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2009

DISCOVERING GRAMMAR

CECILIA ARRIAGADA CORREA M.A. IN APPLIED LINGUISTICS [Pick the date]

DISCOVERING GRAMMAR

THE NOUN

Table of Contents Some common abbreviations Glossary of terms Why English is so hard- Poem What is grammar? The Noun Phrase The Noun Classification Exercises Gender Exercises Number Latin and Greek Plurals Exercises Derivation Exercises Compound nouns Exercises Noun equivalents Exercises Sentence elements Exercises Self check Web resources
3 4 5 6 8 10 11 13 20 21 22 28 29 31 33 37 39 41 42 45 48 49 52

SOME COMMON ABBREVIATIONS A. A. Adj. C. Adj. Adv. C. Adv. Conj. = adverbial accusative = adjective clause = adjective = adverb clause = adverb = conjunction

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C.P. D.O. I.O. I.P. I.V. N.C. N.E N.P. O.C. O.P. p.ph. S.C. S. T.V. V.P.

= complete predication = direct object = indirect object = incomplete predication = intransitive verb = noun clause = noun equivalent = noun phrase = objective complement = object of the preposition = prepositional phrase = subjective complement = subject = transitive verb = verb phrase

GLOSSARY OF TERMS Adjective: a word that describes a person or thing. Adverb: a word that adds more information about place, time, manner, cause or degree to a verb, an adjective, a phrase or another adverb.
3.

1. 2.

Clause: a group of words that includes a subject and a verb and forms a sentence or a part of a sentence. Noun: a word that refers to a person, a place or a thing, a quality or an activity.

4.

DISCOVERING GRAMMAR 5.

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Noun phrase: a group of words in a sentence that behaves in the same way as a noun, that is , as a subject, an object, a complement, or as the object of a preposition. Phrasal verb: is a verb made up by a particle, which can be a preposition or an adverb. Object Complement: the word that is found before or after the D.O. in a sentence with a transitive verb of incomplete predication. something important about the direct object. Subject: The O.C. tells us

6.

7.

8.

a noun, noun phrase or noun equivalent representing the person or

thing that performs the action of the verb about which something is stated or, in a passive sentence, that is affected by the action of the verb.
9.

Verb: a word or group of words that expresses an action or a state. appear, seem, etc). It tells us something important about the subject.

10. Subject Complement: the word or words found after a linking verb (to be,

Why English is so hard Well begin with a box, and the plural is boxes; But the plural of ox should be oxen, not oxes. Then one fowl is goose, but two are called geese; Yet the plural of moose should never be meese.
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You may find a lone mouse or a whole lot of mice, But the plural of house is houses, not hice. If the plural of man is always called men, Why shouldnt the plural of pan be called pen? The cow in the plural may be cows or kine, But the plural of vow is vows, not vine. And I speak of a foot, and you show me your feet, But I give you a boot would a per be called beet? If one of is a tooth and a whole set are teeth, Why shouldnt the plural of booth be called beeth? If the singular is this, and the plural is these, Should the plural of kiss be nicknamed kese? Then one may be that, and the three may be those, Yet the plural of hat would never be hose; We speak of a brother, and also of brethren, But though we say mother, we never say methren. The masculine pronouns are he, his, and him, But imagine the feminine she, shis, and shim! So our English, I think you will all agree, Is the trickiest language you ever did see.

WHAT IS GRAMMAR? Grammar is the business of taking a language to pieces, to see how it works. (David Crystal) Basically grammar is the study of the classes of words, their inflection and their functions and relations in the sentence. Grammar deals with three areas of language: a) MORPHOLOGY : the rules governing the forms of words used in sentences b) SYNTAX: The way words are combined to make acceptable sentences c) PHONOLOGY: the rules governing the sounds of language

DISCOVERING GRAMMAR

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KNOWING GRAMMAR OR KNOWING ABOUT GRAMMAR?

Its stupid to go to the beach in the middle of the day, when the sun is very hot. Beach go its the to stupid to middle in the day the of. Not Everyone who speaks English knows about grammar. KNOWING ABOUT GRAMMAR means: Being able to talk about what we know. Being able to describe what we do, when we string words together. Being able to work out what the rules are. Learning a number of technical terms (e.g. : inflection, root, suffix, etc) and using them in a clear and consistent way.

WHY, THEN STUDY GRAMMAR? Beca It is a conscious process, and it does not come naturally. se it is

there! As any other domain of knowledge.


As social beings, we cannot live without language. And grammar is the

fundamental organizing principle of language.

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Our grammatical ability is quite extraordinary. There is no limit to what we can say or write and yet all of this potential is controlled by a finite number of rules. Learning about grammar provides a basis for learning other languages. Other languages have tenses, verbs, clauses, adjectives, too. After studying grammar, we should be more alert to the strength, flexibility and variety of our language, and thus be in a better position to use it and to evaluate others use of it.

