02 RC Phase Shift

(A) Phase-Lead

Suppose R  R1  R2  R3
C  C1  C2  C3 Z1
C1 C2 C3
By Thevenin equivalence :
vi vo
vi R1 v sRC R1 R2 R3
vTh1   i
1 sRC  1 vTh1
 R1
sC1
R1 Z2
sC1 R C2 C3
Z1  
1 sRC  1 Z1
 R1
sC1 vTh1 vo
R2 R3
vi sRC
R
vTh1 R2 sRC  1 vi s 2 R2 C 2 vTh2
vTh 2    2 2 2
1 R 1 s R C  3sRC  1
Z1   R2  R
sC2 sRC  1 sC

 1   R 1  C3
 Z1   R2   R
 sC2   sRC  1 sC  2sR 2 C  R Z2
Z2    2 2 2
1 R 1 s R C  3sRC  1 vTh2 vo
Z1   R2  R R3
sC2 sRC  1 sC

vi s 2 R 2 C 2
R
vTh 2 R3 s 2 2 2
R C  3 sRC  1
vo  
1 2sR2 C  R 1
Z2   R3  R
sC3 s R C  3sRC  1 sC
2 2 2

vi s3 R3C 3

(2sR 2 C  R) sC  s 2 R2 C 2  3sRC  1  sRC (s 2 R2 C 2  3sRC  1)
vi s3 R3C 3
 3 3 3
s R C  6s 2 R2 C 2  5sRC  1

1
RC Phase Shift
Detailed expression:

 
 vR 
 i 1  R2
 1 R 
 sC 1 
 1  R3
 R1 
vTh1 R2  sC   1 
R3  1   R2 
 1   1   sC2 
Z1  
sC
 R2   sC  R1 
vo   2    1 
 1   R1 
 Z1   R2  sC 1 
 sC2   1  
  R3 
1
 R2
 1   sC3   1  R sC2 
 Z1    R2  sC
 1
1 
  1 
 sC2    R3 
 R1   sC3 
 sC 
1 
 1
  R2
 1  R sC2 
 sC 1 
 1 

vi R3 vi R3
2 2
R  1   1  3R
  R     R2
sC  sC   sC  sC
 
 R 1  2sR2 C  R  1 
   R   R
 sRC  1 sC    1  R   2sRC  1   s RC  sC  R  sC 2 2

 
 R 1   sC 
  R
 sRC  1 sC 
vi s 2 R3C 2
 s 2 R 2 C 2  3sRC  1
2sR 2 C  R 1
 R
s R C  3sRC  1 sC
2 2 2

vi s2 R3C 2
 s 2 R2 C 2  3sRC  1
(2s R C  sRC )  ( s R C  3sRC  1)  (s3 R3C 3  3s 2 R 2 C 2  sRC )
2 2 2 2 2 2

sC  s 2 R2 C 2  3sRC  1
vi s3 R3C 3

s3 R3C 3  6s 2 R 2 C 2  5sRC  1

2
RC Phase Shift
Example:
When R  3k , C  40nF , vi  50 Sin(2000 t )
sRC  j 2    103  3  103  40  109  j 0.753982
 j 0.753982  50
3
s 3 R3C 3vi
vo  3 3 3 
s R C  6 s R C  5sRC  1  j 0.753982   6  j 0.753982 2  5  j 0.753982   1
2 2 2 3

 j 0.428631 50  j 21.43155
 
 j 0.428631  3.410935  j 3.769911  1 2.410935  j 3.341280
21.43155 - 90o
  5.201471 - 215.812727 o
4.120286125.812727 o

z4 z6 z8
Example: z5 z7
C1 C2 C3
When R  3k , C  40nF , vi  50Sin(2000 t )
sC  j 2    103  40  10 9  j 0.2513274m vi vo
R1 R2 R3
1 1
  j 3978.874
sC j 0.2513274m
sRC  j 2    103  3  103  40  109  j 0.753982
sR 2 C  j 2    103  9  106  40  109  j 2261.946711
1
z8   R  3000  j 3978.874  4983.115 - 52.984360o
sC
 1 
  RR
sR 2 C  R 3000  j 2261.946711
z7  R / / z8   
sC
 
 1  2sRC  1 1  j1.507964
  R  R
 sC 
3757.1837.015647 o
  2076.469 -19.434185o
1.80940756.449820o
1
z6   z7  5063.704 - 67.250350o
sC
z5  R / / z6 =2230.371 - 23.966087o
1
z4   z5  5292.962 - 67.352844o
sC
vi z5 z7 0 o   23.96o   19.43o
iz8       =0.001733823144.187274o
z4 z6 z8   67.35   67.25   52.98
o o o

vo  iz8 z8  5.201471144.187274o

3
RC Phase Shift
Example: (Different resistance)
When R  1.6k , C  40nF , vi  50 Sin(2000 t )
sRC  j 2    103  1.6  103  40  109  j 0.402124
 j 0.402124  50
3
s 3 R3C 3vi
vo  3 3 3 
s R C  6 s R C  5sRC  1  j 0.402124   6  j 0.402124 2  5  j 0.402124   1
2 2 2 3

 j 0.065025  50  j 3.25125
 
 j 0.065025  0.970222  j 2.010619  1 0.029778  j1.945594
3.25125 - 90o
  1.670888 -179.123136o
1.94582289.123136 o

