LESSON 1Understanding the uses of Pancaran Termion the Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (C.R.

O) (a)Pengertian
The meaning of thermionic emission The emission of electrons from the surface of a heated metal or heated metal cathode. The thermionic emission is a bit like electrons electrons being evaporated off from the hot wire. The mechanism of thermionic emission

thermal electrons at the much lower temperature of 1 300 K and will still emit some electrons at 1 000 K. Factors that affect the rate of thermionic emission (1) Surface area of the cathode As the surface area of the cathode increases the rate of thermionic emission increases (2) Temperature of the cathode As the temperature of the cathode increases the rate of thermionic emission increases

(3) Types of metal Different types of metal has different rate of thermionic emission. The good metals are tungsten, barium oxide and strontium oxide. Cathode ray Cathode ray is a narrow beam of a fast electrons moving in a vacuum. Electron gun ( Cathode-ray tube) Cathode ray can be produced by using an electron gun. Such tubes, known as cathode-ray tubes ,have many applications including the television , cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO) , Visual display unit (monitor) , radar screen , Maltese cross tube , Deflection Tube and X-Ray tube. The design of a Cathode-ray tube and how it works?

A large number of electrons are free roam about inside a metal but an electron traveling outwards t the surface is held back by the attractive forces of the atomic nuclei near the surface. However, when the metal is heated , some of electrons have gained enough kinetic energy (thermal energy) to escape from its surface. Sources to produce the thermionic emission Thermionic emission can be only be produced with certain metals, because it occurs at temperatures similar to their melting point. A tungsten filament lamp was found to release electrons from it is filament at 2 300K. It has been found that a metal filament coated with oxides of barium and strontium will release lots of
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A cathode-ray tube consist of a vacuum tube , anode , cathode and a heating filament and screen. The vacuum tube is an evacuated glass tube. The anode has a hole in it to focusing the electrons. The cathode is heated by a tungsten filament . The heated cathode emits electrons and are accelerated at a high speed between anode and cathode because a high voltage is applied between the cathode and anode. The accelerated and fine beam electrons (cathode-ray) strikes the fluorescent screen causes the screen fluoresces with green light. To investigate the properties of cathode rays The properties of cathode rays is investigated by using Maltase cross tube and deflection tube. Maltase cross tube

Proced ure 6V heater supply is connec ted

Observa tion A shadow of the cross is seen

6V heater supply and 3 kV power supply are connec ted

The green shadow of the cross is seen same size and at the same position as the shadow form by the light

Explana tion The shadow is formed by the ray from the heated filament The shadow is formed by the cathode rays

Conclusio n Light rays travel in a straight line

A bar magne t is
2

The cathode ray

The catapult force is

Cathode rays travel in a straight line. Cathode rays cause fluoresce nce. Cathode rays carry kinetic energy and converts to light energy when they hit the screen. Cathode rays can be

brough t close to the cathod e rays

shadow is moved and distorte d

produce d because and the cathode rays carry a charge

deflected by magnetic fields. The Flemings left-hand rule is used to determin e the direction of motion.

Deflection tube

Proced ure 6V heater supply and 3 kV power supply are connec ted 6V heater supply and 3 kV power supply are connec

Observatio n

Explana tion No electric fields betwee n two the metal plates Electric field exists betwee n two plates

Conclus ion Light rays travel in a straight line

Cathod e ray is negativ ely charged

ted and also 1000 V power supply is connec ted to the metal plates 6V Electric Cathod heater field e ray is supply exists negativ and 3 betwee ely kV n two charged power plates supply are connec ted and also 1000 V power supply is connec ted to the metal plates in reverse Properties of Cathode Rays 1. Travel in a straight lines in vacuum. 2. Possess kinetic energy and momentum 3. Produce fluorescent effect 4. Negatively charged 5. Deflected by an electric field towards a positive plate 6. Deflected by a magnetic field. The direction of deflection is determined by using Flemings Left-hand rule 7. Cause ionization of gas molecules

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Can penetrate thin aluminium foil ,thin paper and thin graphite layer 9. Affect photographic plates 10. Produce heat and X-radiation in a X-ray tube 11. Charge of one electron ,e = 1.6 x 10 -19 C 12. Mass of electron, me = 9 x 10 -31 kg Example 1 The diagram shows is applied to a cathode ray motion. What is direction of the cathode ray is shifted?