NOUN PHRASE A noun is not always alone in a sentence. It is usually accompanied by other words that modify it. Together they form a group called noun phrase because its nucleus or head is the noun. The modifiers can be:

DISCOVERING GRAMMAR 1.

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A determiner: a word like an article, that doesnt describe it but helps to identify the noun: The book My book This book Some book Which book...?

2. An adjective or an adjective phrase: they are usually placed before the noun:
Beautiful flowers... The very good students... Those extremely low wages...

3. Another noun: this noun can be in normal or in genitive case:


The milk bottle Mothers bag A leather belt My friends shoes
4.

A prepositional phrase: its a preposition + a noun ( phrase )

This group of words comes after the noun. The boy with blue eyes. That girl in the corner. The teacher from the U.S.A.

5. A relative clause: it begins with who, which, that, ... and comes right after a
noun it describes: I dont like men who wear mustache Did you see the girl that was wearing a black velvet jacket? The book you lent me was torn.

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Students who are registering for this semester

must fill in this form.

6.

A participle phrase: a group of words which begins with a PARTICIPLE. The students studying in the library are friends of mine. The boy sent home this morning was feeling sick. An infinitive phrase: it begins with TO and comes right after a noun: The idea to finish early was rejected. She felt the impulse to hug him. Everybody noticed his attempt to impress her. Occasionally, an adverb: its a word defined as such in the dictionary: The people there are on strike. The students outside are marching against APEC summit.

7.

8.

THE NOUN Nouns: words which refer to people, places, things and abstract ideas, feelings or qualities. Martin moved to a new apartment. Alcoholism and drugs ruined his career.

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Well go to California on vacations next summer. Van Gogh often suffered fits of madness. Money doesnt make happiness. Nouns can be classified into five main classes. The first division is into concrete and abstract nouns. Concrete nouns can then be divided into proper, common, collective and material.

CONCRETE NOUNS ABSTRACT

PROPER COMMON COLLECTIVE MATERIAL

CONCRETE NOUNS: refer to something we can touch or see: 1) Proper nouns: name one particular person or thing, place or institution, time, occasions, events, publications, and so on. John F. Kennedy was shot by Leo Harry Oswald in 1962. The Nile River is the longest river in the world. Christmas is celebrated everywhere with parties. 2) Common nouns: name general persons, places or things. A train derailed on the way to Boston last week.

3)

Collective nouns: are words that are singular in form but that refer to a group of people or things considered as a whole.

Team: a group of players Crowd : a group of people Bunch: a group of flowers School/shoal: a group of fish

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Pack: a group of wolves or cards Troop: a group of kangaroos Ring: a group of thieves Flock: a group of birds Crew: a group of people working on a ship Pride: A group of lions Colony: a group of ants Swarm: a group of bees Fleet: a group of ships Jury: a group of judges Collectives names of animals There are no rules about these collective nouns. Some phrases make good sense if the animals habitat is known, others can be understood only if their origins are traced in the dictionary; and still others continue to puzzle scholars. However these collective nouns came into English, they can be classified into four groups: Appearance Characteristic Habitat Onomatopoeia

The collective name may describe the appearance of the animal. For example: A pride of lions, for a group of lions because of the lions regal bearing. The name may also describe a distinctive behavior, like: A leap (leep) of leopards because it describes how a leopard jumps on its prey. Where or how animals live is another way of creating collective names. For example, A rookery of penguins describes the place where penguins nest in the Antartic. Finally , the sound of the collective name can describe an aspect of the animals behavior,

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A gaggle of geese where gaggle sounds like the noise that the geese make. 4) Material nouns: name some particular kind of substance: sugar, wine, cork, silver, etc.

There isnt any sugar in the pot. This necklace is made of gold.

ABSTRACT NOUNS Abstract nouns: describe a quality, idea, action or experience rather than something physical or concrete. For example: joy, size, language. The psychologists contrast romantic love with what they call rational love. Teenagerss natural shyness and self-consciousness may make them awkward in the company of their peers, especially of the opposite sex.

EXERCISES VOCABULARY PRACTICE Put the words in the list below in the correct category. owl whisk willow - lilies blender mixer robin elm daisy - carnation torch forget-me-not woodpecker oak maple crow.

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TREES

B I R D S

G A D G E T S

FLOWERS

Match the pictures with the words.


1. goose

2.

goat

3. peacock

4. quail

5. owl

6. ram

7. crow

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What do you call a number/group of:


1. 2. 3. 4.