(B) Phase-Lag
z4 z6 z8
Suppose R  R1  R2  R3 R1
z5
R2
z7
R3
C  C1  C2  C3
vi C1 C2 C3 vo
1 1
z8  R3   R
sC3 sC
 1  1 1
 R3   R3 
sC3  sC2 sC3 sR3C3  1 sRC  1
z7     2  2 2
C2

R
 3 
1  1
  sR3C 2   1 s R3C2C3  sC2  sC3 s RC  2sC
 sC3  sC2 C3
sR3C3  1 s2 R2 R3C2C3  sR2C2  sR2C3  sR3C3  1
z6  R2  
s 2 R3C2C3  sC2  sC3 s 2 R3C2C3  sC2  sC3
s2 R2C 2  3sRC  1

s 2 RC 2  2sC
s 2 R2 R3C2C3  sR2C2  sR2C3  sR3C3  1 1
s2 R3C2C3  sC2  sC3 sC1
z5  2
s R2 R3C2C3  sR2C2  sR2C3  sR3C3  1 1

s 2 R3C2C3  sC2  sC3 sC1
s2 R2 R3C2C3  sR2C2  sR2C3  sR3C3  1

s3 R2 R3C1C2C3  s2 R2C1C2  s 2 R2C1C3  s2 R3C1C3  s 2 R3C2C3  sC1  sC2  sC3
s2 R2C 2  3sRC  1

s3 R2C 3  4s2 RC 2  3sC
s 2 R2 R3C2C3  sR2C2  sR2C3  sR3C3  1
z4  R1 
s3 R2 R3C1C2C3  s 2 R2C1C2  s 2 R2C1C3  s 2 R3C1C3  s 2 R3C2C3  sC1  sC2  sC3
s3 R3C 3  5s2 R2C 2  6sRC  1

s3 R2C 3  4s 2 RC 2  3sC

4
RC Phase Shift
 vi
z5
z4
z7
z6 1
vo 
z8 sC

vi  s 2 R2C 2  3sRC  1 
 
 s3 R3C 3  5s 2 R 2C 2  6sRC  1   s3 R2C 3  4s 2 RC 2  3sC 
 
 s R C  4s RC  3sC 
3 2 3 2 2
 sRC  1 
 2 2 
 s R C  3sRC  1   s RC  2sC 
2 2 2

 
 s 2 RC 2  2sC   1 
  
 1   sC 
 R  
 sC 

 sRC  1  s2 R2C 2  3sRC  1 vi

 s R C  5s R C  6sRC  1
3 3 3 2 2 2


 s R C  3sRC  1
2 2 2


vi
 sRC  1 s R C  5s R2C 2  6sRC  1
3 3 3 2

Example:
When R  3k , C  40nF , vi  50Sin(2000 t )
sC  j 2   103  40 109  j 0.251327m
sRC  j 2   103  3 103  40 109  j0.753982
s2 RC 2  0.189496m
s2 R2 C 2   j 0.753982  0.568489
2

s3 R2C 3   j 0.142877m
s3 R3C 3   j 0.753982   j0.428631
3

1 1
z8  R   3k   3k  j3.978874k  4.983115k  - 52.984355o
sC j 2   10  40 10
3 9

sRC  1 j 0.753982  1
z7  2 2 
s RC  2sC 0.189496m  j0.502655m
1.25239337.015636o
  2.331387k  - 73.640313o
0.537188m110.655949 o

s2 R2C 2  3sRC  1 0.568489  j 2.261947  1 0.431511  j 2.261947

z6   
s RC  2sC
2 2
0.189496m  j0.502655m 0.537188m110.655949o
2.30273979.199472o
  4.286654k  - 31.456477o
0.537188m110.655949 o

5
RC Phase Shift
 s2 R2 C 2  3sRC  1 0.568489  j 2.261946  1
z5  3 2 3 
s R C  4s RC  3sC  j0.142877m  0.757984m  j 0.753982m
2 2

0.431511  j 2.261946 2.30273879.199465o

   2.365065k  - 61.923937o
0.757984m  j 0.611105m 0.973647m141.123402 o

s3 R3C 3  5s 2 R2C 2  6sRC  1  j 0.428631  2.832446  j 4.523892  1

z4  
s R C  4s RC  3sC
3 2 3 2 2
 j 0.142877m  0.757984m  j 0.753982m

1.832446  j 4.095261 4.486546114.106609o

   4.607980k-27.016793o
0.757984m  j0.611105m 0.973647m141.123402 o

vi 50
vo  
s R C  5s R C  6 sRC  1  j 0.753982   5  j 0.753982 2  6  j 0.753982   1
3 3 3 2
2 2 3

50 50
 
 j 0.428631  2.842446  j 4.523894  1 1.842446  j 4.095263
50
  11.144430 -114.106609o
4.486546114.106609 o

(C) Pspice simulation

(a) Time domain analysis: (Find phase angle in time domain)

6
RC Phase Shift
After magnified by factors: 2.5, 6, and 10

(b) AC sweep analysis: (Find phase angle in frequency domain)

7
RC Phase Shift
Cursor displayed:

See V4 = 45° at f = 915.730 Hz

8
RC Phase Shift
 (c) Lissajous figure

Note: f = 915.730 Hz

vin  50 v  10
 in  2.459 , Note: v5 in program = v4 in Pspice
v5  20.33083 v5  ?

