81 WM 106-4

September 1981, p. 4263

80 SM 652-8

September 1981,4281

V. A. Venikov and V. A. Stroev Moscow Power Institute Mohsen A. H. Tawfik Faculty of Engineering, Ain-Shams University, Cairo
an

Reactors Part I: Effect of Controlled Reactors on the Transient Stability Limit

Optimal Control of Electrical Power Systems Containing Controlled

This paper considers the effect of controlled reactors connected to EHV long transmission line on the transient stability power transfer limit of the system. It is shown that this effect may be substantial and depends on the parameters of the controlled reactors themselves (time constant and control range) as well as on the degree of series capacitive compensation and the prefault operating conditions of the line. The optimum values of the controlled reactor parameters under transient conditions have been determined. The results obtained provide a good basis to continue the study to show the damping effect of the controlled reactors in case of large disturbances in the system.

Report of the Substation Committee Working 78.1 J. G. Sverak Gibbs & Hill, Inc., New York, NY W. K. Dick ITT Blackburn Co., St. Louis, MO T. H. Dodds McG raw-Ed ison Co., Canonsburg, PA R. H. Heppe Computer Sciences Corp., Falls Church, VA

Safe Substation Grounding.Part I

Group

81 WM 107-2

Optimal Control of Transients in Electrical Power Systems Containing Controlled Reactors Part 2: Optimal Control
Problem Solution
V. A. Venikov and V. A. Stroev Moscow Power Institute Mohsen A. H. Tawfik Faculty of Engineering, Ain-Shams University, Cairo
This paper studies the optimal control of transient processes in electrical power systems for the purpose of damping the system oscillations arising due to faults. Using a second order nonlinear model of the system, an optimal transient response has been obtained with controlled shunt reactors, which have proved to be effective in improving the transient stability power transfer limit of the system. A combined control of reactors, excitation and turbine has been applied to a third order nonlinear model of the system and the possibility of coordination between different controls to get optimal transients has been shown. The Pontryagin's maximum principle has been utilized to formulate the optimization problem and the produced nonlinear two-point boundary value problem was solved using a modified quasilinearization algorithm.

September 1981, p. 4271

technical papers will present information that will be included in other sections of the revised IEEE Std. 80. A safe grounding design has two objectives: 1 ) Provide means to carry and dissipate electric current into earth under normal and fault conditions without exceeding any operating and equipment limits or without adversely affecting continuity of service. 2) Assure such a degree of human safety that a person working or walking in the vicinity of grounded facilities will not be exposed to the danger of critical electric shock. Effects of an electric current passing through the vital parts of a human body depend on the frequency, magnitude and duration of the current. The magnitude and duration of the current at a 50 or 60 hertz power frequency passing through a human body should be less than that which causes ventricular fibrillation.
FI8RILLATING CURRENT- mA(rms)

Grounding," is presently being reviewed and revised by Working Group 78.1 of the Distribution Substation. Subcommittee of the Substation Committee. The material presented in this paper is a preliminary version of the material that will essentially replace Sections 1 through 6 of the existing IEEE Std. 80-1976. Future

The IEEE Std. 80-1976, "IEEE Guide for Safety in Substation

This current is a function of body weight as illustrated in Fig. 1. Based on the results of Dalziel's work it can be expected that 99.5% of persons weighing 50 kilograms (110 pounds) can withstand, without ventricular fibrillation, the current determined by Equation (1 ) providing the duration is between 0.03 and 3.0 seconds.

lB=kA/t (1)
where lB is a non-fibrillating RMS current, amperes t is duration of current, seconds k is 0.116 for 99.5% of persons weighing 50 kg. Alternatively, it can be determined that for 99.5% of persons weighing 70 kilograms (155 pounds) the value of Ar in Eq. (1) should be 0.157. The safe surface potential differences (step and touch) can be determined from an analysis of the appropriate accidental ground circuit using suitable parameters and tolerable values of current. The accidental ground circuits include the equivalent resistance of the human body from foot to foot or hand to feet. The value of this

PER SEPT

resistance is difficult to establish but 1000 ohms can be selected as a rather conservative value in both cases. The accidental ground circuits also involve the equivalent foot to earth contact resistance which should include the effect of a thin surface layer of a material such as crushed rock. These equivalent contact resistances are given by Equations (2) and (3).