Region PQ : Cathode to anode QR: Anode to screen

Types of motion Uniform acceleration Uniform velocity

Energy conversion of electrons in Cathode rays

Region P : Anode QR: Anode to cathode and screen Solution

Types of energy Electrical potential energy Kinetic energy

To determine the velocity of electrons

Types of motion of the cathode rays in a cathode rays tube

From the principle of conservation of energy, for each electron, Electrical potential energy = Kinetic energy

eV hence, v

= mv2 = 2eV m

v = velocity of the electrons V = potential difference between anode and cathode e = charge of one electron, 1.6 x 10 -19 C m= mass of electron 9 x 10 -31 kg Example 2 The potential difference between anode and cathode in an electron gun is 5 kV. Calculate the kinetic energy of the electrons? (e = 1.6 x 10 -19 C) Solution

(a) Structure and the functions of the main parts of the Cathode Ray Oscilloscope ( CRO)

Main part Example 3 In the vacuum tube of a television receiver , a cathode ray is produced and accelerated through a potential difference 7 kV. Determine the velocity of the cathode ray? [ e =1.6 x 10 -19 C and me= 9 x 10 -31 ] Solution

Compon ent

Function

Filament Cathode

To heat up the cathode Emits electrons through the thermionic emission process Controls the number of electrons that will through it and hence control the brightness of the image on the screen Focuses the electrons into a beam To accelerate electrons to towards the screen To deflect the electron beam vertically To deflect the electron beam horizontally To convert the kinetic energy of the electron beam into the light energy To channel the electrons striking the screen to the Earth

Electron gun

Control Grid

Focusing anode Accelerat ing anode

Knob / switch On/off Brilliance X-shift Y-shift Y-gain

Y-plates Deflectio n system X-plates

Time-base controls

Fluoresce nt screen

Fluoresc ent screen

Graphite coating

X-input Y-input AC/DC switch

Function / control To on or off the CRO To control the intensity of he bright spot To adjust the horizontal position of the bright spot To adjust the vertical position of the bright spot To amplified the small voltage across the Y-plates to deflect the electron beam. The control is calibrated in volt per cm Connected to the Xplates to control the frequency at which the beam sweeps horizontally across the screen. The control is calibrated in time per cm To connect the source of potential difference to X-plates To connect the source of potential difference to Y-plates Selected according to the type of input received

Handling CRO

Uses of CRO (1) Displaying waveforms

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(2) As voltmeter (measuring potential difference) (3) As a clock (Measuring short time intervals or frequency)

(1) Displaying waveforms

The Y-gain is adjusted so that the wave form displayed is easy to see. A microphone is connected to the input-Y. Two claps are made close to the microphone. The distance between two pulses on the screen is recorded = d The time-base control setting is recorded = x ms / cm The time lapse between the two claps is calculated , t = xd ms

Example 4 The diagram shows a waveform obtained from an a.c. power supply connected to Y-input of a CRO. [ Y-gain setting = 20 V cm-1 and Time-base control setting = 5 ms cm1 ]

(2) Measuring the potential difference power supply The CRO is switched on. The time-base circuit is switched off. Adjust the spot to centre of the screen. A dry cell is connected to the Y-input. The vertical displacement of the spot is recorded = H cm The Y-gain setting is recorded = Y volt/cm The potential difference across the dry cell is calculated , V = YH volt (3) Measuring a short time interval The CRO is switched on. The time-base circuit is switched on.

Determine, (a) the period of the signal (b) the frequency of the signal (c) the peak to peak voltage (d) the peak voltage

Solution

Determine (a) The time travels of the radar from X to Y. (b) The distance between the radar station and the aero plane. [ Speed of light = 3 x 108 ms-1 ] Solution

Example 5 The figure shows a waveform obtained on the screen of CRO at an airport radar station. The point X and Y indicate the time transmission to an aero plane and time of receiving the reflected signals by the radar station . [ Time-base control setting of the CRO = 50 ms cm-1 ]

TUTORIAL
1 The emission of electrons from the surface of a heated metal is called A B C D Vaporization Condensation Cathode emission Thermionic emission

2 Thermionic emission is process involving A the reflection of electrons from a heavy metal target

B C D 3

the collision of electrons with the fluorescent screen the release of electrons from a hot metal surface the deflection of electron through an electric field

A B C D 8

Transistor Television Maltese cross tube Cathode Ray Oscilloscope

The rate of thermionic emission is not depends on A B C D The temperature of the metal The surface area of the metal The shape of the metal The type of the metal

The diagram shows a cathode-ray tube. What is the types of motion of the cathode ray at sections JK and KL?

