WCDMA FDD Mode Transmitter

Dr. Chih-Peng Li ()
1

Table of Contents
Traditional Sequential ASIC Design Flow Introduction to WCDMA Transmitter Specifications
WCDMA Network Architecture Physical Layer General Description Multiplexing and Channel Coding (MCC) WCDMA Uplink Physical Layer WCDMA Downlink Physical Layer

References 3GPP Technical Specification (Release 1999, 25 Series) WCDMA for UMTS Radio Access For Third
Generation Mobile Communications -- by Harri Holma and Antti Toskala, Artech House, 2001

Wireless Communications - Principles & Practice

-- by Theodore S. Rappaport, Prentice Hall, 2nd Edition, Dec. 31, 2001
3

Traditional Sequential ASIC Design Flow

Traditional Sequential ASIC Design Flow

Specification System Models RTL Design Functional Verification Logical Synthesis Timing Verification P&R Physical Verification Prototype Build & Test 5

Architecture Design

RTL Design

Logic synthesis Physical Design

Prototype

WCDMA Network Architecture

Network Elements in a WCDMA PLMN

Uu
Node B USIM Node B RNC
MSC/VLR

Iu

GMSC HLR

PLMN, PSTN ISDN, etc.

Cu
ME

Iub
Node B

Iur
RNC SGSN

GGSN

Internet

Node B

UE

UTRAN

Core Network

External Networks

PLMN: Public Land Mobile Network. One PLMN is operated by a single operator. 7

User Equipment (UE)

The UE consists of two parts:
The Mobile Equipment (ME) is the radio terminal used for radio communication over the Uu interface. The UMTS Subscriber Identity Module (USIM) is a smartcard that holds the subscriber identity, performs authentication algorithms, and stores authentication and encryption keys and some subscription information that is needed at the terminal.

UTRAN consists of two distinct elements:

The Node B converts the data flow between the Iub and Uu interfaces. It also participates in radio resource management. The Radio Network Controller (RNC) owns and controls the radio resources in its domain (the Node Bs connected to it). RNC is the service access point for all services UTRAN provides the core network (CN).
8

WCDMA System Architecture

UMTS system utilizes the same well-known architecture that has been used by all main 2nd generation systems. The network elements are grouped into:
The Radio Access Network (RAN, UMTS Terrestrial RAN = UTRAN) that handles all radio-related functionality. The Core Network (CN) which is responsible for switching and routing calls and data connections to external networks.

Both User Equipment (UE) and UTRAN consist of completely new protocols, which is based on the new WCDMA radio technology. The definition of CN is adopted from GSM.
9

Main Elements of the GSM Core Network HLR (Home Location Register) is a database located in the users home system that stores the master copy of the users service profile.
The service profile consists of, for example, information on allowed services, forbidden roaming areas, and Supplementary Service information such as status of call forwarding and the call forwarding number. It is created when a new user subscribes to the system. HLR stores the UE location on the level of MSC/VLR and/or SGSN.

10

Main Elements of the GSM Core Network MSC/VLR (Mobile Services Switching Center / Visitor Location Register) is the switch (MSC) and database (VLR) that serves the UE in its current location for circuit switched services.
The MSC function is used to switch the CS transactions. The VLR function holds a copy of the visiting users service profile, as well as more precise information on the UEs location within the serving system.

11

Main Elements of the GSM Core Network GMSC (Gateway MSC) is the switch at the point where UMTS PLMN is connected to external CS networks.
All incoming and outgoing circuit switched connections go through GMSC.

SGSN (Serving GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) Support Node) functionality is similar to that of MSC/VLR, but is typically used for Packet Switched (PS) services. GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node) functionality is close to that of GMSC but is in relation to PS services.

12

Interfaces
Cu Interface: this is the electrical interface between the USIM smartcard and the ME. The interface follows a standard format for smartcards. Uu Interface: this is the WCDMA radio interface, which is the subject of the main part of WCDMA technology. This is also the most important open interface in UMTS. Iu Interface: this connects UTRAN to the CN. Iur Interface: the open Iur interface allows soft handover between RNCs from different manufacturers. Iub Interface: the Iub connects a Node B and an RNC. UMTS is the first commercial mobile telephony system where the Controller-Base Station interface is standardized as a fully open interface.
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WCDMA Physical Layer General Description (3GPP TS 25.201)

14

Elements of A Digital Communications System

From Other Sources Information Bits
Format

Source Bits
Encryption

Channel Bits
Channel Encoding Interleaving Multiplexing Modulation Frequency Spreading Multiple Access TX RF PA

Source Encoding

Digital Input

si (t )
C H A N N E L

mi

Bit Stream Digital Output

Synchronization

Digital Waveform

mi
Format Source Decoding Decryption Channel Decoding Deinterleaving Demultiplexing

si (t)
Demodulation Frequency Despreading Multiple Access RX RF IF

Information Sink

Source Bits

Channel Bits

Optional Essential
To Other Destinations

15

3GPP (Radio Access Network) RAN Specifications

TS 25.201 Describes the contents of the layer 1 documents Physical Layer general description (TS 25.200 series); where to find information; a general description of layer 1. Physical channels and mapping of transport channels onto physical channels (FDD) Establishes the characteristics of the layer-1 transport channels and physical channels in the FDD mode, and specifies: Transport channels Physical channels and their structure Relative timing between different physical channels in the same link, and relative timing between uplink and downlink; Mapping of transport channels onto the physical channels.
16