People gathered together to hear or watch something: _______________ People chosen to judge a competition: People governing a country or state: People working on a ship: ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _______________

5. Organized singers:
6.

Actors in a play:

7. Chairs, boxes, etc.: 8. Cards: 9. Ships: 10. Thieves organized in a group: 11. Trees: 12. Papers, clothes, dishes, etc.: 13. Tools:

14. The people who perform religious ceremonies in the Christian church

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What do you call each of the groups of animals below? Choose the correct alternative. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Bats a) herd Peacocks a) ostentation Rhinos a) troop Owls a) convocation Cats a) flock Penguins a) rookery Kangaroos a) herd Ants a) colony Bees a) swarm Geese a) rookery Crows a) pack Sheep a) pack Lions a) pride Wolves a) pack Quails a) flock b) flock b) parliament b) crash b) parliament b) clowder b) shoal b) troop b) swarm b) gaggle b) herd b) murder b) flock b) clowder b) flock b) murder c) colony c) pack c) leap c) rookery c) leap c) bevy c) murder c) pack c) pack c) gaggle c) herd c) pride c) flock c) pride c) bevy

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What do you call: 1. the state of being bored 2. the state of being familiar 3. the state of being mad 4. the state of being noble 5. the state of being obese 6. the state of being tired 7. the state of being white 8. the act of obeying 9. the act of exaggerating 10. the act of attending 11. the ability to feel through the sense of touch 12. the desire for food 13. the quality of being stable 15. a sudden fear 16. a starving state ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ _____________ ________________ ________________

14. a feeling of pity or sorrow for a person in trouble

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Build up a pyramid of words, using the clues below. All the words begin with the letter W. An artificial covering of hair for head (3) An outdoor current of air (4) A very large sea mammal (5) A man who is said to have magic powers (6) A soldier of skilled fighting man (7) The passage for air between mouth and lungs (8) A natural fall of water from a height such as a rock or cliff (9) A four-wheel chair used for moving from place to place by invalids (10)

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Write in one minute as many words as you can in each of the subject categories below. Then compare your answers with your partner. Tools _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ Fish _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________

Furniture

_____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________

______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________

______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________

Insects

_____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________

Read the proverbs and sayings below. Underline and classify the nouns and then write their corresponding equivalent in Spanish.
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1. Curiosity killed the cat. 2. Love is blind. 3. Money talks. 4. Birds of a feather flock together. 5. When in Rome, do as Romans do. 6. Dont put all your eggs in the same basket. 7. All roads lead to Rome. Underline and then classify the nouns in the passage below: If only took Harry one trip upstairs to move everything he owned from the cupboard to this room. He sat down on the bed and started around him. Nearly everything in here was broken. The month-old video camera was lying on top of a small, working tank Dudley had once driven over the next door neighbors dog; in the corner was Dudleys first-ever television set, which hed put his foot through when his favorite program had been canceled, there was a large birdcage, which had one held a parrot that Dudley had swapped at school for a real air rifle, which was up on a shelf with the end all bent because Dudley had sat on it. ( extracted from Harry Potter and the Sorcerers Stone p. 37 )

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GENDER There are four genders: Masculine: male sex Feminine: female sex Common: either sex Neuter: neither sex man , lord, king, husband woman, lady, queen, wife secretary, doctor, person desk, computer, calendar

There are three different ways to express gender: a) by using different words: father boy stallion lion actor tiger god c) Grandfather Landlord Manservant Exceptions: Widower Bridegroom Fox widow bride viken (*dated) mother girl mare lioness actress tigress goddess grandmother landlady maidservant

b) by adding ess or by changing or or er into ress or by similar changes:

By prefixing or suffixing a word denoting the sex:

Foreign words: Executor Hero Beau Czar executrix heroine belle czarina

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VOCABULARY PRACTICE Write the masculine or feminine of the following nouns MASCULINE 1. Lord/gentleman 2. Heir 3. ________________________ 4. Ram 5. Billy goat 6. Priest 7. Rabbit 8. ________________________ 9. Sultan 10. Stallion 11. Prophet 12. Gander 13. ________________________ 14. Poet 15. Usher 16. Bachelor 17. ________________________ 18. ________________________ 19. ________________________ 20. ________________________ 21. Bull 22. Landlord 23. Tailor 24. Widower 25. ________________________ FEMININE __________________________ __________________________ Hostess __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ Mistress __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ Jewess __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ Witch Heroine Tib-cat Manageress __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ Bride

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Write the titles of nobility MASCULINE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.


6.

FEMININE _________________ Countess _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ Empress

Marquis __________________ Duke Baron Prince Viscount __________________

7.

Check the following list of sexist language* and provide a non-sexist term.
Sexist language is considered to be any language that is supposed to include all people, but, unintentionally (or not) excludes a genderthis can be either males or females.

