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11th edition
The Skeleton
Skeletal system is made up of bones, joints, and supporting connective tissue
Bones
Several functions To serve as a firm framework for the body To protect delicate structures such as the brain and spinal cord To work as levers to produce movement To store calcium salts To produce blood cells
Bone Structure
Types of bone (osseous) tissue Compact bone Spongy (cancellous) bone Bone marrow Red marrow Yellow marrow Bone membranes Periosteum Endosteum
The skeleton.
Bone Markings
Distinguishing features Projections Head Process Condyle Crest Spine Depressions or holes Foramen Sinus Fossa Meatus
Copyright 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
The skull. ZOOMING IN What type of joint is between bones of the skull?
The skull, inferior view. ZOOMING IN What two bones make up each side of the hard palate?
Vertebral column, left lateral view. ZOOMING IN From an anterior view, which group(s) of vertebrae form a convex curve? Which group(s) form a concave curve?
Bones of the thorax, anterior view. ZOOMING IN To what bones do the costal cartilages attach?
The shoulder girdle and scapula. ZOOMING IN What does the prefix supra mean? What does the prefix infra mean?
Copyright 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
The pelvic bones. ZOOMING IN What bone is nicknamed the sit bone?
Copyright 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Tibia and fibula of the right leg. ZOOMING IN What is the medial bone of the leg?
Disorders of Bone
Metabolic diseases Tumors Infections Structural problems
Metabolic Disorders
Characterized by a lack of normal bone formation or excess loss of bone tissue Osteoporosis Osteopenia Pagets disease (osteitis deformans) Osteomalacia (in children, rickets)
Tumors
Two types found in bone tissue Benign Malignant Osteosarcomas Chondrosarcomas
Infection
Two types found in bone tissue Osteomyelitis Inflammation of the bone caused by pyogenic bacteria Tuberculosis Pott disease (tuberculosis of the spine)
Structural Disorders
Curvatures of the spine Kyphosis (hunchback) Lordosis (swayback) Scoliosis Cleft palate Flatfoot
Fractures
Types of fractures Closed Open Greenstick Impacted Comminuted Spiral Transverse Oblique
The Joints
Classified by material between adjoining bones and by degree of movement permitted Fibrous Synarthrosis (immovable) Cartilaginous Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable) Synovial Diarthrosis (freely movable)
Question: What type of joint is your elbow? a. hinge joint b. ball-and-socket joint c. saddle joint
Disorders of Joints
Mechanical disorders Dislocation Sprain
Herniated disk Arthritis Osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease [DJD]) Rheumatoid arthritis Septic (infectious) arthritis Gout Vertebrae diseases Intervertebral disk disorders Supporting structure abnormalities Abdominopelvic disorders Lumbosacral joint2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Copyright strains
Backache
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