Series Cheatsheet

Denitions
Basic Series
Innite Sequence: sn Limit/Convergence of a Sequence: limn sn = L Innite Serie: (Partial sums) Sn = Geometric Serie:
n k=1

MacLaurin Serie If f a function innitely differentiable,

f (n) (0) n x n! n=0 Taylors Formula with Remainder x between c and x such that
n

sn = s1 + s2 + + sn + a(1 rn ) 1r

f (x) =
k=0

f (k) (c) (x c)k + Rn (x) k! f (n+1) (x ) (x c)n+1 (n + 1)!

ark1 = Sn = a + ar + ar2 + + arn1 =

Rn (x) =

Positive Series
Positive Serie: If all the terms sn are positive. Integral Test: If f (n) = sn , continuous, positive, decreasing: Comparison Test: an and bn where ak < bk (k m)
an bn

Applications
Application: Showing Function/Taylor-Series Equivalence sn converges 1. If 2. If exists,
1

f (x)dx converges.

n+

lim Rn (x) = 0

bn converges, so does an an diverges, so does bn an converges bn converges.

Application: Approximating Functions or Integrals Rn (x0 ) < K Binomial Serie (1 + x)r = 1 +

+ n=1

Limit Comparison Test:

an and

bn such that limn

Convergence
Alternating Serie: (1)n+1 an = a1 a2 + a3 a4 + a5 |sn | is convergent. sn is convergent but not absolutely convergent. < 1: absolutely convergent 1: (no conclusion) > 1 or +: diverges < 1: absolutely convergent 1: (no conclusion) > 1 or +: diverges fn (x) f (x) <

r(r 1)(r 2) (r n + 1) n x n!

Common Series
ex = x2 x3 xn =1+x+ + + n! 2! 3! n=0

Absolute Convergence: If Conditional Convergence: If

Ratio Test: If limn | sn+1 | = sn

1 = xn = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + + 1 x n=0

ln(1 + x) =

(1)n1

n=0

xn 1 1 1 = x x2 + x3 x4 + n 2 3 4

Root Test: If limn

|sn | =

sin x =

(1)n x2n+1 x3 x5 x7 =x + + (2n + 1)! 3! 5! 7! n=0 (1)n x2n x2 x4 x6 =1 + + (2n)! 2! 4! 6! n=0 x2n+1 x3 x5 x7 =x+ + + + (2n + 1)! 3! 5! 7! n=0 x2n x2 x4 x6 =1+ + + + (2n)! 2! 4! 6! n=0

Uniform Convergence: If > 0, m such that for each x and every n m,

cos x =

Power Series
Power Serie:
+ n=0

sinh x = an (x c)n = a0 + a1 (x c) + a2 (x c)2 +

cosh x =

Power Serie About Zero:

+ n=0

an xn = a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 +

Taylor Serie If f a function innitely differentiable,

f (n) (c) (x c)n n! n=0

Author: Martin Blais, 2009. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution - Non-Commercial - Share-Alike license.