Instead of fireman postman chairman housewife barman spokesman

You could use ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________

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NUMBER THE FORMATION OF PLURALS 1. The plural of nouns is generally formed by adding s to the singular. Car Ball
2.

cars balls buses glasses buzzes watches wishes waxes heroes piano solo pianos solos

Nouns ending in s, ss, z,zz, ch, sh, and x form their plural by adding es. Bus Glass Buzz Watch Wish Wax Hero Exceptions:

3. Most nouns ending in o preceded by a consonant take es in the plural.

4. All nouns ending in o preceded by a vowel take s in the plural. Radio Cuckoo Studio Hindoo radios cuckoos studios Hindoos

5. All nouns ending in y preceded by a consonant change the y into ies , except proper nouns but if the y is preceded by a vowel, only s is added. Diary Lady Fly Mary Day Key Boy Leaf Knife diaries ladies flies Marys days keys boys leaves knives

6. Nouns ending in f and fe change these letters into ves in the plural.

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Exceptions: safe strife coif reef Roof Chief Cliff Exceptions: roofs chiefs cliffs thief Hoof Maidservant Mother in law Stepson

safes strifes coifs reefs

7. Nouns ending in oof, ief rf and ff take s in the plural.

thieves hoofs hooves

8. In compound nouns, the plural sign is generally added to the principal component. maidservants mothers in law stepsons

Sometimes both components are pluralized: Manservant Womanservant Spoonful Handful 10. Man Tooth Foot 11. Ox Brother Cow Child menservants womenservants spoonfuls handfuls men teeth feet children oxen brethren cows kine (*rarely used in modern English)

9. Compounds in ful take s in the plural.

Some nouns change their inside vowel.

Some nouns form their plurals in en or ne.

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12.

Many foreign nouns retain their original plurals. Radius Oasis Cactus Basis radii radiuses oases cacti bases

13.

Some nouns singular in form, are used only in a plural sense: Poultry People Cattle Mankind Police Public Clergy

14.

Some nouns have the same form for the singular as for the plural: Deer Sheep Series Species Means

15.

Some nouns have two plural forms each with a different meaning: Brother Index Cloth brothers brethren: members of a religious group indexes: tales of contents indices: signs in math cloths: pieces of cloth clothes: articles of clothing geniuses: people of great talent genii: spirits mediums: people who communicate with spirits media: means of communication

Genius Medium

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16. Air

Sometimes the meaning of the plural form of a noun is different from its meaning in the singular: The air in Santiago is polluted. He put on airs. (=he assumed a naughty manner) Color Copper Whats your favorite color? The colors were saluted. (=flags) Is that saucepan made of copper? My grandfather used to give some coppers for school. (=coins) Custom Chinese have different customs. What are the customs on these goods? (=taxes)

17.

If the word man has entered into combination with another word, man becomes men in the plural. Fireman Frenchman firemen Frenchmen

18.

The names of peoples which end in ss and se have one and the same form for singular and plural. Japanese Swiss mechanics Chinese physics customs trousers feet Portuguese statistics glasses wages Wood Forest Timber Woods measles

19. 20.

The names of many sciences ending in ics take a singular verb. Linguistics Alms Mumps bowels savings The following nouns are followed by verbs in the plural: compasses scissors

21.

Some nouns have more meanings in the singular than in the plural. Foot part of the body 12 inches bottom infantry

People

nation persons

peoples (nations)

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LATIN AND GREEK PLURALS SINGULAR Alga Alumna Alumnus Analysis Antenna Apex Axis Bacillus Basis Criterion Curriculum Datum Desideratum Ellipsis Erratum Focus Formula Index Locus Matrix Medium Memorandum Nebula Nucleus Parenthesis Phenomenon Radius Terminus Thesis Vertex PLURAL Algae Alumnae Alumni Analyses Antennae (bio.) antennas (general-electricity) Apices apexes Axes Bacilli Bases Criteria Curricula curriculums Data datums Desiderata Ellipses Errata Foci focuses Formulae (mat.) formulas (general) Indices Loci Matrices Matrixes Media mediums Memoranda Memorandums Nebulae Nuclei nucleuses Parentheses Phenomena Radii radiuses Termini terminuses Theses Vertices Vertexes

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EXERCISES Using the words in the list above, complete the rules used to make foreign plurals. 1. Words ending in US change their ending to _________ in the plural. 2. Words ending in A change their ending to __________ in the plural. 3. Words ending in - ____ change their ending to A to indicate the plural. 4. Words ending in EX IX change their ending to _______ 5. Words ending in - ____ change their ending to ES. 6. Words ending in - ____ change their ending to -A Give the plural forms of the following words. SINGULAR 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Syllabus Oasis Bacterium Appendix Crisis PLURAL ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________

Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with an appropriate word from the list. Nuclei Stimulus Axes Medium Species Bacteria

1. The spread of sound is determined by the ____________ used to send it. 2. There are several hundreds of _________________________________ 3. All planets rotate on their own factor in the learning situation. 5. Communication and group interaction are vital elements in the preservation and extension of many plant and animal ___________________________ 6. Energy is produced when the ___________________________ of atoms are either split or united. ______________________________ 4. Among all life forms, the response to a _________________________ is a vital

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Give the plural forms of the following words: SINGULAR


1.

