A TERM PAPER ON CONVERSION AND REHABILITATION OF BUILDING: CONCEPT AND ADMINISTRATION BY:GROUP 9 NAME ADEBIMPE OLANIYI JOSEPH BINUYO

OLADOTUN PETER OLOJU OLAOLUWA FESTUS ADEBAYO WASIU ADEKUNLE ODUSOTE KEHINDE .T SOLARIN AYOBAMI .O AJAYI OPEOLUWA ADENIYI AKINYEMI OLUWAROKANMI .J IDOWU FOLASADE OYERONKE GBAJUMO TAIWO MATRIC NOS ESM/08/4050 ESM/08/4085 ESM/08/4123 ESM/09/7434 ESM/08/4110 ESM/08/4135 ESM/08/4063 ESM/08/4074 ESM/08/4099 ESM/07/1040

TO MR. MAKANJU DEPARTMENT OF QUANTITY SURVEYING FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY,AKURE. MARCH, 2011

Conversion and Rehabilitation of Buildings: Concept and Administration

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION Review of literature 1.0 Conversion of buldings 1.1What is conversion 1.2 Requirements for conversion 1.3-Methods of conversion 1.4Importance of conversion 2.0 Rehabilitation of Buildings 2.1 What is rehabilitation 2.2Methods of rehabilitation 2.3importance of rehabilitation and rehabilitation Conclusion References

INTRODUCTION One of the important topics in building study is either of the components that are major considerations of this term paper. The two words are conversion and rehabilitation. Conversion comes as a result of many reasons in building; it may be due to obsolescence in structural component(s), functions, taste or fashion. Most buildings such as factory buildings, schools, railway stations e.tc, which are no longer useful for the purposes they were originally built for can be converted to other uses most especially dwellings, shops etc. in all cases, the structure must be thoroughly examined to determine its stability and suitability for conversion although the majority of buildings with a good foundation and sound roof are suitable for conversion. Rehabilitation relates to bringing into use old buildings that are perhaps historic and have relics characteristics, therefore there is need for bringing into use these buildings again in such a way that the monumental structures that are meant to be preserved are not tampered with in such a way as not to lose the historical potentials of the components in concerned. In both cases, there is need for consulting the town planning authority for permission and structural engineers go ahead so as not to result in building problems.

LITERATURE REVIEW When a building begins to decay, has structural damage or is in need of a "facelift", or to change the structural look, one may want to consider building restoration, building rehabilitation , building preservation, building conversion as a possible solution. In short, comprehensive

building restoration, building rehabilitation, building preservation and building conversion can encompass a variety of components, but by definition refers to the "renewal, restructuring and refurbishment of the fabric of a building" ranging in restoration, conversion and preservation solutions from a deep clean-up to full demolition and reconstruction. The major repairs and conversion component consists of structural rehabilitation and restoration and When it occurs it may bring a new lease of life to a depressed neighborhood or the appropriate reuse for a redundant buildings. The reconstruction component of the to building restoration, building rehabilitation or building preservation project focuses on professionals constructing and replacing severely damaged or missing parts of a building by following original designs and blueprints in rehabilitation and in conversion the structure will be thoroughly examined to determine its stability for conversion. The professionals can also take a more adaptive approach to the buildings restoration and preservation by designing, constructing and replacing parts of the building and its structure using modern techniques, technology and materials.

1.0 Conversion Conversion is the term used to describe the process whereby a building is restored or rehabilitated into another use, such as residential housing, industrial, retail shops, office, or a mix of these elements (mixed-use). The process is also sometimes called adaptive reuse, the process of adapting old structures for new purposes. Properly drawn scale plans, including existing and proposed floor layouts, elevational details and sections through roof spaces and basements (if used as habitable rooms) are required at the outset, for all applications. Qualified architectural advice is money well spent.The information on conversion is however mostly based on the conversion systems of the United Kingdom owing to the fact that Nigeria derives statutes and laws from the U.K and also lack of documentation of conversion work in the country. A small but significant proportion of new dwellings result from the conversion of buildings of traditional design and construction. It is important whenever conversion is proposed that the building can be converted to its new use without a major change in external appearance, in order that the overall character of the building and its locality may be retained. Buildings requiring significant alteration, extension or rebuilding to achieve a satisfactory standard may thus not be considered suitable subjects for conversion to residential use.