What is emitted by the hot metal filament in a cathode-ray tube? A C -particles Electrons Protons B D X-rays A B C D JK Uniform velocity Uniform acceleratio n Zero velocity Zero acceleratio n KL Uniform acceleratio n Uniform velocity Zero acceleratio n Zero velocity

A narrow beam of a fast electrons moving in a vacuum is called A X- ray C Cathode ray Gamma ray B Alpha ray D

When the electrons move through vacuum in an electron gun , the electron beam 9

A becomes narrow and is charged B becomes heavier and is charged C moves with a high velocity and is charged D becomes narrow and moves with a high velocity

Which of the following is not the property of cathode rays?

A Negatively charged B Produce fluorescent effect C Cause ionization of gas molecules D Moves with speed o light in vacuum 10 Which of the following is the property of cathode rays?

Which of the following not involving the thermionic emission ?

A Possess kinetic energy and momentum B An electromagnetic waves C Has a high penetrating power

D Positively charged 11 In an electron gun ,the anode is connected to a positive potential to prevent the electrons hit the screen B attract the electrons to accelerate C control the number of electrons D heat the filament 12 The diagram shows a cathode-ray tube. 14 The diagram shows a shadow of the Maltese Cross tube formed on the CRO screen. Where can the shadow be observed when the direction of the electron beam in an upward direction out of the paper? A

Which of the following is happened when the voltage of the high voltage supply is increased? A The temperature of the filament increases B the rate of thermionic emission increases C The velocity of the electrons increases D The number of the electrons increases 13 The diagram shows to bar magnets are placed in between a Maltese Cross tube. In which direction will the shadow of the Maltese Cross is shifted?

15 The diagram shows an electron beam through a magnetic field. In which direction will the electron beam is deflected?

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B C D

Control grid Cathode Y-plates

19 What is the function of X-plates in CRO? A To deflect the electron beam vertically B To deflect the electron beam horizontally C To convert a spot to a straight line D To convert the kinetic energy of the electron beam into the light energy 20 Which of the components in a CRO controls the brightness of the image on the screen ? 16 The potential difference between anode and cathode in an electron gun is 4 kV. Calculate the kinetic energy of the electrons? (e = 1.6 x 10 -19 C) A 10-20 C J 6.4 x 10-19 J 4.0 x 10-22 J B 4.0 x A B C D Filament Control grid Focusing anode Accelerating anode

D 6.4 x -16 J 10 E 4.0 x 10-14 J 17 An electron is accelerated between anode and cathode through a potential difference 8 kV. What is the velocity of the electron? [ e =1.6 x 10 -19 C and me= 9 x 10 -31 ] A 5.3 x 107 ms-1 B -1 10 ms C 3.3 x 104 ms-1 D 3ms-1 10 E 1.3 x 102ms-1
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21 What is the function the timebase switch in a CRO? A Control the intensity of he bright spot B adjust the horizontal position of the bright spot C connect the source of potential difference to X-plates D Control the frequency at which the beam sweeps horizontally across the screen. 22 Which of the following is not the uses of CRO? A To measure the potential difference B To measure the short time intervals C To measure the current D To display the waveforms

4.3 x 2.3 x

18 Which components cannot be found in the electron gun of a CRO? A Focusing anode

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23 The diagram shows the trace on the of a CRO when a power supply is connected to the Y-input of the CRO.

25 The diagram shows a bright spot at the centre of the screen of a CRO.

Which of the following is true? Type of the Time-base power supply control A d.c. off B a.c. off C d.c. on D a.c. on 24 The diagram shows the trace on the of a CRO when an a.c. power supply is connected to the Y-input of the CRO.

What is the new position of the spot when P is adjusted so that its potential difference is higher than R and Q has a lower potential difference than S.