PLURAL _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ _________________________

Passer-by Witness Louse Daisy Criterion Swiss Brother Witch Quiz Ox Belief Loaf News Scissors Toothbrush Deer Branch Mouse Goose Genius Medium Japanese Chief Piano Cherry Do Grandchild

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24.
25.

26. 27.

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DERIVATION Its a process by means of which new words are formed by adding prefixes or suffixes to a root already in existence. Affixes prefix : a particle added before the root. suffix : a particle added after the root . Affixes inflectional derivational Inflection: process by means of which a particle is added to a root to indicate grammatical features. Car-S (NUMBER) Talk-S (TENSE, PERSON) Derivation: process by means of which a language can form different family words. Family words: different words derived from a root + prefix /suffix. Vertical Vertical ly Vertical ness Vertical ity Create Creat ion Creat ivity Creat ive Creat ive ly (ADJ.) (ADV.) (NOUN) (NOUN) (VERB) (NOUN) (NOUN) (ADJ.) (ADV.)

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Some common suffixes used to form abstract nouns - age - al - ance - ation, - ition, - ion (from a verb) - dom - ence - ency - hood (from proper nouns ) - ics - ism - itude - ment (from verbs) - ness (from adjectives) - (o) cracy - ship marriage, usage approval, refusal avoidance creation, information freedom, kingdom intelligence, violence fluency childhood, brotherhood mathematics, ethics classicism, criticism gratitude agreement, acknowledgement weakness, kindness democracy, bureaucracy friendship, lordship

-y honesty Some common suffixes used to form common nouns - ee - er (from verbs) - ery (latin) - ess - ist nominee, refugee operator, learner bakery, library countess, hostess biologist, pianist

Some common prefixes used to form nouns anti- (greek) autococontra- (latin) countermal- (mis-) neo- (greek) non-(latin) post- (latin) pre- (latin) pseudo- (greek) antiabortion autobiography coeducation contraception counter-attack maladjustment, misconception neo-classicism nonsense postwar prewar pseudonym

EXERCISES

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Form nouns from the following words: VERB 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.


11.

NOUN ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------NOUN -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Exist Improve Reduce Produce Accept Equip Define Establish Add Suggest Discover Develop Criticize Divide Maintain ADJECTIVE

12. 13. 14. 15.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Simple Probable Relative Complex Bitter Sweet Mad Weak Sour Dark Lonely Soft NOUN

NOUN

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1. 2. 3. 4.
5.

Man Mother Parent Child Brother

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Add the appropriate suffixes to form the names of specialists in the following disciplines: 1. 2.
3.

Economics Ecology Archaeology Obstetrics Anthropology Physics Numerology Psychiatry Politics Biology Ornithology Pediatrics Zoology Statistics Gynecology Science Chemistry Philosophy Geology Mathematics

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.


14.

15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

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All of the suffixes listed in the chart below can be added to verbs and nouns to form a person who does something as a job or hobby, or who studies a subject. Two of the words can be used twice. direct assist create music employ electric act art account train teach comedy attend

science

-er -or -ist -ian -ee -ant

Make nouns by adding one of the suffixes in the chart to the verbs, nouns and adjectives below. Sometimes you will have to change the spelling. terror carpenter royal -ery -(a)tion -(i)ty -ness -ism black stupid slow insulate starve introduce cruel slave dry cannibal Marx brave

Complete the definitions with the name of a specialist. 1. A person who practises the art of stuffing dead animals, birds and fish. _________________
2.

A person who studies birds and their behaviour.

_________________

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THE NOUN

A person who studies and collects postage-stamps. A person who studies insects. A person who studies and collects coins. A person who studies or makes genealogies.

_________________ _________________ _________________ _________________

Complete the definitions with a suitable abstract noun. 1. The state of being noble
2.

___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________

The state of being familiar

3. The ability to feel through the sense of touch 4. The act of obeying 5. The state of being obese 6. The act of exaggerating
7.

