bee ew grt 5. H. Hexnenaes SNEKTPUYECKAS 4ACTb a SNEKTPOCTAHLINM YW NOACTAHUMN 2-e u3ganve, nepepabotaHHoe Ww AononHeHHOe Bonywero Muxuctepcreom spicwero “ cpeanero cneynanbHoro o6pasosanna CCCP B KauecTBe yue6HuKka ANA CTyAeHTO! SMekTPOSHEpreTHyecKHX CNeunanbHocTeH By30B MOCKBA SHEPTOATOMM3ZAT 1986H 47 2302040000-474 051 (01)-86 BBK 31.277 H 47 YJLK 621.311.2.06 (075.8) PenenseuT kadempa oseKTpHuecKHX cTanuuit JlenuurpancKoro TIOJHMTCXHHYECKOrO HHCTHTYTA Hexaenaes B. H. Qaektpuyeckasd YacTb 9AeKTPOCTAaHWM H HOACTAH- Muh: Yue6uuK 44 By30B. — 2-e u3Z., nepepa6. Hu Jon. — M.: Sueproatomusyat, 1986. — 640 c.; Ha. Hasoxenn ocHopine Bonpoce axexrpHueckoi 4acTH szeKTpocTanUnit: TAABHBIE CXEMMI H CXeMII COOCTACHBBIX HY, KOHCTPYKUH pacnpeayeT- policTs, RCHOMOFaTeABHie CHCTEMLL, TOKH KOPOTKOTO BaMBIKAHH M MX Or Panusene, napametpl MU xapakTepwcTHKH OCHOBHOTO HM BCrOMorateabHOrO 9eKTPOOOOPyMOBAHHA, MeTOANKa BHGOpa 91eKTpooGopymoBanHs, Tlepsoe wonanHe Bbilio B 1976 r. Bropoe HaxanHe cyillecTBeHHO MepepaGotano ¢ YeTOM COBPeMCHHOM MpakTHKH MpOeKTHPOBAHUA HW SKCUAYaTAauMM 9aeKT- Pocranusi mw noactanmmi nomex TOCT m HopMaTuonnix aoKyMeuton. daa CTYACHTOB SHEPFeTHYECKHX H. SACKTPOMEXAHHYCCKHX CNeiadb~ nocreil, 159-86 BBK 31.277. YYEBHHK Bopnc Hnkonaesny Hexnenaes SANEKTPHYECKAA YACTb DSMEKTPOCTAHLMA M NOACTAHUMA Pegaxtop H. IT, Kprowxos Pegaxtop u3gatentcrsa JI. B, Koneiixuna . XymowectBennbie penaxtopst B. A. Posax-Xosar, 40. B. Cosancxan Texnnyecknii pegaxtop I. C. Cosoaveea Koppextop F. A. Moaoxcxan Caano B HaGop 24.04.86. Mlognucano pB neyatb 10.11.86. T-22763. opmat 4X 108'/ye. Bymara tunorpadcxas Ne 2. TapHutypa awrepatypuas. TexaT» ppicoxaa, Yeu. ney. a. 33,6. Yea. Kp.-ort. 33,6. Varusn, 4, 35,23. Tapa 29000 9x3. Sakas Ne 516. Llena ? p. 50 K, Sueproatomuanan, 113114, Mocksa, M-114, UIatosonas #a6., 10 Baaxmmupckan TmorpadHa Cowsnoaurpapapoma npx Tocynapersennom kowurere CCCP no genaM HagaTeabcrs, NoAMrpadud HM KHHXHO! Toprosan 600000, r, BaaauMup, OxTaGpEcKHA npocneKt, a. 7 © Uagareanetso «Sueprusas, 1976 © Sueproatomusyzat, 1986 Phe Paw 108 ABD- oh( MAB 536, B ochosy yueOuuka ery eKUMM 10 OLHOHMEHHOMY Kypcy, YHTAaBINHeECA ABTOPOM B TeveHHe pAa JeT Ha AHEBHOM H Be- yepHeM OTACIeHHAX 9eKTPOMeXaHH4eCKOrO H 9/JeKTPOsHEpre- Tayeckoro dbakxybTeTOB MocKosckoro 2HepreTHyeckoro HHCTH- TyTa QA cTyQeHToB cneunanbHoctelt 0601, 0314, 0301. Coyzepxkanne yueOHHKa COOTBeTCTByeT T1porpaMMe OJHO- MMeHHOPO Kypca a SHEpreTHueCKHX cielvadbHocTel By30B. B janHom Kypce, OCHOBbIBAACh Ha CHCTeMHOM NOLxoze, SNEKTPOCTAHUHH, HX SACKTPHYeCKaA YaCTh H 9eKTPOObopyA0- BaHHe pacCMaTPHBAIOTCA Kak SJeMeHTHI 9Heprocuctem. OcnoB- Holt akKWeHT WelaeTcA Ha ycaoBHA paOoTE s1eKTpoobopyAoBa- HHA H OCHOBHBIX 3I@MEHTOB QIeKTpOCTaHUHli B 9HeEprocHcTemax H Ha TpeOoBaHHA, KOTOPbI€ NPEAbABIAIOT COBPeMeHHbIe JHEp- TOCHCTeMLI K HapaMeTpaM, CXeMaM H YCJOBHAaM 9KCIyaTalun SACKTPOOGOpyROBAHHA H SeKTPHYeCKO 4YaCTH 9/eKTpOCTaH~ wut, a TakKxKe NoAcTannuit. B yueGunke jaHbl HeOGxog_uMbIe cBemeHHA 06 ycrpofictse, TapaMeTpax u paGore sieKTpocTanuMi pasmMuuoro THMa H HX OCHOBHBIX, 3€MeHTOB; OOIlMe cBeeHHA 06 9TeKTPHYeCKHX, Ce- TAX H CHCTeMaX, peJleliiol 3aulHTe, aBTOMATHKe, 3alluTe OT nepenanpaxenui; OnucbiBacTca (pu3HKa ABNeHHH npH nepe- XOMHBIX HpoleccaX B 9HeEpFocucTeMax; H3/laraeTCA MeTOLMKAa BbIOOPa SIeKTPOOOOPyAOBAHHA H BCKTPHYCCKHX CXEM 9JICKT- poycTaHoBoR. . ABTOp UpH3HaTeeH KOANeKTHBY Kaelpnl s1eKTPHYeCKHX cranuui MOM 3a nomoulb, oKkasaHHyi Bo BpemMsa paboThl Hay PYKONHCbIO, a Tak}Kke 3a 3AMC4YaHHA, NpeAMOKeHHA HW COBETHI, BbICKasaHHble MpH OOcyXMeHHH PyKONHCH. AsTop BbIpaxkaeT riyGoxy!0 GmaroqapHocTbh KOJWIeKTUBY kaeappl ameKtpwueckux craumuit JleHuurpagcKoro mouMTex- HuYeCKOrO HHCTHTyTa HMeHH M. H. Kannnuna (3aB. Kacpeapoli HoKTop TexH, Hayk, npod. T. M. Tlapaos) 3a BHMMaTeADHbii NpocMOTp H pelled3HPOBaHHe PYKOMHCH H CeaHHbIe WMH M0- Neguble 3aMeualHA, KOTOPLe yUTeHbI MPH OKOHUATeEAbHOK nOg- roTOBKe PyKONHCH. C OaaroqapHoctho aBTop OTMeuaeT TIlaTebHOe peqaKTH- poBanHe pyKonucH Kany. TexH. HayK Jou. . I. Kprouxospi. Bee noxenaHua H 3aMeualHa aBTOP MPOCHT HaNpaBaAATb 10 ampecy: 113114, Mocxsa, M-114, Uno30saa na6., 10, Sxepro- aTOMU3yaT. NPEAUCHOBME Asrop 4 7[napa nepsas 5 OBLME BOMPOCbI SHEPFETMKM W SNEKTPMMMKALLMM CCCP 4.1. STAMbI PASBUTMA SHEPTETMKM CCCP VYponetp pasBuTua sHepreTHkH HM QeKTPHdpHKAyMH, Kak u3- BecTHO, B HaHGoulee O6OOMEHHOM BUAe OTParKaeT TEXHHKO-9KO- HOMMUeCKHH NoTeHwHad 060k crpann. QNeKTPHPUKALMA FrpaeT BeLYMYIO POlb B PaSBUTHH BCex orpaciel HapoxHoro Xosalictaa CCCP, spasetca crepkHeM CTPOHTeNbCTBA 39KOHOMAKH KOMMYHHCTHYeCKOrO OGmecTBa. Or- cioda OObeKTHBHO CuenyeT HEOOXOAHMOCT OMepeKalOUnx TeM- NOB pOcTa MpousBoscTBa QeKTposHepruu, Co3aHhe MaTepH- aJIbHO-TexHHyeckoH Oa3bl KOMMYHH3Ma TipeAnoviaraet, B YacT- HOCTH, MOJHY1O 3eKTPHPHKalMlo CTPaHbl H