1.1 Requirements before conversion works will be done  Zoning ordinance Zoning in many areas actually allows office buildings to be built in an industrial zone, "as of right", meaning that a zoning variance will not be required for a conversion. But this is not necessarily so. The actual conversion will require building plans, and probably a new site plan,

both of which will need to be approved by the local jurisdiction. But this is relatively minor compared to the time and expense of a change of zoning, or obtaining a special use permit.  Neighbourhood design The surrounding properties are also a consideration. one would have little concern about an office conversion if the property were located in well-maintained industrial and research park. But the resale value of your office conversion may be a problem if it is located next to heavy industrial manufacturing or a scrap yard. Updated code requirements must be accommodated and existing building and utility conditions may be difficult to assess prior to the completion of interior demolition.  cost Know your construction costs before committing to the project! These costs are highly dependent on the actual structure you are considering, so avoid averages or "ball-park" conversion estimates. You cannot afford to negotiate on the existing building without knowing your total cost, which includes acquisition, conversion, and soft costs.  Planning authorities approval In these cases, Scottish Ministers, the planning authority or such other persons as the local authority think fit must be consulted prior to the service of notices, such as a building warrant enforcement or a defective building notice. They provide guidance principally on those standards for conversions and HMO's which relate to town planning regulations. Guidance on other standards - including building control and environmental health regulations - is available from the Code of Practice and the relevant Council Services (see back page). It is strongly advised that all such aspects of proposals are discussed in advance of a formal planning application. Planning applications should include details of all alterations and other works to demonstrate the effect on the appearance, character and setting of the building. An independent structural survey will be required where there is any doubt over the structural stability of the building or it is considered that the proposed works would result in major or substantial reconstruction.

Where necessary, conditions may be attached to planning permissions to remove permitted development rights to alter or extend converted buildings in order to protect the character and natural beauty of the Park.

 Retention of Original Building Identity Original characteristics of a steading that is to be converted for residential or other use, should be retained, and consideration given to the reinstatement of significant or attractive features that have previously been removed. Alterations should be the minimum necessary to allow the building to function adequately in its new use, and should not disguise its original purpose. A founding principle in adapting buildings of historic character, is that within practical limits, the user should adapt the use of the building to suit its form, rather than adapt the building to suit the use, which can lead to major and harmful transformation. Features that should not be altered are: 1. Ridge heights and roof pitches 2. Wallhead heights and gable profiles Features that should be respected are: 1. Scale, massing and materials 2. Door, window, ventilator and other openings 3. Relationship of solid to void in masonry  Developing One of the main aims of the new requirements is to improve as-built performance and to remove a major source of complaints. In order to achieve this, pre-completion testing is required for all flat conversions in order to demonstrate that the required performance, i.e. that adequate sound resistance has been achieved. The person carrying out the work, will need to ensure that the appropriate sound insulation testing is carried out (by a test body with appropriate third party accreditation), and that a copy of the results is submitted to the local authority, not more than five days after the building work is complete.  The implications for the developer

Under the new Regulations the onus is clearly on the developer to prove that the work, as built on site, complies with the new sound resistance performance requirements. A completion certificate will not be issued unless the work has passed these tests. The requirement has obvious financial implications for developments. Tests are not cheap and it is prudent for developers to gather estimates for these tests at an early stage. The early involvement of an acoustic engineer is recommended, as their input at the design stage can be beneficial.  Essential test report data Test reports must include the following information: 1. The name and address of the organisation carrying out the test 2. Details of their third party accreditation, such as UKAS or ANC membership number, although proof of membership of a bona fide European equivalent will be accepted 3. Date of the test 4. Name of person in charge of the test 5. Name of the client 6. Summary of test equipment and methods 7. Results of test shown in accordance with relevant standards, BS EN ISO 140 series and BS EN ISO 717 series and 8. Clearly and briefly state whether the construction passes or fails the test. These notes on conversion are brief and should only be seen as an introduction to a complex subject. It is worthy of note that other documentation such as appropriate certification of electrics, gas fired appliances and SAP energy ratings may be required before the local authority can issue a completion certificate for the works.

