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((

REPORT NO. 1183 DECEMBER 1962

THE SIMULATION OF INTERIOR BALLISTIC PERFORMANCE OF

GUNS BY DIGITAL COMPUTER PROGRAM

St1

Paul G. Baer Jerome M. Frankle

RDT & E Project No. IM01050IA004

BALLISTIC

RESEARCH LABORATORIES

ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND, MARYLAND

ASTIA AVAILABILITY NOTICE Qualified requestors may obtain copies of this report from ASTIA.

The findings in thl.s report are not to be construed as an official Department of the Ar-y position.

SBALLISTIC

RESEARCH

LABORATORIES

REPORT NO. i185

DECEMBER 1962

THE SIMULATION OF INTERIOR BALLISTIC PERFORMANCE OF GUNS BY DIGITAL COMPUTE PROGRAM

Paul G. Baer Jerome M. Frankle

Interior Ballistics Laboratory

RDT & E Project No. 1MO1O051AO04

ABERDEEN

PROVING

GROUND,

MARYLAND

m2l

BALLISTIC

RESEARCH

LABORATORIES

R~EPORlT NO, 1183

PGBaer/JMhFrankle/mec Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md. December 1962

THE SIMULATION OF INTERIOR BALLISTIC PERFORMANCE OF GUNS BY DIGITAL COMPUTER PROGRAM

ABSTRACT When non-conventional guns are to be considered or when detailed design information is required, interior ballistic calculations become more difficult and time-consuming. To deal with these problems, the equations which describe the interior ballistic performance of guns and gun-like weapons have been pro. grammed for the high-speed digital computers available at the Ballistic Research Laboratories. The major innovation contained in the equations derived in this report is the provision for use of propellant charges made ut of several propellants of different chemical compositions and different granulations. those of other interior ballistic systems. tail Results obtained by the method descrjbed in this report compare favorably with In addition, considerably more de-

is obtained in far less time. A comparison with experimental data from well-instrumented gun-firings is also presented to demonstrate the validity of this method of computation.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SLIST

OF SYMBOLS A.. INTRODUCTION .

. . . . ..

... .. . ..

. .,

....

. . . . . .

7l
ii

INTERIOR BALLISTIC THEORY

.. ............ ................
. . . .

. .

12 L............. 12

Interior Ballistic System Energy Equation ..............

.......

. .
...

Equation of State ...........................

Mass-Fraction Burning Rate Equation ........ Equations of Projectile Motion ........ ............... ..................

......

13 17
20 21

Summary of Interior Ballistic Equations ....... COMPUTATION ROUTINE ................. Preliminary Routine .......... Main Routine ......... .......................... ........................

.............. ... ..
. . . ..

23 25 25 26 .. 28 . 29 31

...................... .......................

Options to Routine ................. DISCUSSION .................

................................

LIST OF REFERENCES ................. APPENDICES ..................... A. B. C. D.

.............

........

............................... .................... ...................... ..................... ..

33
35 41 49 65

Form Function Equations .............. Computation Routine ................ Lnput anCd Output Data ..........

Comparison of Experimental and Predicted Performance for Typical 105mm Howitzer Firing ........... ...........................

DISTRIBUTTON LIST

69

rI

II

LIST OF SYMBOLS in./sec2 dimensionless

a a0 A

acceleration of projectile,

constant defined by Equation (28a),

area of base of projectile including appropriate portion of rotating band, in.

2

bi c
c

covv..ume of i th propellant, in.3 /lb diameter of bore, in. is a function

specific heat at constant volume of i th propellant (Ccv of T), in.-lb/lb-K

vi

mean value of specific heat at constant volume of i th propellant (over temperature range T to T ), in.-lb/lb-K i

mean value of specific heat at constant pressure of i th propellant iP (over temperature range T to T ), in,.-lb/lb-K i initial weight of i th propellant, lb initial weight of igniter, lb diameter of perforation in i th propellant grains, in. incremental time, sec incremental temperature, 0K in. sec

Ci C d dt dT dx dz i dt Di E E E

incremental Cistance traveled by projectile,

mass fraction burning rate for i th propellant, outside diameter of i th propellant grains, in. cncr~o lost due to heat los, ino-lb

p
pr

kinetic energy of propellant gas and unburned propellant, in.-lb energy lost due to bore friction and engraving of rotating band, in.-lb functional relationship between Si and zi resultant axial force on projectile, lb

fi F'

S~7

Ff
Fi FI F Fr g G K v Kx

frictional force on projectile, lb

"force" of i th propellant, in.-lb/lQ "force" of igniter propellant, In.-lb/lb lb

propulsive force on base of projectile, gas retardation force, lb

units to mass units, in./sec constant for conversion of weight functional relationship between pr and x burning rate velocity coefficient, in. sec in./sec in. sec-in.

burning rate displacement coefficient,

Li mi M n n' N

length of i th propellant grains,

in.

specific mass of i th propellant, lb-mols/mol mass of projectile, slugs/12 dimensionless dimensionless

number of propellants,

ratio defined by Equation (28b),

nnumber of perforations in i th propellant grains, dimensionless

p Pb p Pi Pi PO Pr

space-mean pressure resulting from burning i propellants, -psi pressure on base of projectile, psi

pressure of gas or air ahead of projectile, psi space-mean pressure resulting from burning of i th propellant, psi igniter pressure, psi

breech pressure, psi resistance pressure, psi energy released by burning propellant, in.-lb

Q
ri r'i

linear burning rate of i th propellant, in./sec adjusted linear burning rate of i th propellant, in./sec

Ri S! S t T T oi T 01 T ui

functional relationship between r

and p ta,2
2

grai surface area of partially burned I th propellant grain, in. surface area of an unburned i th propellant time, sec mean temperature of propellant gases, OK adiabatic flame temperature of i th propellant, OK adiabatic flame temperature of igniter propellant, OK temperature of unburned solid propellant, OK

two times the distance each surface of i th propellant grains has receded at a given time, in.

internal energy of propellant gases, in..-lb

"v velocity of projectile, in./sec "v

V Vc velocity of projectile at muzzle of gun, in./sec specific volume of propellant gas, in.3/lb volume behind projectile available for propellant gas, in.3

Vgi volume of an unburned i th propellant grain, in.3 V0 W W p volume of empty gun chamber, in.3

external work done on projectile, in.-lb weight of projectile, lb

"x travel of projectile, in. "Xm

zi zI ai i travel of projectile when base reaches muzzle, in.

fraction of maza of i. th propollant burned, dimensionleas fraction of mass of igniter burned, dimensionless burning rate exponent for i th propellant, dimiensionless burning rate coefficient for i th propellant, in

in. "

1 psia

Y'

effective ratio of specific heats as defined by Equation (27a), dimnsonloeSb

y. *i 8 Pi

ratio of specific heats for i th propellant,

dimensiomless dimensionless

ratio of specific h.eats for igniter propellant, Pidduck-Kent constant, dimensionless

density of i th solid propellant, lb/in.3

10

INTRODUCTION The interior ballistician must frequently predict the interior ballistic performance of guns. In some instances, it is sufficient to calculate muzzle

velocity and maximum chamber pressure for a conventional gun from a knowledge the projectile weight, and the gun characteristics. problem (* calculation is usually referred to as the classical central This of the propellant charge, of interior ballistics. When non-conventional guns are considered or when is necessary to know more than complete interior These trajectories consist

detailed design information is required, it these two salient values.

For the more demanding problems,

ballistic trajectories may have to be calculated. of displacement,

velocity, and acceleration of the projectile and chamber pres-

sure, all as functions of time. The literature of interior ballistics contains descriptions of many methods for solving the problem of predicting the performance of guns. in tables, graphs, nomograms, closed-form. (1) (2) Methods, varying from the purely empirical to the "exact" theoretical, have been devised slide rules, and simplified equations solved in All of these methods require some Some of these methods require data from the firing of the gun

being considered or from a very similar gun.

simplification of the basic equations of interior ballistics. To eliminate the restrictions imposed by assumptions made only to facilitate the mathematical solution of the problem, the interior ballistic equations have been programmed for high-speed electronic computers. Both analog and digital computers have been used to calculate detailed interior ballistic trajectories. computer. There are advantages and disadvantages associated with each type of Several years ago,

(3) the interior ballistic equations were pro-

grammed for the digital computers** available here at the Ballistic Research Laboratories. Since that time, considerable use has been made of this program

for studying gun and gun-like systems and for routine calculations.

Superscripts insiicate references listed at the end of this report.

** Although the interior ballistic equations were originally programmed only

they have been recently reprogrammed in more general 4) form (5) for the ORDVAC and the newer BRLESC. for the ORDVAC, 11

o;

The computer program described in this report has been designed to solve a set of non-linear, ordinary differential and algebraic equations which simu. In this method, the usual

late the interior ballistic performance of a gun.

set of equations which pertains to the burning of a.single propellant has been modified to account for the burning of composite charges,
.

i.e., charges made

up of several propellants of different chemical compositions and different granulations. The computer program may be suitably modified to study nonA number of these optional programs

conventional guns and gun-like systems. have been devised and used extensively.

IN TERIOR BALLISTIC THEORY Interior Ballistic System The basic components of the interior ballistic system for a conventional gun are bhown in Figure 1. A set of equations can be formulated which mathematically describes the distribution of energy originating from the burning

CHAMBER

POETL VPROJETILE

TUBE

ZPROPELLANT- IGNITION SYSTEM

Figure 1.