COBEPIeHCTBOBAalHe Ha sTOH ocHoBe TeXHHKH, TeXHOJIOTHH HW OpraHH3allHn o6ulect-, BEHHOFO MpOHSBOACTBa BO BCeX OTpacaAx HaposHoro xo3ali- cTBa. Or wapexol Poccnu Conerckoe rocyaperso nomysso oT- crasloe xosaitctBo. B ycaosuax pa3pyxu, rosoga, rpaxkjlan- ckol BOMHbI, Kora He xBaTado Camoro HEOOXxOqUMOTO—xale6a, TonajuBa, ofexab, B, HW. Jlenu# npososraacua sosyxr: «Kom- MYHH3M — 9TO €CTb COBETCKas BMACTh MOC aeKTPHpHKaunA seeli crpanbi>'. B nucbme Tr. M. Kpaxuxxanoscxomy (1920 r.) OH NHCad: «...MbI PoccHio BCIO u IIpOMbBILIAIeCHHYIO H 3eMaenenb- ueckyl0 clelaem aaexTpHueckoli>®?. B stoi caa3H HHTepecho BbICKasbipanne OprBuero mpesuzenta Muguu goKropa Pagxak- puwnana. Ha TopaecrBax Mo calyyaio nycka 9aeKTpocTraHuHH B Heliseau, nocrpoenHoti no npoekTy nu mpH yyacTHH coBeTcKHX CHeuHaTHCTOB, OH 3asBHA: «He KTO HHO, Kak BeTHKHH AHMep Jlennl cKasaJl, YTO ECAH MbI XOTHM aTb JHOAAM cuacTbe, TO AH asTOrTO HEOOXOAMMa COBETCKAA BAACTb MOC avleKTpuRKa- una, Ilpamenas aTot so3yHr Kk ce6e, MbI TOBOpHM: nanyanT (MecTHble OpraHbl CaMOynpaBJAeHHA B HHAHiCKOH Aepesue) H QICKTPUPHKALHA» 3, B 1913 r. Poccua_no spipa6oTKe s1eKTposHeprHn 3aHHMa- aa wiecroe Mecto B Espone u BocbMoe MecTO B MHpe (nocsle B. Ki, Jlenun. Tom. co6p. cow. Hau. 5-e, 7. 42, ¢, 159. B. H. Jenn. oan. co6p. cou. Hsa- 5-e, 7. 40, ¢. 63. 1 2 3 «3a pyGexom, Ne 34 (115), 1962, ¢, 15, 6 Lt Sranei paseurua anepeeruxu CCCP 5 CUA, Tepmannn, Anraun, ®panunu, Kanagnt, Uranuu, Hop- seruH). B 9To BpeMA OHA HMesa YCTaHOBJAeCHHYIO MOLLHOCTb anekTpoctanuni 1,1 man. KBr, spipaOorky 9seKTposHeprun 2 mapa. KBT-4 uw yfebHyO BbIpaGoTKy 9s71eKTpOsHepruK 14 KBr-4/(yea-rog). B 1916 r. ycTaHOBAeHHas MOLUHOCTb anekTpoctaHunl coctaBiana 1,2 MAH. KBT, a BbipaGoTKa W1eK- TposHeprun — 2,57 mupa. KBr-4. K 1921 r. BeipaborKa 9avieK- TposHeprun ynaaa yo 0,5 mapg. KBr-y. C nepsbix gueli ycrauosenia copercKol Blacta Kommy- MHCTHYeCKaH NapTuA yeaaa OombUloe BHUMAHHe pasBuTHO aHepreTuku crpaubl. B 1918 r; Ha¥asocb crpouTespceTBo Bow- xosckxoit TSC, a 3arem Kaumpcexoi u WWarypcxoi TP9C. 7 hespana 1920 r. no nHuunaruee B. HV. Jlennna 6piia cosqana KoMuccHaA oO paspaGorKe TocyzapcrBeHHoro Maa aJleKTpH- dbuxaunn Poccun (TO3JIPO). B komuccun nog mpeacesatetp- crBom I, M. KpxkwxkanoscKoro pabotrain Kpynuenine yyenbie cTpaubl. B gexa6pe 1920 r. VIII Bcepocculickuli cbe3a, Cosetos of0- 6pua nian TOSJIPO, xoroppili 611 paccantan na 10—15 ser M MipexycMaTpuBag cTpouTesbcTBo 30 sekTpocranunii c cyM- MapHoli Mounoctpio 1,7 Mau. KBT nH HoBezeHHe BbIpaboTKH gaeKTposHeprnu Ao 8,8 Mpa. KBT-4. Yoxe B 1930 r. nian 6b BBIIOJIHeH: YCTAHOBJI€HHaA MOULHOCTh CocTaBHaa 2,88 MH. KBT, a BbipadoTKa aleKTposHepruk — 8,4 Muipy. KBT-4. Tho 1941 r. 6st1H nocrpoeHpt CaupceKas, J,uenposcKas, Yr- suuckan TOC, Ulreposcxaa, 3yescxas, Poppxoscxaa [P3C u Apyrve a1eKTpoctaHunn. CyMMapHad MOUIHOCTh 9eKTpOCTAH- unit B Konue 1940 r, gocTura 11,1 Mau. KBT, a BprpaboTKa gaekTposHeprun — 48,3 Mapa. KBT-4 B roa. Beankaa OreyecrBesnas BoliHa HaHecaa TAXKeALIM ypoH sneproxosalicrsy ctpaubl. B 1945 r. ycranoBaenHaa MOUWHOCTS wieKTpocranuuit cocrapuna Beero 1] Mau. KBr, a BErpaboTKa 2I€KTPOIHEPrHH — TOIbKO 43 Map. KBr- 4. Mocae 1945 r. Hayanoch Obicrpoe BOccTaHOBeHNe H pa3- BHTHe SHepreTHKH, Tak, BbIpaboTKa aueKTposHeprun B 1950 r. cocrapysa 91,2 mapa. KBr-4, B 1958 r.— 233 mapa. KBr-4, B 1965 r. — 506,6 mapa. KBr-4, B 1970 r. — 740,9 mapa. KBTX Sonee Mpes= HOYTHTEMbHO HCHONb3OBaHHe TepMHHA , § 12. Hepcnexruest passurun snepeerucu CCCP 7 B) KOMMM€KCHOe HCHONB8OBaHHe IIPHPOAHEIX pecypcoB; r) CBa3b aTeKTpHpuKaliun c TenAOpuKanueli; A) BHeApeHne HoBelilel TEXHAKH; e) PalHOHasbHoe pasMelleHHe 91eKTPOCTAaHUMA Mo TeppH- TOPHH CTpaHbl, 2K) CO34aHHe MOMWLHbIX sHeprocHcTeM. SunepreruKa, Kak H Apyrue OTpaciM HapoAHOro xosslicTBa, Pa3BHBaeTCH B COOTBETCTBHH C e2HHbIM Ha poAHOXossiicTBeH- HBIM I1JiaHOM, Tlaanopoe comuamuctuyeckoe XO3AHCTBO NO3B0- SHO C CAMOrO HaYaJia CTPOHTb 9HEpreTHKy CcTpanbl Ha OCHOBS oObeAuHeHUA SveKTpoCTanuMi Ha Mapanenbuyio paOoty H# co3laHuA MOLIHEIX 9Heprocuctem. Uncao palionHbix aHeprocu- crem gocturso 96. Onn o6beanuenb! B 11 O6beqHHeHHDIX 9Hep- rocucrem (O93C). 3apepulaerca co3naHMe euHOi 9HepreTH- ueckoi cuctempt CCCP (E9C CCCP). B 1983 r. uenrpasu- 30BaHHOe MPOH3BOACTBO S/eKTPOSHEprHHn Ha 3JI@KTPOCTAHILMAX, OObeqMHeHHLIX B 3HeprocucTeMbI, cocTaBHo 97 % o6uero MPOH3BOACTBa JCKTPOSHEPrHu B CTpaHe. 4.2, TEPCNEKTHBbI PASBKTHA SHEPFETHKH CCCP Tlepea aHeprerukoi CopetcKxoro Cosa, Kak H Tepes Apy- THMH OTPaCwIMH HapogHoro xosslicrBa, CTOHT Baxkuan 3ana- ya — OOecneuuTb Takoli TeMN pocTa MpOuSBOACTBa, KOTOPLIH B Tpolecce cO34anHaA MaTepHasIbHO-Texinyeckon 6a3bl KOM- MYHH3Ma BbIBe) 6p CCCP wa nepsoe MecTo B Mupe To Mpo- H3BOACTBy MpOkyKuun Ha Ayly Hacesenua. PaspuTne sHepre- Taku B CCCP uger ObIcTpbIMH TeEMMaMH, YTO BHAHO H3 AaH- ubix Ta6. 