TS 25.211

3GPP (Radio Access Network) RAN Specifications

TS 25.212 Multiplexing and Channel Coding (FDD) Describes multiplexing, channel coding, and interleaving in the FDD mode and specifies: Coding and multiplexing of transport channels; Channel coding alternatives; Coding for layer 1 control information; Different interleavers; Rate matching; Physical channel segmentation and mapping;

TS 25.213

Establishes the characteristics of the spreading and Spreading and Modulation (FDD) modulation in the FDD mode, and specifies: Spreading; Generation of channelization and scrambling codes; Generation of random access preamble codes; Generation of synchronization codes; Modulation; 17

3GPP (Radio Access Network) RAN Specifications

TS 25.214 Physical Layer Procedures (FDD) Establishes the characteristics of the physical layer procedures in the FDD mode, and specifies: Cell search procedures; Power control procedures; Random access procedure. Establishes the characteristics of the physical layer measurements in the FDD mode, and specifies: The measurements performance by layer 1; Reporting of measurements to higher layers and network; Handover measurements and idle-mode measurements.
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TS 25.215

Physical Layer Measurements (FDD)

General Protocol Architecture

Radio interface means the Uu point between User Equipment (UE) and network. The radio interface is composed of Layers 1, 2 and 3.
Layer 3 Control / Measurements Radio Resource Control (RRC)

Logical channels Medium Access Control Transport channels Physical layer

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Layer 2

Layer 1

General Protocol Architecture

The circles between different layer/sub-layers indicate service access points (SAPs). The physical layer offers different transport channels to MAC.
A transport channel is characterized by how the information is transferred over the radio interface.

MAC offers different logical channels to the radio link control (RLC) sub-layer of Layer 2.
A logical channel is characterized by the type of information transferred.

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Transport Channels
Transport channels are services offered by Layer 1 to the higher layers. A transport channel is defined by how and with what characteristics data is transferred over the air interface. Two groups of transport channels:
Dedicated Transport Channels Common Transport Channels

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Transport channels
Dedicated Transport Channels
DCH Dedicated Channel (only one type)

Common Transport Channels divided between all or a group of users in a cell (no soft handover, but some of them can have fast
power control) BCH: Broadcast Channel FACH: Forward Access Channel PCH: Paging Channel RACH: Random Access Channel CPCH: Common Packet Channel DSCH: DL Shared Channel
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Dedicated Transport Channels

There exists only one type of dedicated transport channel, the Dedicated Channel (DCH) The Dedicated Channel (DCH) is a downlink or uplink transport channel. The DCH is transmitted over the entire cell or over only a part of the cell using e.g. beam-forming antennas. DCH carries both the service data, such as speech frames, and higher layer control information, such as handover commands or measurement reports from the terminal. Possibility of fast rate change (every 10 ms) Support of fast power control and soft handover.

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Common Transport Channel

Broadcast Channel (BCH) -- mandatory
BCH is a downlink transport channel that is used to broadcast system and cell specific information. BCH is always transmitted over the entire cell. The most typical data needed in every network is the available random access codes and access slots in the cell, or the types of transmit diversity. BCH is transmitted with relatively high power. Single transport format a low and fixed data rate for the UTRA broadcast channel to support low-end terminals.

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Common Transport Channel

Paging Channel (PCH) -- mandatory
PCH is a downlink transport channel. PCH is always transmitted over the entire cell. PCH carries data relevant to the paging procedure, that is, when the network wants to initiate communication with the terminal. The identical paging message can be transmitted in a single cell or in up to a few hundreds of cells, depending on the system configuration.

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Common Transport Channel

Random Access Channel (RACH) -- mandatory
RACH is an uplink transport channel. RACH is intended to be used to carry control information from the terminal, such as requests to set up a connection. RACH can also be used to send small amounts of packet data from the terminal to the network. The RACH is always received from the entire cell. The RACH is characterized by a collision risk. RACH is transmitted using open loop power control.

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Common Transport Channel

Forward Access Channel (FACH) -- mandatory
FACH is a downlink transport channel. FACH is transmitted over the entire cell or over only a part of the cell using e.g. beam-forming antennas. FACH can carry control information; for example, after a random access message has been received by the base station. FACH can also transmit packet data. FACH does not use fast power control. FACH can be transmitted using slow power control. There can be more than one FACH in a cell. The messages transmitted need to include in-band identification information.
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Common Transport Channel

Common Packet Channel (CPCH) -- optional
CPCH is an uplink transport channel. CPCH is an extension to the RACH channel that is intended to carry packet-based user data. CPCH is associated with a dedicated channel on the downlink which provides power control and CPCH Control Commands (e.g. Emergency Stop) for the uplink CPCH. The CPCH is characterised by initial collision risk and by being transmitted using inner loop power control. CPCH may last several frames.

