FINAL WRITTEN PAST YEAR QUESTIONS ANALYSIS PHYSIOLOGY 2nd YEAR (1996-2010) GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM

BIL
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

TOPICS
Role of bile salts in fat digestion and absorption Mechanisms of pancreatic secretion Important gastrointestinal hormones The phases of gastric secretion Functions and regulation of bile, compare hepatic and gall bladder bile Regulation of gastric secretion Functions of gall bladder, factors gall bladder emptying Causes and mechanism of vomiting Physiological and regulation of salivary secretion Pancreatic regulation during cephalic, gastric and intestinal phases Gastrin Pancreatic regulation neural and hormonal control

YEARS
1996 1996 2000, 2003, 2005 2000 2001 2002, 2004 2003 2004, 2005 2005, 2007 2005 2006 2006

RENAL SYSTEM
BIL
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.

TOPICS
Regulation of renal blood flow and its measurement Forces determining GFR and its factor affecting Factors of the urine concentration Mechanisms of Hydrogen ion secretion by renal tubule Measurement of renal function Renal plasma clearance Role of kidneys in acid base balance regulation Loop of Henle Nephron and Proximal renal tubule Micturition Renal auto regulation Measurement of GFR and clinical importance Reabsorption in renal tubules Characteristics of renal circulation Abnormalities of acid base balance Composition of GFR Counter current exchanger system in vasa recta and its importance Comparison water diuresis and osmotic diuresis Tubular transport process Counter current multiplier system and functional significance Uncompensated and compensated respiratory acidosis Regulation of renal blood flow

YEARS
1999 99, 00, 02, 06, 07, 08, 09 2000, 2008 2001 2001, 2004 2004, 2006, 2010 2004 2005 2005, 2007 2005, 2010 2005 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009 2005 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2007 2008 2008 2010

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
BIL
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32.

TOPICS
Actions of thyroid hormone on metabolism and CVS Actions and control of aldosterone secretion Hormonal regulation of blood glucose level Functions and control of parathyroid hormone secretion Factors affecting calcium plasma concentration and actions Glucose homeostasis Factors affecting secretion of growth hormone Acromegaly Metabolic thyroid hormones and their sources in plasma Function and mechanism of action of insulin Hypothalamus, anterior and posterior pituitary, regulation of anterior pituitary Regulation of aldosterone hormone Functions of cortisol and hypercortisolism Hormone for normal growth Dwarfism Control of thyroid hormone Posterior pituitary, their origins and regulation by hypothalamus Tetany, its causes and treatments Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) ACTH, its function and regulation Compare calcitonin and parathyroid hormone Effects of calcitonin on calcium metabolism Insulin and glucagon and their regulation of secretion Anterior pituitary as master gland and why it is misleading? Functions of aldosterone Conn s disease Action of PTH Hypopituitarism Hypoparathyroidism Hypothalamus and pituitary Regulation of growth hormone Grave s disease

YEARS
1999, 2000, 2001, 2010 1999, 2001, 2009 1999 1999, 2008 1999 2000 2000 2000, 2007, 2009 2001 2001 2002, 2008 2002 2003, 2005 2004 2004 2004 2005 2005 2005 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006 2007, 2009 2007 2008 2008 2008 2008 2009 2010

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

BIL
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

TOPICS
Factors controlling spermatogenesis Functions of sertoli cells Control of testicular function Cryptorchidism Effects of androgens on the male accessory sex organs

YEARS
1999, 2004, 2006 2001, 2005, 2009 2001 2004 2006

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

BIL
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

TOPICS
Compare estrogen and progesterone Compare menstrual cycle according to uterine and ovarian cycle Menopause Hormonal and anatomical changes after menopause Hormones secreted by placenta Fetoplacental unit Sources of estrogen 3 phases of uterine cycle and hormone related each phase

YEARS
1999, 2005, 2006 2003, 2004 2007 2007 2008 2008 2008 2010

METABOLISM
BIL
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

TOPICS
Basal metabolism rate and its normal value Factors affecting BMR Thermoregulatory activated by exposure to cold Metabolic rate and factors affecting it Thermoregulatory activated by exposure to hot Fever Respiratory Quotient (R.Q), importance and factors affecting it Appestat center and factors regulating it Heat strokes Hypothermia