1.1. B nocaegquve rode mpupocr reHepupylomiux MouluocTel B CCCP cocrasua 10—13 Man. KBr B rox c TeHMeHUHeH Matb- ueiimiero pocra. Barkneiium nokazatesem paOoTel MpOMBIINeHHOCTH AB- .WleTca YpOBeHb MpousBoduTenbHOCcTH Tpyaa. B. HH. Jlenun YKa3bIBad, 4TO _ _- - 0,6 Bee pecypest ~ 100 | 100 100 | 100 | 100 * Tiporsos, TiwvaMuka pocta 206bMH pasnHuAbIx BYOB TonAUBAa B CCCP pB nepecuere Ha ycuosHoe Tonanso ‘(1 Kr ycOBHoro TonMBa cooTBerctByer 29,3 MIk) mana B Taw. 1.4. TIpuxognaa yactb TOmMBHOrO 6aaica (B MIpouenTax) Tpwsefena B Tab, 1.5; nowMbiit Gaanc TOMAMBHO-sHepreTHye- cKUXx pecypcos — B Ta6a. 1.6, a H3MeHeHHe cTpyKTypbI pac- yonwol WacTH TONAHBHO-9HEPreTHYecKUX pecypcoB—B Tabu. a16 O6wmue sonpocer anepzeTuKu u aaexrpuduxayuu CCCP Ta. I TaGauna 14 AloGe4a TonnHBa No ropam, Ma. T ycuoBHOrO Tonmuno "romuba iia | s9z2 | 1940 | 1950 | 1960 | 1973 | Yroab 23,1 9 140,5 | 205,7 | 373,1|468,8) 486,9 Herp 14,7 | 6,7 | 44,5] 54,2/211,4]/613,5] 851,3* Tas _ 0,03) 4,4 7,3| 54,4[282,4) 759,9 Topp 0,7 | 0,9 13,6] 14,8] 20,4]. 20,2 5,5 Caanupt — — 0,6) 1,3) 4,8) 0,6 10,2 Tposa 9,7 | 13,1 34,1] 27,9) 28,7) 25,1 23,5 Beero 48,2 20.7[207.7 a | 2137,3 Ta6anuna 15 Cocrasaniouie npuxogHolt vacTu tonamBHOTO GanaHica, %, Tonnuso B pasHbie TOA . sia | 192 | 1940 | 1950 | 1950 | 1973 | 1985 Yroab 48,0 | 30,3 | 59,1 | 66,1 | 53,9 | 33 22,8 Herp 80,5 | 22,5 | 18,7 | 17,4 | 30,5 | 43,2 39,8* Taz _ 0,1 1,9] 2,3] 7,9] 19,9 35,5 Topp 1,4] 3 5,7] 4,8) 2,9] 1,4] 0,3 Cranget — — 0,3} 0,4] 6,7] 0,7 0,5 Alposa 20,1 | 44,1] 14,3] 9 4,1 1,8 1,1 Beero 100 100 | 100 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 * Bxaioyan razoppii KoHfencaT. Kak BUAHO, B MOCHeAHHe FOLbl MPOMCXOAUT CylecTBeHHOe H3MCHeHHe CTPYKTYPbl MpHXOAHOM H YaCTHYHO pacxosHOl 4a- CT TONIHBHO-3HeEprerTHyeckoro 6asanca. Tipu STOM MOBDbIMWa- eTCH Koodpunvent TONe€3HOrO HCNOJbSOBaHHA TOINJHBAa B Ha- poAnom xosaiicrse CCCP, uto o6ycaoBaeHo yBenuunBawulertca Houek weptu u rasa B cTpykType GamaHca, MOBbILMeHHeM Tex- HHKO-9KOHOMHYCCKHX MOKa3aTeyeh TeNAOBbIX 9JIeKTpocTaHai, Hepepowom *KeesHOMOpOKHOrO TpaHcnopTta Ha 3/IeKTPOBO3- Hyto H TemmoBo3sHyio TAY. HempepbipHo CHW KaeTCH yAeIbHbIt pacxoy, yc/ioBHoro TOMIMBa Ha | KBr-y oTiyuleHHOw aeKTpoO- aHeprHuy, § 1.4. Haceaenue, anepeonorpebaenue u skepeeTun, pecypcot 17 Ta6nuna 16 tt Coctasinioulue Galanca TON/KBHO -skeprermdeckux pecyPcoB, MIH. T yCuOBHOrO TONNMBa, B pasibie TORE Hoxasarens 11a | 1910 | 1950 | 1960 1973 1985 Pecypcnt — scero 64,4 |283,6| 381,2 | 836,5 | 1637,5| 2465,2 iposapogerso. (o6uua) | 4879 93777] 31152 | 6928 | 1420,6| 2137,3 TOMJIHBA Bupa6orka Frugzpornext-| — 0,6 1,6 6,3 15 26,4 osHe pratt Hisnopre 8 3,1 iM 10,7 44 31,8 Mpowre nocrynennt 2,4) 10,2) 15 32,7 35,8 65,5 OcraTkKH Ha Ha¥ano rosa 5.8] 32 42,4 94,0] 122,1] 204,2 Pacnpeaenenve — Bcero 64,4 |283,6| 381,2 | 836,5 | 1637,5| 2465,2 MspacxogoBano — Bcero 57,6 | 249,5| 331,2 | 678 1309,7] 1915,9 B tom uncae: Ha BuIpaGoTKy 9saeKT-| 2 44,7| 87,5} 221,2 | 510,9) 867,4 posHepran, Tenonoli 9Hepruu =H CKATOFO BO3AyXa Ha upouspoacrsenuo-| 55,6 | 204,8| 243,7 | 456,8 | 798,8| 1048,5 TEXHOJOPHYECKHE Hu mpowe Hy Ab (BKVIO- “an HOTepH Np xpa- HeHHH HW TPaHCnopTH- OBKE) Sxenopr ) 1,2 1,1 3,2 59,8 | 204,2] 350,2 OctratKH Ha Koweu roza 5,6] 33 46,8 98,7 123,6| 199,1 CeppesHo mpo6s1emo#, ofuaKko, craHoBUTcA BeduLUT Ton- avBa B eBponelicxolt uactH CCCP u3-3a HecooTBeTcTBHA Me>K- ay norpeOmeHvem 4 pacilOlaraeMbiMH 9HepreTHy¥ecKHMH pe- cypcama Ha TeppuTopun cTpaub. B 1966 r. gecbuttaT TonaAMBa r cocraBasas 50 MH. T yCIOBHOrO TomHBa, B 1972 r. — cBBIe 100 MaH. T ycnoBHoro TonmBa, a B 1980 r.— 700 maH. T yc- opHoro TomIMBa. Bospactawuul Ae*pHUAT TONINBa MOKET 6nITb MOKPHIT NYTEM HCNO/Ib3OBaHHA OFPOMHbIX JHEPreTHYeCKHX pecypcos Cu6upn, nepexaun aleKTposHepruu m0 a1eKTpHYeCKHM JiMHUAM CBEPXBBICOKHX Hall pA2KeuHii NOCTOAHHOrO KH mlepeMeH- Horo TOKa H3 Cu6npu Ha Ypau u B epponelickyio uacrh CCCP, CTPOHTEAbCTBA MOLLHbIX Tra30- H He@TenpoBozoB CxOupb — epponelickaa yacrh CCCP, a take nyTéem Pacuimpeitist mpo- TpaMMbl CTPOHTeAbCTBa ATOMHBIX 9/IeKTPOCTAaHLHil. 2—51618 Obuue conpocer snepeeruxu u aaexrpuduxayuu CCCP a, t Ta6auna 17 Coctasasitomne pacxoguol vacTH TonHBKO-sHep- TeTUYecKHX Pecypcos, %, B PasHbe rob Brg notpedutena Mpomsmaesnocta 6 Tpancnopr 6 Cescxoxoasiicrnennoe apo-| 5,1 5,6 6,5 7 H3BOACTBO )KwamuHO-KOMMyHasbHOe 20,1 20 20,3 19 XO3AHCTBO Tlpowe yx nt 5,2 7,2 7,1 _ Mroro . 