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Unit 3 Forces
Xavier School Physics IV Terms and Concepts Force a push or pull that one object exerts on another. It produces or tends to produce motion, and stops or tends to stop motion Types of Forces Type of force Contact Force Weight Friction Nature of force Push experienced when two objects are pressed together The gravitational pull of the Earth on an object Type of force that opposes motion; exists between the surfaces of two objects in contact The pull at both ends of a stretched spring, string or rope Example Runners who push against their starting blocks A falling apple Rubbing your hands together

Vector Diagram used to represent a vector quantity; the magnitude is represented by the length and the direction is represented by where the arrowhead is pointed. Drawing a vector diagram steps Step 1 Step 2 Choose an appropriate scale to represent the actual large distance on your tiny paper Note where the direction of the vector should be. Using a protractor, place the actual line at the actual angle. The magnitude of the arrow represents the magnitude of the vector. Draw the line based on the scale chosen on step 1.

Step 3

Adding Scalar Quantities vs Adding Vector Quantities Scalar Addition Simply add or subtract the positive numbers together

Vector Addition Parallel Vectors Forces that do not act at an angle to each other; same straight line Non-Parallel Vectors Forces acting at an angle to each other; not on the same straight line Resultant Vector The single vector that is the result of adding two vectors together. Type of Vector Parallel Vectors Case A Parallel Vectors Case B Parallel Vectors Case C Indications Same/Differing Magnitude, Same Direction Differing Magnitude, Opposite Direction Same Magnitude, Opposite Direction Method Simply Add the magnitude and use a double-headed arrow for the resultant vector (same direction) Simply Subtract the magnitude and use a double-headed arrow for the resultant vector in the direction of the bigger number The resultant force/vector is 0. The object is in a state of equilibrium remains stationary or continues moving with constant speed in a straight line (no change) Parallelogram Method; Tip-toTail Method

Tension

Type of force that opposes motion; found in fluids such as oil or air Push or pull between Lightning electric charges Magnetic Push or pull between Magnets force magnets or magnets on magnetic materials These are types of contact forces that oppose motion. They cause energy loss in the form of thermal energy (heat generation). For example, your skin suffers a burn when you fall down and slide across the gym floor. newton (N) SI unit of force; Force of 1 N is roughly the amount of force the Earths gravity pulls on a 100 g mass. *Note: do not write Newton because this would refer to the famous scientist Sir Isaac Newton and not the SI unit. Scalar quantities physical quantities that have magnitude only, does not concern direction Vector quantities physical quantities that posses both magnitude and direction Scalar quantities Distance, speed, energy, time, volume, density, power Vector quantities Displacement, velocity, force, acceleration

Resistance (also known as viscous force) Electric force

Pulling the rope attached to the boat when wakeboarding The force you feel when swimming

NonParallel Vectors

There are angles

Parallelogram Method Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Using an appropriate scale, represent the two forces using arrows Complete the parallelogram The resultant force is represented by the diagonal of the parallelogram

Free Body Diagrams simple block diagrams with arrows used to represent forces acting on a body

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Tip-to-Tail Method Useful for perpendicular vectors Step 1 Step 2 Using an appropriate scale, draw an arrow to represent on of the two forces first When the arrow ends, draw the next arrow so that the tip or head of the first arrow joins the tail of the second arrow The resultant arrow is found by joining the tips of the heads or tails of the two arrows

Where F is the resultant force (in N); m is the mass of object 2 (in kg) and a = acceleration of object (in m/s ) This equation tells us that: 1. A resultant force F on an object will produce an acceleration a 2. Doubling the force will double the acceleration 3. With the same resultant force, doubling the mass m will halve the acceleration a Weight the force exerted on an object of certain mass m due to gravity W = mg Where w is weight (in kgm/s ), m is mass (in kg) and g is gravity constant (10 m/s2) Newtons Third Law of Motion For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction, and these forces act on mutually opposite bodies Four characteristics of forces from third law of motion: 1. Forces always occur in pairs. Each pair is made up of an action force and a reaction force 2. Action and reaction forces are equal in magnitude 3. Action and reaction forces act in opposite directions 4. Action and reaction forces act on different bodies Friction and Its Effects
2

Step 3

Force and Motion Force can cause: 1. 2. 3. 4. A stationary object to start moving A moving object to increase speed A moving object to decrease speed A moving object to change its direction of motion

Observations: 1. There is always a change in motion 2. Velocity changes with time, which means there is acceleration Therefore: a force can cause an object to accelerate or decelerate Isaac Newton first modern physicist; researched and published the three laws of Motion Summary: Newton First Law of Motion Forces Balanced A 0 m/s2 Movement of object No change in Motion: Object at rest will remain at rest; object in motion will remain in motion at constant velocity Change in Motion: Object at rest will start moving; Object in motion will change its velocity (speed and/or direction)

Friction is the result of surface irregularities between any two surfaces. If no other forces are applied to a moving object, the frictional force will cause the object to slow to a stop. Positive Effects of Friction Needed for walking, running, moving about, rock climbing (grip) and holding a pair of chopsticks Harnessing air resistance (a force) helps skydivers to descend safely using a parachute Used in braking pads and tyres to slow down cars and let them go on slippery surfaces Negative Effects of Friction Causes wear and tear of moving parts in engines, motors and machines because they rub against each othergood thing ball bearings and lubricants were invented to reduce friction between parts Reduces the efficiency of cars by up to 20%. For trains, air cushions (which enable us to separate moving surface with a thin layer of air between them) help them move faster Without wheels, supermarket trolleys would be super heavy. Good thing wheels were invented to overcome friction with just a small force.

Second Law of Motion

Unbalanc ed

Not 0 m/s2

Newtons First Law of Motion (Law of Inertia) Every object will continue in its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line unless a resultant forces acts on it to change its state. Newtons Second Law of Motion When a resultant force acts on an object of constant mass, the object will accelerate and move in the direction of the resultant force. The product of the mass and acceleration of the object is equal to the resultant force. F = ma