The act of attending

8. A lack of knowledge or information about something ___________________

COMPOUND NOUNS A compound noun is a noun that is made up of two or more words. Most compound nouns in English are formed by nouns modified by other nouns or adjectives. They normally have two parts. The first part tells us what kind of object or person it is, or

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what its purpose is (police, boy, water, dining, bed).The second part identifies the object or person in question (man, friend, tank, table, room). For example: The words tooth and paste are each nouns in their own right, but if you join them together they form a new word - toothpaste. The word black is an adjective and board is a noun, but if you join them together they form a new word - blackboard. In both these example the first word modifies or describes the second word, telling us what kind of object or person it is, or what its purpose is. And the second part identifies the object or person in question. Compound nouns can also be formed using the following combinations of words: Noun Noun Noun Adjective Adjective Verb Verb Adverb Adverb + + + + + + + + + Noun Verb Adverb Noun Verb Noun Adverb Verb Noun toothpaste Haircut Passer-by Monthly ticket Dry-cleaning Swimming pool Drawback Input Onlooker

The two parts may be written in a number of ways:1. Sometimes the two words are joined together. Example: tooth + paste = toothpaste | bed + room = bedroom 2. Sometimes they are joined using a hyphen. Example: check-in

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3. Sometimes they appear as two separate words. Example: full moon Stress is important in pronunciation, as it distinguishes between a compound noun (e.g. greenhouse) and an adjective with a noun (e.g. green house).In compound nouns, the stress usually falls on the first syllable There are, however, quite a few exceptions to this rule: meat pie; garden table.

EXERCISES
1.

Which word does NOT go with the word 'HEAD' to make a new word? (b)line (c)master (d)lift

(a)case
2.

Which word does NOT go with the word 'NEWS' to make a new word? (a)reader (b)magazine (c)paper (d)flash

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DISCOVERING GRAMMAR 3.

THE NOUN

Which word does NOT go with the word 'BIRTH' to make a new word? (b)mark (c)control (d)baby

(a)day
4.

Which word does NOT go with the word 'AIR' to make a new word? (a)conditioning (d)pilot (b)mail (c)port

5.

Which word does NOT go with the word 'BOOK' to make a new word? (b)worm (c)maker (d)library

(a)shop
6.

Which word does NOT go with the word 'POLICE' to make a new word? (a)person (d)force (b)woman (c)dog

7.

Which word does NOT go with the word 'NIGHT' to make a new word?

(a)cap
8.

(b)owl

(c)club

(d)trip

Which word does NOT go with the word 'HAND' to make a new word? (b)shake (c)writing (d)stand

(a)step
9.

Which word does NOT go with the word 'SNOW' to make a new word? (a)white (d)bow (b)board (c)flake

10. Which word does NOT go with the word 'GREEN' to make a new word?

(a)house

(b)eye

(c)tea

(d)back

11. Which word does NOT go with the word 'TRAFFIC' to make a new word?

(a)lights

(b)jam

(c)warden

(d)rage

Give a simple definition of these words. For example: Something you use to open / cut .... 1. A painkiller
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DISCOVERING GRAMMAR

THE NOUN

2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

A waiting room An operating theatre A heart disease A check-up A blood type

Make compound nouns by matching the nouns in column a with the nouns in column b. COLUMN A life lung hang pain casualty emergency in eye maternity health cough blood heart COLUMN B care drops pressure patient room department reliever Donor transplant ward insurance syrup over

NOUN EQUIVALENTS (SUBSTITUTES FOR A NOUN) Pronoun Henry is the tallest boy in the class, but hes the youngest. This sweater is too big for me. Can I have a smaller one?

Adjective : to denote a whole class of people. The poor are always in need. New facilities are being built for the disabled.

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DISCOVERING GRAMMAR

THE NOUN

Infinitive phrase To jog is a relaxing activity. He wants to study laws. complement) The coach made us jog. complement) (objective (subject) (direct object)

His greatest desire is to sing in the Opera House (subjective

Gerund Walking by the seaside is relaxing. Joe loves skating. His only hobby is walking. complement) I saw him walking. complement) (objective (subject) (direct object) (subjective

Phrase How to do this worries me. I do not know how to do this. My only difficulty is how to do this. complement) (subject) (direct object) (subjective

Noun Clause (a clause is a sentence that is part of a longer sentence having a subject and a verb) What she will wear remains a mystery. They will explain how they escaped. His advantage is that he speaks English. She made him what he is now. complement) EXERCISES Complete the sentences with the noun equivalent indicated in brackets ( ). 1. ______________________________________ (Gerund) is prohibited. 2. ______________________________________ (Infinitive) is unhealthy. 3. She likes __________________________________ (Infinitive). 4. His only exercise is ______________________________________ (Gerund). 5. What _______________________________ (N. Clause) was considered a betrayal. (subject) (direct object) (subjective complement) (objective

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DISCOVERING GRAMMAR

THE NOUN

6. Some people think that _______________________________________(N. Clause) 7. 8. Which sweater do you like better? The blue ___________ (Pronoun) or the gray _________ (Pronoun) ? _____________________________________ (Gerund) is a particular pleasure. 9. Is Carlos fond of __________________________________ (Gerund) ? 10.He said ____________________________________________________ (N. Clause) 11.What _________________________________________________ (N. Clause) was not a surprise to me. Decide if the ing form is part of the verb phrase or a noun equivalent.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Traveling by train is exciting. A vacation is supposed to be a time for relaxing. Eating the right kinds of foods makes you healthy. When are you travelling to Paris? Seeing is believing. Collecting cards is becoming a popular hobby in Britain. She doesnt like doing the ironing. Smoking should be banned in all public places. Finally the decision was making him dismiss from work. Is Joanne coming tonight?