Basic Components of the Interior Ballistic System for a Conventional Gun

The present program can be operated with as many as five different types of propellant charges for each problem. ** See Section entitled Options to Routine.
*

12

SiI
propellant and the subsequent motion of the components of the system.
behavior of composite charges: 1. The total chemical energy available is the simple sum of the chemical

In the

development which follows, two major assumptions are made to account for the

energies of the individual propellants. 2. 9he total gas pressure is the simple sum of the "Ipartial'pressures"

resulting from the burning of the individual propellants. Energy Equation Application of the law of conservation of energy leads to the energy equation of interior ballistics. Energy Released by Burning Propellant or: U + W + Losses (la) This may be written as: + External + Secondary Work Done Energy Losses on Projectile (1)

Internal Energy of Propellant Gases

In Equation (la) the energy released by the burning propellant (Q) is assumed to be equal to the simple sum of the energies released by the individual propellants as previously stated. n T Therefore:

il[cizi

f0

dT]

Because of gas expansion and external work performed in a gun, the gas temperature is less than the adiabatic flame temperature (T of the gas (U) is then: ). The internal energy

i=1
The external work done on the projectile is given by:
x

(I)

W =A

Pb 13

(4)

Substituting Equations (2), n

V

(3), and (4) into Equation (la) 8iven:

n ,
dT

'

ri

fi c, ICv dT

+A

lb dx + Losed

which may be rewritten as: n T =I P"Z[,zi f 0i dT]

=

X Pb dx + Losses

(5)

ii

As the c

do not vary greatly over the temperature ranges from T to T 0

).

they can be replaced with mean values (_C

v

Integration of Equation (9)

gives: n Cizic (Toi T)

= A

Pb

dx +

Losses

(6)

i=l
and solving for T: n Czi

1.lCv 1i n

A0Pb 'C)

dx

Losses

(7)

nCizi

Next,

the "force" of each propellant is defined by:

F.i RT 0 F, = M iTi
and the well-known relations:

(8)

and: i

c Pi

cvi
are introduced.

(ao)

14

... .

Combination of Equations (9) and (10) gives:

ov (7

-1 )

=miR
into Equation (8) gives:

(x-r

vii

Substitution of Equation (ll) Fi

T-

1 (i

vi

(12)

Finally, substitution of Equation (12) into Equation (7) in the form: i_ =1 Tl " - A

gives Rbsal's

equation

Pb dx " Losses

TY

i=
For most problems, (zI it = 1) at zero-time. Equation (13) may be restated as:

(13 1%

is convenient to assume the igniter completely burned

niC Zi
[] +

F IC
-A

x Pb dx Losses

T= [
x The terms A in more detail. f

0 (if')iToI)

Fi i

pb dx and Losses of Equation

(14) can now be considered

The work done on the projectile results in an equivalent gain Including thse losses

in kinetic energy of the projectile except for losses. under the general category of energy losses:

x
pb

W P
dx= 01
1/2 -P

2
2
(15)

I
I
According to Hunt,

2)
the energy losses to be considered are: (1) kinetic energy of propellant gas and unburned propellant, (2) kinetic energy of recoiling parts of gun and carriage, (3) (4) heat energy lost to the gun, strain energy of the gun,

(5) energy lost in engraving the rotating band and in overcoming friction
down the bore, and (6) Types (2), rotational energy of the projectile. (4), and (6) are estimated to be less than one percent for each For discussion of each type of secondary energy loss, see Reference (2). category and have been neglected here. The kinetic energy of propellant gas and unburned propellant can be represented by (6)
n

2g-

(16)

The energy losses resulting from heat lost to the gun can be estimated by a semi-empirical relationship described by Hunt:.2) n

i=l

[18C

+ (

0l 2.175 ' .6c CC087 0.6

At the present time, the introduction of a more sophisticated treatment of heat loss, with its attendant complexity, does not seem to be warranted. substitution can be made if and -hen it appears desirable. Such a

16

cX.~~-~.---

The final energy losses to be considered here consist of those resulting from engraving of the rotating band, friction between the moving projectile and the gun tube, and acceleration of air ahead of the projectile. estimates of these are difficult to make, tive pressure in the form: Epr Individual so they have been grouped as resis-

jx

.r dx

0.(18)

The pr versus x function is discussed in greater detail in the section concerning forces acting on the projectile. Substitution of Equations (15),

(16),

(17),

and (18)

into Equation (14)

results in the form of the energy equation used in this computer program:
[z

i =-'I + Fi FiCi7-]

7i -i

2g p L+

I=l I~C C~ -A

Pr dx - E

T=df

-- 4 T + (I'1) T0
Equation of State

(19)

The pressure acting on the base of the projectile can be calculated from a series of equations, once the temperature of the gas is determined from the energy equation. form: pvI where V Now,
= mI RT

Generally, the equation of state for an ideal gas takes the

(20)

= the volume per unit mass of i th propellant gas. the volume behind the projectile which is available for pro-

define Vc,

pellant gas, as:

17

I
Volume Available for Propellant Gas Initial Empty Chamber Volume Volume Occupied
by Unburned Solid Propellant n or: V V +Ax n Cizioi

Volue Resulting
+

from Projectile Motion Volume Occupied

by Gas Molecules (covolume) (21)

it-l I

(22)

By the definitions of Equations (20) and (21), V

c

Ciz1
Substituting Equations (8) and (23) FICsz T into Equation (20)

(23)
and rearranging gives:

Pi V TCO(a)

e 0o1

(24)

If T

the bi are assumed to be constants over the temperature range from T to , and if the total gas pressure is taken as the simple sum of the "partial

prissures" resulting from the burning of the individual propellants as previously stated, then: n
SPi

FiCizi

i=i
As before, if it

i=-

0
1)

(25)

is assumed that the igniter is completely burned (zi

at zero-timep Equation (25) may be restated as: T 1 Fi i i I

(26)

18

The space-mean pressure, p,

given by Equation (26)

is used in the cal-

culation of the fraction of propellant burned at any time.

is discussed in the section concerning burning rates.

This relationship

There is, however, a

pressure gradient from the breech of the gun to the base of the projectile which must be considered in developing the equations of motion for the projectile. This pressure-gradient problem was first considered by Lagrange and Later studies in For this

is commonly referred to as the Lagrange Ballistic Problem. this area were made by Love and Pidduck, (7) Kent,

(8) and others.

computer program, the improved Pidduck-Kent solution developed by Vinti and Kravitz (6) has been used:

Pb

1+ WB In addition the breech pressure, in Reference (6). rior ballistic studies:

(27)*
p0 , is calculated by the method contained

This is the pressure usually measured in experimental inte-

Pb
PO (1-a) (28) 2 n1+3 where: i/a
=+

2 (n'+l) Sn C/WP
iul

(28a)

Tn Rpfevenr'n A)

the det mrlmnatinn of B dppan&; on the ratin of

AepenIffe

heats, 7.

For composite charges, an effective value

n
n

is used for this purpose.

i=1 19

(270)

I
and n' =
-

(28b) Mass-Fraction Burning Rate Equation Both the energy equation (Equation (19)) and the equation of state (Equation (26')) are algebraic equations whose solutions depend upon the solutions of several non-linear, ordinary differential equations. The mass-fraction burning rate equation expresses the rate of consumption of solid propellant and hence the rate of evolutiun uf propellant gas. This may be written as: dzi
-

1 V

S 1

r ri (29)

dt where: ri
=

Ri

(G)

(30)

and:

Si

fi (z)

(31)

For most gun propellants, Equation (30) may be quite satisfactorily stated as: ri
= 131()Ci(32)

For certain propellants,

including those plateau and mesa types used in solid-fuel rockets, Equation (32) will not suffice for gun calculations. In these cases, it is preferable to make use of a tabular listing of ri's and corresponding i's (Equation (30)) and to interpolate for the desired ri . The r is calculated by either Equation (30) or Equation (32) are closed chamber burning rates. As discussed in later sections of this report, these burning rates may be increased by addition of factors proportional to the velocity and displacement of the projectile in the following manner: ri= ri + Kv v + K x (32a)

i0
20!

Similarly, the form function described by Equation (31) may be stated in one of several ways. is In many interior ballistic systems, the form function chosen for convenience of analytical solution. Where routine numerical

computations are handled by use of a high-speed digital computer, the geometrical form of the propellant grain may be used to obtain the functional relationship, f,, between S, and z,. equations are given in Appendix A. For the usual grain shapes encountered, these This Appendix also contains the method for To extend these equations to

handling such equations in the computer routine. include propellant slivering see Reference (9). Equations of Projectile Motion

The translational motion of the projectile down the gun tube may be calculated from the forces acting on the projectile. Figure 2 shows the axial forces considered in determining the resultant force.

~~Ff
Fr

Figure 2.

Axial Forces Acting on Projectile

The propulsive force, Fp, is that resulting from the prqssure of the propellant gas on the base of the projectile according to:

F = pbA
where.pb is obtained from Equation (27).

(33)

The frictional force, Ff# is the retarding force developed by resistance between the bearing surfaces of the projectile and the inside of the gun tube. This is usually the resistance between the rotating band and the rifling of the tube and includes the force required to engrave the rotating band. be expressed as: It may

Ff po
f Pr 21

(34)

The determination of'p

is

difficult in most cases.

