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AU-4 POINTER Pointer at AU provides Dynamic alignment of VC-n with in the AU-n frame ,VC-n is allowed to Float with in the AU-n. Pointer is able to accommodate differences in Phases of the VC-n and SOH In frame rates (frequencies) also
AU-4 POINTER LOCATION AU-4 pointer is contained in the H1,H2,H3 bytes of the 4th row of SOH. The 3 individual AU-3 pointer are contained in three separate sets of H1,H2 &H3 bytes
10
AUG
270
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
AU4 POINTER VALUE Pointer value contained in the H1 and H2 byte designate the location of byte where VC-4 begins. The two byte allocated to the pointer function can be viewed as one word. The last ten bits of the pointer (7-16) of the pointer carry the pointer value. H3 byte is used for negative Justification which may then is filled with data
POINTER BITS
HI
unspecified
D
H2
I Increment, D Decrement, N New Data Flag . Negative Justification - Invert 5 D- Bits - Accept Majority Vote Decision Positive Justification - Invert 5 I- Bits - Accept Majority Vote Decision
PARAMETER MEANING
NDF=Enabled when 3 out of 4 bits matches with 1001 =Disabled when 3 out of 4 bits matches with 0110 =Invalid for other codes Purpose= To change the value of pointer arbitrarily
BITS 7 TO 16
ACTUAL POINTER RESIDES HERE The AU-4 pointer value is binary number with a range of 0 to 782 which indicates the offset, in three bytes increments,between the pointer and the first byte of VC-4.
Frequency Justification
If there is frequency offset between the frame rate of AU4 and that of the VC_4, than the pointer value will be incremented or decremented as needed. This should be accompanied by a corresponding positive or negative justification byte or bytes. Consecutive pointer operations must be separated by at least three frames in which the pointer value remains constant.
10
AUG
270
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
87 87
521521521
522
125s
782782782 H1 Y Y H2 1* 1* H3 H3 H3 K2 0 86 8686
Positive justification
If the frame rate of the VC-4 is slow w.r.t. that of the AU-4, then the alignment of the VC-4 must periodically slip back in time and pointer value Must be incremented by one. This operation is indicated by inverting bits 7,9,11, 13,15(I bits) of the pointer word. There majority vote of decision will be accepted By the receiver.
Three positive justification bytes appear immediately after the last H3 byte in the AU-4 frame inverted I bits. The data will be shifted by three byte. Subsequent pointers will contain the new offset.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Start of VC-$ H1 Y Y H2 1* 1* H3 H3 H3
AUG
270
1 4
125m
POINTER VALUE (N) H1 Y Y H2 1* 1 H3 H3 H3
250m
9 1
H1 Y Y H2 1* 1 H3 H3 H3
375m
POINTER VALUE (N+1) FRAME 4
Negative justification
If the frame rate of the VC-4 is too fast w.r.t. that of the AU-4, then the alignment of the VC-4 must periodically be advanced in time and pointer value must be decremented by one. This operation is indicated by inverting bits 8,10,12, 14,16(D bits) of the pointer word. There majority vote of decision will be accepted by the receiver.
Three negative justification bytes appear immediately in the H3 bytes in the AU-4 frame containing inverted D bits. The data will be shifted by three byte. Subsequent pointers will contain the new offset.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Start of VC-$ H1 Y Y H2 1* 1* H3 H3 H3
AUG
270
1 4
125m
POINTER VALUE (N) H1 Y Y H2 1* 1 H3 H3 H3
250m
9 1
H1 Y Y H2 1* 1 H3 H3 H3
375m
POINTER VALUE (N+1) FRAME 4
The remaining values (0000 0011 0101 1010 1100 and 1111) should be interpreted as invalid.
Pointer generation
The following summarizes the rules for generating the AU-n pointer. 1. During normal operation, the pointer locates the start of the VC-4 within the AU-4 frame. the NDF is set to 0110. 2. The pointer value can be changed by operation 3,4,5. 3.If a positive justification in required. A-The current pointer value is sent with I-bits Inverted,and the positive justification opportunity is filled with dummy information.
B- Subsequently pointer value contain in the previous Pointer is incremented by one. C- No subsequent increment or decrement operation is allowed at least three frames following this operation 4-If a negative justification is required. A-The current pointer value is sent with D-bits inverted,and the negative justification opportunity is over written with actual data. B- Subsequently pointer value contain in the previous pointer is decremented by one.
C- No subsequent increment or decrement operation is allowed at least three frames following this operation 5- A-If the alignment of the VC-4 changes for any reason other than rules 3 or 4,the new pointer value shall be sent accompanied by NDF set to 1001 B-The NDF only appears in the first frame that contains the new values. C-The location of the VC-4 begins at the first occurrence of the offset indicated by the pointer. D- No subsequent increment or decrement operation is allowed at least three frames following this operation
Pointer interpretation
The following summarizes the rules for interpreting the AU-n pointer. 1. During normal operation, the pointer locates the start of the VC-4 within the AU-4 frame. 2.Any variation from the current pointer value is ignored unless a new value is received three times Consecutively or it is preceded by one of rules 3,4 or5 .Any consistent new value received three times consecutively overrides rule 3 or 4.
AU-4 concatenation pointers always to show that the multi container-4 payload carried in a single should be kept. For example STM-4 & STM-16.
TU-3 pointer
TU-3 Pointer provides a method of allowing Dynamic alignment of VC-3 within the TU-3 frame, Independent of the actual content of the VC-3. Three individual pointers are contained in three Separate bytes H1,H2,H3. Actual pointer is in the bytes H1 andH2 Only
AUG=9*270 261
J1 H1 H2 H3 H1 H2 H3 H1 H2 H3 0 0 0 1 84 84 84
AU-4 POINTER
B3 C2 G1 F2 H4
FIXED STUFF
85 85 85 86
F3 K3 N1 J1
FIXED STUFF
B3 H3
AU-4 POINTER
C2 G1
ALTTC GZB
TX-I/SDH/POINTER
29
TU-1 POINTER TU1 pointer is contained in the V1 and V2 bytes of the TU1 multi-frame V1, V2 & V3 together form a pointer set Similar to Hi,H2&H3 of VC-3 Here two s bits(5&6) indicate the Type of the TU(it may contain 2mb or 1.5 mb)
TU12 V1 VC12
V5
V2
J2 140 BYTES
V3
144BYTES
N2
V4
K4
TU-12 POINTER OPERATION In the normal course the first byte read by the pointer will be the first byte just after the V3 byte . If the VC-12 is fast or slow Then pointer is incremented or decremented Followed by negative (V3)or positive Justification respectively first byte just after V3 will be =ve justification byte
Or
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