front + Panel

I
Wait by # Events 0 to 109

Wait by time 10 nsec to 20 sec

in SMART trigger Mode

No Wait

T I M E l E V E N T QUALIFIED TRIGGER

Figure 5 4

SMART TRIGGER

Reviwe FIOD

Trigger Type

Pime~vents l7ualifiec4 CHANi

Trigger Soump: Chamel 1 Chamel 2

Next
Reviwe vKUE Next

:
: :

H H
X

External

Pattern State :

Sunmory
Cam1

A f t e r CHANI CHAN2 EXT = H H X Wait 20 evte and Trigger on Level Carpling CHANI -280mV DC CHAN2 1.2mV DC
EXT 0.00V A C

exited

exited edge o f

CHAN1

Retum

Past-trigger Delay

2.0 ps

S t a t e aKlli Time/Events

T I M E I E V E N T S Q U A L I F I E D TRIGGER M E N U

Figure 55

TV Trigger

Front Panel

c -

I
Define Number of Fields

I
Define Characteristics

I
Define lineslpicture and interlace for non-standard characteristics

I
Define Field and Line

in SMART Trigger Mode

TV T R I G G E R

Figure 5 6

SPWT TRIGGER
Revia# F I M Tri~ger Type

N
4

NunberoPfielda: Charooteristia

Next
Prwiars VALUE Next

1: 7 (
to 00l& l i n e t o soleot f i e l d

U8Q TRIGGER V A U E - M N T S

VALUE-TIE

Sunnary
Trigger an EXT TV Signal

Cancrel

Lim 8 Field 1/4 626/6W2:1 Note: F i e l d nunber 18 not &solute

Return

Post-trigger Deloy

2.2 pa

TV TRIGGER MENU

Figure 5 7

T ~ SMART Trigger P

In order to allow maximum flexibility, no line-counting convention is used. The line count should be thought of as a line-synchronizing pulse count, and it includes the transitions of the equalizing pulses. For certain extreme cases of TV signals, the field transition recognition will no longer work. In this case, only the "any line" mode will be available. C. The enhanced field-counting capability cannot be used for RIS acquisitions.
D. Composite video signals must have negative-going synch to be decoded correctly.

PASSIFAIL TESTING
The PASSIFAIL test features built into the oscilloscope enable it to compare any parameters of source waveforms against reference values and, if certain conditions are met, to perform a number of selected actions. For instance, the oscilloscope can be set up to PASS if:

I :

- the waveform in Channel 1 is contained in the mask in

Memory C (all points inside the mask). AND - the frequency in Channel 2 is less than 10 kHz. AND - the max point in Function F is more than 1.45V. AND - the RMS value in Channel 1 is less than 850 mV. If any of the four conditions in this example is not satisfied, the test will FAIL. Whether the test PASSes or FAILS, the oscilloscope can, if the user wishes, be set to perform any or all of the following actions: - Stop the acquisition.

- Make a screen dump.

- Store a trace to Memory D.

- Store selected traces to the memory card.

Emit a "beep". Send a pulse from the rear panel accessory port. The mask envelope can also be generated inside the oscilloscope.

'
113

1 C-10.0000p. ao.OMK)pl ZOMXlpk - 1 1.168 V 48.8822~ lope .6 V -1.m V %$?n24.1946p minim Pm/FAILmecn + 99.4mV riee n 6 7 . 8 ~ 1 mode edev + 1.0880 V f a l l n 6 8 . 9 ~ 1 rm, + 1.0887 V delay -12.2 MI Mi .6 V o z 6nV ( M 0.30 v M: I
P a m Swroe
n#xinun

T/div 10 psi
PULSE PARAMETERS DISPLAY M O D E

Figure 58

b i n PIenu

stup

Pa8ad Fail i f PASS / FAIL Chanlba~ < dChmlminimm> off dChm1area > dChmi@qk <

Mi 0.30 V

#:

( 0 sweepe failed o f 1) la& value 10 pa .6 V 0 V -1.047 V -1.078 V -1.60 V -M.OnVe 0.00nVe l.W v Mi .6 V LI(z 6mV T/div 10 pa

PASS FAIL DISPLAY

Figure 59

PASS / FAIL TEST A M

D(TEMED

PMNElERs

Reviws FIELD Next Reviwe Next

'@

PASS if

-12 andchamell andExpaxjA and F m t i m F

lnean

> 228.2 Z V

: orea : allin : freq

< 1.001 i U V e < 432.7 #

Define Mask
if teet PASSES then

stop
cancel Return p u l s e art

Soreendump

StoretoKl

I eoep

--

E m i t 10 ps pulse m Accessory Cmtrol pin 1

Pulse art
PASSIFAIL SETUP DISPLAY

Figure 60

PasslFail Testing

In the PASSIFAIL setup menu press the Define Mask button (6) to enter the mask setup (Figure 61).

Previous

FIELD
Next

Swrce:

E E n l
to to 0.9 div 0.6 div -0.6

Horizartal toleronoe: -0.3 Vertical t o l o m e :

Previous VALE @ Next

Hake Haek
Pass Fail

Autosetup

Cancel
Return Rrsh Ma Fksk button to oonvert waveform in Chamel 1 into Pksk in HemoryC

Fmotion E Function F Chcmel2

MASK SETUP

Figure 6 1

The first field in the mask setup allows you to set up the source waveform. The following fields allow you to set the Horizontal and Vertical tolerances around the source trace. Use buttons (2) and (3) or the Reference knob (48) to select the field. Use buttons (4) and (5) or the Difference knob (46) to scroll through the available options in the field. Once you have set the tolerances, press the Make Mask button (7) to generate the mask, then the Return button (10) to exit the setup menu. You can also press the Cancel button (8) to go back to your previous mask settings.