Many interior

ballistic solutions use an increased projectile mass (approximately 5%) to account for its effect. treatment. There are several disadvantages inherent in such a It is not possible to Although the muzzle velocity may be calculated reasonably well,

the detailed'trajectory will be altered considerably.

simulate the case where a projectile lodges in the bore (see Reference (10) for experimental trajectories for this condition). ing a tabulation of the function: (34a) is that which results from the pressure For this computer program, experimental data of the type given in Reference (11) may be used by insert-

Pr = G(x) The gas retardation force, Fr'

of air or gas ahead of the projectile, stated as:

Fr = pA

(35)

where pg is small enough to be neglected except for very high velocity systems, light gas guns, and other special applicatioilb. In the discussion of the Energy was considered a part of Pr* Equation in the Interior Ballistic Theory Section, p

The resultant force in the axial direction is then: Fa = F or: (37) - Ff - Fr(36)

P Fa = A(pb -p

- pr). by Newton's second law of motion,

The acceleration of theprojectile, is: A(pb pg Pr)

M
or:
a=

(38)
Pr)

Ag (pb - pg

wp
22

(39)

'.5

dv Since a = and v t v=j a dt

dx the velocity of the projectile is given by:

0
and the displacement of the projectile is given by: t x

(4o)

0o

v dt)

(41)

Summary of Interior Ballistic Equations The equations which arc uced in the computer program are now sumarized for ease of reference. Energy Equation n

[
T=

7fnF

+i
i J

~(p+

>

fPr 0

dx~

_____z

I I

i-l(''l)o 0

(yi-l) T 0
n V T=
2)

(19)

where:

0.38c 1.5 (Xm+

(i

lCi

v2

jl+

.18375

Iv

23

Equation of State c~ i~ c~ Z i

whre

(1'z0

S=( Pi

i=l

(22)

Pb l+

n c i Wp (27)

PO= (1ao)-n-(28)

Mass-Fraction Burning-Rate Equations dzt di 2.1 gd Sr (29)

() ai

(32)

or:
r' = r +K v ,+K x (32a)

Equations of Projectile Motion

a =Ag(P

pb - g Wp

"

Pp)

(39)

V 0
t
x=

a dt

(40)

v dt

0
COMPUTATION ROUTINE

(41_)

The set of non-linear, ordinary differential and algebraic equations, summarized at the end of the previous section, simulates the interior ballistic performance of a gun or gun-like system. A numerical computation routine has The generalUsing the FORAST

been devised for the simultaneous solution of these equations. ized flow-diagram for the routine is presented in Appendix B. language, puters. Preliminary Routine

(5) the solution has been programmed for the ORDVAO and BRLESC com-

To reduce computation time and conserve meory space, a preliminary routine has been introduced. Here all data required for the computation are read into

the computer, constant groupings (e.g., FiCi (yi'1 Toi Y FiCi (i'-l) I -Ci , Pi etc., are calculated and stored

for subsequent use, and data to permanently identify the computer run are printed out. A complete listing of required input data may be found in Appendix C.

25

Main Routine
The main computational routine is presented in the generalized fl"wdiagram of Appendix B. To follow the procedure, consider the three sequential

phases of the problem: Phase I - From time of ignition until the projectile starts to move. Phase II - From time of initial projectile motion until all propellants are consumed. Phase III - From time of propellant burnout until projectile leaves the
gun muzzle. At the time of ignition (Phase I begins), it is assumed that the igniter is completely burned (zI = 1) and none of the other propellants have started to burn (all zI . 0). FII The space-mean pressure, consisting only of the igniter pressure, is calculated from:

p
Equation (42)

V(42)

is derived from Equations (19) and (26) by means of the simpli-

fying ignition assumptions stated above. The linear burning rate for each propellant can now be determined from either Equation (30) or Equation (32) in combination with Equation (32a). If the interpolation indicated by use of Equation (30) is selected, the generalized interpolation sub-routine* is employed. The mass-fractions burned, zi o, during a small time interval, dt, are determined by integration of Equation (29). The surface areas of the unburned propellant (see Appendix A) are used in this initial calculation. The Runga-Kutta method of numerical integration, as modified by Gil., (12) is commonly used for the solution of sets of ordinary differential equations and has been employed here. Calculation of the temperature, T, from Equation (19) and the volume available for propellant gas, Va, from Equation (22), will allow the calculation of the new space-mean pressure, j., at time, dt, from Equation (26). The surface areas of the now partially burned propellants are computed from equations presented in Appendix A. All results of interest arc printod-out at this time
**

and these results used as initial conditions for calculations during

See Reference (18) for interpolation by divided differences.

*S

Bee Appendix C for listing of output data.

26

,--.-

the ensuing time-interval.

Those terms in Equations (17),

(19),

and (22) which

involve velocity or displacement are zero during this phase of the computation, This calculation-loop is continued until the space-mean pressure exceeds a pre-selected "shot-start" pressure and the projectile starts to move. which has been arbitrarily defined, ends at this time. Phase II requires the addition of the equations of motion to the sequence Phase I,

followed during Phase I.

Equations (27),

(39),

(40),

and (41) are used to cal-

culate the values of the acceleration, velocity, and displacement of the projectile at the end of each time interval. Integration specified in Equations (40) and. (41) is again performed by the Runga-Kutta-Gill method. Values of velocity and displacement are now available for us in terms of Equations (17), pr dx, which is one of (19), and (22). To compute values for Epr = A the terms in Equation (19), the generalized interpolation sub-routine must be used to obtain pr from the tabular information described by Equation (34a). This integration is performed by use of the Trapezoidal Rule.* As time is increased by the addition of small time-interMls, calculations during Phase II are continued around this expanded loop with print-out of appropriate results at the end of each time interval. One at a time, the propellants are completely consumed and this phase is ended. A series of switches has been incorporated in the program to circumvent the necessity of introdacing propellants in amy special order. In fact, it may not always be possible to predict the exact order in which several different propellants will be burned out. The combination of the propellant switches and the btart-of-motion switch makes it possible to handle problems where one or more propellants burn out before the projectile starts to move. With all propellants consumed, Phase III begins. The mass-fractions burned have all become unity and the equations concerned with burning (Equations (29), (3l), and (30) or (32)) are eliminated from the loop. As in the other phases,

* Although the Trapezoidal Rule in a relatively crude method for numerical integration, the accuracy of the pr versus x data available does not warrant a more accurate and hence more coplex methods

27

results are printed-out at the end of each time-interval. Z

A continual check

is made of the displacement of the projectile to determine whether or not it reached the muzzle of the gum. ahas III has ended and the pPhase It When the projectile passes the muzzle is stopped.

is possible for the projectile to reach the muzzle (and the program stopped) before Phase II is completed. This would simulate a gun-firing in which unburned propellant is ejected from the muzzle. in the tube. It is also possible

frLh' UIL1JrcJb'a.M to simulate a firing in which the projectile becomes lodged In this case, Phase III is not completed and the program is

:;topped when the projectile displacement does not increase. At each time-interval after the beginning of Phase II, i; det;erminimL from Equation (2M) and printed out. Lhc computatJionaL routine but i ,,;uLt,. t.'t',ch I'C the breech pressure

This result is not used in

used. to compare theoretical and experimental

A continual check is made of the calculated pressures and the maximum . I:; torcd with its associated time and projectile displacement. Calculations dur-

'Ihio infornmaLion is printed-out at the end of the program.

tihen the desired distance to the muzzle.

ing the last time-interval result in a projectile displacement somewhat greater A linear interpolation between results at the lai;t two time-intervals is used to obtain results exactly at the muz4zlc. Thsse results are also printed-out at the end of the program. Optiono to Routine A considcrable number of options have been designed and coded for special problems. These include changes which enable the program to be used for guns, or gun-like weapons, which are not of conventional design (Figure 1) and changes which vary the treatment of some of the individual parameters. greater number and variety of problems. Typical options for non-conventional guns are those for gun-boosted rockets, traveling-charge guns, and light-gas gums of the adiabatic compressor type. Examples of options for varied treatment of individual parameters are those for adjusted burning rates (previously mentioned), inhibited propellant surfaces, delayed propellant Ignition, variable time-intervals, constant resistive pressure, and resistive pressure as a function of base pressure. It is expected that the number of such options will increase as the program is used for a

28

II

DISCUSSION No attempt has been made here to present a new and different interior ballistic theory. The objective was to devise a convenient, flexible scheme

for performing the tedious numerical calculations required to obtain detailed interior ballistic trajectories. The selection of a program for high-speed

digital computers has made it possible to eliminate most of the simplifications -of theory required to facilitate mathematical solutions by other methods. The theory presented as the basis for the computer routine is well-known and has only been modified to account for composite charges. troublesome here. erally available. There are several problems present in all, interior ballistic calculations and these also prove For example, useful propellant burning rates are not genIt is known that burning rates obtained from experimental The results obtained from limited As previously mentioned, Qp-

firings in closed chambers are usually low. gun-firings by the authors

indicate gun burning rates may be twice closed

chamber burning rates under certain conditions.

tional methods of adjusting closed chamber burning rates have been provided for in this program. tile displacement) One such approach is to consider the burning rate to be This

a function of the projectile velocity (and possibly a function of the projecin addition to its known dependence on pressure.

method results in the use of closed chamber burning rates when the gun chamber is practically a closed chamber (v and x are effectively zero). When the projectile is moving at higher velocities and is further down tube, reasonable increases in burning rates are obtained and used. Other equally important dif-

ficulties are associated with the determination of reasonable values for resistive pressure and shot-start pressure. Considerable versatility has been built into the program. stopping the computation at the end of Phase I11, matically read into the computer and solved. Instead of

a new problem can be auto-

This multiple-case feature can

be employed to advantage for any number of additional problems during a single computer run. Typical interior ballistic problems were used to compare results obtained from this computer routine with results from other interior ballistic schemes. (13), (14), and (15). The agreement vas generally very good when the other

29

DISCUSSION No attempt has been made here to present a new and different interior ballistic theory. The objective was to devise a convenient, flexible scheme for performing the tedious numerical calculations required to obtain detailed interior ballistic trajectories. The selection of a program for high-speed digital computers has made it possible to eliminate most of the simplifications .of theory required to facilitate mathematical solutions by other methods. The theory presented as the basis for the computer routine is well-known and has only been modified to account for composite charges. There are several problems present in all interior ballistic calculations and these also prove troublesome here. erally available. For example, useful propellant burning rates are not genIt is known that burning rates obtained from experimental The results obtained, from limited As previously mentioned, opindicate gun burning rates may be twice closed

firings in closed chambers are usually low. gun-firings by the authors (I-)

chamber burning rates under certain conditions. for in this program.

tional methods of adjusting closed chamber burning rates have been provided One such approach is to consider the burning rate to be a function of the projectile velocity (and possibly a function of the projectile displacement) in addition to its known dependence on pressure. This method results in the use of closed chamber burning rates when the gun chamber is practically a closed chamber (v and x are effectively zero). When the projectile is moving at higher velocities and is further down tube, reasonable increases in burning rates are obtained and used. tive pressure and shot-start pressure. Considerable versatility has been built into the program. Instead of Other equally important difficulties are associated with the determination of reasonable values for resis-

stopping the computation at the end of Phase III, a new problem can be automatically read into the computer and solved. This multiple-case feature can be employed to advantage for any number of additional problems during a single computer run. Typical interior ballistic problems were used to compare results obtained from this computer routine with results from other interior ballistic schemes. (13), (14), and (15). The agreement was generally very good when the other

29

schemes were fairly sophisticated.