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Common Transport Channel

Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH) -- optional
DSCH is a downlink transport channel shared by several UEs to carry dedicated user data and/or control information. The DSCH is always associated with one or several downlink DCH. The DSCH is transmitted over the entire cell or over only a part of the cell using e.g. beam-forming antennas. DSCH supports fast power control as well as variable bit rate on a frame-by-frame basis.

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Mapping of Transport Channels onto Physical Channels

Transport Channels DCH Physical Channels Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH) Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH) RACH CPCH BCH FACH PCH DSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) Physical Common Packet Channel (PCPCH) Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH) Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH)

Unmapped

Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) Synchronization Channel (SCH) Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH) Access Preamble Acquisition Indicator Channel (AP-AICH) Paging Indicator Channel (PICH) CPCH Status Indicator Channel (CSICH) Collision-Detection/Channel-Assignment Indicator Channel (CD/CA-ICH) 30

Multiplexing and Channel Coding ( 3GPP TS 25.212 )

31

UL Multiplexing and Channel Coding

32

DL Multiplexing and Channel Coding

33

CRC-Attachment
CRC-attachment
For error detection gCRC24(D) = D24 + D23 + D6 + D5 + D + 1 gCRC16(D) = D16 + D12 + D5 + 1 gCRC12(D) = D12 + D11 + D3 + D2 + D + 1 gCRC8(D) = D8 + D7 + D4 + D3 + D + 1 TrBk

TrBk
34

Channel Coding
Usage of coding scheme and coding rate
Type of TrCH BCH PCH RACH CPCH, DCH, DSCH, FACH 1/3, 1/2 Turbo coding No coding 1/3 Coding scheme Convolutional coding Coding rate 1/2

35

WCDMA Uplink Physical Layer ( 3GPP TS 25.211 & 25.213 )

36

Overview
Configuration
Radio frame
A radio frame is a processing unit which consists of 15 slots. The length of a radio frame corresponds to 38400 chips.

Time slot
A time slot is a unit which consists of fields containing bits. The length of a slot corresponds to 2560 chips.

Spreading Modulation: QPSK. Data Modulation: BPSK. Spreading

Two-level spreading processes
37

Overview
Spreading (cont.)
Channelization operation
OVSF codes. Transform every data symbol into a number of chips. Increase the bandwidth of the signal. The number of chips per data symbol is called the Spreading Factor. Data symbols on I- and Q-branches are independently multiplied with an OVSF code.

Scrambling operation
Long or short Gold codes. Applied to the spread signals. Randomize the codes
Spread signal is further multiplied by complex-valued scrambling 38

Uplink Physical Channels

Dedicated Uplink Physical Channels
Uplink Dedicated Physical Data Channel (UL DPDCH) Uplink Dedicated Physical Control Channel (UL DPCCH)

Common Uplink Physical Channels

Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) Physical Common Packet Channel (PCPCH)

39

Dedicated Uplink Physical Channels

UL Dedicated Physical Data Channel (UL DPDCH)
Carry the DCH transport channel (generated at Layer 2 and above). There may be zero, one, or several uplink DPDCHs on each radio link.

UL Dedicated Physical Control Channel (UL DPCCH)

Carry control information generated at Layer 1 One and only one UL DPCCH on each radio link.

40

Frame Structure for UL DPDCH/DPCCH

DPDCH Data Ndata bits Tslot = 2560 chips, Ndata= 10*2k bits (k=0,1,,6) DPCCH Pilot Npilot bits TFCI NTFCI bits FBI NFBI bits TPC NTPC bits

Tslot = 2560 chips, 10 bits

One Power Control Period

Slot #0

Slot #1

Slot #i 1 radio frame: Tf = 10 ms = 38400 chips 41

Slot #14

UL DPDCH
The parameter k determines the number of bits per uplink DPDCH slot. It is related to the spreading factor SF of the DPDCH as SF = 256/2k. The DPDCH spreading factor ranges from 256 down to 4.
Slot Format #i Channel Bit Rate (kbps) 15 30 60 120 240 480 960 Channel Symbol Rate (ksps) 15 30 60 120 240 480 960 SF Bits/ Frame 150 300 600 1200 2400 4800 9600 Bits/ Slot 10 20 40 80 160 320 640 Ndata

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

256 128 64 32 16 8 4

10 20 40 80 160 320 640

42

UL DPCCH - Layer 1 Control Information The spreading factor of the uplink DPCCH is always equal to 256, i.e. there are 10 bits per uplink DPCCH slot.
Slot Form at #i 0 0A 0B 1 2 2A 2B 3 4 5 5A 5B Channel Bit Rate (kbps) 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 Channel Symbol Rate (ksps) 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 SF Bits/ Frame 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 Bits/ Slot 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Npilot NTPC NTFCI NFBI Transmitted slots per radio frame 15 10-14 8-9 8-15 15 10-14 8-9 8-15 8-15 15 10-14 8-9 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 256 6 5 4 8 5 4 3 7 6 5 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 3 4 0 2 3 4 0 0 2 3 4 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2

43

UL DPCCH - Layer 1 Control Information Pilot Bits.