Faild
SetrJp F a i l if Chanl PASS / FAIL ~ W off dFnoE and Chm2

( 2 eweepe failed of 2 1
l0et valw a l l in mininu. B 10 y .6 V
-1.60 v -20.0nVe 1.60 V

area
p)cpk

> <

F31rnv 0.00mVe 1-41mV

Mi

M I

0.30

v M:

LH2

.6 V 6mY

T/div 10 )le

PASSIFAIL DISPLAY WITH TOLERANCE MASK

Figure 62

PARAMETER all points I n amplitude a n y points out area base

EXPLANATION This parameter Is set to YES when all the source points are Inside the mask In Memory C. Top minus the base. This parameter Is set t o YES when at least one source point is outside the mask In Memory C. Sum of sampled values between the cursors tlmes the duratlon of a sample. First of two most probable states. Thls Is characterlstic of rectangular waveforms and represents the first most probable state determined from the statistical distributlon of data polnt values In the waveform. Number of pairs of transltions In the same direction. Tlme from trigger to the midpolnt of the flrst transition. Average duratlon above midpoint value as a percentage of period. Duration of the pulse waveform's failing transitlon from 90% to lo%, averaged for all falling transitions between the cursors. Time from trlgger to first (leftmost) cursor. Reclprocal of period. Time from trigger to last (rightmost) cursor. Maximum value of the trace between the cursors. Average or DC level of the waveform. If the waveform is periodic, it Is computed over an Integral number of periods. Minlmum value of the trace between the cursors. Lower most probable vaiue minus the minimum sample value, expressed as a percentage of the amplitude. Maximum sample value minus the higher most probable value, expressed as a percentage of the amplitude. Difference between the maximum and the minimum values. Time of a full cycle averaged for all full cycles between the cursors. Number of points between the vertical cursors. Duration of the pulse waveform's rising transition from 10% to 90%, averaged for all rislng transitions between the cursors. Square root of sum of squares, divlded by number of terms. if the waveform is periodic, It Is computed over an integral number of periods. Square root of sum of squares of difference from mean, divided by number of terms. if the waveform Is periodic, It Is computed over an Integral number of perlods. Second of two most probable states. This Is characteristic of rectangular waveforms and represents the second most probable state determined from the statistical distribution of data point values In the waveform. Wldth of the first pulse (either positive or negative), averaged for ail similar pulses between the cursors.

cycles delay duty cycle fall time first frequency last maximum mean minimum overshoot negative overshoot posltlve peak-to-peak period points rise t i m e root mean square standard deviation

top

wldth

Table 4

PassIFail Testing

Information and Warning Symbols

If the number of points used is small, the statistical uncertainties in determining the base and top levels may be high and hence overall accuracy may be reduced. The algorithm which determines the pulse waveform parameters is capable of detecting certain situations where the mathematical formulae may be applied but the results obtained must be interpreted with caution. In these cases the name of the parameter and its value are separated on the screen by a graphic symbol. The symbols and their meanings are indicated in Figure 63.
INFORMATION Parameter has been determined for several periods (up to 100) and the average of those values has been taken.

--<

(L

Parameter has been determined over an integral number of periods. Insufficient data to determine a parameter. WARNINGS Waveform cannot be classified as 'pulse waveform" i.e., amplitude histogram is fiat within statistical fluctuations. Minlmum and maxlmum are used to assign base and top. Only an upper limit could be estimated (actual value of parameter may be smaller than displayed value). Signal is partially In overflow. Signal is partially in underflow.

Signal is partially in overflow and partlally in underflow. PUI,SE PARAMETER WARNINGS

Figure 63

EXTENDED PULSE PARAMETERS

Main k n u

t-10.0000ps, 90.MXX))ul 4oooopts 1.156V period 4 8 . 0 9 2 2 ~ ~ lops . 6 V width rr 24.1946 p mininun -1.078 V Pm/FAILmm c\r m.4mV rise rr 8 7 . 8 ~ Pall rr W.9ne lnode ev & c\r 1.0860 V rms c\r 1.0867 v c~elay -12-2ne MI .s V WZ 6mV M 0.90 v M I : T/div 10 pe
paKlrnetero Sarree

-11 mu i n n

P U L S E PARAMETERS DISPLAY M O D E

Figure 64

stup
PASS / FAIL off

aKln 1 a l l i n

Yee
-0.31 mV 0.00mVs 1.41 mV

B mininun FnoE area -2-

aKln1 10 pa .6 V

M 0.30 I

M :