In addition, detailed interior ballistic takes to calculate A typical computer magnetic tape output

trajectories are produced in considerably less time than it maximum pressure and muzzle velocity by other systems. solution for a conventional gun takes only 10 seconds if is used with the BRLESC.

Results from computer simulations have also been compared to experimental data obtained from well-instrumented gun firings. To demonstrate the adequacy

of the computer routine, data from a typical 105mm Howitzer firing were processed by the method described in Reference (11.). lation of this firing. Tn Appendix D these experimental results are compared with the predicted results obtained from a simu-

PAUL G. BAER

30

LIST OF REFERENCES 1. Corner, J. Theory of the Interior Ballistics of Guns. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1950. Hunt, F. R. W. Chairman, Editorial Panel. New York: Philosophical Library, 1951. New York:

2.

Internal Ballistics.

3.

Baer, Paul G., and Frankle, Jerome M. Digital Computer Simulation of Ordnance Computer the Interior Ballistic Performance of Guns. Research Report, VI, No. 2: 17-23, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Apr 1959. Historical Monograph - Electronic Kempf, Karl, Historical Officer. Computers within the Ordnance Corps. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Nov 1961. Campbell, Lloyd W., and Beck, Glenn A. The FORAST Programming Language for ORDVAC and BRLESC. Aberdeen Proving Ground: BRL R-1172, Aug 1962. Vinti, John P., and Kravitz, Sidney. Tables for the Pidduck-Kent Aberdeen Special Solution for the Motion of the Powder Gas in a Gun. Proving Ground: BRL R-693, Jan 1949. Love, A. E. H., and Pidduck, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. 222: F. B. The Lagrange Ballistic Problem. 167, London, 1923.

4.

5.

6.

7. 8.

Kent, 11.H. Some Special Solutions for the Motion of the Powder Gas. Physics, VII, No. 9: 319, 1936. Frankle, Jerome M., and Hudson, James R. Propellant Surface Area Calculations for Interior Ballistic Systems. Aberdeen Proving Ground: BRL M-1187, Jan 1959. Frankle, Jerome M. Special Interior Ballistic Tests of llgm XM378 Slug Rounds. Aberdeen Proving Ground: BRL M-1266, May 1960 (Confidential). Baer, Paul G., and. Frankle, Jerome M. Reduction of Interior Ballistic Data from Artillery Weapons by High-Speed Digital Computer. Aberdeen Proving Ground: BEL M-ll48, Jun 1958. Gill, S. Runge-Kutta-Gill Numerical Procedure for Solving Systems Proceedings of thp. of First Order Ordinary Differential Equations. 96, Jan 1951. Cambridge Philosophical Society, 7, Part I: Hitchcock, Henry P. Tables for Interior Ballistics. Aberdeen Proving Ground: BRL R-993, Sep 1956 and BRL TN-]298, Feb 1960. Taylor, W. C., and Yagi, F. A Method for Computing Interior Ballistic Trajectories in Guns for Charges of Arbitrarily Varying Burning Surface. Aberdeen Proving Ground: BRL R-1125, Feb 1961.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13. 14.

31

15.

Strittmater, R. C. A Single Chart System of Interior Ballistics. Aberdeen Proving Ground: BRL R-1126, Mar 1961. Scarborough, James B. Numerical Mathematical Analysis. The Johns Hopkins Press, 2nd ed., 1950. Baltimore:

16.

17.

Tables of Computed Thermodynamic Baer, Paul G., and Bryson, Kenneth R. Aberdeen Proving Ground: Properties of Military Gun Propellants.

BEL M-1338, Mar 1961.

18. Numerical Calculus. Milne, William Edmund. Princeton University Press, 1949. Princeton, New Jersey:

32

APPENDICES

A. B. C.

FORM FUNCTION EQUATIONS COMPUTATION ROUTINE INPUT AND OUTPUT DATA

D.

COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENTAL AND PREDICTED

PERFORMANCE FOR TYPICAL 105MM HOWITZER FIRING

33

APPENDJJ

Form Function Equati~ons

FORM FCTION EQUATIONS

Geometrical Equations 1. Initial Volume of a Propellant Grain V (D 2

id

)L

(A-i)

where:

V = volume of an unburned propellant grain, in.

Di = outside diameter of grain, in. Ni -- number of perforations, dimensionless d, - diameter of perforation, in. Li = length of grain, in. 2. Volume of a Partially Burned Propellant Grain

Vg(l - zi)

[(Di-

ui

)2-

Ni (d

+ u)2]

(Li - ui)

(A-2)

where: zi = mass-fraction of i th propellant burned at a given time, dimensionless u

=

two times the distance each surface has receded at a given time, in.

3.

Initial Surface Area of a Propellant Grain

8

g gi '

(Dn +Nidi)

1i

Dr
(Li) +

22

12 NId
ii]

(A-3)

where: 1.

= surface area of an unburned propellant grain, In.2

Surface Area of a Partially Burned Propellant Grain

2 (D -u )

N (dei)

where:

surface area of partially b~rued I th propellant grain at a given time, in.

37

Equations for Newton-Raphson Method* for Finding Approxiate Values of

the Real Roots of a Numerical Equation
1. Rearrange Equation (A-2) to set f(u 1 0:

i2 f(U)
1 (N:Ll) u13-

[L(N,-l)

2(D+Nidi)] u ud1

2L D
2

Nid)
2

+ (D12

+ Li (Dn

- Nd

)}

Vg

(lzi)

(A-5)

2.

Differentiate Equation (A-5) with respect to u

f, (u ) =

{3(N -)u 2

-2

[L

(cN-1 - 2 (Di.+ Nid )] u,

[2L(Di+N:Ld [

(Dj 1-

Nidi 2)]}1

(A-6)
then:

3.

The value of the root of Equation (A-2) is f(ui) U.i+ 1

-"

fu(u
ui+1 = the improved value of the root, where the first estimate of the root is ui.

(A-7)

where:

Procedure 1. For each propellant, determine z i by integration of Equation (29). 0). In the

initial calculation of each zi, Equation (A-3) Si (Si= Sgi when u

=

is used to compute each

For subsequent calculations of each zi, Equation

(A-4) is used with ui determined as described below.

See Reference (16) for a discussion of this method.

S3 8

2.

The zi's obtained from Equation (29) are used to compute the ui's from Equation (A-7) and then the new Sits are computed from Equation (A-4). In the initial calculation of ui, the first estimate of its value is zero. With u

Equation (A-7) is used to calculate the improved value, u

as the estimate, Equation (A-7) is used again to calculate a further-improved value, ui+2. This procedure is continued until the improvement is less than

10- inch.

39

APPENDIX B Computation Routine Generalized Flow Diagram VMST Listing

1. 2.

'I1]

UU
C2 ON a WW

~~JAj CL L
=air CLC E

r-j2 1I' CciC

LLJcip

C.),a

=3 c

Interior Ba11hatice Program for Guns 1"ORAST LISTING A I2Y,7l~ -Tsijn-uj5)St 1)-5

8LOCUoi-o7)Cl-CS)F1-F 5GAt-CAiACOVI.-Co)V0ToI-TO5)RHqU1-RHO5)ETI-BET5) ('ON1AL.P1-ALP5)1)Ii-US (DPi DP5)iLI L5)NPI-~,)C CP)CIH5 INTF.R(A %4F.ADNANI )1.i)% READ-FURmAT(Ui)"(WP)XM)VU)AP)PFi Dflj)PPmAX)% RFEhD-Fut)MAT(O2

O000 00061

Al

8!

