CDMA Principle

CBB_T01_E2

ZTE University
CDMA-BSS Team

Objectives

In this section, the student will learn:



Definitions of CDMA

Spread spectrum modulation

Spreading codes used in CDMA

Vocoding in CDMA

Multiple Access Technologies

FDMA
Power

FDMA Frequency
Division Multiple
Access
Each user on a
different frequency
A channel is a
frequency

TDMA Time Division

Multiple Access
Each user on a
different window
period in time (time
slot)
A channel is a
specific time slot on
a specific frequency

TDMA
Power

CDMA
Power

CDMA Code Division

Multiple Access
A channel is a unique
code pattern
Each user uses the
same frequency all
the time, but mixed
with different
distinguishing code
patterns

Defining Our Terms

CDMA Forward Channel



CDMA Reverse Channel



1.25 MHz Forward Link

1.25 MHz Reverse Link

CDMA CHANNEL
CDMA
Reverse
Channel

CDMA
Forward
Channel

1.25 MHz

1.25 MHz

45 or 80 MHz

CDMA Code Channel

Code channels in the forward link: Pilot, Sync, Paging and
Forward Traffic channels
 Code channels in the reverse link: Access and Reverse
Traffic channels


Main

Definitions of CDMA

Spread spectrum modulation

Spreading codes used in CDMA

Vocoding in CDMA

Content

What is Spread Spectrum

ORIGINATING SITE

DESTINATION
Spread Data Stream

Input
Data

Recovered
Data

Spreading
Sequence

Spreading
Sequence

Spread Spectrum Principles

SHANON Formula

C=B*log2(1+S/N)
Where,
C is capacity of channel, b/s
B is signal bandwidth, Hz
S is average power for signal, W
N is average power for noise, W
It is the basic principle and theory
for spread spectrum communications.

CDMA Is a Spread-Spectrum System

TRADITIONAL COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM
Spread
Spectrum
Narrowband
Signal

Slow
Information
Sent
TX

Slow
Information
Recovered

RX

SPREAD-SPECTRUM SYSTEM
Wideband Signal
Slow
Information
Sent

Slow
Information
Recovered
TX

Fast
Spreading
Sequence

RX

Fast
Spreading
Sequence

Spread Spectrum Payoff:

Processing Gain

Spread Spectrum Principles

Power is Spread Over a Larger Bandwidth

30 KHz
1.25 MHz

Spread Spectrum Principles

Many code channels are individually

spread and then added together to
create a composite signal

Spreading and De-spreading

ORIGINATING SITE

DESTINATION
Spread Data Stream

Input
Data

Recovered
Data
Spreading
Sequence

Spreading
Sequence

CDMA Spreading Principle

Using Multiple Codes
ORIGINATING SITE
X+A

DESTINATION

Spread-Spectrum Chip Streams

X+A+B
X+A+B+C
X+A+B

X+A

Input
Data

Recovered
Data

X
Spreading Spreading Spreading
Sequence Sequence Sequence

Spreading Spreading Spreading

Sequence Sequence Sequence

Multiple spreading sequences can be applied in succession and then reapplied

in opposite order to recover the original data stream.

The spreading sequences can have different desired properties.

All spreading sequences originally used must be available in proper

synchronization at the recovering destination.

Main

Definitions of CDMA

Spread spectrum modulation

Spreading codes used in CDMA

Vocoding in CDMA

Content

Spreading Codes in CDMA

Spreading codes selection is the key of spreading

Spectrum modulation!

Spreading code chip speed

1.2288Mc/s

Spreading code

forward linkWalsh code & Short PN

 Reverse linkLong PN


Walsh Code Definition

The Walsh function is named after Walsh, the mathematician who proved it an

orthogonal function in 1923. It is expressed as Walsh (n,t), n for the serial number.
The CDMA system of IS-95 is differentiated with the Walsh function.

Walsh code is an orthogonal square matrix. It is just composed of +1(0) and

1(1).

H1

H2

H4

Hn Hn

H 2n

___

Hn Hn

Walsh Codes

64 Sequences, each 64 chips long



A chip is a binary digit (0 or 1)

Each Walsh Code is Orthogonal to all other

Walsh Codes
This means that it is possible to
recognize and therefore extract a particular
Walsh code from a mixture of other Walsh
codes which are filtered out in the
process
 Two same-length binary strings are
orthogonal if the result of XORing them has
the same number of 0s as 1s


EXAMPLE:
Correlation of Walsh Code #23 with Walsh Code #59
#23
#59
XOR

0110100101101001100101101001011001101001011010011001011010010110
0110011010011001100110010110011010011001011001100110011010011001
0000111111110000000011111111000011110000000011111111000000001111

Correlation Results: 32 1s, 32 0s: Orthogonal!!