MI

.6 V 6 V m

T/div 10 psi

PASSIFAIL DISPLAY

Figure 6 5

PASS / FAIL TEST AND

EXTENDED PNUFETERS

Previous FIELD
lrbxt

@ isM'Jljl @

#wulel2

meclrl

Previous VALE Next

axrneli
~>cpand A FmotionF

: area

: all i n : freq

Define Mask

Concel
Return
SHOW
EXTENDED PARAMETERS SETUP DISPLAY

Figure 66

Extended Pulse Purumeters

EXTENDED PARAMETERS LIST

PARAMETER all p o i n t s I n amplitude a n y p o i n t s out area base EXPLANATION This parameter is set to YES when all the source points are Inside the mask in Memory C. Top minus the base. This parameter Is set to YES when at least one source point is outside the mask in Memory C. Sum of sampled values between the cursors tlmes the duration of a sample. First of two most probable states. This is characteristic of rectangular waveforms and represents the first most probable state determined from the statistical distribution of data point values in the waveform. Number of pairs of transitions in the same direction. Time from trigger t o the midpoint of the first transition. Average duration above midpoint value as a percentage of period. Duration of the pulse waveform's falling transition from 90% t o lo%, averaged for all falling transitions between the cursors. Time from trigger t o first (leftmost) cursor. Reciprocal of period. Tlme from trlgger t o last (rlghtmost) cursor. Maximum value of the trace between the cursors. Average or DC level of the waveform. If the waveform is periodic, it is computed over an Integral number of periods. Minimum value of the trace between the cursors. Lower most probable value minus the minimum sample value, expressed as a percentage of the amplitude. Maximum sample value minus the higher most probable value, expressed as a percentage of the amplitude. Difference between the maximum and the minimum values. Time of a full cycle averaged for all full cycles between the cursors. Number of points between the vertical cursors. Duration of the pulse waveform's rising transition from 10% to 90%, averaged for all rising transitions between the cursors. Square root of sum of squares, divided by number of terms. If the waveform is periodic, it is computed over an integral number of periods. Square root of sum of squares of difference from mean, divided by number of terms. If the waveform is periodic, It Is computed over an integral number of periods. Second of two most probable states. This is characteristic of rectangular waveforms and represents the second most probable state determined from the statistical distribution of data point values in the waveform. Width of the first pulse (either positive or negative), averaged for all similar pulses between the cursors.

cycles delay duty cycle fall t i m e first frequency last maximum mean minlmum overshoot n e g a t i v e overshoot posltive peak-to-peak period points rise t i m e root m e a n square standard deviation

top

width

Table 4

Extended Pulse Parameters

Information a n d Warning Symbols

If the number of points used is small, the statistical uncertainties in determining the base and top levels may be high and hence overall accuracy may be reduced. The algorithm which determines the pulse waveform parameters is capable of detecting certain situations where the mathematical formulae may be applied but the results obtained must be interpreted with caution. In these cases the name of the parameter and its value are separated on the screen by a graphic symbol. The symbols and their meanings are indicated in Figure 67.
INFORMATION Parameter has been determined for several periods (up t o 100) and the average of those values has been taken. Parameter has been determined over an integral number of periods. Insufficient data t o determine a parameter. WARNINGS Waveform cannot be classified as 'pulse waveform", i.e.. amplitude histogram is flat within statistical fluctuations. Minimum and maximum are used t o assign base and top.

dm /L --< $

Only an upper limit could be estimated (actual value of parameter may be smaller than displayed value). Signal is partially in overflow. Signal Is partially in underflow.

4
$

Signal is partially in overflow and partially in underflow. PULSE PARAMETER WARNINGS

Figure 67

THEREARPANEL

RS-232-C CONNECTOR (68)

RESET (71)

GETI'ING STARTED

Auto-setup You can use the auto-setup facility for repetitive signals if: 2 mV < amplitude < 8 V Frequency > 50 Hz Duty cycle > 0.1%

Setting the time base

12) Set TimeIDivision control (45) to 0.5 msec. Note that at this time-base setting, Interleaved Sampling (RIS) is OFF.
Adjusting the trigger

13) Set the Trigger Source to Chan 1 (27). 14) Use Trigger Level knob (42) to set the trigger level to 0 mV. 15) Set the Trigger Coupling to AC (29). 16) Use Trigger Delay knob (40) to set 20% pretrigger. 17) Set the Trigger Slope to Pos (34). 18) Set the Trigger Mode to Auto (31).
Miscellaneous

19) Return to the Main Menu by pressing the Return button 20) Set the oscilloscope to Single Grid mode using button (14). The resulting display is shown in Figure 68.

Note: The x I O attenuation factor of the probe can be taken into account for all readings by setting this factor for Channel 1 in the Panel Status menu.
Example 3: How to Check the Probe Calibrator The P9020 probe has a x 10 attenuation factor. Thus, the 1 V, 1 kHz output calibration signal is displayed with a total amplitude of approximately 7.7 divisions at a Total Vldiv setting of 13.0 mV1 div. If there is over- or under-shoot, adjust the probe compensation trimmer, located on the barrel of the P9020, for a clean square-wave contour. For further adjustments of the probe, consult the probe manual.

Signal Acquisition Summary Connect the signal Select an acquisition channel (Enter the panel status menu) Adjust the vertical parameters Adjust the time base Adjust the trigger or (for repetitive waveforms only) Connect the signal Select the signal coupling Select a channel Press Auto-setup Adjust as desired

Panel STATUS hory

Save
PANEL

Recall
Auxiliary
Setu~e

Xr -

node

I
btm

7 '

*
CJQ

I
8mV

I
DC

ICM2 20m
CI H T/div

.2v

n
Figure 70

.2

v
ne

A FAST GENERATOR SIGNAL

MI

n
Figure 71

I W m V DC

MI - 2 V 8 CtQ I O m V = T/div 20 ne

GENERATOR SIGNAL: PULSE W I D T H 100 nsec

Example 7: Sequence Mode for Segmenting Memories into 5 Segments

10

Getting Started

Main Hm i u

n
T/div .2
S E Q U E N C E ACQUISITION MODE: 5 SEGMENTS

Figure 72

Miscellaneous 16) Set the Chan 1 Offset to suit the input signal (39). 17) Set Bandwidth Limit to OFF (20). 18) Press Return button (10) to return to the Main Menu. 19) Set the Grid mode to Dual (14). 20) When you see the signal on the screen, put the generator in external or manual trigger so that it is no longer freerunning. Set the Trigger Mode (3 1) to Seqnce. Now actuate the generator's external trigger a total of 5 times to generate 5 signals to be recorded.