Bill. B2 82.1
-

-( DT)NI.)I(V)KX)D)EVP)% SET(J=O0 91 PrAD-FURMAT(Ot)-(XCi,,J)PRlJ)% COliNTr90oHN(Jh3OTOc9l.l)% -in FNITEP(!NTE(GEk)N!)N)%SETI *J=L)% INTCNC.Pr-2*N)% 001i kEAD-F'-MAT(Ot)-(Ct,J)F.,dJIQAI,J)CflV1.J)TO1.J)PHOIJ2)1 IP v X)-4mt4 j;xi.j 2-(RETI J)ALIJI,J)DI ,!)r'Pl J)Ll ,J)NF'1,J)% 10121 COIIN-T( ,NJ INC.j)(TO(hR2lFT(J=On 0013 EN7ER(A.PlJNCH) AN1)l )% EN1FR(A.PLUN(H)AN89)i2% 141~
FNrFh(A.PuJNCH)AN9)j)%I

PilNC,..VO0rMAIIt))-(j )CWF)XM)VUJAP)D)FILPF)PPmAO)<&E ENTEk(A.PLJjjCtl)A149)j)% E:NIFERA.PliNCH)AN-1 7)j COOINI ( N~) IN(,J)GUl 0(86)% SFTCJ~li)% ENTFk(A.PUNCN)AN892 1)%
83.1 ENrEHCA.?lljhCHAN.3:)Ill P -- V0RMAT(05)-< CO;WNi.N)TN(j)rUTOCB3.j)% EN Ew(A .PUNCH)AN4IA ') Ft~~-O,4T )<>(C, CO')NlC20 1NCJ)G O'O3.?)% SETcjx~u)% .j T) PI LJ)1. N P I, i) j<> VFTFR(A.PUNCII)ANF,9)-2) X

16 17J 19d
20

21)
22

23
H,J)<A>% 24

93.2

94 84.1

SET(jmO)q. FNTEPCA.PUNCH)AN69)1L% E jC l)AN!p7)21 SFT (Sw P = 8 19 ,P 2 n)5T UC Km83 82. 5) PU,'jC~1-FOR4AT(07)-<I>CDT)NU)KV)KX)FVP)rfl(A>% PuICj'A-lACI:8Cl/TGIlxCrT=F1.CT/TOl% FVM=EVP.12% RCI.,JFI ,j*C I I AI, J-uAI AC I, JaACI I/Tflt ,j % CCI #J2F I, J C I.J COmT71"r,j%
HCI ,JU?'I.1,j(Dn j4.NP1,.Jsi1Pi,,J)+Cp1,J..?-NPl,J*flP1 .U*2)s

25 26 27 0035 0J66 0037

0039

____GC,lJwIlI..JNP1,J-1.)-C[.I,J+NP1,JiflP1.j)%

0040
0042 004,1 04

JCI .I3 # 416 *IC I-J/ 4F(,'UN Tc ,N ) IN (J ) Gf) T0 4. 1 TISEf (j 0 U) 85CT:0%TP1fI ____ __ 'rP cc j, * A1,j+T F I% CT =U I,J+C T % C 01iINTC.N ICJ0TC9-.1

GAPnIP1 /C'%5T(,J:Ol)%('F:QAP/(CQAP-1 FP:CT/FP EPI =1+E.PDELIfTPI./(CfA-1)%TIF2:i/Cc 2*TP1 .3j/nEL.C2,TPi*2),EpI%

MCDW*TDLT'=UAWA*B./P

00451 00 4 6j
0047

kEPffFXP(GCAF*LOGCI-TP2)% TP~uEXP(1.5#1.oG.(Dfl%
____C0NT(n,))% ____-

TFP2uEXPC2.1?b*LOG

004S
0049

-P3 3fF-PPT-8 -T5 *L-OG CT-)) TP4*CIt.J*TO1,J.TP4%_COuNJT(,N)jNUJ)GOTn(B5.2)% SETC~jxo)x HCI (.3P 1-2 0 P ( A+ U/ A FF V (TP-4/-C7129 8,)(( -n6* /T 3 P P CONTFEVm* *2)% ppLEAIRC7)NGS,AT(KI)% CrEAHC(7-NOS,ATcYJi% CLFAR(7)NOSATCQi2N 56 7

00nn
0cusp 00 00D4 0056 0057 0059
6

8s.2

86.1 81.2 67.1

CLEAkd5)NOS.ATtflJ)% XLST=OX PRLST~fl% Y3,Ju1.1% COUNTC5)IN(,J)(AOTO(86.13% SFT(Jnn2% Y3.jJOD COUNT(N~NCJ)QOGU96.2)% SFThJ~nfl005 lF~-I0TtNsl)8lOTn(B7,b)% SET(W3mPF?3 .1 !P'-lNT( Nx2flOTO(b7.6)% SET(SW42flA3.1.)% IF-lNT(Na3)QOTO(b7.7)% SET(SW~mDR3.i )% IF-!NT(N24-)3OTO187.8)I bE' (5W6KDR3,12% GOTO(81%

Cuot 0062

145

87. 7

SF(wz14ERAG.fTfltM)%

0flA

87,8 88 Ba*li

SET(SW6mB14)NGOT0(88)1 T P tou %00 SET( Jan1 X C;OuNTCPN)IN(4)GQTOC98.1)% TPiDC I J**rP1IPT=CI**1/(VO-TP1)% SF.T(Sw~c.ij5)SIW8=Rji.5)% PmA~uPT1 ENTE[R.RK.G.)DT),N)R9)y1)K1)01)% GnfTflC,Swl)% Y3:lKicAj151 OWRI.:fl%,j3:U1SFT(Sw1.1:81O)Jxfl)%GOTU(DRS. lI sI)G T ()I) IF 4 = r T~i 1)A F (q lI Y4tK=X~ORnjzXE(wl~lJlDnW) Y5'1S=i~r~IS~L.-I01SFT(SW11ufI21 2)Jr.PGOTO(n~) IF(Y7>=1)GQTr1(HI.1)'5 T(SW11=R41uSi~jI1GDOo(nR1)% I1x

0066 0068 0069 007n 7P7 007,4 74 Ws41 0079 b1 0081 00 Fq2 008x 06 0085 00861 00871 0o O8 009n 0092 0093 009 109Rj*K*+X*j U4 ~
9_____________________

89.1 sin B10.1 * B.i 1.

812_

Si.j B 814 *814.1 8 144.2 B1.4.3 *814.4 814.5 DR1

0R3
* R3.j. DR4

Y7IKaS ~ %17DSTSW1=1MI4)J:4)%GflTOC ,Sw6% ~ SE7(,j~f.;TP~xO% TP 12D(1uI-,,j( -Y ,J FC I, J 0Y 3, J *T PIr)1f N T N IN Ja 0T0 (14 1 1 1 VC=V(,'AP#XI-TPI17E(J30)1TPIRSCI1 TP IvC I joy 3, j+TP 11C('N IC .N) IN ( J)GOT 0 ( 914 2) S cA)%ELCL_ TP2:ACI,J)*r3,j.TI1CUUNT(,IN)IN(~J)OTC(Rt4.3)% SFTc(,r=f %'TMPc(Tfl~-ALP)/TPPITP1 uCtJ% TPImC.CI J# Y3, J+7 P %C(JUN I ,tI N N ) GOT n (HI4 .4 SF~TCJmfQPTATFMP*TPj/VC% GOTO(#SW8u5 ENTER(P.lK.GD~t R =T EPIAPIjLOq(TIO~tl,)H=r ~ulii H3 =HUI , JX14 aI C1 , J1H5:JCI .i(IlY3 ,J)%H6 =I t, J1)I7 ml,J% tiu p .% 9 N iJ m (D I j M l~ l,-G Y (sM )
I3SaR /DC1.pj% GTO(.SwltU1 P8=PT/FPI1PRH=HiB/EF'?% K~uAiW(P-PWK~t1%xty2%0097 1FcXT<XCO)GpOr(uJR5r% PNuPR420% GOTOMDRQ

logs 0096 0(199 01lun 00984 0099 01110 0101 0102 1031 1103 21113 0104
0105

DR~
DR9 815 815.1 816 816.1 817 M1.1
817.2

ENE(*.NX)H)C~N)U3

1)%

817.3 818 si;.i 818.2

DELX2 'WRIN" SUxPR.PRLST% INTPRO( ELX5~ )j2.7NTPRXLSTzX1%PRLSTxPR% AL.Ps mr:TI)*K2*.?/77?,8h'AP4INrPR.*MfrL$K2$*2% aOTOC RI4. 5)1 IF (P <PC)ROT0(R1b.t)% SET(SW8=DR4,SW1w8j6)% PRuT P8T 1"F,(YNI)>0),G"OTO(81711F (Y3:1u)ANt1CY4>:1IAND(Y5)zijAND(Y6>u1) CONTAND(Y7>n1)GoTu(816.1)IGIJTO(117)% SET(STUCKsH22)% XF=X1/12%V=-Y1./i2%AF:KI/12%SETc(3 j Scfl DC?1,j:I{3TJTC1.J1CrWJT(, )!N(J)Q ?0(R17.1SI)NtT(Jeouo STSj$x~iT.)N()OO872%E(vI IFCP3R<PPMAX)tiUTU(PjY.3)% ENTEfR(A.IiJNrH)AN73)1) GO9T0(NEWR'i~E 1F(PMAX>P8R)G0TO(818)1 PMAXRPBPS XPMAXzXIS TPMAXOTS GOO7(,S.WP)%I) r~(A.IUNOM)AN1)1)% ENTER( 4. PQ-WrH)AN139f) I)XTMuTs1000I PUNC?-F'0R'AT(0A)(1I>(Tm)XIIP8R)PTIPS)ViAF )<A>% PUNCH-F0RMAT(0fg)-(1(TM)XI)XP )TEtIP)VC)PR)ST)<A>E C~iuNT(,NI!NtJIGOTO(BJ6.31%

0106 1106 107 10og 1la 111 112

SET(Jto)% I46

2112.

