Communicatron Techniques (9116)

EXPERIMENT No.6
1.0 Title:
To generate and interprets peM wave. Also to observe demodulated output.
1
2.0 Prior Concept: ^"
'j
Pulse modulation technique, sampling theorem, encoding, decoding, quantization.
3.0 New Concept: I
Proposition 1: PCM
peM is a technique of modulation in which the analog signal sampled and convered to fixed
length, serial binary numbers for transmission. The binary number values are according to
amplitude of the analog signal.
Proposition 2: Sampling
It is a first step in peM generation, which involves conversion of continuous analog signal into
discrete signal at regular intervals according to sampling theorem.
Proposition 3: Quantization
It is the process of rounding of the values of sample. In this process total amplitude range, which
signal may occupy is divided in to number of standard level called quantum levels.
Proposition 4: Encoding
Encoding is process converting quantized signal in to sequence of D's and 1 's depending to the
code used.
Concept Structure
9
- u __
Regular Interval Pulses
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION. Mumbai. b4
Communication Techniques (9116) Exeriment NO.6
4.0 Learning Objectives:
Intellectual skill:
To understand PCM modulation and demodulation.
MotorSkm;

Ability to adjust the instrument according to requirements.
e
Ability to observe and draw the wave form at diferent pOints in circuit

Ability to observe original analog signal after detection.
5.0 Apparatus:
Experimental kit, power supply (O-5V), function generator, CRO, etc.
6,0 Circuit Diagram:
Modulating
signal
PCM Modulator
Anti-Aliasing samPle Quantizer
'
filter hold circuit
=
h
.
.----
L
-
P
-
M
-
-
Line waveform A D C
peM O/P
generator
rCM Demodulator

P
.
i

ecoder

De-Quantizer

L PF

tg signal
PCM I
= .
Student shalt draw circuit diagram of rCM modulator and demodulator available in the
laborator.
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, Mumbai. UU
Communication Techniques (9116)
~~~~**~~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~~~ ~
7.0 Stepwise Procedure:
For PCM modulation.
1. Connect the experimental circuit diagram to the mains.
2. Apply modulating signal AC or DC.
3. Observe input and output wave form on CRO.
G
For pulse code demodulation.
1. Connect experimental kit to the mains.
2. Observe the demodulated output on CRO.
8.0 Obserations:
Teacher shall deSign observation table as per available experiment set (sample table given
below). Obtain different waveforms on CRO according to diferent input provided from pulse
code generator and draw one waveform each for modulation and demodulation on graph paper
indicating the corresponding input on the graph paper.
Observation table for PCM modulation
Sr. lo. ' Anal0uliP in volts
I
PCM (binary) O/P '
1
.
!
2
I
3
!
I
4
|
i
5
i

9.0 Conclusions:
:
In this system waveform are sampled at ....... .............. . . . . (regular I non continuous)
intervals.
Information regardi ng the sample is transmitted only at the sample ti mes wi th
.. ......................... (synchronizing I unsynchronizing pulses)
Student shall write the conclusion on the basis of amplitude of analog signal under the guidance
of teacher
10.0 Questions:
Teacher shall see that the student attempts the allotted question immediately afer
performing the experiment.
Write answers to Q. Q ..... Q .... Q .... (Teacher shall allot questions).
1. What is the advantage of PCM?
2. What is quantization?
3. Define quantization error.
4. Give the application of PCM.
5. Determine the Nyquist sample rate for a maximum analog input frequency of a 4 KHz, 10
KHz.
6. What is the disadvantage of PCM?
7. What is sampling theorem?
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCTION. Mumbal.
Communication Techniques (9116) Experiment No, 1
1.0 Title:
EXPERIMENT No. 7
To generate and interpret ASK signal by using digital to analog modulation
technique.
2.0 Prior Concept:
Digital to analog cOiion or digital to analog modulation.
3.0 New Concept:
Proposition 1: ASK (Amplitude Shif Keying)
DJA is the process of changing one o the characteristic of an analog signal based on the
information in a digital signal.
('0' and 1's)
Concept Structure
I

L--
\
; ASK
J
.
Proposition 2:
\
Digital
To
Analog
Modulation

hl/:

PSK
ASK is that type o digital to analog modulation, in which the strength of the carrier signal (analog
signal) i s varied to represent binary 1 or O. Both frequency and phase remain constant while the
amplitude changes.
Student shall write the concept structure
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, Mumbal. 61
Communrcation Techniques (9116)
~~--* ~~--* ~--. ~~-~-*
4.0 Learning Objectives:
Intellectual skills:
To understand the digital to analog modulation and amplitude shif keying.
Motor Skills:
Ability to obsere the (analog) carrier signal before modulation and record the observation.
Ability to observe the change in amplitude or strength afer modulation and record the
observation.
5.0 Apparatus:
Experimental kit, power supply (O-5V), function generator, eRO, etc.
6.0 Circuit Diagram:
7.0
8.0
10k
10k
W
(
(
Stepwise Procedure:
16
12
4053
1
4
2:1
Analo
mux
13
7 11
8
Vss
.".
J.
1K
ASK
oupu
10K
|
4K
.
4
C1
1
.-
I^}
1. Switch on the experimental kit, function generator and CRO.
4
8
7

1|D6|
6
2
3
5
+5
V
I
1
0l

.
J
..
2. Select a sine waveform 2Vpp and 1 KHz from signal /function generator and observe and
measure it on CRO.
3. Apply the above checked sine wave to input of ASK generator.
4. Connect CRO at output of 555(pin 3) and observe square wave (binar signal).
5. Observe the ASK output on CRO screen.
6. Trace the input and output waveforms of ASK generation on graph.
Observations:
:
Measured amplitude of analog signal at the input of ASK generator
.
. ..... , ............... v
Measured amplitudes of ASK output for binary 1 = a """." V, binary 0 = . + "4.. " .. ,, v.
Trac the input and output waveforms of ASK generator kit on graph.
~~~~~~~~~~
MAHAfASHTRA STATE BORD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION. Mumbai. 62
Communiction Tecniques (9116} Experiment No. 8
EXPERIMENT No. 8
1.0 Title:
To generate FSK signal and draw input! output waveforms.
2.0 Prior Concept:
Digital to analog modulation.
3.0 New Concept:
Proposition 1' Frequency shif keying (FSK)
In FSK (frequency shift keying) method of D/A modulation the frequency of the carrier signal is
varied according to infonnation keeping amplitude and phase constant.
CO' and ]'5)
Proposition Z.
Define bit rate and baud.
Concept //uCluO
to 0
l 1\'
______
Lg\!
'
.I\'- __