Panel
STATUS

-Y r

Save
PANEL R1 -1 Auxiliary

X-Y node
Persietenoe
mod0

Return
Digitally signed by ARTEK MEDIA

ARTEK MEDIA DN: cn=ARTEK MEDIA, c=US, o=DC Henderson

Date: 2006.04.22 22:29:30 -05'00'

n
T/div .2 pe

SEQUENCE ACQUISITION MODE: 10 SEGMENTS

Figure 73

Sequence Acquisition Mode

Use sequence acquisition to capture multiple events when the time between successive events is short (minimum 100 ~ s e c )

Recalling Front-panel Setups

Getting Started

10

STORING AND RECALLING WAVEFORMS Storing Waveforms

Storing Chan 1 into Memory C

Entering the Store Menu

1) Acquire a waveform on Channel 1 in Single trigger mode. 2) Press Store, button ( I ) , to call up the Store Trace menu.
Choosing a waveform to store

3) A new menu appears offering the possibility of storing any of the sources, Exp A, Exp B , Func E, Func F , Chan 1 or Chan 2. Press the button (59) which corresponds to Chan 1.
Storing the waveform

4) The menu also offers you the choice of storing Chan 1 into Mem C or Mem D . Press button (2) which corresponds to Mem C. You have now stored Channel 1 into Memory C.
Recalling Waveforms

Recalling Memory C

1) Set Memory C to ON using button (57). The waveform you stored will appear on the screen. If Channel 1 is still on, you will see only one waveform. T o see both Channel 1 and Memory C, turn the Position knob (44) slightly. 2) Recall Memory D in the same way.
The Store Trace menu also allows the user to store any other trace, including processed or expanded waveforms, into Memory C or D. The procedure outlined above enables two independent waveforms to be stored and recalled for display. Some of the parameters of the waveform can be inspected by calling the Memory Status menu, button (3) in the Main Menu.
The Panel Status and Memory Status displays Panel Status:

Chan 1 and 2 only. displays the acquisition parameters for the next acquisition. All traces. displays the parameters for traces already acquired and stored.

Memory Status:

Moving the expanded waveform

8) You can position the expanded trace in the lower grid by adjusting the Vertical Position control (50).
Changing the Vertical Gain 9) You can also adjust the Vert Gain control (53) to change the vertical magnification if required. Example 2: Expanding a Second Region of a Waveform (Expand B) To use Expand B follow the same procedure as above, except that in Step 3 the Expand B button (56) is pressed rather than the Expand A button. You will probably need to redefine the source of Expand B (follow step 4 above). For independent control of Expand A and B, make sure that Dual Zoom mode is OFF. If it is ON, press the return button (10) until the root menu is displayed and then press button (5) to switch the Dual Zoom mode OFF.
Summary: Expanding a waveform

Acquire a signal Choose an Expand function Choose the waveform to expand Choose a magnification factor Choose a region of interest (Move the expanded waveform) (Change the Vertical Gain)

Example 3: Dual Zoom on One Waveform

Acquiring signals 1) Use buttons (56) to (59) to switch Channel 1 on and all other traces off.

2) Acquire a signal on Channel 1.

3) Set the Grid mode to Single (14). 4) Press the Return button (10) until the root menu is displayed (i.e. the only option available in the Menu field (11) is Main Menu). Switching on the Expand functions 5) Switch Expand A and Expand B on (56).

Summary: Waveform Processing Sources: Functions: Channels 1 and 2 Summed averaging Arithmetic- Identity Negation Addition Subtraction

Procedure Acquire the signal (s) Select and redefine Function E or F Set the required function

GETI'ING MORE FROM YOUR OSCILLOSCOPE

Maximum level A

ADC
levels

Display grid 500 points resolution

v ,
Minimum level

7
USING T H E FULL DYNAMIC RANGE O F T H E OSCILLOSCOPE

Figure 74

x
X

.....

.ax

.a ..

X..

. ..
x.
OX

max

Displayed and digitized point Digitized points

.
e

a .

. . .......
X
*

min

X
compacted display with minfmax algorithm

x/ /\ x l
Figure 75

T H E M I N I M A X DISPLAY A L G O R I T H M

k i n Menu

At 91.76 ns
lk 10.899 IWZ

n
T/div 50 p

WAVEFORM EXPANSION BY 1000 TIMES

Figure 76

WAVEFORM PROCESSING OPTION (WPO 1)

PROCESSING CAPABILITIES

Waveform Processing Option (WPOI)

12

The accumulated average may be reset by changing an acquisition parameter, such as input gain, offset or coupling, trigger condition, time base or bandwidth limit. The number of currently averaged waveforms (of the function or of its expansion) is displayed in the Displayed Trace field (VIII). Whenever the maximum number of sweeps is reached, a larger number of sweeps may be accumulated by simply changing the maximum number of sweeps in the setup menu. In this case care must be taken to leave the other parameters unchanged, otherwise a new averaging calculation is started. A waveform to be added to the average may contain overflow or underflow values (corresponding to the saturation levels of the ADC). By using artifact rejection, the user may choose whether to reject or accept these waveforms. If Artifact rejection is OFF, the waveform is added to the average. Of course, the average will be incorrect at the positions where overflow or underflow occurred. If Artifact rejection is ON, waveforms containing any overflows or underflows are not added to the average. If waveforms consistently contain overflows or underflows, averaging cannot proceed and the number of accumulated sweeps may remain constant indefinitely. In order to further improve the signal-to-noise ratio, the instrument offers the possibility of performing offset dithering. When Dithering is turned ON, a small hardware offset, of between +6 and -6 LSB of the 8-bit ADC (about 115 vertical division) is added to the input signal before acquiring a waveform. The offset is changed for successive waveforms, and the average of the offsets tends to zero. Because dithering makes each successive waveform use a slightly different portion of the ADC, the differential nonlinearities of the ADC also tend to be averaged out. Care must be taken that the amplitude of the waveform does not fall within 115 of a vertical division from the top and the bottom of the display grid since overflows or underflows might occur. When dithering, the channel waveforms are compensated for the dither offset so that the waveform values, as read out by remote control or by cursor measurements, remain unaffected. Offset dithering is mainly of interest when the waveform to be averaged is already relatively "clean", i.e. contains noise variations of less than 11.5 division. In such a case, differential non-linearities can be reduced by up to a factor of 4. In contrast, waveforms which have high levels of noise (>I15 of a vertical division) do their own "dithering", making artificial offset variations superfluous.