Effective (rms) values:

k70 *50

= =

P2Fs 2{RF RMF)

fi2Fp=(PF+fiMF)/2

(2) nonfibrillating currents vs. body weight, fora3-second (3) shock.

81 WM 208-8

Fig.

*50fib

90.7 mA\/3= 157 rtiA 67.0 mA y/3 116 mA 107 mA\/3 185 mA 1. Fibri/fating and
=

where R2Fs s resistance of two feet in series of two feet parallel R2Fp is resistanceresistance ofinone foot to earth RF is the contact RMF is the mutual resistance of one foot with respect to the other The values of Rp ano RMFcar\ be calculated as follows:

Economic Incentives for Larger Transmission Conductors

lan S. Grant, Senior Member, IEEE Power Technologies, Inc., Schenectady, New York Vito J. Longo, Member, IEEE Pacific Gas and Electric Company, San Francisco,

September 1981, p.

4291

Pf PyF{X,). Pmi Ab
n

_p,F(X2)
2ndF

where p^ is the surface resistivity, ohm m. p2 is the basement resistivity, ohm m. b is the radius of the equivalent "foot" disc, m. dF is the separation of the two feet, m.

Xy h/b; X2 h/dF h is the thickness of the surface layer, m. F(X) is determined from Figure 2 for the appropriate reflection factor K. where K=(p2- p^)/(p2 + p) With the mutual resistance term neglected and b assumed equal to 0.08 m, the safe voltage limits for step and touch can be established in a form which is applicable to both two-layer and uniform soil conditions, as shown below: P2Fs=6C[pi] (4)
= =

R2Fp 1.5C[/)1]
=

(5)
10002

and

^step (RB + P2Fs)lB; PB

=

^touch (P + P2Fp)l>
= =

(6) (7)

where C is a reduction factor for derating the nominal value of surface layer resistivity pv C 1 for uniform soil, otherwise,
C
=

The power industry initially designed 500 kV transmission lines in the early 1960's. Then, as now, costs of losses versus installed cost evaluations were made to assess conductor requirements. At that time, independent of the economic analysis, electrical environ mental criteria limited the minimum allowable conductor sizes. That is, radio interference mitigation required larger conductor sizes than did economic requirements. By today's measures, energy then was inexpensive, and smaller conductor sizes would have satisfied an optimum balance between initial cost and operation cost. Today this situation is reversed, and there are several [1] recent examples of 500 kV lines using four 1.3-in. conductors (4800 kcmil), where in the late 1960's, two 1.6-in. conductors (3500 kcmil) would have been used for a similar application. Economic pressures are an important factor in this change. The lower future losses on the four conductor line more than offset the greater initial cost. This paper describes line costing trends that are leading to the use of increasing conductor sizes. Also, while the economics are ap plicable to conventional line configurations, EHV line configurations are considered which have recently been proposed and which are departures from present industry practice: These new line con figurations in particular will benefit from the use of larger con ductors to offer improved space utilization, lower initial cost, and improved environmental performance, and their dimensions identify an area of line design, namely phase-phase switching surge flashovers of conductor-conductor gaps, that requires further re search.

California

h/0.0S
0.96

I
i

2.0 1.8

500 kV PRESENT 2-C0ND.

.

1.6
1.4 1.2 1.0

FUTURE 3-4 CONO.

15 20 25 PHASE-PHASE SPACING

30 FEET

35

345 kV
FUTURE 3 -C0N.

/2-COND
10
15 20 25 PHASE-PHASE SPACING FEET
-

CRESENT

30

Fig. 2.

PER SEPT

Fig.

1. Possible range of future conductor sizes.