In each of the following sentences, the pronoun is underlined. Circle the antecedent.
1.

As well as academic subjects to improve students minds and prepare them for college, a lot of high schools in the US offer vocational courses. These prepare students for particular jobs. Running is not a new sport. People were doing it hundreds of years ago. Many Africans are good runners. They often win marathons and races in the Olympics.

2. 3.

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DISCOVERING GRAMMAR 4.

THE NOUN

During a race, people along the road give water to the runners. This helps keep the runners from becoming too thirsty. Every year, in the middle of April, thousands of people go to Boston. They go to run the Boston Marathon. This is one of the oldest road races in the U.S. It began in 1897. Some of the largest trees in the world are in California. These are called redwood trees. Computers are helpful in many ways. First, they are fast. They work with information much more quickly than a person can. With the good weather, Susan and Kelly spent many hours outside. They walked all around London and visited many historical places. Milenka was there because of her parents. They did not want her to stay in Kuwait.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

Mark the noun clauses [ ] . 1. That he should have married her isnt surprising. 2. Its true that we were a little late. 3. What he is asking for is too much. 4. When the meeting will be held has not been announced. 5. Where he went from that place is not known. 6. The important thing is what a man does. 7. His problem was how he could broach the matter. 8. The house mother told her what she was supposed to do in that event. 9. Give my regards to whoever you see. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. We must remember this important fact, that he hates fish, The idea that a car is capable of destroying a society may seem implausible. That addicts deprived of drugs suffer physical pain has been known for years. What is surprising is that he should have stayed with her. What terrified her was the thought that the drowning was not yet over. That bay leaves had been found green in the tomb of S. Humbert, after 150 I merely asked him which girl he intended to take to the dance. The journals ever incite the reader to keep up with what is being published.

years, was considered a miracle.

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DISCOVERING GRAMMAR

THE NOUN

18.

When they killed him and where they put the gun is what the inspector wants to

know. Underline and identify the noun equivalents in the sentences below. 1. I dont like having breakfast too early. 2. What youre saying impresses me. 3. He decided to build a new office block. 4. Being a problem gives the teenagers a certain identity. 5. We were talking about where we would put it. 6. We were thinking of opening a new factory in Bristol. 7. She began saving to get married. 8. He wished somebody would stop to help them. 9. She asked me about what you had said. 10. We cant afford to lose those big orders. 11. I was asked who had told me. 12. Getting everything ready in time proved difficult. 13. Will you stop making that noise? 14. To beat up a child is a crime. 15. She thought she wasnt too old to get married. 16. You can begin by fetching 10 shovelfuls of sand. 17. Pronouncing or spelling Hephzibah Schleirbeck is not easy.

SENTENCE ELEMENTS Subject: A person, thing, place or idea that is doing or being something. A simple subject is the subject of a sentence stripped of modifiers. Her detective novels are read all over the world.

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DISCOVERING GRAMMAR

THE NOUN

Sometimes the subject can be more than one word, such as a clause: [What he declared to the jury] was considered irrelevant. In imperative forms, the subject does not actually appear in the sentence; however it is understood: (You) Remember to lock the front door. Predicate: the verb plus its objects, complements, and adverbial modifiers that tell what the subject does or is: He bought a farm in Dayton. Objects: any words or groups of words functioning as nouns. There are two types of objects: direct object and indirect object Direct object: represents or names: Something created by the subject I knit a scarf. Neruda wrote 20 poems of love. Something transformed or affected Sam broke a glass. We congratulated Tom on his birthday. Something apprehended. I know a poem. She read a book. The Direct object answer the questions what? or whom?

1.

2. Indirect object: represents the person or thing that gets the direct object.It usually answers the questions to what /whom? or for what/whom? I sent Kim a letter. I sent a letter to her.

Complements: complete the predicate in a sentence. There are two types of complements: subject complements and object complements.

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DISCOVERING GRAMMAR 1.

THE NOUN

Subject complement: follows a linking or copular verb and modifies or refers to the subject, its characteristics, another name for it or another name of referring to it. A subject complement can be an adjective, a noun, a pronoun, a word, or a group of words which acts as an adjective or noun. Some linking verbs are: Be Become Seem Appear Sound Feel Act Edith Piaf was a remarkable French singer. He soon became a well-known trumpeter. Get Turn Grow Taste Smell Look

2.