Other considerations Electrical wiring should be carried out by an electrician who is registered with one of the selfcertification schemes recognised by the Government. For further information see our separate guidance notes on electrical safety. Any gas-fired appliances are to be installed by a person who is registered with Gas Safe (previously CORGI, the Council of Registered Gas Installers). As with sound resistance tests, gas and electrical services need to be certified appropriately, otherwise a completion certificate will not be issued. From 6 April 2010, all new dwellings, whether new build or formed by conversion of an existing dwelling must satisfy new water efficiency standards and demonstrate a water consumption of not more than 125 litres per person per day. The water consumption should be established using the Governments water efficiency calculator for new dwellings. It is also necessary that all baths be fitted with protective measures, such as thermostatic mixing valves, to limit the temperature of hot water and thus prevent scalding.  Suitable Premises 1. Buildings normally considered suitable for conversion are: y older, larger houses which because of their size and location may be difficult to sustain as single dwellings, and; y the upper floors of suitable business premises within commercial areas, including the City Centre, subject to other relevant planning policies. Conversion of entire business premises may also be acceptable in the City Centre. 2. In some circumstances, the use of the upper floor of a shop or business premises as a single flat does not require planning permission, and applicants should consult the Planning and Transportation Service for further advice with regard to such proposals. 3. Buildings not considered appropriate for conversion are:-

 houses in an area of predominantly single family dwellings where there would be an adverse impact on the character, environment and amenity of neighbouring properties, and;  small terraced and semi-detached houses (under 60 sq m floor area), unless they are part of a comprehensive scheme encompassing, for example, a whole street or larger area, initiated by a single developer (e.g. Housing Association). 4. Where a property is being converted, schemes should be contained within the existing building envelope, or if substantial demolition of outriggers, etc. is involved, within a similar gross floorspace to that existing. Any extensions proposed will be considered on the basis of the Council's general policy in relation to house extensions (see SPG Note 1 : House Extensions), and also whether any increases in density arising from extensions to the property will be acceptable given the availability of amenity space and parking.

1.3Methods of Conversions The conversion possibilities arer enormous but we would however be treating just a few in this report. They are as follows: 1. Conversion of Buildings into Flats and Bedsits The conversion of a building into self-contained flat units or bedsits (i.e. a self-contained unit of accommodation with a combined living/bedroom) requires planning permission. In addition, use of a property for multiple occupation (the occupation of a property by several individuals living separately and independently) also requires planning permission. This planning permission ensures that satisfactory standards of accommodation (including indoor and outdoor space and amenity requirements, noise insulation, parking provision, health and safety regulations, access, etc.) are achieved by such development, and that its impact on the amenity of neighbouring properties is minimised.

In recent years there has been an increase indemand for student accommodation, particularly through the conversion of existing buildings.These can involve the conversion of properties which do not possess amenity space or car parking, or are in areas not normally considered suitable for family housing. In these circumstances, applicants may be required to enter into a legal agreement to ensure that occupation is restricted to students. The current requirement for resistance to the passage of sound under the Building Regulations sets out new acoustic performance requirements for residential dwellings, schools and also for "rooms for residential purposes". These are rooms used as sleeping accommodation including rooms in hotels, hostels, boarding houses, halls of residence and residential homes but not including rooms in hospitals or other similar establishments.

The most notable change is the requirement for pre-completion sound testing. While the requirements apply to newly built dwellings, the biggest impact will be on work involving a `material change of use. This includes many types of work but the most common is converting an existing property into flats. 2.Conversion of agricultural buildings to residential buldings Changes in agricultural practice such as increased mechanisation,results in many such buildings falling redundant. Their conversion to residential and other uses offers a finite number of exceptional opportunities, not only to increase the level and variety of the housing stock of the City, but to create for each owner, a dwelling of highly individualistic character within an attractive rural setting. This guidance is designed to give advice on how to preserve and enhance the visual amenity of the green belt, and of the countryside around the City in general, by encouraging the appropriate re-use of farm steadings. It also seeks to ensure that this is carried out in a sensitive and innovative manner that both conserves and exploits the essential character of each building. Local and national policy acknowledges that redundant agricultural buildings have the potential to make highly attractive country residences within easy commuting distance of the City. In converting these properties for residential use, the temptation often arises to incorporate standardised domestic features, which result in very modest vernacular buildings becoming suburban in appearance. In doing so, their original character and setting can be

compromised. The best conversions reinforce the original architectural qualities of a building. Sometimes, innovative and contemporary interventions can successfully contrast with, yet highlight a buildings traditional qualities.