Support channel estimation for coherent detection. Frame Synchronization Word (FSW) can be sued to confirm frame synchronizaton.

Transmit Power Control (TPC) command.

Inner loop power control commands.

Feedback Information (FBI).

Support of close loop transmit diversity. Site Selection Diversity Transmission (SSDT)

Transport-Format Combination Indicator (TFCI) optional

TFCI informs the receiver about the instantaneous transport format combination of the transport channels.
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Pilot Bit Patterns with Npilot=3,4,5,6

Npilot = 3 Bit #
Slot #0

Npilot = 4 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 45

Npilot = 5 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 4 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0

Npilot = 6 2 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 5 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1

0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0

1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0

2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Shadowed column is defined as FSW (Frame Synchronization Word).

Pilot Bit Patterns with Npilot=7,8

Npilot = 7 Bit # Slot #0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 5 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Npilot = 8 3 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1

Shadowed column is defined as FSW (Frame Synchronization Word).

46

Spreading of UL DPCH
c d ,1 DPDCH1 c d ,3 DPDCH3 c d ,5 DPDCH5 d S lo n g , n o r S s h o r t , n I+ jQ c d ,2 DPDCH2 c d ,4 DPDCH4 c d ,6 DPDCH6 cc DPCCH c d d d d d

One and only one UL DPCCH. Up to six parallel DPDCHs.

47

Spreading of UL DPCH
The binary DPCCH and DPDCHs to be spread are represented by real-valued sequences, i.e. the binary value "0" is mapped to the real value +1, while the binary value "1" is mapped to the real value 1. The DPCCH is spread to the chip rate by the channelization code cc, while the n:th DPDCH called DPDCHn is spread to the chip rate by the channelization code cd,n. One DPCCH and up to six parallel DPDCHs can be transmitted simultaneously, i.e. 1 n 6.

48

Channelization Codes
Each CDMA channel is distinguished via a unique spreading code. These spreading codes should have low crosscorrelation values. In 3GPP W-CDMA, orthogonal variable spreading factor (OVSF) codes are used. Preserve the orthogonality between a users different physical channels. Scrambling is used on top of spreading.

49

Code-tree for Generation of Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) Codes

C ch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1) C ch,2,0 = (1,1) C ch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1) C ch,1,0 = (1) C ch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1) C ch,2,1 = (1,-1) C ch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1) SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4

The channelization codes are uniquely described as Cch,SF,k, where SF is the spreading factor of the code and k is the code number, 0 k SF-1.

50

Generation of Channelization Codes

Cch,1,0 = 1
Cch,2,0 Cch,1,0 Cch,1,0 1 1 = C = 1 1 Cch,2,1 ch,1,0 Cch,1,0 C ch, 2n , 0 C ch, 2 ( n+1 ), 0 C ch, 2n , 0 C C C ch, 2n , 0 ch, 2 ( n + 1 ), 1 ch, 2n , 0 C ch, 2n ,1 C ch, 2 ( n+1 ), 2 C ch, 2n ,1 C C C ch, 2n ,1 = ch, 2n ,1 ch, 2 ( n + 1 ), 3 : : : C ch, 2 ( n+1 ), 2 ( n+1 ) 2 C ch, 2n , 2n 1 C ch, 2n , 2n 1 C ch, 2 ( n+1 ), 2 ( n+1 )1 C ch, 2n , 2n 1 C ch, 2n , 2n 1
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OVSF Code Allocation for UL DPCH

DPCCH is always spread by cc= Cch,256,0 When there is only one DPDCH
DPDCH1 is spread by cd,1= Cch,SF,k (k= SF / 4)

When there are more than one DPDCH

All DPDCHs have SF=4 DPDCHn is spread by the the code cd,n = Cch,4,k
k = 1 if n {1, 2}, k = 3 if n {3, 4} and k = 2 if n {5, 6}

52

Gain of UL DPCH
After channelization, the real-valued spread signals are weighted by gain factors, c for DPCCH and d for all DPDCHs. At every instant in time, at least one of the values c and d has the amplitude 1.0. The -values are quantized into 4 bit words. After the weighting, the stream of real-valued chips on the I- and Q-branches are then summed and treated as a complex-valued stream of chips. This complex-valued signal is then scrambled by the complexvalued scrambling code Sdpch,n.

53

Gain of UL DPCH
Signaling values for c and d 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Quantized amplitude ratios c and d 1.0 0.9333 0.8666 0.8000 0.7333 0.6667 0.6000 0.5333 0.4667 0.4000 0.3333 0.2667 0.2000 0.1333 0.0667 Switch off

54

Configuration of Uplink Scrambling Sequence Generator

x
MSB LSB

clong,1,n

clong,2,n

55

Uplink Long Scrambling Codes

Two elementary codes: clong,1,n and clong,2,n. clong,1,n and clong,2,n are constructed from position wise modulo 2 sum of 38400 chip segments of two binary m-sequences, x and y.
x and y are originated from two generator polynomials of degree 25. x sequence: generator polynomial: X25+X3+1 y sequence: generator polynomial: y25+y3+y2+y+1

The sequence clong,2,n is a 16777232 chip shifted version of the sequence clong,1,n. clong,1,n and clong,2,n are Gold codes.
56

Uplink Long Scrambling Codes

For code number, n
n=[n23 n0 ], with n0 being the LSB Let xn(i) and y(i) denote the i -th chip of the sequence xn and y.