Object complement: modifies or refers to the direct object. An object complement can be an adjective, a noun, a word, or a group of words, which acts as an adjective, or noun. The object complement tells us:

How it changed I made her a queen. What its new shape or state I found the box empty. The transformation the D.O. suffered She made him a gentleman.

Another name for the D.O. You call this a spade. Some quality the subject ascribes to the D.O. to describe it. I consider him clever. Some verbs that can take an object complement are: Make Paint

45

DISCOVERING GRAMMAR

THE NOUN

Elect Find Think Name Call Turn

Believe Appoint Paint Consider Judge

Adverbial modifiers: any word or group of words that acts as an adverb within a sentence: People said he lived in a haunted house.

EXERCISES Look at the underlined word(s) in the sentences below (a-e) and the numbers under each. Answer the questions using the numbers in parentheses.

46

DISCOVERING GRAMMAR a.

THE NOUN

After a moment, the patient stopped crying, opened his eyes, and looked questioningly (1) (2) at the Vietnamese nurse .

The journals ever incite the reader to keep up with what is being published. (3) (4) What terrified her was the thought that the drowning was not yet over. (5) (6) d. e. My fathers main job was to train race horses. (7) The media made Marilyn Monroe a sex symbol. (8)

1. Which is a prepositional phrase? 2. Which is a subjective complement? 3. Which is functioning as an object of a preposition? 4. Which word performs the function of direct object? 5. Which is a clause? 6. Which is a verb phrase?

______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______

7. Which noun phrase performs the function of a subjective complement? 8. Which noun phrase performs the function of objective complement?

Analyze the sentences below. Underline the Verb Phrase (VP), mark the clauses using brackets [ ] , and the prepositional phrases using (
1. 2.

).

You are a serious person and like to base your life on definite ideas and values. The players like taking a shower after each game. In former times, the clergy were more powerful. 4. Red wine, aged cheese, coffee, chocolate, nuts, and preserved meats contain nitrates, caffeine, and tyramine, chemicals that may produce pounding headaches.
5.

3.

The process of mixing concrete is tricky. SELF CHECK

GIVE THE COLLECTIVE NOUN FOR A NUMBER/GROUP OF: ____________________________ ____________________________

1. People of the church 2. Penguins

3. Cows and bulls kept as farm animals for their milk or meat__________________

47

DISCOVERING GRAMMAR

THE NOUN

4. Bees 5. Flowers

____________________________ ____________________________

II STATE THE GENDER AND GIVE THE OPPOSITE FOR: 1. Doe rabbit 2. Landlady 3. Empress 4. Rooster 5. Broom ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________

III STATE THE NUMBER AND GIVE THE SINGULAR OR PLURAL OF: 1. Mumps 2. Passer-by 3. Bacilli 4. Sally 5. Coif ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________

IV MAKE NOUNS FROM THE FOLLOWING WORDS AND SUFFIXES: A 1. Vary 2. Store 3. Motivate 4. Address 5. Calm B -ation -ness -ee -age -(i)ety -ance ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________

V PICK OUT THE NOUNS IN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES AND STATE TYPE, GENDER, NUMBER . 1. Andrew Rowe believes this film will be a hit because it combines the romantic image of a Victorian public school with action, adventure and murder. 2. Mrs. Aquino has been under tremendous public pressure to restore political stability in a country racked by at least five coup attempts in the past year.

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DISCOVERING GRAMMAR

THE NOUN

3. The fiber, of which there are several types suited for different kinds of tasks, is merely the medium through which the light flows. 4. Tannins, like caffeine and nicotine, serve plants as defenses against insects and other predators. 5. Human beings have been writing for at least 5000 years; but they have been talking for much longer, doubtless ever since there have been human beings.

NOUN P

TYPE C M CL

GENDER F C

NUMBER SG. PL.

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DISCOVERING GRAMMAR

THE NOUN

VII IDENTIFY THE SENTENCE ELEMENTS. 1. A good lead dog must be intelligent. 2. After a moment, the patient stopped crying, opened his eyes, and looked questioningly at the Vietnamese nurse. 3. A quick blood typing showed that neither American had the correct blood type. 4. Many people in town consider Stephanie to be a wicked witch. 5. She gave me the name of the nursing home. I called the number and spoke with someone in charge.

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DISCOVERING GRAMMAR

THE NOUN

WEB RESOURCES The Basic Elements of English http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/eduweb/grammar/index.htm Grammar and Mechanics http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/ Sentence elements http://learningnerd.wordpress.com/2006/09/10/english-grammarbasic-sentence-elements/ Sentence analysis http://www.cityu.edu.hk/elc/quiz/analysi4.htm Guide to Grammar and Writing http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/index.htm Grammar Handbook http://www.english.uiuc.edu/cws/wworkshop/writer_resources/gra mmar_handbook/grammar_handbook.htm University of Ottawa. HyperGrammar http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/parts e.html

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