Definition of Fmotion E ReviuLm

FIno

'@
@

Claw:
Type: kx nunkr o f pointe:

-A
9 -

Nexe
Proviow
VALE Next

:
kxl7ualxmofs~:

aKmel I
IOOOOOO

Artifaot reJeotion: Dither:

1

OFF

ON

Return

F E = < C i > e to IOMXIOO sweeps

for 4## pointe per eweep

E X A M P L E O F F U N C T I O N M E N U FOR S U M M E D AVERAGING

T
lo00

SOOOO

Figure 77

DePinitim oP Funotim E Prwviars

FIELD

@
@

Claea:
Type: Pkx nunber of pointe: swFoo:

A v e q Contirrroue
1000

Next
Previars
VALE

Next

WeigM:

11:911

cham01 1

cmoel
1:16 1:31
1: ion

Return

FE = < C l X J with wi&k 1 : 31 for800point.m per sweep

EXAMPLE O F FUNCTION M E N U FOR CONTINUOUS AVERAGING

Figure 78

ARITHMETIC

DePinition of Fvlotion E Previap FIoa

Next

Closs:
Type: M x W of pit: a on.

APithmtio

p G G i q
#XK)

Reviare
VNUE Next

tbltipliwtim f a o t a : Additive ooretont:

s0Ul-a

cha7nel1 1.000 S
- . 0m . O V

2:

1 -

culcd

rdartity !3btrootion bltiplioat

R~~uM

FE= CC11

-U for 4000 pointm

E X A M P L E O F FUNCTION M E N U S E T U P FOR SUBTRACTION O F C H A N N E L 2 FROM C H A N N E L 1

Figure 79

EXTREMA

M i n i t i o n M Frrnotion E Pmvioue
F I M

Claam:
Type:

Gctrena
Roof + Floor
20000

Next
R-eviara VAUE
Next

Max nuher of pointe:

:
1 4 w ~ M e v e e p e :

axrnel

cawel

Return
FE = rf+Pl CCII P a 7WO sweeps

for 20000 point. p w .weep

EXAMPLE O F FUNCTION M E N U S E T U P FOR ROOF A N D FLOOR EXTREMA

Figure 80

FUNCTIONS

Advantages of Enhanced Resolution

Implementation

Resolution Increase -3 dB Bandwidth Filter Length ( x Nyquist) (Enhancement) (samples)

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

0.5 0.241 0.121 0.058 0.029 0.01 6

2 5 10 24 51 117

Parameters of the FIR Enhanced Resolution Filters

Definitian of Function E
Previaw FIELD Next Previaw VKUE Next

@
@

Cloeo :
Ehmcanent:
Sarrvre :

l~r~xnoed eolutid ~e

2 bib
Chamel i

C m l

Return

FE = eresCCi1

Enhanwd Re

Fvlotians

T H E E N H A N C E D RESOLUTION M E N U

Figure 8 1

Main Plenu

At

2 6 0 ma .3

%kt 380.23M:

T/div 20 ma

MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS ANALYZED IN DETAIL WITH RESOLUTION ENHANCED BY 3 BITS

Figure 82

k i n PIenu

)JanD 1 I t MdL Odr

CW

n
Figure 83

4.9mv

OC

Mi>MmV = CW 6 m V =

T/div 20 me
FREQUENCY DOMAIN DISPLAY of the MECHANICAL VIBRATION WAVEFORMS of FIGURE 82

Main Henu

CHI 0.wv

n
Figure 8 4

DC

CHI 1 v = C W . l V & T/div .5 pe

1-BIT E N H A N C E M E N T O F RINGING O N A S T E P R E S P O N S E

Mi

-62mV

Mi

aQ

. V = I . 1 V A I ns

T/div

IMPROVEMENT of NOISE PRESENT In a RIS WAVEFORM w h e n VIEWED with VERTICAL EXPANSION (I-BIT ENHANCEMENT)

Figure 85

. i

Waveform Processing Optinn

~ w P1 J ~

1 -7

R hits.

CHI O . W V

DC

CHI W .

I V I V 4

T/div .6 ps
STEP RESPONSE WITH RIS ALLOWING 3-BIT E N H A N C E M E N T WITHOUT LOSS OF B A N D W I D T H

Figure 86

Main Henu

XFT E1 FC -72.88 &

14anC -19.40 &

n
Figure 87

a Q . l V =

T/div 1 pe
REMOVAL O F COHERENT INTERFERENCE W I T H T H E E N H A N C E D RESOLUTION FILTERS

Waveform Processinn O ~ t i o n(WPO1) I I

Wain tienu

p 5 q

AQ

-.EM

044

OnV

EC

ail 90w
OU

90w

rmv 90 ns

FREQUENCY RESPONSE O F A TYPICAL ENHANCED RESOLUTION FILTER

Figure 88

enhancement filter) is shown in Fieure 88. The -3 dB cut-off fre-

FFT OPTION (WP02)

Definition of Fmotion E R.evia~o FIM @ Claw,: Type : Haxnulberofpointe: Previars Next

V U

Farrier ~ r a n s f 4
Power Speotrun
loo0

Next

: Window Type:
Zero ~ r o e s i o n :

I Reotg)ular
1
ON

RJltipliwtion f*: M d i t i w ocnstant:

Culoel

1.000 rO

+0.000

so V

Retum

FE = PS CFFT CCI) 1 for 800 points

Fumtiaw, Nyquist=#X]k

EnhancedRe

Af
T H E FFT M E N U

=WOM

Fourier T m FFT Power A

Figure 89

FFT Option

wpm) 13

Multiplicative Factor and Additive Constant Window Type

These parameters define a linear transformation of the input data prior to the FFT calculation. The window type defines the bandwidth and shape of the equivalent filter associated with the FFT processing. The Rectangular window is normally used when: a) the signal is a transient which is completely contained in the time-domain window. b) the signal is known to have a fundamental frequency component which is an integer multiple of the fundamental frequency of the window. Signals not in this class show varying amounts of spectral leakage and scallop loss, which can be corrected by using one of the other windows. The popular Von Hann (Hanning) and Hamming windows reduce leakage and improve amplitude accuracy. However, the frequency resolution is also reduced. The Flat Top window provides excellent amplitude accuracy, with moderate reduction of leakage, at the cost of frequency resolution. The Blackman-Harris window reduces the leakage to a minimum, with a trade-off in frequency resolution. Table 5 in the FFT glossary in this section shows the parameters of equivalent filters.

Zero Suppression

When Zero Suppression is turned ON, the DC component of the input signal is forced to zero prior to the FFT processing. This improves the amplitude resolution, especially when the input has a large DC component. The Nyquist frequency (the upper limit of the spectrum frequency range) is displayed at the bottom of the menu page (Figure 9 1 ) , together with the number of points input to the FFT and the frequency resolution, Af. FFT accepts waveforms consisting of one segment (single sweep or RIS) or several segments (Sequence). Spectra obtained by FFT of segments constitute a frequency domain sequence. Note that Nyquist frequency, number of points and Af apply to each individual segment.

Nyquist Frequency

- D e f i n i t i o n of F m o t i m F
R-eviow FIno

Closa :
Type:

Power A
Power SpeotIwn

Next
Rrvi#n

Sarroe:

Fumtim E
60000

Next

"@

nWrwbmoftBweqnB:

Canoe1

btu~n

FF=<FE>p to WOO0 sweep

for

Farrier T m

4UY points per enmep

T H E FFT POWER AVERAGE MENU

Figure 90

FFT ALGORITHMS

EXAMPLES OF FFT PROCESSING

n
Figure 91

CH2 10 mV = T/div 4 n u

FFT A N D POWER AVERAGE O F A SQUARE WAVE

Figure 91 shows an FFT and a Power Average of an FFT of a square wave signal. Channel 1 (top trace) contains a 1 kHz, 100 mVpp square wave. Function E (third from the top) is defined as the FFT of Channel 1, with the Max number of points set to 5000, resulting in a Transform Size of 4000. The Window is Rectangular and Zero Suppression is ON. Type has been set to Power Spectrum. Function F (bottom trace) is the Power Average of Function E and has averaged 30 spectra. Notice the lowered noise floor. Expansion A (second from the top) shows a tenfold horizontal expansion of the FFT (Function E).

13

FFT Option ( w P o ~ )

Main Men,

IXFFT(II

-2 8 3. 4 9

Dual Zoola OPP

FFT( I I -32.96 &

Chant

--

T Freq 9.00kk

n
Figure 92

CHI

omv AC

CHI W m V Cl-tZ WmV T/div 1 me

--

F F T A N D POWER AVERAGE O F A SQUARE WAVE

Figure 92 shows a situation similar to Figure 91. Expansion B shows a 10X horizontal expansion of Function F, the Power Average (26 spectra accumulated and averaged). The Absolute Time Cursor is turned on and placed on the 9th harmonic of the 1 kHz square wave.

FFT Option WPOZ)

13

n
Figure 93

T/di v 2 um

T H E BLACKMAN-HARRIS A N D RECTANGULAR W I N D O W

Figure 93 illustrates an example with spectral leakage and the use of an appropriate window to reduce the leakage. Channel 1 (top trace) shows a triangular wave, approximately 1 kHz frequency. Expansion B (bottom trace) is an expansion of an FFT with a Rectangular window. Each peak, and especially the fundamental component at 1 kHz, influences the spectrum over a wide range of frequencies due to the leakage of the signal power through the side lobes of the equivalent filter. Expansion A (middle trace) is an expansion of another FFT of the same Channel 1 waveform, defined with the Blackman-Harris window. The leakage is clearly reduced, but the peaks around the harmonics are wider. This reflects the increased bandwidth of the filter associated with the Blackman-Harris window.

Coherent Gain

ENBW (Equivalent Noise Bandwidth)

Window type

Highest Scallop side lobe loss (dB) (dB)

ENBW (bins)

Coherent gain (dB)

Rectangular von Hann Hamming

- 13 - 32 - 43

Flat-Top - 44 Blackman-Harris - 67

3.92 1.42 1.78 0.01 1.13

1.O 1.5 1.37 2.96 1.71

0.0

- 6.02 - 5.35
-1 1.05

- 7.53

Window Frequency-domain Parameters Table 5

Frequency bins

Numbers of Points

Nyquist Frequency

Picket Fence Effect

Scallop Loss

Window Functions

Window type

a0 1.O 0.5 0.54 0.281 0.423

a1 0.0 -0.5 -0.46 -0.521 -0.497

a2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.198 0.079

Rectangular von Hann Hamming Flat-Top Blackman-Harris

Coefficients of Window Functions Table 6

FFT source data over/underflow

Circular computation

REFERENCES

Bergland, G . D., "A Guided Tour of the Fast Fourier Transform", IEEE Spectrum, July 1969, pp. 41 - 52. A general introduction to FFT theory and applications. Harris, F. J., "On the Use of Windows for Harmonic Analysis with the Discrete Fourier Transform", Proceedings of the IEEE, vol 66, No 1, January 1978, pp. 51 - 83. Classical paper on window functions and their figures of merit, with many examples of windows. Brigham, E. O . , "The Fast Fourier Transform", Prentice Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N. J., 1974. Theory, applications and implementation of FFT. Includes discussion of FFT algorithms for N not a power of 2. Ramirez, R, W., "The FFT Fundamentals and Concepts", Prentice Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N. J., 1985. Practice oriented, many examples of applications.