Initial conditions
xn(0)=n0, xn(1)=n1, , xn(22)=n22, xn(23)=n23, xn(24)=1 y(0)=y(1)= =y(23)= y(24)=1

57

Uplink Long Scrambling Codes

Recursive formulation, i=0,, 225-27
xn(i+25) =xn(i+3) + xn(i) modulo 2 y(i+25) = y(i+3)+y(i+2) +y(i+1)+y(i) modulo 2

Gold sequence zn
zn(i ) = xn(i ) + y (i ) modulo 2, i = 0, 1, 2, , 225-2

+ 1 if zn (i ) = 0 Zn (i ) = 1 if zn (i ) = 1

for i = 0,1,,225 2.

58

Uplink Long Scrambling Codes

clong,1,n(i ) = Zn(i ), i = 0, 1, 2, , 225-2 clong,2,n is a 16777232 chip shifted version of the sequence clong,1,n
clong,2,n(i ) = Zn((i + 16777232) modulo (225 1)), i = 0, 1, 2, , 225-2

i ) i Clong,n (i) = clong,1,n (i)1 + j(1) clong,2,n (2 2

59

Uplink Short Scrambling Sequence Generator for 255 Chip Sequence

2

3
mod 2

0
d(i)

2
zn(i)
Mapper

mod n addition 7 multiplication

mod 2

cshort,1,n(i) cshort,2,n(i)

0
b(i) mod 4

0
a(i)

3 2 3

mod 4

60

Uplink Short Scrambling Codes

Two elementary codes: cshort,1,n and cshort,2,n
256 chips

Generation
From the family of periodically extended S(2) codes The n:th quaternary S(2) sequence zn(i ), 0 n 16777215, is obtained by modulo 4 addition of three sequences One quaternary sequence a (i ) Two binary sequences b (i ) and d (i )

61

Uplink Short Scrambling Codes

zn(i ) = a(i ) + 2b(i ) + 2d (i ) modulo 4 (i = 0.. 254) Given a code number n =[n23n22n0] quaternary sequence a (i ): g0(x)= x8+x5+3x3+x2+2x+1
Initial conditions
a (0) = 2n0 + 1 modulo 4 a (i) = 2ni modulo 4, i = 1, 2, , 7,

Recursive formulation
a (i) = 3a (i-3) + a (i-5) + 3a (i-6) + 2a (i-7) + 3a (i-8) modulo 4, i = 8, 9, , 254

62

Uplink Short Scrambling Codes

Binary sequence b(i): g1(x)= x8+x7+x5+x+1
Initial conditions
B (i ) = n8+i modulo 2, i = 0, 1, , 7,

Recursive formulation
b (i) = b (i-1) + b (i-3) + b (i-7) + b (i-8) modulo 2, i = 8, 9, , 254

63

Uplink Short Scrambling Codes

Binary sequence d (i ): g2(x)= x8+x7+x5+x4+1
Initial conditions
d (i ) = n16+i modulo 2, i = 0, 1, , 7

Recursive formulation
d (i ) = d (i-1) + d (i-3) + d (i-4) + d (i-8) modulo 2, i = 8, 9, , 254

zn(i) = a (i) + 2b (i) + 2d (i) modulo 4 (i = 0.. 254)

64

Uplink Short Scrambling Codes

zn(i) is extended to length 256 chips
zn(255) = zn(0)

Mapping
z n ( i) 0 1 2 3 c s h o rt,1 ,n ( i ) +1 -1 -1 +1 c s h o rt,2 ,n ( i ) +1 +1 -1 -1

Cshort, n is

i mod256 i Cshort,n (i ) = cshort,1,n (i mod256)1 + j(1) cshort, 2,n 2 2

65

Uplink Modulation
The modulation chip rate is 3.84 Mcps. The complex-valued chip sequence generated by the spreading process is QPSK modulated.
cos(t) Re{S} Complex-valued chip sequence from spreading operations S Split real & imag. parts Pulseshaping Pulseshaping -sin(t)

Im{S}

66

Uplink Transmitter Functional Block

CI
Cch1
Gain Control
+

Acosc t

Antipodal Conv. 0>+1, 1>-1 DPDCH DI DQ DPCCH Antipodal Conv. 0>+1, 1>-1

Pulse Shaping Filter Root Nyquist, r=0.22

+

CQ
+ +

ST

Channel Model -Complex Gaussian -Multipath Rayleigh -UMTS Channel

ST

Pulse Shaping Filter Root Nyquist, Asin t c r=0.22

C256,1

CI 67

WCDMA Downlink Physical Layer ( 3GPP TS 25.211 & 25.213 )

68

Table of Contents
Introduction Dedicated Downlink Physical Channels
Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel (DL DPCH)

Common Downlink Physical Channels

Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)