YEARS
1999, 2007, 2010 1999, 2004, 2007, 2010 1999, 2000, 2005, 2008 2000, 2007 2001, 2002, 2004, 2008 2001, 2004, 2005, 2006 2001, 2006 2003, 2009 2006 2008

INTRODUCTION AND SYNAPSES

BIL
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

TOPICS
Type of release and function of neurotransmitter dopamine Mechanism of synaptic transmission Properties of synaptic transmission Generator receptor potential, ionic bases and characteristics Postsynaptic, presynaptic and lateral inhibition give examples Properties of receptor potential, adaptability Compare adaptation and fatigue 1999 2001 2001 2003 2006 2010 2010

YEARS

SENSORY SYSTEM
BIL
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

TOPICS
Compare fast and slow pain Spinal and supraspinal pain control mechanism Touch sensation Types of sensation Referred pain and its mechanism Role of brain and spinal cord in analgesia system in pain control Thalamic syndrome Cutaneous pain Characters and functions of primary somatic sensory area, lesion Compare somatic and visceral pain Effects of syringomyelia cavity Functions of cortical sensory area Functions of thalamus and changes which follow thalamic lesion General principles of coding sensory information Pain sensation Compare thalamic lesion and lesion affecting the sensory cortex Ataxia, causes and characteristics features of its different types

YEARS
1999, 2004 1999, 2000, 2008 1999 1999 2000, 2009 2001, 2002 2001 2002 2004 2004 2005 2005 2005 2006 2006 2007 2008

MOTOR SYSTEM
BIL
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.

TOPICS
Function of stretch reflex and its measurement Causes and manifestations of Parkinson disease Supraspinal regulation of stretch reflex Function of neocerebellum Properties of reflex arc Inverse stretch reflex Function of basal ganglia, degenerative disease affecting basal ganglia Effect of lesion in substantianigra Effect of complete transcription of spinal cord at mid thoracic level Control of body movements Spinal shock, changes in spinal reflexes due to transection of s.cord Compare stretch and inverse stretch reflex Role of cerebellum in coordination of voluntary movement Significance of gamma motor neuron in the maintains of muscle tone Lesion to the posterior limb of internal capsule Compare and contrast functions and effect of lesion in area 4 and 6 Different inputs on spinal lower motor neurons and affect motor Differences between clinical spasticity and rigidity Properties of stretch reflex Function of gamma efferent fiber LMNL

YEARS
1999, 2000, 2001 1999, 2000 2000 2000, 2001 2000 2001 2002, 2010 2002 2002 2003 2004 2004, 2008 2005 2005, 2006 2005 2006, 2008 2007 2007 2009 2009 2006

HIGHER BRAIN FUNCTIONS

BIL
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

TOPICS
Types and mechanism of sleep Function of speech center Different causes and types of aphasia Basic mechanism maintain upright posture Process of normal speech Compare between aphasia and dysartheria Change in speech due to neocerebellum and wernicke s area Different hypothalamic functions Defective labyrinthine Summarize functions of the semicircular canals, utricle and saccule Short and long term memory Factors affecting consolidation of memory Learning, types of simple and associative learning, mechanisms Characters of Alzheimer s disease

YEARS
2001, 2003, 2008 2004 2004, 2008 2005 2005 2005 2006 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009 2010 2010

SPECIAL SENSES
BIL
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

TOPICS
Contents of middle ear and its function Photopic and scotopic vision Mechanism of near response and near vision reflex Function of Eustachian tube Discrimination of sound by cochlea Sequence of events that occur between entry of sound wave into the ear and the firing of action potentials in the cochlear nerve The formation and drainage of aqueous humor Glaucoma Visual accommodation Defects associated with myopia, hypermetropia and astigmatism Function of outer and middle ear Binocular vision, Double vision, Monocular vision Function and clinical significance of light reflex, pathway Sound transmission in ear Retinal sensitivity on exposure to dark and bright light Mechanism of hearing Cochlear microphonic potential

YEARS
1999, 2000 1999, 2002 2000, 2003, 2008 2000 2001, 2010 2004, 2006, 2007 2004 2004 2005 2005 2005 2006 2008 2008 2009 2009 2009, 2010