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Hydromechanics VVR090
Design of Channels
lined channels minimizing lining material costs unlined channels maximum permissible velocity and threshold of movement (stable hydraulic section)
Concrete-lined channel
Unlined channel
Q=
1 1/ AR 2 / 3 So 2 n
Qn = AR 2 / 3 So
Qn max = AR 2 / 3 should be found for a given A S o
Thus:
Optimum geometries for different cross sections. Rectangular cross section: best hydraulic cross section when the water depth is half the channel width.
2. The side slopes depend primarily on the engineering properties of the material through which the channel is excavated.
3. The freeboard refers to the vertical distance between either the top of the channel or the top of the channel lining and the water surface (design flow at normal depth).
Side Slopes
Channel Freeboard I
Lined channel
Channel Freeboard II
Preliminary estimate of freeboard (unlined channel):
F = Cy
F: freeboard (ft) y: design depth (ft) C: coefficient (=1.5 for 20 ft3/s and 2.5 for 3000 ft3/s)
h =
u 2b gR
b: channel width R: distance from center of curve to centerline of channel Take into account velocity variation:
h = 2.3
R u2 log o g Ri
Design procedure: 1. Estimate n 2. Compute the value of the section factor 3. For appropriate expression for A and R, compute yN 4. Compute channel properties 5. Check minimum permissible velocity and Froude number 6. Estimate height of lining above surface and freeboard 7. Summarize results with dimensioned sketch
min ( C ) = min ( Cb + Cs )
Cb: material cost for channel base (per unit length) Cs: material cost of sides (per unit length)
o = gRSo
For a wide channel, R y N , giving:
o = gy N So
The shear stress is not uniformly distributed along the perimeter. Complex problem to determine correct distribution, but for trapezoidal cross section the following applies:
max o = gy N So
max o
= 0.76gy N So
Channel side
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L Ae = Ws tan L = Ws tan Ae
Ae: effective area Ws: submerged particle weight a: angle of friction (= angle of repose)
Angle of Respose
The angle to the horizontal at which grains start to roll on a flat bed of sediment that is gradually tilted from the horizontal.
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( S Ae ) + (Ws sin )
2
= Ws cos tan
K=
Angle of Repose
tana
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non-cohesive
cohesive
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Q=
1 AR 2 / 3 S 1/ 2 n
2/3
0.000861/ 2
10.5 =0 yN
q2 ycr = g
1/ 3
1 126 2 = 9.81 12
1/ 3
= 2.24 m
yN > ycr => subcritical flow at normal water depth Start at obstruction and calculate upstream through the step method.
xi
(y+u =
So ( n u / R
/ 2g )
i +1 2 2
( y + u2 / 2g )
4/3
i +1/ 2
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