Timing Relationship Spreading Modulation

69

Introduction
CCPCH, PICH Downlink DPCH AICH, CPICH

Idle MS SCH Power-on MS

70

On-line MS

Downlink Transmit Diversity

Open loop transmit diversity: STTD and TSTD BS Closed loop transmit diversity
Physical channel type TSTD P-CCPCH SCH S-CCPCH DPCH PICH PDSCH AICH CSICH AP-AICH CD/CA-ICH DL-DPCCH for CPCH Open loop mode STTD Closed loop Mode

71

Space Time Block Coding Based Transmit Antenna Diversity (STTD) The STTD encoding is optional in UTRAN. STTD support is mandatory at the UE. STTD encoding is applied on blocks of 4 consecutive channel bits.
b0 b1 b2 b0 b1 b2 b3 -b 2 b 3 b 0 -b 1 C hannel b its A ntenn a 2 b3 A ntenn a 1

S T T D enco d ed channel b its fo r antenna 1 and antenna 2 .

72

Time Switched Transmit Diversity for SCH (TSTD)

TSTD can be applied to TSTD. TSTD for the SCH is optional in UTRAN, while TSTD support is mandatory in the UE.
Slot #0 Prim ary SC H Secondary SC H ac p ac s
i,0

Slot #1 ac p ac s
i,1

Slot #14 ac p ac s
i,14

256 chips 2560 chips O ne 10 m s SC H radio fram e Slot #1 Slot #2

(Tx OFF)

Slot #0 ac p ac si,0

Slot #14 ac p ac si,14

Antenna 1

ac p ac si,2

(Tx OFF)

(Tx OFF)

Antenna 2
(Tx OFF)

ac p ac si,1

(Tx OFF)

(Tx OFF)

(Tx OFF)

(Tx OFF)

73

Closed Loop Mode Transmit Diversity

w1 Spread/scramble CPICH1 Ant1

Ant2

DPCCH DPDCH

DPCH

w2 CPICH2

w1

w2

Weight Generation

3GPP TS 25.214 V3.9.0 Sect. 7

Determine FBI message from Uplink DPCCH

74

Closed Loop Mode Transmit Diversity

The spread complex valued signal is fed to both TX antenna branches, and weighted with antenna specific weight factors w1 and w2 , where wi = ai + jbi . The weight factors (phase adjustments in closed loop mode 1 and phase/amplitude adjustments in closed loop mode 2) are determined by the UE, and signalled to the UTRAN access point (=cell transceiver) using the D sub-field of the FBI field of uplink DPCCH. For the closed loop mode 1 different (orthogonal) dedicated pilot symbols in the DPCCH are sent on the 2 different antennas. For closed loop mode 2 the same dedicated pilot symbols in the DPCCH are sent on both antennas.
75

Number of Feedback Information in Closed Loop Transmit Diversity

Summary of number of feedback information bits per slot, NFBD, feedback command length in slots, NW, feedback command rate, feedback bit rate, number of phase bits, Nph, per signalling word, number of amplitude bits, Npo, per signalling word and amount of constellation rotation at UE for the two closed loop modes.
Closed loop mode 1 2 NFBD NW Update rate Feedback bit rate Npo Nph Constellation rotation

1 1

1 4

1500 Hz 1500 Hz

1500 bps 1500 bps

0 1

1 3

/2 N/A

76

Determination of Feedback Information in Closed Loop Mode Transmit Diversity

The UE uses the CPICH to separately estimate the channels seen from each antenna. Once every slot, the UE computes the phase adjustment, , and for mode 2 the amplitude adjustment that should be applied at the UTRAN access point to maximise the UE received power. The UE feeds back to the UTRAN access point the information on which phase/power settings to use. Feedback Signalling Message (FSM) bits are transmitted in the portion of FBI field of uplink DPCCH slot(s) assigned to closed loop mode transmit diversity, the FBI D field. Each message is of length NW = Npo+Nph bits.
77

Closed Loop Mode 1

The UE uses the CPICH transmitted both from antenna 1 and antenna 2 to calculate the phase adjustment to be applied at UTRAN access point to maximise the UE received power. In each slot, UE calculates the optimum phase adjustment, , for antenna 2, which is then quantized into having two possible values as follows: , if / 2 < r (i ) 3 / 2 Q = 0, otherwise where i = 0,2,4,6,8,10,12,14 0, r (i ) = / 2, i = 1,3,5,7,9,11,13 If Q = 0, a command '0' is sent to UTRAN using the FSMph field. If Q = , command '1' is sent to UTRAN using the FSMph field.
78

Closed Loop Mode 2

In closed loop mode 2 there are 16 possible combinations of phase and power adjustment.
FSMpo FSMpo subfield of signalling message 0 1 FSMph FSMph subfield of signalling message 000 001 011 010 110 111 101 100 Power_ant1 0.2 0.8 Power_ant2 0.8 0.2

Phase difference between antennas (radians) -3/4 -/2 -/4 0 /4 /2 3/4

79

Downlink Dedicated Physical Channels (DPCH)

There is only one type of downlink dedicated physical channel, the Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel (DL DPCH). Within one downlink DPCH, dedicated data generated at Layer 2 and above, i.e. the dedicated transport channel (DCH), is transmitted in time-multiplex with control information generated at Layer 1 (known pilot bits, TPC commands, and an optional TFCI).