100 | 100 | 100 100 * Tlpompmieawocth ¥ cTpouTeabeTBo. Pacnpejetenne pasnenannuix sHepropec: YpcoB Ha Teppu- rope ao MpHOAHWKeHHO XapakTepusyeTcA aHHbIMH Tao. 1.8. Ta6anua 18 S Pacnpegenenue pasnux sHepropecypcos i lo pationam CECE, ae ype J a . & Pation g ER E g nee 3 2 2 é s. | 3 | S28 2| é ea | 5 | #52 | 2 & | 8 Esponelickan yacts 8,7 6,4 45 27,1" 19,2 | 36 97 Aswarckan 4acre | 91,3 | 93,6 55* 72,9*| 80,81 64 8 CCCP * Mo6nria B 1980 r,_ Kak BuZHo, sHepropecypcu eBponeiicKok uacra CCCP H Ypaaa coctapasmior Beero Jub 8,7 % SHepropecypcos cTpa- Hb, B TO BPpeMA Kak noTpe6menve TONMHBA 3/€Cb B AaHHoe BpeMsl cOcTaBuAeT OKONO 75 %, a S1eKTPOsHeprHn — A — no 70% o6mero norpe6enua B CCCP, " § 15 Tunst saexrpocranyud 19 4.5. TAMbI SMEKTPOCTAHLIMA, YYACTHE PA3NIMYHBIX DSIEKTPO- CTAHLUMA B BLIPABOTKE S/IEKTPOSHEPIMM B Hactostee speMa B BbIPAaGOTKe SNeKTPOSHePrHH y4acT- BYIOT 9JICKTPOCTAHIMH CJeAyIOWLAX THMOB: 1) Tenaopbie (TOC), KoTOpble AenATCA Ha TeNNOpHKaun- ounpie —TILL x Kongencanuonnpie— KSC (kpymusie KOC HCTOPHYCCKH NOY HaSBaHHe rocyMapCTBCHHbIx paliOHHBIX anextpocrauunii—ITP9C). TIC moryT Takxe coopyxXaTLca C vcCnom30BanHem rasoTypOunupx (ITTY) u maporasoBbix (TIFY) ycranopok; 2) ruapoasmextpocranunH (FOC) u rHApoaxxymy.tupyw- ulve alextpocranunu (TASC); 3) aTomuble alexTpocranuuu (ASC); 4) nusempubie amexTpoctanunu (JL9C); 5) comnedubie sexrpocranunn (COC); 6) reorepMabuble asiexrpocranuun (TEOTIC); 7) mpuimBuble s1eKtpocranunn (I19C); 8) perposaexrpocranunn (BOC). Bo Muorux crpavax, B TOM uncvie HB CCCP, ycuaeHHo Be- JYTCA paOoTh! M0 OCBOEHHIO HOBbIX, HETPaHUMOHHBIX HCTOUHU- KOB 9AeKTPOsHeprHH, cloco6op ee mpeo6pasoBaHHs, a TakxKe paOoTH mo ocyulecTBAeHHIO yIpaBsAemMo TepMosepHol pe- aKUMK CHHTesa reiuA U3 AelTepHA, ITO, KaK OXKUMaeTCH, M03- BOJIHT HMC€Th NpakTuyeckH Heorpanuuenubiii HCTOUNHK 9Hep- rH. Ochosuyio Zomo BbIPaSaTbiBaeMOl aeKTPOSHEPrHH KaK B CCCP, tak 4 B MHposoli sHepreTHKe aloT B HacTosilee Bpe- Ms TeMMOBbIe MH THApaBMYecKHe a9AeKTpocTanuMu. YcpeqHeH- HBIe MOKasaTeIM YycTaHOBAeHHO MOMMOCTH H BbIpPaOoTKH SACKTPOSHEPrHH pasHUHEIMH aueKTpocranuuamMH CCCP xa- pakTepH3yloTca aHHbImMu Tada. 1.9, Ha 6am>Kalimyio nepceneKTHBy HaMeyaeTca cbopcHpoBaHHoe pasBHTHe aTOMHOM sHeprerHKH w yBemHueHHe yuacTua TSC, TASC u ITY B noxpeiruu muKoBoH yacTH rpaduKa HarpyskH 2HeprocncTem. CpaBHHTeJbHbie JaHHbie 0 CTPyKTYpe YCTaHOBJCHHOM MOUL- HOCTH 3/I€KTPOCTaHUMi H BbIPaGoTKe sneKTpOIHeprHuH B 1981 r. NO pay BEAYULHX CTpaH MHpa gZaupl B Tabs. 1.10. SACKTPHYECKaA YaCTh BICKTPOCTAHWHH TeCHO cBA3aHa Cc APYrHMH YaCTAMH, H OSTOMY P@XKHM ee paboTL AOMKEH, Kak llpaBHJO, pacCMaTPHBaTLCA BO B3AMMOCBASK C pexkHUMOM pa6o- ooOGujue eonpocer axepeetuKu u aaexrpupuxayuu CCCP Ta. 1 Ta6anna 19 © Yetanonnennad MomHocts, %/mau, KBT, B Paste Tony Tun M1eKTPO~ Cranium 1960 1970 1975 | 1980. 1985 K9C 52,15 | 51,9 Sa ae 38°3 } 77,1 75,7 7,4 TIC 22/9 19,3 18,8 19,6 19,6 ASC 0,15 0.9 3.5 4,7 90 Mroro 1076.7| 100/166, 1 | 100/228 | 100/266,7 | 100/315,1 Tpodoasenue taba, 1.9 BupaGotka saektposveprun, %/(MAPA. KBT-4), B pasHBle romp! enerrpo+ cranun 1960 | 1970 1975 | 1980 1985 KaC Ta Tac AC Hroro | 100/292,3 100/740,9 | 100/1038 | 100/1293,9 jonsise THI TeXHONOrHYecKOrO (KOTeAbHOrO, TYpOHHHOrO H HHOTO) O60- pyazopanna, Jia noHuManHA RanbHeliwero H310%KeHHA pac- CMOTPUM KPaTKO OCOGeHHOCTH TeXHOJOrMYecKOrO PexXHMA OC- HOBHEIX THHOB 9eKTpOcTanHit. KonfencauMonnble Tensopble siekTpocranyun. [Ipaayunn- allbHaA CxeMa KOHJe€HCalHOHHOK TenMOBOH 3NeKTPOCTaHUHH (KOC) npusenena na puc. 1.4. B koren Kr nogaetca Tonauso _ (yronb, Masyt, Tops, caanusl), nomorpersiit Bosmyx 4 nHTAa- TebHagd Bona (ee MOTepH KOMMe€HCHPyiOTCA XHMHYeCKH O4H- meHHo Bono XOB). Mogaya sosayxa ocyulectBuineTca AyTbe- BEIM BeHTHAATOpOM J[B, 4 MNTATeADHOM BOLI — NATATeAbHLIM nacocom //H, O6pas3yioujueca MpH cropaHHH TOMIMBa rasbl 1 S15 Tunot aaexTpocraxyua 21 Ta6auna 1.10 Yeravonaennan momsocte, | TIpoussoqcrao snexxposneprim, | Seq MIH, KBT ‘MAPA. KBT-4 gs g gas Crpana See g e | gr 9 9 5 gs BL, a] es] a] 8 | Bi 2a] & jess CCCP 206,6| 54,1 16 | 276,7| 1071,3)186,7] 68 | 1326 4880 TP 17 1,9} 1,8] 20,7] 87,1 1,7] 11,9] 100,7 6121 Auraua | 61,2| 2,5| 6,5] 70,2) 2344] 5,4) 38 |277,8| 4974 panna | 28,8] 19,5 | 21,6} 69,9] 96,4] 72,6) 113,5]282,5] 5143 pr 66,1) 6,5 | 9,8] 82,4) 2881] 21,4] 51 | 360,5 6097 Uraana 30,6) 15,9 1,1) 47,6) 1352] 45,7] 2,8) 181,7 3345 Anonna | 102,1] 31,6 | 16,3 | 150} 404,8] 90,6] 87,8] 583,2 4958 Kanaga 28,9] 49,2} 5,6] 83,7] 77,6}263.1] 36,9) 377,6| 14198 CWA 513,9| 77,4 | 60,8 |652,1| 1830 | 262 | 273 | 2365] 10438 Becb mup | 1444 | 484 160 | 2088 | 5766 / 1784 | 807 | 8357 1862 10-750 xB Aommobeie he y p25-30 Ma Puc. 1.4, [punuunuanpuaa cxema KOC oTCacbhiBaloTcA M3 KOTIa AbIMOcocoM JI HW BLIGpacbIBaloTCA ue- pes aLIMosyto Tpy6y (BbIcoToH 100—250 m) B armocdepy. Oct- PbId Map us KOTAa MOAaeTCa B NapoByio Typ6uuy 76, rae, npo- XO Yepes pA cTyNeHeli, copepilaeT MexaHH4eckylo paboty — BpallaeT TypOnHy M 2KecTKO CBASaHHbI c HEH pOTOP reHepaTo- pa. Orpa6oranHblit map moctynaer B KoHAZeHcaTop K (Tenuo- OO6MeHHHK); 30€Cb OH KOHAeHCHpyetcA Ouarogapa mponycky22 O6ujue eonpoce: anepeeruxu u srexrpupuxayuu CCCP Fa. 1 nc re uepes KOHACHCATOP 3HAYHTeAbHOrO KOMHYeCTBa xOOAHOH (5— 25°C) wupkysaunMoHHot BoB (pacxog