Generally before conversion, these should be done: i) the building is of permanent and substantial construction; ii) the form, bulk and general design of the building is in keeping with the surrounding area; iii) the building is capable of conversion without the need for extensive alteration, rebuilding or significant extension; iv) the proposals would conserve the natural beauty of the National Park and would have no adverse impact on the landscape, taking into account any residential curtilage created, the provision of parking space and the erection of any ancillary structures, walls or fences; v) the change of use would not necessitate the erection of a replacement building; vi) the proposals would cause no harm to the living conditions of neighbouring residents; vii) a suitable access is available or can be provided and the traffic movements generated would cause no danger to highway safety; viii) the detailing of all works including alterations to doors and windows, the insertion of new openings, external finishes, and new walls and fences is sympathetic to the character of the building and to local building style and materials, and would not harm the character of any building group; ix) where the building was erected under agricultural permitted development rights, it can be demonstrated that there was genuine agricultural justification at the time of its substantial completion and that it was subsequently used for the purpose for which it was built.

1.4 Importance of conversion 1. conservation This relate to how important a place is. It explains the values and cultural significance of the place and their importance to the community, or to groups within the community. It may describe the aesthetic/architectural, technological, historic or social value of a place including features that offer intangible value. It is an essential first step in the development of a conservation plan (or conservation management plan) a document that sets out ways to protect the significance of the place. Setting out the significant values of a place is central to the process of protecting heritage, explaining how to manage it appropriately and helping to explain its significance to others. Therefore, conversion work are done to some building to suit the nature of the environment. For instance, in the CBD where market activities holds more, many old buildings are bought by prospective investor and converted to shopping complex.

Good quality conversion offers many advantages. It can preserve traditional buildings, provide spacious homes of character often in spectacular locations, reduce pressure for new housing on greenfield sites and provide accommodation for people who work in the countryside. Whilst residential conversions are rarely cheap, they do offer the flexibility of progressive work over a period of time and initial purchase prices are often considerably lower than new buildings. Conversion of rural buildings also represents a sustainable use of resources. By reusing existing buildings a developer is extending the life of a structure and probably reducing the consumption of non renewable materials which would have been used in the construction of a new house.

2.0 Rehabilitation 2.1 What is Rehabilitation? This connotes the returning of a building to a useful state by repair, alteration, and modification. Rehabilitation of Buildings includes, but is not limited to, repairs, renovations, replacements, or betterment which are normally expected: to extend the useful life to improve operating efficiency, to eliminate health and safety hazards, to correct structural or mechanical defects, to upgrade the quality of existing facilities, or to convert these assets to more useful functions, but not considered routine maintenance The rehabilitation of old or even historic buildings requires a detailed analysis of the existing structure as well as the use of traditional and appropriate building materials. And good craftsmen are needed to apply the old techniques, for instance to restore the authentic aspect of an original faade. The goal of rehabilitation is to substantially improve the living conditions of the most vulnerable historic buildings in a sustainable manner through integrated assistance for rehabilitation of public buildings, schools and creation of job opportunities and functional communities. It is expected that rehabilitation will substantially improve the living conditions for the target group. Inhabitants participating in the work process will be more responsible for the future maintenance of the building. The inhabitants participating in the

rehabilitation/community work will obtain skills useful for the future maintenance and community work. Typical rehabilitation of a public building involves the following works: rehabilitation of the common-use areas: toilets, bathrooms, washing rooms, kitchens, corridors;

internal infrastructure repairs: electricity, sewerage, water and sewerage pipes; repair of roofs in most buildings. Installation of new water heaters, sinks, stoves, faucets, showers, light bulbs, circuit breakers, switchboards, windows and doors.

2.2 REQUIREMENTS FOR REHABILITATION Safety requirements issues related to conditions that ensure the physical protection and on the psychological distress, and provide comfort and trust (structural safety, fire safety, normal use safety and intrusion / attack / theft security); Hygiene, health and comfort requirements conditions ensuring hygiene, health and comfort of users (health, air quality, protection from moisture / leakage, protection against noise, visual comfort and thermal performance and energy efficiency); Use adequacy requirements aspects related to the existence of spaces with areas, dimensions, equipment and relationships which enhance the efficiency of use, individual identity and social interaction (space and equipment, privacy and accessibility).