80

Frame Structure of DL DPCH

DPDCH Data1 Ndata1 bits DPCCH TPC NTPC bits TFCI NTFCI bits DPDCH Data2 Ndata2 bits DPCCH Pilot Npilot bits

Tslot = 2560 chips, 10*2k bits (k=0..7)

Slot #0

Slot #1

Slot #i One radio frame, Tf = 10 ms

Slot #14

81

DL DPCH
Parameters
Each frame= 15 slots = 10 ms
Each slot= 2560 chips Each slot= one power-control period.

SF = 512/2k (e.g., SF=512, 256, ...,4)

Two basic types

With TFCI (for several simultaneous services) Without TFCI (fixed-rate services)

It is the UTRAN that determines if a TFCI should be transmitted and it is mandatory for all UEs to support the use of TFCI in the downlink.
82

DL DPCH Fields (table is not completed)

Slot Format #i Channe Bit Rate (kbps) 15 15 30 15 30 30 30 60 30 30 60 30 30 60 30 30 Channel Symbol Rate (ksps) 7.5 7.5 15 7.5 15 15 15 30 15 15 30 15 15 30 15 15 SF Bits / Slot DPDCH Bits/Slot NData1 512 512 256 512 256 256 256 128 256 256 128 256 256 128 256 256 10 10 20 10 20 20 20 40 20 20 40 20 20 40 20 20 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 NData2 4 4 8 2 4 14 14 28 12 10 24 12 12 24 10 8 NTPC 2 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 DPCCH Bits/Slot NTFCI 0 0 0 2 4 0 0 0 2 4 4 0 0 0 2 4 NPilot 4 4 8 4 8 2 2 4 2 2 4 4 4 8 4 4 Transmitted slots per radio frame NTr 15 8-14 8-14 15 8-14 15 8-14 8-14 15 8-14 8-14 15 8-14 8-14 15 8-14

0 0A 0B 1 1B 2 2A 2B 3 3A 3B 4 4A 4B 5 5A

83

DL DPCH Pilot Bit Patterns

Npilot =2
Symbol

Npilot = 4 (*1) 0 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 1 11 00 01 00 10 11 11 10 01 11 01 10 10 00 00 0 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11

Npilot = 8 (*2) 1 11 00 01 00 10 11 11 10 01 11 01 10 10 00 00 2 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 3 10 10 01 00 01 10 00 00 10 11 01 11 00 11 11 0 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 1 11 00 01 00 10 11 11 10 01 11 01 10 10 00 00 2 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11

Npilot = 16 (*3) 3 10 10 01 00 01 10 00 00 10 11 01 11 00 11 11 4 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 5 11 11 10 01 11 01 10 10 00 00 11 00 01 00 10 6 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 7 10 00 00 10 11 01 11 00 11 11 10 10 01 00 01

0 11 00 01 00 10 11 11 10 01 11 01 10 10 00 00

# Slot #0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

84

DL DPCH Multi-Code Transmission

DPDCH TPC Transmission Power DPDCH TFCI Pilot

Condition: Total bit rate to be transmitted exceeds the maximum bit rate Multicode transmission is mapped onto several parallel downlink DPCHs using the same spreading factor. Layer 1 control information is transmitted only on the first DL DPCH.

Physical Channel 1

Transmission Power

Physical Channel 2

Transmission Power

Physical Channel L

One Slot (2560 chips)

85

Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)

Frame Structure:
Pre-defined symbol sequence Tslot = 2560 chips , 20 bits = 10 symbols

Slot #0

Slot #1

Slot #i 1 radio frame: Tf = 10 ms

Slot #14

86

Common Pilot Channel

The CPICH is a fixed rate (30 kbps, SF=256) downlink physical channel that carries a pre-defined bit/symbol sequence. In case transmit diversity (open or closed loop) is used on any downlink channel in the cell, the CPICH shall be transmitted from both antennas using the same channelization and scrambling code. There are two types of Common pilot channels:
The Primary CPICH. The Secondary CPICH.
87

Transmit Diversity of CPICH

Modulation pattern for Common Pilot Channel (with A = 1+j)
Antenna 1 A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A

Antenna 2

-A -A A A -A -A A A -A A -A -A A A -A -A A A -A -A A A -A -A slot #14 Frame#i slot #0 Frame#i+1 slot #1

Frame Boundary

In case of no transmit diversity, the symbol sequence of Antenna 1 is used.

88

The Primary CPICH

The Primary Common Pilot Channel (P-CPICH) has the following characteristics:
The same channelization code is always used for the P-CPICH; The P-CPICH is scrambled by the primary scrambling code; There is one and only one P-CPICH per cell; The P-CPICH is broadcast over the entire cell.