nUpKyAAWMOnHOM BO- asi B 50-—80 pas Gonpule pacxoqa napa yepe3 KOHAeHCAaTOP). UcrTouHnkom xost0nHOi BOAbI MOryT ObITb peka, O3epo, He- KYCCTBCHHOC BOLOXPanHAMMe, a TakK%Ke cHelMasbHble ycrTa- HOBKH C OXJa2K1alOWHMH OalHaMH (rpaqHpHAMH) HAaM Cc OppisrabHbIMH GacceiiHamMH (Ha OTHOCHTe/IbHO MeJIKHX 9/1eK- TPOocTaHUuAXx), OTKYAa OXMaKAaloWad BOA NORaeTCA B KOH- ZencaTop UWNpKyJAWHOHHBIMH Hacocamu LH. Bosayx, mona- amu B KOHJeHcaTOp Yepes HeMMOTHOCTU, yanAeTcH Cc NOMOIMbIO sxKeKTOpa J. Konfencat, o6pasyioulniica B KOHZeH- caTope, C NOMOUIbIO KOHAeHCaTHOTO Hacoca KH mogaetca B Aeaspatop Alp, KoTopplii mpequasHauen AWA yanenna u3 mH- TaTejbHOH BOAbI Ta30B H, B IepBy!o ouepesb, KHCOpoya, BBISBI- Bajollero ycueHHyI0 KOpposHio Tpy6 Kota. B meagpatop TaK- 2K NOMAeTCA XUMMYCCKH OWMWeHHaN BORA. Tlocae seaspatopa NUTAaTebHaA BOLA MuTaTeAbubIM Hacocom [TH nomaerca B KO-. Ted. TIpezBaputeabHo BOMa nofsorpeBaetca, MpH4emM ee NoOWo- rpeB OcyUlecTBIAeTCA B MOMOrpeBaTenax pa3HaHOTO AaBse- HU, CHaO%KaeMEIX NapomM #3 oTOoOpos TYPOHHEI, a TAaKKE B akoHOMalisepe (xBocToBoli uacTu) KoTaa. IIpomycK ocHoBHOit MaccbI Mapa yepe3 KOHACHCAaTOP MpHBOAUT K TOMY, uTO 60— 70 % TemaoBoli sHepruu, BbIpaGaTbIBaemoi KoTAOM, Gecmo- AC3HO YHOCHTCA WHPKYAALHOHHOH BOLO. Oco6enxnoctu KOC caenyroume: 1) crpostca mo BosMOxKHOCTH O.1MKe K MecTOpOKACHHAM TONMUBA; 2) nogapasioulyio YacTb BBIpaGoTaHHO 9aeKTposHeprud OTRalOT B avICKTPHYeCKHe CeTH MOBLIMeHHLIX HanpaxKeHnii (110—750 KB); 3) paGoraior mo cBo6oqHoMy (7. €. He OrpaHHueHHoMy Ten- AOBLIMH MOTpe6uTedamMu) rpa@uKy BEIpAaOOTKH a1eKTPOsHEp- THH; MOULHOCTh MOMKET MCHATLCA OT PacueTHOrO Ma@KCHMYMa JO Tak HasbIBaeMoro TeXHOMOrHdeCKOTO MHHHMYMa; 4) HMSKOManeBpenHbl: pasBopor TYPONH H HaGop Harpyska H3 XOJIOAHOPO COCTOAHHH Tpe6y!oT NpHMepHO 3—10 4; 5) uMelor oTHOcHTenbHO HusKMA KIT (n=30+40 %). Tenaopuxaunonnbie axextpocranunn. TJpaninnuanpnan exema TOLL gana Ha pwc. 1.5. B ormwane ot KOC na TILL HMCIOTCA 3HAYHTeAbHEIe OTOOPEI Mapa, YacTHYHO oOTpaboTaH- HOrO B TypOuHe, Ha NPOHSBOACTBeHHBIe H KOMMYHaJIbHO-OnITO- Bble HYK Ab. KOMMyHaJbHO-ObITOBBIe MOTPeOuTeaH OOBIMHO N0- 23 § 15 — Tunes aaexrpocranyud AY4AHOT TeMVOBY!0 9HEPrHio OT ceTeBEIX MogorpeBaTeeh (Goli- repos) C/I. pu cxwxkennn aaexrpuyeckoit narpysku TOL, W2Ke MOWHOCTH Ha TeMJIOBOM noTpeOeHHH Heo6xoquMan ANA noTpe6uTeneit TeM10Bad HEprHA MOET ObITh NOyyeHa c MO- MOMIbIO PEAYKIHOHHO-OXNALUTeMbHOH yctaHoBKu POY, nuta- louleiicA OCTPEIM Napom KoTaa. Uem Gombe oTGOp mapa U3 TYPOUHE! AWA TeNIOPNKAWHONHBIX HY, TEM MeHbUe TeNA0- ROH SHEPrHH YXOAUT C UUPKYAANHOHHO! BOLOH H, CACAOBAaTeMb- HO, Tem Bale KIT, snextpocranynu. Cnenyet, ofHaKo, OTMe- gist 35~220 kB Tennogan cems 0,12~-0,25 Mla Tonauéo OL] AB Hemovnun xonognoit Bode: Puc, 1.5. Upuuuunnanpnaa cxema TOLL THTb, 4TO BO H3G6exKaHHe MeperpeBa xBOcTOBOM YacTH TYpOHHEL yepes Hee JOIKEH ObITh OGecMeyeH BO BCeX pexKHMAaX IIponyck onpesesenHoro KomMYeCTBa Mapa. V13-3a HeECOOTBeETCTBUA MOIMHOCTeH NoTpe6uTeseH TenAOBOIt H QWieKTpHyecKOH gHeprun TOL vacto paboraior mo KoHseHCa- UMOHHOMY (CMelIaHHOMy) Pe)KHMY, 4TO CHWKaeT HX JKONO- MHYHOCTS. = ‘B nactonmee spema B CCCP oxon0 40% Tonmnpa pac- xonyeTca Ha mpouspogcTBo renja, TOLL, a TakxKe MpoMbILl- JeHHBIeC HM KpPyNHble OTONUTeADHbIe KOTCAbHBIe OGecneuMBa- IOT MOTPeCGHOCTH HPOMBILIAeHHOCTH B Mape HM ropayel Bone npakTHueckH Ha 100 %, a KOMMYHambHO-ObITOBHIX TOTpeOuTe- aeii MH Hacenenus ropomoB — Gosee uem Ha 40%.24 OGujue. eonpoce: sxepeeruxu u aaexrpugpuxayuu CCCP. Tact OcoéenxoctH TOLL cuenyioune: 1) crpontca BOau3H nOTpe6uTeel TenwoBO aHepruy; 2) o6nHO paboTaioT Ha HpHBO3HOM TOMMHBe; 3) Sombulyio YacTb BEIpaGaTEIBaeMOl 91eKTPOSHEprHe BbI- RawT norpe6uTeasm GOnusnexallero paiiona (Ha reHepaTop- HOM HI MOBBIMeHHOM HallpsxKeHHn) ; 4) paOoraior 10 YacTHYHO BHIHYxKeHHOMY rpaduky BBbI- pa6oTku sveKrposneprun (T. e. Tpapuk 3aBHCHT OT TenJoBOrO noTpe6.1eHHA) ; 5) HH38KOMaHeBpeHHbI § (Tak xe, Kak H KOC); 6) Me1oT OTHOCHTE/IbHO BEICO- Kut cyMMapHblii KITT, (np 3Ha- ‘ WHTeIbHEIX oTOopax napa Ha MIPOM3BOACTBO KH KOMMYHAaJIbHO- OpITOBLIe HYAKAbI 7 =60+70 %). Tuaposnextpoctanunn. Moni- Hoctb TOC 3aBucuT or pacxoga BOLbI Yepes TypONHy u Hanopa H (puc. 1.6). Sta Mounoctp, kKBT, ompemeineTca BbIparke- Pue. 1.6. Tpwnunnvansuaa cxe- ma T3C HHeM 1000 . P= QAny 1 9,81QHn,, rae Q— pacxog Bogsl, M3/c; H — nanop, M; ne - cyMMapnEtit KIL, : Ny = 1%, 1s yo— KO sogonogsornmux coopyxenni; ny— KIT, ruapo- typ6unbl; nr— KIA ruaporeneparopa. Tipw weOoapuiux Hamopax crposT pycaosbe (Yrauu- exaa uw PpiOuuckan TSC) wav copMemennbre (Bom«xcxue TSC umeun B. H. Jlenvna w umMenu XXII cbe3ga KIICC) rug- PposmeKTPOCTaHUMM, a MPH 3HAYHTeMbHDIX Hanopax (6onee 30—35 mM) —npunaotuunne TSC (Muenpol3C, Bpat- cxaa TSC). B ropHbtx MecTHOcTAX cOopyKalwT Ae puBalH- onupe LFSC (Tusenp — JonlSC, Tromowl9C, Papxag- T9C, D3amunlSC) c 6onpwWAMH HanopaMH Npu MasbIx pacxo- Bax. § 15° Tune saexrpocranyuit 25 Oco6ennocta TSC caexyoue: 1) crpostca TaM, re ecTh rHApopecypchl H YcHOBHA AA CTPOHTeAbCTBA, YTO OOLINHO He COBMaaeT C MecTOpacnonoKe- HHeM 9/1eKTpHuecKoll Harpy3kH; 2) Gonbulyio YacTb BbIPAGATHIBAeMOM ZCKTPOIHEPrHH OT- AaioT B aseKTpHYeCKHe CeTH MOBBIWEHHEIX HanpsKenhii; 3) pa6otaiwr no cBoGoqHomy rpadHKy (pH HaaqHYHH BO- AOXpaHHAHut) ; . 