Assessment criteria Level of rehabilitation needs In order to ensure a rigorous, objective and independent assessment of the building, the survey is divided into the assessment of: (i) the constructive and functional elements; (ii) and the spaces belonging to each building. In the assessment of the constructive aspects each functional element is assessed in three different factors: severity of the defect, extent and complexity of the intervention. For each functional element the assessment begins by determining the existence of defects and classifying their severity in a four point scale according with the criteria presented in Table 1. Table 1: Rules for assessing the severity of the construction defects Very slight Minor Medium Severe Absence of defects or defects with no expression Defects prejudicial to

Aesthetics Defects prejudicial to use or comfort Defects that endanger health or safety. If the defects found are minor, medium or severe defects the extension and the complexity of the intervention needed to repair them should be defined. The extent of the rehabilitation works is assessed in four categories, taking into account the work that is considered necessary to repair the defects identified (Table 2). The complexity of the rehabilitation works is a concept that pretends to take into account the difficulties of carrying out the rehabilitation in conjunction with the comparison of the cost of this operation of building a new element. The complexity is assessed in three categories as shown in Table 3. Table 2: Rules for assessing the extent of the intervention Located Medium Extent Total Occasional defects affecting the functional element, and its extension not exceeding 25% of the total area Anomalies affecting limited areas of the functional element, and with extension between 26% and 50% of the total area Defects affecting large areas of the functional element, and with extension between 51% and 75% of the total area Anomalies affecting all or almost all of the functional element, and with extension beyond 75% of the total area Table 3: Rules for assessing the complexity of the intervention Simple Medium Difficult Work done in a single operation and with the involvement of only one specialty Cleaning, painting or surface rehabilitation of building elements Work requiring the demolition or removal of functional part, without the subsequent reconstruction Works carried out in several operations which require the intervention of different specialties Jobs that require the demolition or removal of coatings to allow the intervention and subsequent reconstruction Technically complex works, requiring the application of noncurrent procedures, materials and / or technologies Works for a functional element required to meet the functional requirements Demolition or removal of a functional element, and subsequent reconstruction Works with a cost far less than building new functional element Works with a lower cost than building a new functional element Works with a similar or greater cost than a new functional element The assessment of spatial aspects was divided into two factors: severity and feasibility of the intervention. Initially the defect severity is assessed on a scale equal to that used for the functional elements defects, but according to the rules defined in applicable legislation and in minimum thresholds, essentially dimensional, below which it was considered that the health and

safety are severely compromised (Table 4). Table 4: Rules for assessing the severity of the spatial defects. Very slight Minor Medium Severe Satisfies the general legislation in force Does not satisfy the general legislation in force Does not satisfy the requirements of specific regulations for illegal Buildings Does not satisfy an absolute minimum, compromising the health and safety of persons. If a spatial defect is classified as Medium or Severe is necessary to define which functional elements must be intervened to repair the defect, indicating for each one the extent and the complexity of the intervention. These interventions are additional to those needed to repair constructive defects. After the definition of the interventions needed in the different functional elements of the building to repair spatial defects, should be pointed out the feasibility of the intervention in the following scale of complexity: in the building, in the building lot, in the premises of other buildings, in contiguous lots in the public road. It should be noted that: 1) When a functional element or building space has defects with different severity levels should be indicated the most serious; 2) The assessment of the defect severity is done taking into account the level of expected performance for the functional requirements of each space and / or construction element (e.g. a compartment used for storage or a garage have lower thermal comfort requirements than bedrooms, living rooms or kitchens). The Level of rehabilitation needs is defined in three categories: Slight, Medium and Severe. It should be noted that although the Level of rehabilitation needs may be calculated by applying a formula (see 3.3), but the surveyors training and experience is essential in all this process and the final result is defined by them according to the criteria presented in Table 5. Table 5: Criteria for assessing the level of rehabilitation needs Slight rehabilitation Medium rehabilitation Severe rehabilitation Includes: - Execution of coatings repairs; - Minor repairs on buildings premises; - Localized repairs and of reduced complexity in the primary and / or secondary elements. Includes:

- Replacement of coatings; - Repair and creation of new facilities; - Localized repair, replacement or reinforcement of primary and / or secondary constructive elements. Includes: - Repair, replacement or reinforcement of primary and / or secondary constructive elements.