The Primary CPICH is a phase reference for the following downlink channels: SCH, Primary CCPCH, AICH, PICH APAICH, CD/CA-ICH, CSICH, DL-DPCCH for CPCH and the S-CCPCH. By default, the Primary CPICH is also a phase reference for downlink DPCH and any associated PDSCH. The Primary CPICH is always a phase reference for a downlink physical channel using closed loop TX diversity.
89

Secondary Common Pilot Channel (S-CPICH)

A Secondary Common Pilot Channel (S-CPICH) has the following characteristics:
An arbitrary channelization code of SF=256 is used for the S-CPICH; A S-CPICH is scrambled by either the primary or a secondary scrambling code; There may be zero, one, or several S-CPICHs per cell; A S-CPICH may be transmitted over the entire cell or only over a part of the cell;

A Secondary CPICH may be a phase reference for a downlink DPCH. The Secondary CPICH can be a phase reference for a downlink physical channel using open loop TX diversity, instead of the Primary CPICH being a phase reference.
90

Downlink Phase Reference

Physical Channel Type P-CCPCH SCH S-CCPCH DPCH PICH PDSCH* AICH CSICH DL-DPCCH for CPCH Primary-CPICH Secondary-CPICH Dedicated Pilot

Note *: the same phase reference as with the associated DPCH shall be used. 91

Timing Relationship between Physical Channels

Primary SCH Secondary SCH Any CPICH

P-CCPCH

Radio frame with (SFN modulo 2) = 0 S-CCPCH,k PICH

Radio frame with (SFN modulo 2) = 1

k:th S-CCPCH

PICH for k:th S-CCPCH AICH access slots Any PDSCH DPCH,n #0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11 #12 #13 #14

n:th DPCH

10 ms

92

10 ms

Spreading for All Downlink Physical Channels Except Synchronization Channel (SCH)

I Any downlink physical channel except SCH

S P

Sdl,n I+jQ S

Cch,SF,m Q

93

Spreading and Modulation for SCH and PCCPCH

Different downlink Physical channels (point S in Figure of previous page.)

G1

G2

P-SCH GP S-SCH GS

94

Downlink Scrambling Codes

8192 codes are chosen from a total of 218-1 scrambling codes, numbered 0,,262142 These chosen scrambling codes are divided into 512 sets, each set has
One primary scrambling code
Code number, n=16*i (i=0511)

15 secondary scrambling codes

Code number, n=16*i+k (k=115)

95

Downlink Scrambling Codes

512 primary scrambling codes
Further divided into 64 scrambling code groups Each group consisting of 8 primary scrambling codes The j:th scrambling code group consists of primary scrambling codes 16*8*j+16*k (j=0..63 & k=0..7)

Each cell is allocated one and only one primary scrambling code. The primary CCPCH, primary CPICH, PICH, AICH, APAICH, CD/CA-ICH, CSICH and S-CCPCH carrying PCH are always transmitted using the primary scrambling code. The other downlink physical channels can be transmitted with either the primary scrambling code or a secondary scrambling code from the set associated with the primary scrambling code of the cell.
96

Configuration of Downlink Scrambling Code Generator

17 16 15

14 13

12 11 10

I Q
17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

97

Downlink Scrambling Codes

Constructed by combining two real sequences Each is constructed as the position wise modulo 2 sum of two binary m-sequences, x and y
Generator polynomials is of degree 18 38400 chip segments (10 ms radio frame) Gold sequences

x sequence: generator polynomial 1+X7+X18

Initial: x (0)=1, x(1)= x(2)=...= x (16)= x (17)=0 x(i+18) =x(i+7) + x(i) modulo 2, i=0,,218-20,

y sequence: generator polynomial 1+y 5+y 7+ y 10+y 18

Initial: y(0)=y(1)= =y(16)= y(17)=1 y(i+18) = y(i+10)+y(i+7)+y(i+5)+y(i) modulo 2, i=0,, 218-20
98

Downlink Scrambling Codes

The nth Gold code sequence zn is
zn(i) = x((i+n) modulo (218 - 1)) + y(i) modulo 2, i=0,, 218-2

Mapping
+ 1 Z n (i ) = 1 if z n ( i ) = 0 if z n ( i ) = 1 for i = 0 ,1, , 2 18 2 .

The n:th complex scrambling code sequence Sdl,n is defined as:

Sdl,n(i) = Zn(i) + j Zn((i+131072) modulo (218-1)), i=0,1,,38399.
99

Downlink Modulation
In the downlink, the complex-valued chip sequence generated by the spreading process is QPSK modulated:
cos(t) Re{T} Complex-valued chip sequence from summing operations T Split real & imag. parts Pulseshaping Pulseshaping -sin(t)

Im{T}

100

Downlink Transmitter Functional Block

CI
Cch1
Gain Control
+

Antipodal Conv. 0>+1, 1>-1 DPDCH1/ DPCCH DI DQ

Pulse Shaping Filter Root Nyquist, r=0.22

+

CQ
+

Other User Signals

ST

Channel Model -Complex Gaussian -Multipath Rayleigh -UMTS Channel

ST

j
Cch1

Antipodal Conv. 0>+1, 1>-1

+

Pulse Shaping Filter Root Nyquist, r=0.22

CI 101