Which of the following tracing is formed on the screen when the a.c. power supply is replaced by a dry cell? 26 The diagram shows a bright spot formed on the screen of a CRO and a magnetic field is applied.

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Where can the spot be observed now?

28 The diagram shows a waveform is displayed on the screen of a CRO when a moving d.c. generator supply is connected to Y-input of the CRO.

27 The diagram shows a bright spot at the centre of the screen of a CRO.

Which waveform will be displayed when the Y-shift is adjusted?

What is the new position of the spot when the switch is closed?

30 The diagram shows a waveform is displayed on the screen of a CRO when a moving an a.c. power supply is connected to Y-input of the CRO.

Which waveform will be displayed when the Y-gain is adjusted?

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33 The diagram shows a waveform is displayed on the screen of a CRO. The distance between two successive peaks is 3 cm.

31 The diagram shows a waveform is displayed on the screen of a CRO when an a.c. power l is connected to Y-input of the CRO .The timebase is switched off

What is the distance between two successive peaks when the frequency of the waveform is doubled? A cm C cm E 6.00 cm 34 The diagram shows a waveform is displayed on the screen of a CRO when a moving an a.c. power supply is connected to Y-input of the CRO. The frequency of the alternating current is 200 Hz. 3.00 cm D 4.50 0.75 cm B 1.50

What is the peak voltage of the alternating current when the Ygain of the CRO is adjusted at 20 V cm-1? A C E 80.0 V 40.0 V 15.9 V B D 56.6 V 28.3 V

32 The diagram shows a waveform from a signal is displayed on the screen of a CRO.

What is the time taken from A to B? A C E 5 x 10 -3 s B 1 x 10 -2 s 7.5 x 10-2 s 7.5 x10 -3 s D 5 x 10-2 s

What is the frequency of the signal when the time-base switch is adjusted at 20 ms cm-1? A C E 12.5 Hz 50 Hz 200 Hz B D 25 Hz 100 Hz

35 The figure shows a waveform obtained on the screen of CRO at an airport radar station. The point M and N indicate the time transmission to an aero plane and time of receiving the reflected signals by the radar station . [ Time-base control setting of the CRO = 5 ms cm-1 , the speed of

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light = 3 x 10

ms

-1 ]

................................................. ................... (b) What is the function of anode A? ................................................. ................... ................................................. ................... (c) Explain why the tube must be a vacuum tube?

What is the distance between the radar station and the aero plane. A C E 600 km 300 km 50 km B D 1500 km 100 km

................................................. ................... ................................................. ................... ................................................. ................... (d) What will happen to the electrons when (i) the current flows through the filament is increased.

36 The diagram shows a cathode-ray tube.

........................................... ................. ........................................... ................. (ii) the voltage of 5 KV power supply is increases. ........................................... ................. ........................................... ................. (iii) the switch is closed.

(a) What is the thermionic emission meant? ................................................. ...................

........................................... ................. ........................................... .................

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(e) What happen to the energy possesses by the electrons when they hit the screen of the cathode-ray tube? ................................................. ................... ................................................. ................... (f) The potential between the filament and anode A is 9 kV. [ e =1.6 x 10 -19 C and me= 9 x 10 -31 ] Calculate, (i) the kinetic energy of the electrons (b) The filament can be heated by d.c. or a.c. power supply. Explain why? ................................................. ................... ................................................. ................... (c) Explain how is the control grid control the brightness the screen? ..................................... ............................... ................................................. ................... (d) The time-base switch of the CRO is on. Draw the waveform in the space below when the Y-input of the CRO is connected to (a) a dry cell

(ii) the velocity of the electrons

37 The diagram shows the construction of a simple cathoderay oscilloscope.

(ii) a transformer (a) State the name and the function of component P . ................................................. ................... ................................................. ...................
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(e) Give two advantages use the CRO to determine the potential difference compare to the voltmeter. ................................................. ................... ................................................. ................... ................................................. ................... ................................................. ................... 38 The diagram shows a waveform obtained from an a.c. power supply connected to Y-input of a CRO. (b) Draw the waveform display on the screen of the CRO in figure below when
(i) the time-base switch is

(i) the peak voltage of the current?

off.

(a) What is (i) the frequency the current?

(ii) the time-base switch is on and the a.c. power supply is replaced by a d.c. generator.

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