4) BbICOKOMaHeBpeHHb! (pa3sBOpoT H HaGop Harpy3KH 3aHH- MaeT NPHMepHo 3—5 Muy); 5) umerot Bbicoxni KIT (ns 85 %). Kak BHAHO, FHZpOsAeKTPOcTaHUHH B OTHOWICHHH pexKHM- HbIX apaMeTPoB HMCIOT PAA NpeHMYyecTB Neped TeNOBLIMH aJeKTPOCTaHIHAMH. OHaKO B HaCTORIWee BpeMA IpeMMymect- BeHHO CTPOXTCA TENNOBbIe H aTOMHbIe 97eKTpOcTaHuMH. Onpe- ACNAIOWLHMH (akTOPAaMH 30€cb ABAAIOTCA pa3smepbl KaNuTaso- BIOKeHHH MW BPeMA CTPOHTeAbCTBa DeKTPOcTaHUni. YcpeaHeHHble 3HaYeHHA YCUbHbIX KallHTaTOBOKeHnNA, ceOecTOHMOCTH SJIEKTPOSHEPrHH MW CPOKOB CTPONTeABCTBA 3/1eK- TpocTaHWHh pasHbiX THIOB Lanbi B Tau. 1.11. Ta6anua Ltt Yaeabunie kanurano- | Ce6ectoumoc™s snek- | Cpox erporrrent- Tan snextpoctanuuH | proxxenns, py6/KBT wons(nBres) cTBa, ner KSC 110—160 0,4—1,0 3-6 TOIL 180—250 0,3—0,8 4-6 Toc 200—500 0,04—0,4 5-8 TASC 180—200 _ _ ASC 240—300 0,45—0,8 5-8 rty 110—120 - _ nry . HS5—125 - _ Tlono6upie cooTHoumenHaA HMeIOT MeCTO H B 3apy6exKHOi mpaktuKe (Ta6a. 1.12). Ta6anna 112 Tan snerrpoerames | ¥AemHne ceurereagenemn, | Ce aE TOC 112—136 0,61—0,73 ASC 152—176 0,542—0,74 rac 200—280 0,337—0, 742 TEOT3C 140—220 0, 268—0, 46626 O6ujue sonpocot sxepeeruku u saexrpudukayuu CCCP Lat ATOMHbIe SMeKTPOCTAHUMH. AtTomubie SFEKTPOCTAHIHH Ipo- €KTHPYIOTCA H COOpyxKaloTcsA ¢ peakTOPpaMH Pa3/M4HOrO THA Ha TeIMJOBEIX HAH. ObICTPbIX HEATPOHAX TO OJHOKOHTYPHOH, ABYXKOHTYPHOH WIR TpexXKOHTypHo cxeme. ASC moryT coopy- KaTbCA WIA MPOWSBOACTBa TOMbKO aeKTPHYecKOH 9sHeprun, ananorm4uno KOC, HAH Aa MpOusBOACTBa TeNMOBOH H 3/1eKT- pHuyecKoOH sueprun, aHanornyHoO TOL. YnpomleHHam MpHHUHNMabHad CXeMa JBYXKOHTypHOit ASC mpusegena ua puc. 1.7. Kak suguo, o6opyqoBanue BTO- 110-750 «B Ypan —>| Puc, 1.7. Upunuunuambyaa cxema xeyxkoutypHoi ASC poro KoHTypa, BKONaIOMero Typ6HHy T6 u KoHZeHCaTOp K, aHanornyno OGopyAOBaHHIo TeNMOBEIX SueKTpocTanuni. Mep- BbI, pawqHOaKTHBHEIM KOHTYP COMePAKAT PeakTOp, Maporene- paTop H nuTaTevbHBIt Hacoc. B kauecrse pacuyensoueroca Matepvana Ha ASC o6niu- HO ucroOmb3yetcn ypan 7%U (92 mpotona uv 143 Helfrpona) B BHAe KOMWEHTpaTa 3aKHCH-OKHCH ypaHa U30s3. Tlornoujas onnH Helitpox, ypax ?U nxeautca Ha mBe 4acTH (ockonkn) ¢ BLIgenenuem sHepruu. [pu pacuennenun 1 xr ypana *°5U ppigensetca avepruu 21,6 Man. KBT-4, 4TO 9KBH- BaJICHTHO SHEprHl, BbIZeAIOWeHCA pH cropaHHu MpHMepHO 2900 t yras. . Ypava Ha 3eMuJe He Tak MaJIO, HO 23U B nem TombKO 0,714%, a ocHosny1o maccy (99,28 %) cocrasaaer ?°8U, Koroppiit HOp- MaJIbHO He pacwilellaetca, Halizena BO3MOMKHOCTh HCIOJIb30- BaTb H 3TOT H3OTON C NOWYYeHHEM TMWYTOHHA, TaKKe pacille- asjouleroca MaTepuama: $15 Tunot saexrpocranyud 27 (* U'+ n) > ( U + 2) > (Np + 2) Pu. Ha ASC Bo3sMoxKHO TakKe HCNOMb30BaTb TOPHIi, H3 KOTO- poro novyuaetca pacuyenamouuiica MaTepnaa 2U, Tlepsaa 8 Mupe npomiimaennaa AOC momuocreio 5 MBT 6blna nywleHa B akciyaTaumio B. CCCP 27, mona 1954 r. B 1956—1957 rr. Ovi mymennt arperarer ASC B Anrann (Koagep-Xoaa Mounocth1 92 MBr) nu B CIUA (ASC Ilun- NHHrMopT MouHocTbio 60 MBr). B gadbuelimem nporpaMMbi crpouteapersa ASC cram @opcuposatees B Anranu, CILIA, SAnonuu, Ppanynn, Kanage, OPI, Wisenun un B page Apyrux cTpaH. YckopeHHbIMH TeMNaMH pasBUBaeTcA aTOMHaA 9Hepre- tHka B CCCP (B ocHOBHOM B eBpolielickoil 4acTH) H B cTpa- Hax — uenax COB. , TIpeanouaraviocn, uto k 2000r. BLipaGoTka aieKTposHepruu Ha AOC B mupe MoxeT gocturnyTb 50 % o6wel BeIpasoTKH aAeKTpOsHeprun. OgHako B HacTOAulee BpeMA NpOrHosHble oueHKH pa3BuTHa AOC B mupe na 2000 Tr. B cuay paza mpHanH CYWlecTBeHHO CHH3HJHCb. OcoGenxnoctu ASC caeayomne: 1) Moryr coopy2katbes B 060M reorpatpHyecKkoM MecTe, B TOM 4Hcue HB TpyAHOMOCTYNHOM; 2) mo cBoemy pexXHMY aBTOHOMHEI OT pasa BHEMIHUX cbak- TOpoB; 3) TpeOyioT Masoro KoaMYecTBa TONAHBA; 4) moryt pa6otaTp no cao6oquomy rpaduKy Harpy3KH (3a HCKJHOYeHHeEM aTOMHEIx TOL); : 5) "yBcTBHTeJIbHLI K NepeMeHHOMy pexkumy, ocodenHo ASC c peakTopaMu Ha ObICTPLIX HeliTpoHax; NO 9TOH NpHuHHe,’ a TakKe c yueToM Tpe6oBaHuA SKOHOMHIHOCTH paooTH Ara ADC BbifedneTca Oa30Ban 4aCTb rpacHka Harpy3KH 9Heprocuc- TeMBI; 6) cna6o 3arpa3HaloT aTMOCchepy; BEIOpOCbl paqvOaKTHBHBIX Ta30B H adposoeli HeSHaYHTeAbHbI H He MpeBbilawT 3Haye- HHH, JOMYCTHMbIX CAHHTApHBIMH HOpMaMH#, B 9TOM OTHOMeHUK ASC oxaspipawtes Gonee ancTbIMH, 4em TOC. Fasotyp6unnple ycranosKH. IIpununnuanpuas cxema TTY Mana ua pue. 1,8, Kos@punnent monesuoro gelictBud ra3s0TypOHHHEIX ycTa- HOBOK ¢ arperaTamu 25—100 MBr cocraBaset 29—34 %. Onu SIBJIAIOTCA BbICOKOMAHEBPCHHEIMH arperaTaMH H Hcnomb3yloTca B9HEprocHcTeMaX B KayeCTBe pesepBHBIX ABTOHOMHBIX HCTOY-28 Ob6ujue sonpocer axepeeruku u aaexrpuduxayuu CCCP Ta. eee ee ee ee Ammocpepnont fas t=300-400°C bo3s0yx Pac. 1.8. Mpuuuuniansuaa cxema rasotyp6unnolt anexrpocranumn: KC —xamepa cropanus; 76 —typ6una; KI —xomnpeccop, M—nyckosol apurateay HukoB aHepruv, a TalOKe B KaYeCTBe HCTOUHMKOB JIA HoKpbi- THA NHKOBON YaCTH FpacuKOB Harpy3KH. Ausenpupie snextpocranumu. I[pununnuanbuad cxema H- 3eAbHOM seKTPOCTAaHUHH ana Ha pre. 1.9, OcnoBHol ee ame- MeHT — AM3eIb-reHepaTop, COCTOAIHH H3 ABHraTea BHYT- penuero cropanun J[BC u reuepatopa nepemenuoro ToKa G. Aluzeapuble a1eKTpOcTaHIHH MOOHADHBI, ABTOHOMHLI, NOZTOMY LIMPOKO HCNOb3YWTCA B TPYAHOMOCTYNHbIX paliowax, a TakKe AA IeKTPOCHAGKEHUA CVIBCKOXO3AHCTBEHHEIX MOTpeOunTevedt. B Hactoauee BpeMA AU3eAb-reHepaTOPbI UCHONb3YIOTCA B Ka- YecTBe peS@PBHBIX aBapHHbIX MCTOUHHKOB MHTaHHA cCHCTeM co6crBeHubix Hy« ASC u Kpynuprx PPSC. Puc. 1.9. punuunuaapnan cxeMa UBeIbHOM aueKT- poctanuHn Masyin BerpoonektpoctranuwH HeGOMbUWIOH MOULHOCTH HCHOMb3y10T- cH B KayeCTBe HCTOYHHKOB QV/IeKTPOSHEPIHH B CebCKHX MeCT~ HOCTHAX, B TPYTHOZOCTYNHBIX patiouax, Ha MeTeOpOOrH4ecKHx CTaHUHAX H B APyrHx mMecTax, rae cTaOHAbHO yaepxKuBaeTca BeTpeHan noroga. B CCCP nmeiotca ycTaHOBKH MOLKHOCTbIO B 100—400 KBr, pa3pa6aTbiBaloTCA yCTaHOBKH 3HAa4HTebHO Gonpuel MonHOCTH. TlogcuutaHo, 470 c. 3eMHOH TOBepxXHOCcTH nana moro B oa et 4 £ ! BolpadoraTb 2,19—6,57 man. ¢ 15 Tunet aaexrpocranyuad on 29 ] KM? MoKHO NosyuUTD B cpeznem 250—750 KBr mouwocTH KBT-4 9eKTPOsHeprHH B TOA. Tipu stom co sce repputopan CCCP reopetuyeckn MoxKHO nowydHTb oKo0 18000 mapg. KBT-4 sAekTposHeprHuy B rod. Conneynble avextrpocranunn. TI pHHininasbuple cxeMbi COMHEYHBIX 9TCKTpOCTanUHH (renmuosneKTpoctannnh) ganbi na puc. 1.10. Comneunple saeKTpocTaHuHH Hall npHMerenue B PAke cTpaH, HMeIOUX 3HAYUTebHOe YHCAO CO/IHEUHBIX BHelt B rogy. Ponycu- pyrouguit eaemenm Kpempue bore 1omo- aMeMentiot Puc, 1.10, Tpuauunmaapnpie cxemel remnosexTpocranuni; @—c napossim KOTIOM; 6 —c KpeMHHEBLIMH GoTosAeMenTaMH Tlo ony6.uKkopaHHbim QanHbim KITZ. comHedHpix saeKTpo- cTaHUn MOKeT GbITh MoBezen 10 20 %. TeotepMambuble aeKTpocTaHUMH HCMOIb3yIOT elweBy1o SHEPrHio MOAZCMHBIX TCPMAJIbHBIX HCTOUHHKOB, Tipnnyunnasp- Had CXeMa TaKOH 9eKTPOCTAHIHH mpexcTaBaena Ha pue. 1.11. TeorepMadbubie QAeKTPOCTAHIHH padorar B Hctanann, Hosoi 3enauqun, Tanya, Hosoi Teunee, CIA u Uraann, npayem B Mtaauu onv gaiot oKolo 6 % Bceii BEIpaGaTHIBae- Pre. 1.11. Mpaxunnnaap- Had CXeMa reoTepMadb- Hof SmeKTpocranyHH Tepmanovan cpeda80 O6uue sonpoce: sxepeeruxu u orexrpuguxayuu GCCP Fa. t eee Molt sneKtposHepruv, B CCCP (na Kamuatke) coopyxena Tlay>ketcxast reoTepMalibHad JICKTPOCTaHUMA. Tpwansapie SIEKTPOCTAHWMH C TAK Ha3blBaeMbIMH Kanicyvib- HEIMH THgpoarperaTaMH cTposTcA Tam, Te HMeeTCA B3HaUH- TeAbHbIH Nepenak ypoBHeli BOAbI BO BpeMA MpHNBOB Hi OTMH- Bos. Hav6onee Momuaa TI9C Pane noctpoena B 1966 r. BO @panuun; ee MoumocTh coctrasraer 240 MBr (24x10 MBr), Tlpoextupytotes TI9C B CIA momnoct 1000 MBr (100x x10 MBr), B BeanxoOputanun Mouuocrbio 7260 MBr (220% X83 MBr) ur. a..B CCCP na Koapexom noayocrpose, rae IpuauBel RocturawT 10—13 mM, B 1968 r. Boulwa B cTpof nep- Baa ouepeab onbITHolt Kucaory6cKolt II3C (20,4 MBr). 1.6. TRADHKK HAIPY3ZOK 3/IEKTPOYCTAHOBOK. PEFYNMPOBAHME TPA@MKOB HATPY3OK Tpacux varpy3ku mpeazcTaBasaet co6olt rpaHueckoe 1306- paxeHHe peKUMa PaOorTb! aeKTPoycTaHOBKH. Bce sv1emeHTEt SHEProcHcTeMbI (reHepaTOpHl, TpanciopMaTOpEI, s1eKTPOABH- rate, CHHXPOHHEle KOMMeHCaTOPEI H T. 1.), a TAKKE 3/IeKT- pocTaHUHH, aeKTPHYecKHe ceTH H SHEProcHcTeMbI B ILeOM MMeiOT CBOH rpacpuKu Harpy3oK. §) Puc. 1.12. Tpabuxu narpysku saeKkTpoycraHoBoK Pasanuatot rpaduKu cytounnie (puc. 1.12, a w 6) w rogo- Bble 10 Mposomm«KutertbuyocTH (pue. 1.12, 6); HenpepbiBHble (puc. 1.12, a) H ctynenuatbie (puc. 1.12,6); 3HMHHe H JeTHHe, rpauku axTHBuolt (puc. 1.12) uw peakrusnot narpy3Ku HT. NT. Ha rpaukax pa3aMyaloT MHHHMaJbHOe, MaKCHMadbHOe H vee adele es RR i § 16 Tpauxu nazpysok aaeKkrpoycTaHoeoK - a1 ye eee cpeqHee 3HayeHua rpacuyeckH npegcTapseHHoro NapameTpa. Y rpapuxos passnuaior TawxKe GasoByro, NOAyNHKOBy!O HW TH- KoByro uacTH. [IpuMenutesbuo x pc. 1.12, a 6a30Bol ABA- etcad Ta yacTs, rye P