Level of defect in the interrelation with other buildings The analysis of how each building interrelates to the surrounding buildings results in the Level of defect in the interrelation with other buildings. To obtain this level five different aspects that could not be easily verified by use of existing mapping are assessed: The aspects assessed are: (i) existence of parts of contiguous buildings above or under the building assessed; (ii) distance between faade openings of the assessed building and faade openings of other near buildings; (iii) distance between the building's roof (when it does not has fire resistance) and faade openings in surrounding buildings; (iv) existence of faade openings of the building assessed on the edge of an adjacent lot; and (v) obstacle-free distance in faade openings of main rooms. These aspects took into account functional requirements for safety, with particular emphasis on fire safety, intrusion security, and health. The assessment of each of these aspects is carried out at the four level scale adopted for the severity of the defects (Table 1). The result of the Level of defect in the interrelation between buildings for each building is expressed by the level of more serious defect obtained.

2.3 IMPORTANCE OF REHABILITATION `The economic impacts and benefits of historic preservation are both far-reaching and profound. Preservation is a vital economic development tool for communities and regions, while at the same time it is a proven means for creating jobs, attracting investment, generating tax revenue, and supporting small business and affordable housing. Job Creation. Historic preservation projects create jobs, especially in the manufacturing, retail trade, services, and construction sectors.

Tax Revenue. Historic preservation makes a substantial contribution to tax collections for state and local governments as well as the federal government. Investment Leveraging. Public funds as well as other public investment in historic preservation projects through grants, revolving funds, loans, and tax credits are matched many times over with private investment in local rehabilitation projects Property Values. Historic preservation in localities and neighborhoods generally helps to maintain property values. For example, while complex and locality-specific, research in both commercial and residential areas in several locations in Colorado concluded that historic designation did not decrease property values, but increased value or maintained it at the same level as nearby undesignated areas. Small Business Development. Main Street, local and regional heritage tourism initiatives, and similar community programs generate small business investment and strengthen other public investments. Many statewide studies have found the rehabilitation program highly effective and extremely cost-effective. Heritage Tourism. Visitors to states, localities, and regions spend billions of dollars while visiting historic sites and cultural attractions. Visitors to historic sites and cultural attractions stay longer and spend more money than other kinds of tourists, and therefore make an important contribution to local lodging and restaurant taxes, suppliers of goods and services, and other businesses. Projects that advance heritage tourism are proven economic generators, leveraging existing resources to achieve immediate results for a wide range of local and small businesses. Public Property Management. Publicly-owned historic properties help anchor and sustain communities, attract investment, and may provide a visitor destination in addition to their other uses. They support local and regional economies through ongoing facility operations, repair and maintenance, concessions, and other related enterprises.

Picture showing rehabilitated part of a building

Deteriorated beam prior to repair

Restored Rehabilitated Beam

CONCLUSION Rehabilitation often involves the extensive demolition and reconstruction of large sections of walling to make them habitable and to accord with Building Regulations. The scale of these type of works has all but necessitated their structural rebuilding and whilst their dereliction is to be regretted, it must be appreciated that in cases where new dwellings would not normally be permitted, abandonment may often be preferable to reconstruction. The same considerations also apply to conversions. A distinction should therefore be drawn between appropriate renovation or conversion which may be supported by the town plannind authority, and the re building of wholly derelict ruins. Reconstructing ruins is treated in law as the same as building a new house and is therefore normally refused within open countryside. Ruined buildings in isolated rural locations, seldom become eyesores as progressive weathering and growth of vegetation softens their appearance. Eventually they become part of the scenery. The most suitable conversion properties will normally be located amongst an existing group of buildings.

References http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Tyler_P._Berding,_J.D.,_Ph.D. http://www.hsb-bauelemente.lu/en/Sanierung http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=David_G._Hunt http://www.eryri-npa.gov.uk/planning/eryri-local-plan/rehabilitation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill_conversion#Historical_background http://www.hudsoninc.com/what-we-do/ Conversion of Traditional Buildings Part 1: Principles and Practice by Dennis Urquhart (2007) Supplementary Planning Guidance for Conversion of Buildings into Flats and Bedsits Liverpool Unitary Development Authority Major Repair or Rehabilitation of Buildings Purch (2008)