MEMORY CARD OPTION (MCO1)

Hmory Card of 13-Feb-1991 13:W:66 Previous

Card size: 126464 bytes, 96256 bytes h.ee

FILE
Next

Waveform rill be retrieved to

Contents :

Deet . trwe @ Waveform store menu Retrieve

AC1.OO1

# 1 WO1 2 SC1 3 SC1 4 LECROY21

Delete Store Panel Format

Card

6 WM
6 7 8

AEA

AMC
MI
Acl Ac2

9 10

PN. 001 002 TL P PN. 001 001 001 001 001

13-Feb-1991 134eb-1991 13-Feb-1991 13-Feb-1991 13-Feb-1991 13-Feb-1991 13-Feb-1991 134eb-1991 134eb-1991 13-Feb-1991

14: W:02 14:00:12 14: 00: 20 14:00:28 14 :00: 36 14 :00: 42 14:00:42 14 :00: 42 14:00:42 14:00:42

1779 4-09 4-09 21646 1779 4-09 409 4-09 409

~~tes

4-0q

Return
EXAMPLE O F MEMORY CARD MENU

Figure 94

m
P

y CAR0 W

m STORE

Previous
F I M

Data size:

Byte

A~todxm~:

Next
Previovs
Next

Seleot~lwt the trooe(e1 to be stored vith the TRMI W F buttale. OF

@
ST-

Cord aim: 618868 b y h . 4SMORI b

w Proo

Uaveform

The followirg Trooe(e1 will be stored into: ExpA -> ( N S 1 E A . m E>cpB M m C -> CA/s)HC.mn b O -> ( N S 1 H l . m

&noel

Fm E -1

-> C N S l C i . ~

FmF -2

-> ( N S I # . M

Return

Bytee per Tmoa store are needed

Fill curd
WAVEFORM STORE M E N U

Wraparound

Figure 9 5

TO

FROn
Exp A Exp B

Hem C Hem D

Hen C

. * - ++ *H )*
P

Men D
Fno E

b m o r y Card
ACD12 t o Flem. C a r d

- - -

Fnc F Chan 1 Chan 2

Cancel

n
Figure 96

CH1

0.8mV

DC

10mV CH2 10mV 1 CHI

T/div .5 ps

M E M O R Y C A R D ACCESS F R O M T H E S T A N D A R D S T O R A G E M E N U

Memory Cord Option (MCOI)

14

Retrieval

If you display a trace (using Trace OnlOff buttons (56) to (59)) and if this trace has been selected as the destination trace in the Memory Card menu, then two new keys will appear in the root menu (See Figure 97): Previous Saved Wave and Next Saved Wave softkeys allow you to scroll through the memory-card directory in order to see on the screen the different traces stored on the card.

Previous SAVEd W V AE Next

Chon 1 1 p 10mV

CHI

n
Figure 97

0.8mV

DC

CHI

CHZ 1 0 m V
T/div

10mV

11s

W A V E F O R M R E T R I E V A L FROM T H E M E M O R Y C A R D

FILE NAMING

When storing on the memory card, the oscilloscope generates the file names and their respective extensions according to the following rules: - Front-panel setups: Pnnn.PNL - Waveforms: XYY.nnn - Waveform template LECROYvv.TPL Where nnn: a 3-digit decimal number

LeCroy Subdirectory

File-naming Structure

Memory Card Option (MCOI)

14

- Waveform: Axx.nnn or Sxx.nnn. xx defines the trace name: - C1, C2, C3, C4 for Channel 1, Channel 2, Channel 3,
Channel 4 traces.

- EA, EB for Expanded traces. - MC, MD, FE, F F for reference Memory or Function traces.
The file's first letter A stands for an autostored file, while S stands for a normal file. When using the STORE remote command, a filename beginning with an "A" character will be refused because it would create confusion with an Autostored file. nnn denotes a 3-digit decimal sequence number. The first "Channel 1" waveform stored to the card will be SC 1.001, the second will be SC1.002, etc.

- Template: LECROYxx.TPL, xx stands for the version of the

s template. If the version 1 2.1 for example, the template file will be saved as LECROY21 .TPL. More on Autostored Files If the "Fill Card" option is selected, the first waveform stored will be Axx.001, the second Axx.002, and so on until the card is full or until the file number reaches 999. If the "Wrap Around" option is selected, the oldest autostored waveform files will be deleted whenever the card becomes full. Remaining autostored waveform files are renamed, the oldest group of files being named "Axx.001", the second oldest "Axx.002", etc. Write Protect Switch At the back of the memory card, you will find a write protection switch that may be activated to prevent writing to the card. A "WRITE PROT." message will then be displayed on the upper right corner of the memory card menu. Every SRAM memory card contains a small battery to preserve the data. It is a button-size type BC2325 or CR2325 battery and it can be changed when necessary. The oscilloscope will warn you with a "BAD BATTERY" message that the battery has to be changed. To access the battery, remove the small lid on the upper edge of the card. The battery can be changed even when the memory card is still installed in the oscilloscope.