__

__
PY
`
PSK
I

-
- n - n J
Q P

-- - - - -
4.0 learning Objectives:
Intellectual skill:
To understand FSKgeneration.
Motor Skill:

Ability to observe the frequency of carrier signal before shifing.

Ability to observer the frequency change of carrier signal for JS and 0'5 and to record the
same.
MAHARASHTRA STATE BORD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, Mumbai. 67
Communication Techniques (9116)
5.0 Apparatus:
Experimental power supply (O-5V), function generator, CRO, etc.
6.0 Circuit Diagram:
DC
J
|
|

[
Sq.wave to sine
,
C|B|D
,.
wae generation
L|0ronIc
8w||ch
"*..
FSK
put out

.
r
I (

)
|

'
r<. .. ,
I \
Sq.wave to sine
wave genertion
J
.
Bu0er
..
Student shall drw circuit diagram of FSK generator available in the laboratory.
7.0 Stepwise Procedure:
o For modulation.
+
J. Give the power supply connecting to all the equipment required for this experiment.
2. Connect a DC power supply or some other appropriate equipment to bufer input to
represent the binary input.
3. Obsere the wave form at the each stage of block diagram.
4. Observer the FSK output on CRO screen and conform.
8.0 Observations:
$
The measured time of clock generator output (square wave) ... ...................... msec.
Measured time of sine wave without divider ......... ............ ... . . . .............. . . .. . . . ..... ,

Draw input and output waveform obsered on CRO on graph.
---- ... -.--..-
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, Mumbai. 68
Communication Techniques (9116)
EXPERIMENT No.9
1.0 Title:
To generate and interpret of PSK signal by using digital to analog modulation
technique.
2.0 Prior Concepl:
Shift key methods types.
3.0 New Concepl:
Proposition J. PSK
ExerIment No. 9
QAM (quadrate amplitude modulation) is a form of digital modulation where the digital (binary)
information is present in both the amplitude and phase of transmitted carrier.
Proposition Z
Student to write definition of PSK
LDDC0DO|lUC|Ul0
0 0 0 0,
AS K
I
I

`
.
\
gEl
To
Analog
Modulation

P SK

_
Q
_
A
_
M
__
- - - - -
4.0 Learning Objectives:
Intellectual skill:
e To understand the concept of QAM and PSK generation.
Motor Skill:

Ability to obsere the difference in the phase of carrier befor and afer PSK generation and
record the obseration.
5.0 Apparats:
Experimental kit. power supply (O-5V), function generator, eRO, etc.
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION. MumbaL 73
Communication Techniques (9116)
-... ... -
6.0 Circuit Diagram:
10k
mk
Pl
lK
V
16
PSK
4
6
12 14
0bl0\

2NDp
Tvh
<n

1 kHZ 40J
,\
4.1h
1|m0|
13 8 6
11
7
2

+ 3
IO.l./
ClT

'/
UU0H SH8U|8WCICU U80I8RO t 00H0I8OI 8V88D0 HH0 8DOI8O|y.
7.0 Stepwise Procedure:
lOI ROUU8OH
1. Give power connection to experiment kit.
""
.
2. Generate Get a sine wave of 2Vpp 1 KHz form signal generator with help of CRO.
3. Give the above measured sine wave to experiment kit
4. Connect output of 555 (pin 3) to (pinll) of 4053 to get binary input.
5. Observe the PSK output on CRO.
8.0 Observations: :
1) The measured amplitude of sine wave at pin number 12 and 13 is ......................... .
2) The observed phase of sine wave at pin no 12 and no 13 ........................... " ..... .
MAHARASHTRASTATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, Mumb.i. 74