WALSH CODES
#
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63

---------------------------------- 64-Chip Sequence -----------------------------------------0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011
0110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110
0000111100001111000011110000111100001111000011110000111100001111
0101101001011010010110100101101001011010010110100101101001011010
0011110000111100001111000011110000111100001111000011110000111100
0110100101101001011010010110100101101001011010010110100101101001
0000000011111111000000001111111100000000111111110000000011111111
0101010110101010010101011010101001010101101010100101010110101010
0011001111001100001100111100110000110011110011000011001111001100
0110011010011001011001101001100101100110100110010110011010011001
0000111111110000000011111111000000001111111100000000111111110000
0101101010100101010110101010010101011010101001010101101010100101
0011110011000011001111001100001100111100110000110011110011000011
0110100110010110011010011001011001101001100101100110100110010110
0000000000000000111111111111111100000000000000001111111111111111
0101010101010101101010101010101001010101010101011010101010101010
0011001100110011110011001100110000110011001100111100110011001100
0110011001100110100110011001100101100110011001101001100110011001
0000111100001111111100001111000000001111000011111111000011110000
0101101001011010101001011010010101011010010110101010010110100101
0011110000111100110000111100001100111100001111001100001111000011
0110100101101001100101101001011001101001011010011001011010010110
0000000011111111111111110000000000000000111111111111111100000000
0101010110101010101010100101010101010101101010101010101001010101
0011001111001100110011000011001100110011110011001100110000110011
0110011010011001100110010110011001100110100110011001100101100110
0000111111110000111100000000111100001111111100001111000000001111
0101101010100101101001010101101001011010101001011010010101011010
0011110011000011110000110011110000111100110000111100001100111100
0110100110010110100101100110100101101001100101101001011001101001
0000000000000000000000000000000011111111111111111111111111111111
0101010101010101010101010101010110101010101010101010101010101010
0011001100110011001100110011001111001100110011001100110011001100
0110011001100110011001100110011010011001100110011001100110011001
0000111100001111000011110000111111110000111100001111000011110000
0101101001011010010110100101101010100101101001011010010110100101
0011110000111100001111000011110011000011110000111100001111000011
0110100101101001011010010110100110010110100101101001011010010110
0000000011111111000000001111111111111111000000001111111100000000
0101010110101010010101011010101010101010010101011010101001010101
0011001111001100001100111100110011001100001100111100110000110011
0110011010011001011001101001100110011001011001101001100101100110
0000111111110000000011111111000011110000000011111111000000001111
0101101010100101010110101010010110100101010110101010010101011010
0011110011000011001111001100001111000011001111001100001100111100
0110100110010110011010011001011010010110011010011001011001101001
0000000000000000111111111111111111111111111111110000000000000000
0101010101010101101010101010101010101010101010100101010101010101
0011001100110011110011001100110011001100110011000011001100110011
0110011001100110100110011001100110011001100110010110011001100110
0000111100001111111100001111000011110000111100000000111100001111
0101101001011010101001011010010110100101101001010101101001011010
0011110000111100110000111100001111000011110000110011110000111100
0110100101101001100101101001011010010110100101100110100101101001
0000000011111111111111110000000011111111000000000000000011111111
0101010110101010101010100101010110101010010101010101010110101010
0011001111001100110011000011001111001100001100110011001111001100
0110011010011001100110010110011010011001011001100110011010011001
0000111111110000111100000000111111110000000011110000111111110000
0101101010100101101001010101101010100101010110100101101010100101
0011110011000011110000110011110011000011001111000011110011000011
0110100110010110100101100110100110010110011010010110100110010110

Walsh Code Function

in Forward Link

Pilot

Sync
FW Traffic
(for user #1)

FW Traffic
(for user #2)

Paging
FW Traffic
(for user #3)

Short PN: 4-bits register example

p1

p2

p3

p4

p4
p4

p5 = p1 + p4

p4

p5

p2

p3

p2

p3

The PN sequences are deterministic and periodic.



The length of the generated string is 2n-1, where n is the

number of elements in the register
The number of zeroes in the sequence is equal to the number of
ones minus 1

0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0

0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0

0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0

1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1

Short PN Function
in Forward Link

Up to 64
Code Channels

Up to 64
Code Channels

The short PN Sequences are 32,768 chips long. Short PN is used to distinguish
Different sectors.

Each Sector in each Base Station is transmitting a Forward Traffic Channel
containing up to 64 forward code channels.

A Mobile Station must be able to discriminate between different Sectors of
different Base Stations.

The Short PN Sequences are defined for the purpose of identifying sectors of
different base stations.

The Short PN Sequences can be used in 512 different ways in a CDMA system.
Each one of them constitutes a mathematical code which can be used to identify a
particular sector.

Long PN:4-bits
shift register example
Original PN
sequence

XOR

mask

AND

AND

AND

AND

XOR)
New PN
sequence

Attention:different mask lead to different offset!

0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0

0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0

0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0

1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1

The Long PN Sequence

Long Code Register
(@ 1.2288 MCPS)

AND
1100011000

P E RMU T E D

ESN

Public Long Code Mask

(STATIC)

S UM

User Long Code

Sequence
(@1.2288 MCPS)

Each mobile station uses a unique User Long Code Sequence

generated by applying a mask, based on its 32-bit ESN, to the 42-bit Long
Code Generator which was synchronized with the CDMA system during
the mobile station initialization.

Long PN Function
in Reverse Link
The CDMA system must be able to
identify each Mobile Station that may
attempt to communicate with a Base
Station.

RV Traffic
from M.S.
#1837732008 RV Traffic
from M.S.
#1997061104

RV Traffic
System Access
from M.S.
Attempt by M.S.
#1994011508
#2000071301
(on access channel #1)

A very large number of Mobile

Stations will be in the market.

Main

Definitions of CDMA and How to realize

Spread spectrum modulation

Spreading codes used in CDMA

Vocoding in CDMA

Content

Vocoding (A1 & A2 interface)

Analog voice
Variable Rate

BTS

BSC

MSC

PCM

TrFO (Transcoder Free Operation

AP interface)

RTO (Remote Transcoder

Operation - AP interface)