INDEX
A
Abridged Trigger Field, 16- 17 Accuracy, Amplitude Measurements, 155-157 Accuracy DC, 6 Acquisition, 133 Fast repetitive signals, 136-138 Sequence, 30-31, 140, 144 Single-shot, 23, 138-139 Slow signals, 139-140 Acquisition Modes, 7 Addition/subtraction, 38 Aliasing. See WP02 FFT Processing Amplitude Measurements, 155- 157 Arithmetic, 37-38 See also WPO 1 Waveform Processing Assistance, 1 Automatic Calibration, 5, 159 Automatic Setup, 11, 50, 134 Auxiliary Setups, 63 Averaging, 37-38 See also WPOl Waveform Processing Averaging, summed, 153 Sampling CK output, 131 Trigger out, 131 Trigger veto, 131 Continuous Average. See WPO 1 Waveform Processing Continuous Sequence Mode, 75-76 Cursors, 10, 39-42 Extended pulse parameters, 125 FFT analysis, 185 Pass/Fail testing, 116 Persistence Display, 73 Time, 41-43 Voltage, 39 XY mode, 70-71 Customer Service, 1-2

D
Display Layout, 15-18 Display of Traces, 32-36 Display Resolution, 10 Displayed Trace Field, 17-18 Dual Grid, 15

E
ENBW - Equivalent Noise Bandwidth. See WP02 FFT Processing Enhanced Resolution. See WPO 1 Waveform Processing Expansion. See Waveform Expansion Extended Pulse Parameters, 123 Cursors, 125 Display, 123 Parameters list, 127 Setup, 126 External Clock Input, 7, 75-76, 131 External Time-base Control, 75-76 Extrema. See WPO 1 Waveform Processing

B
Bandwidth Limiter, 25 Batteries, 12 Bi-level Trigger, 9, 79-8 1, 100-102

C
Calibration, Automatic, 5, 159 Connectors Accessory control, 131 Accessory power, 129, 130-131 External CK input, 131

Plotting. See Hard Copies Power Density Spectrum. See WP02 FFT Power Spectrum. See WP02 FFT Processing Printing. See Hard Copies Probe Calibrator, 12, 134 Check, 135-136 Connection, 133 Specifications, 25 Pulse Parameters, 11, 43-48 Information and warning symbols, 49, Time measurements, 47-48 Voltage measurements, 46-47 Pulse Parameters (Extended), 123 Pulse Width Trigger, 9 1-94 See also Width-based Triggers Safety Information, 13 Sampling Clock Output, 7, 131 Sampling Frequency. See WP02 F F T Processing Saving Front-panel Setups, 60-62, 144 Screen Dump, 38, 64-66 Sensitivity (Voltsldiv), 19-22 Sequence Mode, 140-144 Serial Number, 63 Service Procedure, 2 Signal Coupling, 19 Single-shot Acquisition, 23 Single-shot Acquisitions, 138- 139 Single-source Triggers, 78-79, 88 Hold-off, 78 Width-based Trigger, 78-79 SMART Trigger Menu, 85-87 Soft Options, 63-64 Soft Version, 63-64 Special Modes, 75-76 Continuous sequence mode, 75 External time-base control, 75 Vertical offset mode, 76 Specifications, 6 Bandwidth, 6 Trigger, 7 FASTGLITCH, 8 SMART, 8 Pattern, 9 State-qualified, 9 TimeIEvent-qualified, 9 TV, 9-10 State-qualified Trigger, 9, 82, 102-104 Storing Waveforms, 74-75, 145-146 Summed Average, 11, 37-38, 153 See also WPO 1 Waveform Processirlg

RAN - Return Authorizat~onNumber, 2 Random Interleaved Sampling, 22-23, Real-time Clock Field, 16 Recalling Front-panel Setups, 60-62, Recalling Waveforms, 145 Remote Control, 5-6, 12 Remote Control and Interruption, 50 Return Procedure, 2 Roll Mode, 23, 139-140 RS-232-C Connector, 130 RS-232-C Port Selection, 63, 130 RS-232-C Setup, 66-67 144

T
Time and Frequency Field, 16 Time Base, 22-28 Time Setup Menu, 67-68 TimeIEvent-qualified Trigger, 9, 83, 105-108 Trigger, 4-5 Out, 8, 131 SMART Applications, 77-84 Hold-off, 78 Pattern, 79-8 1 State-qualified, 82 TimeIEvent-qualified, 83 TV trigger, 84 Width-based triggering, 78-79 Bi-level, 9, 100-101 Pattern, 97-103 Single-source, 88-99 State-qualified, 102- 106 TimeIEvents-qualified, 105- 108 TV, 108-112 Status, 31 Veto, 8, 131-132 Trigger Controls, Standard, 25-31 Coupling, 26-27 HF, 26 Delay, 27 Level, 27-28 Mode, 28-32 Slope, 28 Sources, 26 Trigger Delay Field, 16 Trigger Graphics, 87 Trigger Level Indicator Fields, 18 Trigger Symbols, 3 1, 87 Trigger Time Stamps, 57-60

T V Trigger, 9, 84, 108-112 FIELDLOCK, 110 Trigger on a particular field, 9, 109-1 10 Trigger o n a particular line, 9, 109 Trigger on any line, 9, 109

v
Vertical Controls, 19-22 Vertical Offset Mode, 76 Voltage, Operating, 13, 129

w
Warranty, 1 Waveform Expansion, 33-36, 157-159 146- 152, Waveform Processing, 11, 36-39, 152-153 See also WPO 1 Waveform Processing Arithmetic, 152- 153 Addition, 152 Additionlsubtraction, 38 Identity, 38 Negation, 38, 152-153 Averaging, summed, 37 Width-based Triggers, 78-79, 99-100 9 1-96,

Windows. See WP02 FFT Processing

WPO1 Waveform Processing Arithmetic, 166- 167 Continuous averaging, 165- 166 Enhanced resolution, 170- 180 Extrema, 167- 169 Floor, 168-169

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