818.5

0EtWE.'OTUC.STUCK)jo

4112'
T=B .0114
015 n1111 1117

* 821

EFNTER(kK.Gjl)% V~~(X-IS)VVS)/X-IS)-v.TLT
PRMAX=:Xm-xIST)CPB-PMiLSTI/(XT-.XilW)pBT

011.6 11.8 119

TPMAX=TPMAX*104IIY, ENTER(A ,PUiNCH )AN89 )t I NTFH (A .PI!Nr:H) A N81 )I) PIJNCH-FORMAT(03i1) -1,>(VMAX)PMAX )XPMAY)pMAx)pBM4Ax)<h>s 822 E.INTER(A.PUNCM)ANb9) 1)%ENfT
fi% VMAX: Ii XP MMAX Zn%~T MAX: TP AX * I tJ PiiNCH-FOMMAT(Oll) -<1)( VMAX)PMAX)XPMiAY)TPMAX)PBMAX)<A>% NEWAN Gr)TOU41_)%

(A.PjUIqCHAN97)1)%ENTERg A.PUNCMl)AN81)12!I 120

122 01V7 0129 0136 0131 0130

12__________________

QAM2 ._______ i~ FF2 FF2 .1 FF3 FFs.1

TI=HU7

2ZA.C

lL=.7854(UO**3*M3-1100**~..2.MPUr),N34N,)-HSl~a
FPiU .7iiS(4C*1;O*.2.Hl-2,UCJ*H2-H3)% U01 ZL,U-F!J/FPLJ5 IF-AfjS((ujol-Uo(:&.(oI oo)GOTO(FF4)zhiO2Lciolx __rO I fGAMP) 9

FF4 01

Sp*3.1416H(H6-110)CH7-U0+H9J(fl8+jA).*71..;J-.5*H9 FORM(li'-3 0)1-7)

0133

02
03 06 08 09 CO00TI2-5-9-10)
01-FQPI1--8)31 -83;)) 2 2 ',- 3)l

132 163 164--)27--

FORM(C3-2fl)12-3-K)3-1I )12-5-7-sp)16 FORMC 124 3-)1 21P-3-8)12-) 3-61.) 2-f)-i

?,12 -6b-5 ) 12-5-9)-17) 3P.5

)3-;J;-$9-201

138 1139 1 - j 1944n 1140 141 142 014 F

CONT12-4-1o-9)
4-9 )3-1~ IP68

Oil 8
I

IF0Hm(t?-58 )3-n )12-6-8 3-4 )1.2-3-8 ) 4-2 )1 ?-;)-7)S-3 I126-9-04) ENDl n010(811% 10S MM HOWTTt2EI RD 765 1Pg1~~!1L HA~R HORE AREA $ SS PRESS MAX rujN PRF.SSuRr
MI PROPFLLANTA

I. CHANGE 1 BETA

F0kCE ALPHA

G~AMMA rC0vUl-jME F'LAME TrmP DENSITY ;j.D. GkAJN 014. PEHF GR.IFNGTH NO. PERF.
R-FESIST6NCE

A A
Ai

2.

PROJ. TRAVEL

PRFSSURVF

a
A A A 1 2
3

MISCELL.ANEOUS Of NO. PFAOP. KV KX EST, MI)?. VEL. DIAMETER IP GHWAER THAN DESIREA MAY PRESSUREA IMUZZLE vEL , MAX.PRESSUFIE X AT PMAX T AT PMAX MijZ PRESSURE 1 I

1PRU.JECTILE 3.a
.0429 St. 1152CU0. I1J3. 1.2S 13.77 20 u0,

STOPPF.I,'6

460n. 4o134

3.024 1500.

50000.

1-03 .0 J
.u

2. 450U.
45011. 4500.j, 450u.

.20
35

7_______________

.50

4500l.8

47

3:n Q

I___

2.00 3.5U 4.00 4.25 4.5U 5 .00 *5.25 5 I 6n.u 30,01)

.U n,i A 4500. 45Ll'

0l
10 I. 12 2.2 2.3 2.4 I 16 17 I. 2p 22 23 24 25 26 27

28011
?6011. 235V'. t901Q0. ,1.6 5 . 14 40V. 100O!! 1000.
oo~l'.L,1-

*40

, D1

'

50,00 60.1)0 *i3325 W,079-03 2.1356 .5079-0a PROB

1.011. i n 0U ,2 A4 367(1150 . .04/8 .8497 3A7Lu150, t.764 .8497 .1344

31,08 .0194 321 ,O .0142

2 33 1. .2453 24,33. .3,?7

n567 1.

.o567
7.

*1

ii

I[ It

'

APPENDIX C Input and Output Data 1. 2. Input Data Output Data Sample of Output Format

3.

I4

1.

INPUT DATA Prog'am Units Symbol

Gun Constants Weight of Projectile Length of Gun Tube Empty Volume of Chamber Cross-sectional Area of Bore Shot-Start Pressure Pidduck-Kent Constant Resistive Pressures Travel of Projectile Corresponding to each of 20 Resistive Pressures Diameter of Bore Propellant Physical Constants Weights of Propellants Weight of Igniter Densities of Propellants Outside Diameter of Propellant Grains Diameter of Propellant Perforations lb lb lb/in. 3 in. in. Cl,J CI RHO1,J DlJ DPI,9J lb in. in. in. psi dimensionless psi in. in.
3 2

WP XM Vo AP PE DEL PRI XCl,J D

Length of Propellant Grains

Number of Perforations per Grain Number of Propellants Propellant Thermodynamic CuxiLaeuLbx Forces of Propellants Force of Igniter

in.
dimensionless dimensionless

LlpJ
NPlJ Nil

in.-lb/lb in.-lb/lb

FI, J FI

See Reference (17) for these data. 51

Units Ratios of Specific. Heats of Propellants dimensionless

Program Symbl GA1,J

Ratio of Specific Heats of Igniter

Covolumes of Propellants Adiabatic Flame Temperatures of Propellants Adiabatic Flame Temperature of Igniter Burning Rate Coefficients

dimensionless
in. 3/ib OoKl, X

GAI
COVl,J J TOI

sec

1nBET1 i psic

Burning Rate Exponents (ats)

Burning Rate Velocity Coefficient

dimensionless
in.

ALPIJ
KV

sec In./sec
Burning Rate Displacement Coefficient in. see-in. KX

Miscellaneous Constants Time Interval Estimated Muzzle Velocity Maximum Allowable Breech Pressure sec ft /sec psi DT EVP PPMAX

52

-~

--

2. Identifying Data The complete list the computation.

OUTPUT DATA

of input data is printed out to permanently identify

Units Trajectory Data Time Travel of Projectile Travel of Projectile Breech Pressure Space-mean Pressure Base Pressure Velocity of Projectile Acceleration of Projectile Temperature of Propellant Gas Volume behind Projectile available for Propellant Gas Resistive Pressure Total Surface Area of Propellants millisec in. ft psi psi psi ft/sec ft/sec2
0

Program Symbol

XI XF PBR PT PB V AF TEMP
3

in. psi in. 2

VC PR ST

Mass-fractions of Propellants Burned

Mass Burning Rates of Propellants

dimensionless
lb/sec

Y31J
DCZ1J

Linear Burning Rates of Propellants

in./sec.

R1,J
Sli,J

Surface Areas of Propellants

in. 2

5L

Unit p
Summary Data Muzzle Velocity Maximum Breech Pressure Travel at Maximum Breech Pressure Time at Maximum Breech Pressure Muzzle Pressure (Base of Projectile) ft/sec psi in. sec psi

Program

Symbol.

VMAX PMAX XPMAX TPMAX PBMAX

54

iII

i'-.,

OUTPUT FORMAT

pROJ. WT. 33.00o(00

RkRRI
81#uOooo

rANAMRER BEIRF AREA 356..0uoo 13.77000

P-K 3.n240n

SS

PANGS MAX RlIUNPPESIRE 4600. 50000.

CHARGE .04290 g66250 2,16560 BETA

FORCE 1152000. 6670150. 3670150. ALPMA

GAMMA 1.2500 1.,64u 1.26411 OD,

ml PROPELLANT COVOLtME FLAMF TFF4P 200. 31.080 24,33.t 31.060 2433.

OFNSITy IGNITER .067g0

.056700
NO. PERF. 1, 7.

oooS(709
,000o079

.8497

.8497

GRAIN UIA. PERF GR.LFNATH .(1476 .0194 .245_ .1344 .0142 .3127 RESISTANCE

PRO J.

TRAVEL .0U0 .100 .200 .350 .5uO 1.000 2 .UU0 3.500 4.0O0 4.26 2!0 4.bO 5.000 5.2 O

PRESSuRE 4500. 45011. 4500. 450n, 450n. 4500, 4509. 45500 2800.
_0_i_

235f) 1900. 1650.

5.5o0
6.000

1400o
1000o

3o0.000
30.000 40.000

1000.
1000, 1000.

so . 000 60,000
DT .0001o Nb. PROP. 2. KV o.0UoCUo KX .0000000

10011. lOo

SMISCELLANEOUS

EST. ,

MUZ. 150

VFL.

DIAMETER 4.1340

55

1-14 04M IIoOITZER

AD B65

nA.I0 nnFv JC..fflPt.

TM'.1Qon
1Tb.1i)1 ii(n

"10,o00 o
.2000 ,200 O .20O0 .2u0O
.3S000

5'iQlAn P~y1 AQ.A PRO Via A Vn n0 ARw n A O *4 740IS.93 P!0 XV'O.Oo0)YFoOUUUo020 5S.?5 .VC,104,247 .. flfll DC0I. 9,Ant 121%,102 r I AAI.AA x?'.i~fh n n 2.*2357,l0 9Z%.IO -.*Z10,3618 '0o 41,0006 xfl.O D0Oo 6100 ,000
1101) Q0. .