(d) Simply way to get Lissajous figures for two waves having different phases

9
RC Phase Shift
10
RC Phase Shift
(D) Practice step:
(1) Choose a resistor by your group number.
R = R1 = R2 = R3 = 2k + 0.1k  your group number, e.g., R = 2k + 0.1k  18 = 3.8kΩ
(2) Select an available capacitor (you may find it at our laboratory) to see the output phase
shifting is around 180 degrees when the frequency of the input signal is around 1000 Hz.
(3) You may use 02CRPhaseShift.exe program to make sure the second step.
(4) In Pspice, connect circuit as the following diagram and use AC sweep analysis to get four
frequencies, at which the phase angles of v4, v5, and vout are 45°, 90°, 135°, and 180°,
respectively.

(a) Get the probe signal from v4 for phase angle = 45°

11
RC Phase Shift
 Note: f1 = 917.778 Hz

Note: v4 = 20.34057 V

(b) Get the probe signal from v5 for phase angle = 90°

Note: f2 = 1043.2 Hz

Note: v5 = 8.957514 V

12
RC Phase Shift
(c) Get the probe signal from v5 for phase angle = 135°

Note: f3 = 295.919 Hz

Note: v5 = 1.897732 V

(d) Get the probe signal from vout for phase angle = 180°

Note: f4 = 539.326 Hz

13
RC Phase Shift
 Note: vout = 1.721134 V

(5) Draw Lissajous figures by setting different frequencies for vin in Pspice.
(a) f1 = 917.778 Hz and phase angle of v4 = 45°

vin  50 v  10
 in  2.459
v5  20.34057 v5  ?
(b) f2 = 1043.2 Hz and phase angle of v5 = 90°

vin  50 v  10
 in  5.58
v7  8.957514 v7  ?
(c) f3 = 295.919 Hz and phase angle of v5 = 135°

14
RC Phase Shift
 vin  50 v  10
 in  26.35
v7  1.897732 v7  ?

(d) f4 = 539.326 Hz and phase angle of vout = 180°

vin  50 v  10
 in  29.05
vout  1.721134 vout  ?

(6) Layout the circuit as the following diagram on breadboard.

(7) Adjust the frequency of the input signal to get Lissajous figures of all items in the following
table. (Note: You may choose v4, v5, or vout as your real output signal)

15
RC Phase Shift
 Item Phase Amplitude Figure
Reversed
1 45° Same diagonal
ellipse

2 90° Same Circle

Diagonal
3 135° Same
ellipse

4 180° Same Diagonal

(8) Fill in the result table.

(E) Results
Your group number: 0
(1) Expected R = 3 kΩ
(2) Expected C = 40 nF

Magnifying
Item  f (Hz) Program Simulation Experiment
Factor

1 45° f1=917.778 2.459

2 90° f2=1043.2 5.58

3 135° f3=295.919 26.35

4 180° f4=539.326 29.05

(F) Appendix: Pspice simulation procedure

(1) Run Capture CIS Lite
(2) Select new project
(3) Give project name and path: 02RCPhaseShift
(4) Select create a blank project
(5) On Page 1, place Pspice component: Pspice Ground, Resistor, and capacitor
(6) Place Pspice component  Source  Voltage source  Sin
(7) Connect all components by wires
(8) Change components’ values: R = 3 kΩ, C = 40 nF, V1.Offset = 0, V1.Amplitude = 10,
V1.Frequency = 1000
(9) Place power VCC/CAPSYM to the circuit and change its name to Vin
16
RC Phase Shift
 (10) Place power VCC/CAPSYM to the circuit and change its name to Vout
(11) Add V probes to Vin and Vout
(12) Add new simulation profile: 02RCPhaseShift
(13) Edit simulation profile 02RCPhaseShift: Run to time: 6m, Start saving data after: 2m,
and maximum step size: 0.001m
(14) Run Pspice simulation
(15) In SCHEMATIC1: Plot  Axis settings  X-Axis  Axis variable  V(Vin)
(16) In SCHEMATIC1: Trace  Add Trace  V(Vout)

(G) Change the color of the plot in Pspice

(1) Choose the plot

(2) After seeing the white spots, click the right button

(3) Select “Trace Property”

(4) See “Trace Property” window popped out

(5) Change anything you want

(H) Report
(1) E-mail to: jswang@ntut.edu.tw & 學長信箱
(2) Title: 02RCPhaseShift110310199 王振興
(3) File name: 02RCPhaseShift110310199 王振興.docx &
02RCPhaseShift110310199 王振興.pdf
(4) Due day: 23:59, 2022/09/28

17
RC Phase Shift