Pramin, a 10- aynnKosblit — rae Pmin 1. Kaxyaa aekTpoycraHopka MMeeT XapakTepubii Juin Hee rpadux warpysKu (puc, 1.13). Tpacuku cTpostca Bo BpeMA SKCIVyaTauHH uM MpH mpoeK- THpoBanuu. Bo BpemMa akKCIyaTauuM OHM cTposTcA cuenyi0- IQHMH CNOcOOaMH: No perucTpupyiowluM npuOopam (P, Q); no ykasbiBaiowlum mpHoopam (P, Q nan P, U, 1); no crerankam (Moka3aHua OepyT 4epes yac). ‘ Rb F% EG 1 1 100 . 80} 80) 80 60) 60} 60) 40 40 40 20 20| 20| on 1 tt 11 O 4 8 2216 2024t4 0 + 8 1216 20244 0 4 8 12 16 20 246,49 2) 4) 8) Puce. 1.13. Cyrounne rpapukH aKTHBHOM HarpyskH aseKTpoycTaHoBoK pasamgnoro Tuma @—anyxcuenuoe npeanpHatie; 6—tpexcmewoe MmpeAnpHatue; @ — KoMMyHaapieie wykxb1 ropona Tlocrpoeuue rpadukos Harpy3KH IPH MpoeKTUpoBaHHH Mpo- H3BOANTCA HHaye. OOLINHO H3BECTHDI NapaMeTPbl MCXaHH3MOB H YCTAHOBMeHHAA MOUHOCTh Pycrj ST€KTPOABHTatesel u Apy- ruX NoTpeduTese sieKTposHeprun. AspecTHoO Takxe, 4TO rpa- (UKH OAHOTMMHBIX MpesnpuATHi B OGmeM cayyae NoZOOHBI. TlpoexrupoBanue BexeTcA c y4eTOM Harpy3Kku, KOTOpas 6yeT uepe3 5—7 ser. Vcxoaa H3 9TOFO, BHAYaJe ONPeAeAIOT OXKH- Waemylo MpHCOeAHHeHHy! MOULHOCTS Pop; 3ateM onpemenAwoT CyMMapHylO yCTaHOBJIeHHYIO HM MpHCOeAHHeHHY!0 MOULHOCTH n n Pryor = SY) Prers > Paps = SY Pavw j=l i=t Tae fl — YHC0 SIEKTPONPHEMHHKOB. § 16 Tpaduxu naepysoKn saexrpoycranoeoK 33 YcTaHOBAeHHad MOULHOCTh TOACYHTHBAeTCA NO HOMHHAIb* HbIM AaHHbIM O6opysoBaHHA. CyMMapHad MaKCHMaJIbHaf Harpy3ska rpynnbl norpeGure- Kei Pyrmax WeNHbIX pelieTKaxX) . 5—7 Konsencannonnpie ‘aporypOunine aenpocrai . UHH Ha NbieyroJibHOM TONHBe . .. 6—9 Tenuosnektpowentpaan Ha mEMCYFOADHOM Tons. BL Be. . 14 Tuaposnexrpocramiun cpeaneii MoulHocTH 1 1—2 Tuapossextpocrannan 6onbuwow MomHocta , , 0,4—1 Suektpuyeckue NogcTanuMH + » 50—500 KBr 3-51634 — OGwue eonpoce: sxepeerunu.u saextpupuxayun CCCP Tad oo Tpacuxu narpy30k npennasnayenl Aaa: a) ompegeteHua Bpemenu nycka H OcTaHoBa arperaTos, BKJIOYCHHA H OTKIOYeHHA TpaHctopMmaTopos; 6) onpezenenun KoamyecTsa BiipaGotauHok (noTpe6meH- Holi) smeKTposneprun, pacxoga TOMIHBa H BOJBI; B) BeRCHHA 3KOHOMHYHOTO pexkumMa SJEKTPOYCTAHOBKH} T) W1aHHpoBaHua CpoKOB pemouTos O6opysoBaHHA; A) MpoexTHpoBanusA HOBBIX HM pacwHpeHHA jelicTBy;ONINXx SNEKTPOYCTAHOBOK; €) MpoeKTHpoBanHA HOBBIX H PpagsBHTHA cyMecTByOUNX SHeProcHcTeM, UX Y3/1I0B Harpy3KH H OTZeMbHbIX NoTpeduTeneit SJ@KTPOSHEPrHy. em paBHoMepHee Harpy3Ka renepaTopos, Tem slyume yc- OBA HX PaOOTH, NOSTOMY BOSHHKaeT Tak Ha3bIBaeMas MpO6- aeMa peryIHpOBaHHA TpacHKOB Harpy3kv, npoOwema UX BHI- pasunBanusn. Tipu strom uenecoo6pa3Ho 10 BO3MOxKHOCTH 6o- Hee MOAHO HCMOMb3OBaTb YCTAHOB/EHHYIO MOMIHOCTS 31eKTPO- cTaHuHh, OnuuM 3 BaxHeimHx TexXHUKO-9KOHOMMYeCKHX NOKa3aTe- wel paOorbl saeKTpocTaHuMi aABAAeTCA ceOecTOHMOCTS BbIpa- GoTaHHol aneKTposHepruH, KOTOpad onpegensetca BEIpaxKe- HHeM bP, oP. b C=za+ 8% —g+ yer og Woup Ta Pycr + T, Te @— MOCTOAHHAA cOcTaBAAIOMaA pacxosoB Ha Mpou3BoL- CTBO KHOBaTT-Yaca |AeKTpOsHeEprHH (TONHBO, BOJa, BOLO- POA, MOATOTOBKa XHMHYeCKH OYMUeHHOH BOAbI HT. 1.); b— PacxoAbl, CBASAHHbIe C COOpyKeHHeM suleKTPOcTaHUHH, ee 06- clyKuBaHHeM (aMOpTH3allHa, TeKyuluH PeMOHT, Oxpana, 3a- pa6oTHast mata nepcoHana, oTyncieHuA B 61lx%KeT). Kak BuAHO, ce6ecTOHMOCTh BEIPaboTaHHOl 9uIeKTPOCTaHUH- SMH SJeKTPOSHEprHH O6paTHO MpOMOpuHOHaAbHa BpemMeHH Hc- TOAbSOBAHHA YCTAHOBMeHHOM MOULHOCTH aleKTpocTaHuHh Ty. Orciogza BO3HHKaeT HeOOXOAHMOCTb TOHCKa nyTei NOBbIMMEHHA Ty. K comanenui , 43-34 pada NpMIHH yBeAHuHTD 7, HO aHep- reTuke B WeEJIOM B TeYeHHe pada AeT TipakTHyecKH He yaeTcs. 7[uHamuka usmMeHenua Ty Wu ky 10 aHepreTuKe CCCP Bs weoM mpuBegena B Taba. 1.13, rae Ty paccuataHo no cpenzHes TOMOBOH MOMHOCTH aTeKTpocTaHunit. Zlaa peryaupopanua rpaduKxos Harpy3KH HcHOmbsyiOT: 35 gre 7 ‘papuku HaepysOK SAeKTPOYCTAHOBOK TaGauna 113 Kospibitnenr ncnomaonannn Bpema ncnommsoparun cpeue- TonoBOA yoranonztenttof Mow. | epeareronoBoll ycTAHOBeHHOM Toa foot Ty. 4 MOUAHOETH Ry 4240 ° 0,484 1960 5015 0,572 1960 4737 0,54 “1965 4734 0,54 1970 4735 0,54 1973 4870 0,557 1975 5013 0,572 1980 5029 0,574 1985 5138 0,586 a) MoakKMOueHHe Ce3OHHEIX noTpe6urenel (ropopaspabort- KH, MOJHB, OPOWeHHe, 3aBOA Ce3OHHOFO NPOHSBOACTBA, KOH- epbl HT. 2); AUNBOHEDS owen Harpy3KH HOubIO (HacocHble, r4poaKkky- MYJIMPYIOWlHe CTAHIHH B HaCOCHOM PexKHME, 3apAAHbIC cTaH- HHT. A}; m B) Fae acne uucna paGouux cmMeH (MoBEIMeHHe KOspipA- UMeHTa CMe@HHOCTH) ; r) cmeulenve Hauana padoTHl cmeH HW Havaa pa6oTsl npen- TIpHATHH; . A) pasHeceHne BHIXOQHBIX AHeH; e) yxkecroueHHe TapHpHOH CHCTeMbI, HallpHMep, MyTeM BBe- JIeHHA Math KaK 3a AKTHBHYIO, TaK H 3a PeaKTHBHY!O SHEp- rao (MouiHOcTS) ; %K) YMeHbILeHHe MepeTOKOB peaKTHBHOM MOLIHOCTH TO 3ACKTPHYeCKOK CeTH; 3) oObequnenne paHOHHBIX 9HeprocucTeM B oObeAHHEHHbIe SHEprocHucTeMbI JIHHHAMH M@#KCHCTeEMHOH CBASH. 3a cueT Tak Ha3bIBaeMOro «Harpy304uHOoro adekta», BO3- HAKalowlero B OOBEMHHCHHDIX 9HeprocHcTemax, copmenleHHs tpauHKOB Harpy3kH noTpe6uTeneh Cc HeCOBMakaloulyMH men wancusiyaant B E9C epponeiicxol vactu CCCP yna- nocb, Hanpumep, B 1965 r. cHHsHTb NOTpeOuyro reHepHpyouly1o MOWHOCTh Ha 3,8 % (1,8 man. KBT) H yMeHDINHTD pacueTHoe aHaueHHe SKcIIyaTalHoHHoro pesepBa Ha 3% (1,5 Man. KBr). CHrxKeHHe COBMelleHHOrO MakcHMyMa eer E93C CCCP (mexcuctemubIi aphex oObeAMHEHHA O9SC) B nocaequne ro- abl coctapanet 3—4 Man. KBr, acpexT copMenkeHua rpaduKos 3*