651.34 .nno0 U0032

loo3 756.33

651..34 n97,81 10.945

15,533

651.34 1n4.117 .116

.1t6 756,A3 104.072

.00 ,n 1661.,54
3o.1 ,o4 .00 .0 '661, P

0000 401-9.58

756.33

a.0 n

soo00
-_______

.000
IM

.0060
.1)051 u022 875,66 .00Q0 .0073
.o0 l 1 0 .97 .000, .0fl98

2137.31
12.444 17,671 875.66 e7d.18 14,112
20.,055 1010.97 2202.89 1!,96A

4020.31

.3-00 .4000 .4ooo .4000

.40110 Suuon .5000 ,SOL0

,000 .1000 .000 .000

O.. n( ., 0 ,110o ,rion

.13? .132 875.66 n4A.0'6 .151

. 6, Inin.g7 103.975 .170

2359.10 .00 o0 1660.82

P36n.31 .no .0 16hn.39

D000o1 4021.14

.noon
4022.07

s5uo0 .6(jo0 .60o0 .60U0

.6U0Q

1000 o00 ,00QU .0011

.0041 1164.02 ,GDUU .0126 ocs3

22.706 1164.02 229.89 16.015 2!.648

.170 lt64.0P 103.917 .191 .191 1336.74 103.85a1 .216 .P16 1531 .P6 W03.777 6242 .24; 1749.A9 1$3.695 .272 .27? 1995.16 1n3.0np .304 .304
?269.85

2361.68 .00 .0 1659.91

R36A322

.0000 4023.13

I n0t0

7Uo0 .7000 .tUOLA .7ou0 ,Sur(0 .8000 .8000 B01Ja ,9000 .9o0o .0g. .9000 1.0000 100000 1.0000 1.o000 1,u000 1,1000 101000 1.1000
4*See

f)OD ,000 .000 ,u00 o000 .000 .100 .0_. no00 ,IOO 9000 000 .000 1000 .000
#000 ,0a0

1336.74 1336.7A .6000 2253.61 .0158 20,283 2U,907 .0066 1531s26 1531,26 , 0)30 2274,43 .1)193 22.785 .0081 32,51j 1749.89 1i79,89 .000U 229P.69 .0233 2S.542 .60098 36.496 1995.16 1995.16 .0100 2308.72 26,574 .u278 .0%17 40P889
2269.65

.00 0 1659.36' 2364.96 .00 .0 1658,74 R366,91 .00 .0 1658.05 2369.10 .00 .n 1657.28 2371.55
00

.0000 4024.32

.0000 4024.66

.10a0 4027.15

.0000 4020.83

.000 ,000 .000

.0000 ,0326 .Oi3e

2269,8S 2322.79 3 1.9Q 45.729

#,00Q.Q0

In.499 40 .54D

,0 1656.42 2374.28

4030.7c

ist of Output Data for Program Symbols and Units.

56

ji'S

MM

14AV~r6L

*1

2otio

1 5 7li 7)
*UtPUU

11 I

1.2u00
1.2u00 1.2u00 I 1.s3u0 1.3 )(0 a 1 .suOO I.CA Q 1.40oO 1.4utf 1) 1.4000 1.5Utiu I.SuO0 1.5u00 1.5000 1.6u00 1.60(10 1.6000 1.7000 1.7000 1.7000 1.70uU

, (11l) .(,nfl .1.n0 ,UIOC

.11,156 ,0 1.6k 2919.97 . i1445 03 R8 .iil1.70 A 3 02 -3m .o00o ,.. i514 .U217 37?8.2e .0(I0U .05o0 upsu 4?12.09 .0000 ,0286 4728.'68 , .0767 .0326

7 .Ii a ?3S 5.15 &',.5i2 51.055 29i9.9; 39.548 50.911 3302.3m P355.58

P577.01 103.A83 .379 S37 2919.97 .42P

. 00
.0

*p

4032.78

i6sS.46
2J317.62 .00 1654.38 .0000

.(C, (12 .0(11

.100

.nO) i0 .000 .1100) .000 .000 11100 .000 .boo .000 .000 ,tu .000 .000
.1100o

33'i2.All 103.112

4,5.918
6S.344 3728.28 2s64.0 0 48.690 70.407 42U2.09 1371.43 78.156 4t2a.68 1 8 59.574 86.655

.469
.469 378.P8 1.QJ QA .526 syn 4n2 .09 1OP.777 7,s7 47P8.69 1a? p l .637 .637

.00 .0 1651.19 2684.46 .00 t0 1651.87 2389,62 .u0 .0 2393. 3

.oflflr 4037.66

.Ou0a 4040.50

.0000 4043.64

.00 .0 1648.79 2398.32

D0000 4047.11

I'auu0

5384.73
,O00O .UB76 .u371 6040.79

561P.49
?38S.69 685.753 95.972 5959.75

5169.10D
10.30P .704 .704 5798.99 .777 .777

1.49
4500.0 1647.00 2403.93 2.7? 1645.03 241n.11

13990.2D31
4050.93

S1.8000
1.80uo 1.9u00

1,8000

.000 .000 .000 .004 .1 04 .004 .604

17452.175

1.9J00
I.g900 1.9000 2,0go0 700OO0 2.0000 2.0000 2.1000
_2.11DO0

.0003
.0983 .0420 6765.89 .0-00

238b.72
72.457 106.156 6675.12 2393.04 79.730 117.296 7463.83 2396.65 84.594 129.452 8330.73 2399.6 5

102.1 4500.0 2

4055.14

.('09
.(09 .1109 .1109 .016 ,016 .u16 .016

6494.96 4.94 101.946 4500.0

26804.618
4059.76

.ilos
.0474 7565.33 ,U004 .145 .u534 8444.01 .0024

.856
.856

1642.85
2416.91 37115i.875 4064.83

2.luuo 2.1000

7262.38 8.08 101t739 4500.p .942 1640.46 .942 2424.37

2,2000

.(;28
.028 .02R

2-2000
2.2000

8105.88
-6 -056

12,30 4500.0

48449.250'
4070.38

Mo.n0O

.028

.1395 .O600

96.069 142.686

I.f35 1.065

1637.R3 2432.55

57

e.ihf -son Li s I)u o i.3uU0 2.41JUO ,4u 00 P.,4000

1 46
,;.46 1 i ,o7. . 71

?H .ifll[1 94 i,6 19 .) 4 e 4,1 " 0 t113 ,1A7 2 1j4A 5 ,Onb5 .174U ? .,J 1.15 q' 1 1.5t/. 0 5

9029-

(i

7.7 a

01 10 . 1 ,14 I.110

1 ) 45)10. n
;2441,50 p4,:3 450Uj . 1631 .78
14,5 1.8

60l59.5j6A_____ 4DI .44

2.40110
2,50,O

.071
.101) *ul .105

1 iiS 4 , 9 4 e.4j . t 1.4,896 591 .!,t

.1 .d .S7 , 59

,,4 C I ni ,;32n 1.4?

74389.969 4uS3.05

1 .,,C?
ft9 11 1 8,J q 1 .S7

A m 46 1620l .32

89 ohA , 99?'

2.0U0
?.50U0

.
-

?oU3.7 n , ,o 0.bb 41 409,,A.6 .,i9'IU

1]2.tu. 21 :5 :5)1 2 1'6(j
* 1;2o.7

on. fn,.44 45 6.24

4,7

2.6uuo 2.6L'00 2 .60 0

,151 .1 5n ,1 I1

, 4,4; SA .A,'14 1.4b . 1 17

4?.2 123 6.,Q .. 4!)on.n , 1b?4 .55 1. 47P

04894.80 4098.04

2 .6uui0

i.15ij
, .n , ,.-0/ .0i1
.O,7T

i9,6

k,7U!)0
2.7uuo

__ _ _!_ 9 . v44,6
;e n I/ Ynl .7sLe .1043

y . Q 4 13.SP_ ,
44i

__
06
1

247A.48
.1 i6 8, #6.

___________
1 21848.41 41.t)6. 47

5"1. 2 oo. 45o, 1o2n4.0 24146.()l 66.19

4SIhl1.l

2L7,O0

1.4

. 12 6, 1)

2.7iioo
2,8000

P20 - 53?

ni .579 I , *AA7 1 :.AtP? 14gi9.7'

2,ROO
B.uon
2,81)O g 2.9U L.9uuO 2,90(la 2.,9000 3.0o00 6nDuo S. Idfin
3 .0 uu0

,276 .278 ,a711 A_... .666 .6",6 ,.F6; f.73 .,,7A .473
47,

i23 15 1t5'1.6fj -?199,,8. ,,21;32

.. 4Ai

039866.91
4115.55

l1

19A

?6A
, t1Q5

15v. 6;2
2

40.85 4,

1./14P 1/4?

16-1

0-1

2499,55
1 5bR47.2X 4125.S.L

1i 6l. 1 1I_5_..=_ d496.46 vO 7 , 96 f.A, 26b~ .. 448 u , 085.?7,6o .n.494 .. 4196 t2i.ihR. 95 ?391.9Q4

8o.93 1P6A9 ,2 ln,,."1 45111.0 ___ ._ _, 1_l 19 .l. Rs? 2514,1.2 1 . fii;) 1,77(5.3:4 1nA.i? 2,p7
7

141

1A4.593 1 .iL729.6'Z'2

Q7.50 4500.0 1A Its .01

178638.5' 4135.7S

2529 75
.0 1990386 4146.. 7

S4,000
3.1000

j o o S.,I

63luuo vu S.10 3 . 2 u 5O
_S62000

.601 .I'.1 602. ,6,1

19849..17 2 119.3 p = 1 ofl ? .0.)16,u . () 19/, .368 .65,8

.1561
---- 2
,3a0 .. ,

1,4.984

116.P0 19313,6, 5'.1, 45n0.0 1600.43 2 17.5 7546.44 i 2.175

-,
*flA ti
4

-- 1-

-% :W5 .,2P.4

A. . s5
l.2, :p3

,75,1 ,75A ,/56 ,9.41 .931 ,931

?379. 19 0,0n40

450n. 0 l94,.,7 15

136.82

21,9793.76 41 8.66

1/. 7 S1 h

P504.10

,3.S 0 O0 66,3uoO
_____,__

3 .8 6 4 ___. . ?3 4____ 9_ e.370.,87 ,n776 R?,,. io6, .41,93 ,18,a 361., O

159.46 .__1_24n;,.& ln16,71ni 45(n, 0 58M.12 P..'471 .. 471 2582.96

P4060 .0

4171,09

3.3.000

I.8
rr

----------

--..--

~---~--~

--

_-------------.:

~m TMM

;;A F. A

AAn76 ID

3.4(100 3.4000 3.5u0o 3 5f0)(10 6.5000 3.50001 3.6n o a 3.68100 S.6UOO 3.6bO0 3.71100 3,71)00 3,7t) oo

1.1A7 1.137 1.376 1 .373 1,676 1.373 . 43 1,643 1,643 1.,64J 1,948 4 1.94s 1 4tb

,a947 e.068 2647B.99

.1144

2861Pj1 386.n0o6 26116.83 A5 A 245,905 409.784

In. .Slo 2.616 25411.94 .Jl-7 2.755 9. 7 S

4500.0 2602.74 21.0.69

4184.12

280976.81

450n. n
1574.29

4197.72

,49 8 -,)A

2693.44
P99793,26 4211.82

2)9,0.86 27 )A.3 . t69 ?A31.9s .530 ?156.407 .2464 43. 8A? 292AU -32 ,1,2 ,S792 28667.4h J,.2jp4,A(, ',)A5 874 4542872 .uoH4.9 8 .198 I (I.o09 o 1*2d .W90g2 p74,108 475.458

P681 ,P39 , 3913 1-3.)7 45011.0 2t!it 1566,8s ?.PF8 V)44,99 2n7 .r81 269.A1 45(n,0 116.1o e 4.,10M 1.559,05 3 n A1 -- ,A 67 .. A

317198.79 4226.35

3 7u00
S.8Uu a u ,S.8O0 3 3 .8BijaO n 3.8 U00 S.90 a S.9000o 3,9u00 3 9 1) 01 4 .0 4.00o01
4______U

1.948
9o/494, 2.294 ),91, ?,91J 2.871 2p..71 2. )1 A, i.92 .jL, ,.(ig2
.i 9d

;6 l

9 7.2,98 119.625 3.117 .117 0UPb6.96 123 '4 5 A . 212 .212

-1aj. u6 45011.0 15is1.97

332954.33 4241.23

2690.26
634,?U 4lp~ S__A___4a_ 154.63 271S.-/5 346472.95 f 1

31549.9T J.J6.67 .222 P? .29 3 7 28L.395 6683 4 .3 35 '1 4 9 .A [) U 3 40U.96 .?77/

./144

4.UuUO u 4.1000

,t9 A,51 b A .t,b5! L)'55

,33/7 S

31995. 5 2776.91. 280.417 511.126

311 .0. 2A 364,50 1P),.RI 4500,0 j..9..55A4,q17 . ,9 2737.63 317cs9,on 3-557 3_457 4103,76 1525.33 2761.77

357836.8 4271.70

3 1.26.? 21H1.8A 3

366805.04

4,10
4.1uji 4 .1U 0

P.96.3 h16 ? ,.66

259.?s
29u.s8 SP _7;6 -.

J32.9'"6 43&,3.8

4281.10

4.2000O
4.2000 4,2uuO 4.2.j00 4.3vuUO 4,.300 4 4.3000 1.30C. 4.4000 4.4400 4.4000 4b40OU

4,06t
4,h61 4,061 4. .61 4.614 4,614 4.61"4

336A4.j7
.j364 .8(l85 1.889 33945.68 .3845 .856

A33413,32
241.04 ?i.o04 538. 02 339.25 ?721.95 293.805 54/.736 33605,99 ,20d.25 293.326 554.8662

322m7,70
138,493 3 4fnA 3.406

44U.69
2710.8 15t645 2786.5

3bbh4D.Q9
4302.49 .....

3258A.45 47;972 144,66 2241.9 3.407 15U7,47 3,' -3 Ls 1. 3

403930,04 4317#80

4.t14
5.213 5.?13 5,;13 S,1S

.4142
3406W. oo .4A44 .9936 ,4016

Ii4

32698.97 1.51,9go 3,452 ,5P

5t9.69 1688,0 1496,44 344

412771,220 4332.93

59

!jlK MIA Wnw.TTTE 55 ,3Q99Yg.4884 +9 s l9 M41.42 .?18.011 91.497

RDn 7f" 420082.1 'irl(46 1097.9 4347.82 !, ,489.41

?8'jh.42

4. 9 0u0

5-HA61

4.SUOO
4 ,50110 4.SU00

5+.V'61

9; ,86 1 5.d461 6.U)58 h..558 6. 558

.467S
. 3:A7Aa.1 .546b .997/

b59.4S0
SS 9.87 2t61.,5 288. 442 561 .5 9 A ?4 '4 i . (
11

32640,4 1lif.i&1n .4, 4 5 3.452 941n0.R4 i'A,16.9n4 3.4,56 3.'46 3 3 5 . rf, ,7 !7fs 1uI. 3. 1,8-0 17A. .3fl; ,A. 1 f,

4.61100 4.61100 4.611100 4.6010 4,700O 4.7o0o 4 77J 0 . 1j -4.7u00 4.8 U 0 4.8uflp 4.8000 4.81100 4.9000 4.9 u0 4.9U00 4 4.91100

A01.76 678 .5 1411(0.40

P8dw. 110

423888.90 4A62.40

6.

'S54

94941
-3r 6 6,' . 8 .611b7 I .l1]111V
*

, f. 7. i0S I, .4 7. 30'0 8.3 I j.jOil 8.100 A, 1 0 8 .9'4 8.Y4? A3.94? 8 .942

642 . 69 374.8

A .42 21 ,6 f9

1j.1

Ist13.99 .000 ... 5b.7114 ,11 3 3 .I1

2'904.82

* U
?9[(4.82

Jl,1 4,6 . 35

68

55

4 0 18 7 .9 2926.94

.6/bu I -10 111t , ,P469 H2 . 3; 74!)P 1. LD.iU t)i ,I ai . t17;4 S 3

II.-',52 . 1(110 _44.75b 29974.7o 4' A , I I.1 531.861

185.Q47 .1 [(1) f h 28_ 3. 2.9 .fP ,96.490l , 1 6.18V

?91)7. , 00 ?92,. 94 .95

3 gig,9 05

r-8 O

446.6
29411.11

2948.17

5 . oil oO
5.no00 5.0100 5.OOfl 5. II [10) 5.1,uo 5. 1uul) 5.1000

Q.bp19
9.1)29 0.829 'v 9.82.9 1[1=.759

6. 2 -2J1 -9,1,91 1 . 1 ((;. (IiO ,5973 8

28819.72
I I)6V. 5.0.326 . 6 27.P 6 . 52

26n4l .A
n 7 .F6 . .(ion 3. F,8; 26 9 P9. r,.4 29,.5114 2.977

757.55
Ah6.7 .00 296A.,51 79?., 17 10no0.0 n 2987.98

368342.96
2968 .51

, 4 .. 9;.8;'

10.759 ln.759
1n.Y59

.8960
U 1.I1(111O 110 11 .Y2bp 29 U9. 0 3

;d 3/.15
.- 011 504.441

2987.98

5.2000
____2_)_u5.21uo

11 .7 29 11.729
I1.7?9

26519, 13
. 0144.97 . i0

.9774
1.50Oito

25.847.9 825.5,2 2.31.916 10130.0

.u on
2.h77

333785.59
3006.61
-JO---

--

,.2u(I0 5.2u1O 5.3000

11.729
12.7139

.64SI 1.0616
1. t .1(82o.59 [110

49u.446
25474.17

. 31106.61 857.08 319601.3)4

5.3100 5 3 u

12.739
12.739

1992,1b
.11000

5.31100

247P6.At' 244.(3Q4 ,(1fn

1000..
.110

3 024.42

-i2 .1'3V1 . TF5-I ,. 78a, 13.785 13.785 14.a68 14.868

-. 66W79 -2476-U4-6 4 1.148H 1 . l0lnj .69.1l J61/4a .1/ 9 1 -2039u 1.11011.U .7117

4 ) -t~
24--?-8.W-04 1.970. 16 .000 46?.666 23424.0 950.9 .I)00 449.1118

,7 7 9

-3024.42
305924.7.7 31141.46

5.4u10 5.4U00 5.4000

"5.4000
SSkiuu
5.5so00 5.50u0 5.5000

37f.8.7.1 3 T 187.50 2 . 4(7 100[u. 0 ,[nor1 ,Ile A041.46 2.,83 22792.:9 277. 461 .000 P.9f 916.62 1.000.0 .00 3057.75

292806.5S 357.7S

14.668
14.e68

60

-.

S.6 S.6 1u 0 5,7 ut, ua

b.7 o[J0 5.807 10 5 . 7Li ) 0

-110

.,

II

(1

s 7,0

1 4,Y o
17

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APPEDIX D Comparison of Experimental and Predicted Performance for Typical 105mm Howitzer Firing

65

1-4441
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Ind)

o'3wrionssud

ma3us

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