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+ + 0 M 0 F 0 F
y x
Axial Stress
A
P
Normal stress
P force
A cross-sectional area
Average Shear Stress
A
V
shear stress
V shear force
A cross-sectional area
Allowable Stress Factor of Safety
allowable
failure
allowable
failure
P
P
S F
allowable
failure
P
.
Strain
0
L
strain
change in length
L0 original length
Shear Strain
shear strain
/ L for small angle
Hookes Law
E
Normal stress
E Modulus of Elasticity
strain
Modulus of Resilience
E u
r
/
2
1
2
1
2
pl pl pl
Modulus of Toughness, ut area under the stress strain curve
Poissons ratio
long
lat
Hookes Law of Shear stress
G
Shear stress
G Modulus of Rigidity
shear strain
( ) +
1 2
E
G
Axial Loads
( )
( )
L
dx
E x A
x P
0
N
i
i i
i i
E A
L P
1
change in length
P load in the segment
L length of the segment
A area of the segment
E modulus of elasticity of the segment
N number of segments
Temperature strain and deflections
T L
change in length
thermal coefficient
T change in the temperature
L length of the segment
Remember that the temperature can have
1. Strain without stress
2. Stress without strain
Statically Indeterminate axial loads
1. Case 1 :
2 1
2. Case 2: geometric conditions
2 1
2
1
1
L L L +
3. Case 3:
At
+
Bt
gap
A
+
B
Integration of axial members
( )
( ) 0 + x q
dx
x dF
[ 1 ]
( ) ( )
]
]
]
]
x T
dx
du
AE x F [ 2 ]
where,
dx
du
Torsion
Shear Stress
J
Tr
shear stress
r maximum outside radius
T torque (F-L)
J polar moment of inertia
[ ] radius inside - r radius outside - r
2
shaft solid
2
i o
4 4
4
i o
r r J
r J
Power
P = T 2 f
P power (force-length/time)
T Torque
angular velocity in rad/s
f frequency in Hz.
Angle of Twist
( )
( )
L
dx
G x J
x T
0
N
i
i i
i i
G J
L T
1
n
i
ratio of modulus of Elasticity
,
`
.
|
j
i
E
E
Centroid -- which is the location of the NA
N
i
i i
N
i
i i i
A n
y A n
y
1
1
Finding the moment of inertia
+
N
i
i i i
N
i
i i
d A n I n I
1
2
1
Flexural Stress Bending Moment Stress
n
I
My
stress due to bending
M bending moment
I moment of inertia
y distance from the neutral axis
n ratio of moduli of elasticity
Flexural Stress Section Modulus
max
y
I
S
zz
zz
a
axial or longitudinal stress
h
hoop stress
P internal pressure
r inner radius of the tank
t wall thickness
Combined Loads
1. Axial load
A
P
2. Torsional
J
Tr
3. Flexural Stress
I
My
4. Flexural Shear Stress,
Ib
VQ
5. Pressure,
t t
h a
Pr
&
2
Pr
Principle of Superposition
1. Compute the stress for each load independent of the
other stresses
2. Sum the stresses on the stress block to final stress
loading
Equations of Plane Stress
Sign Convention
Angle (+) CCW ( - ) CW
Shear Stress
xy
(+) CCW on VP ( - ) CW on VP
Normal Stress (+) Tension ( - ) Compression
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 cos 2 sin
2
2 sin 2 cos
2 2
2 sin 2 cos
2 2
xy
y x
xy
xy
y x y x
y
xy
y x y x
x
+
,
`
.
|
,
`
.
|
+
+
,
`
.
|
+
+
Principal Stresses
2
2
2 1
2 2
,
xy
y x y x
p p
,
`
.
|
t
+
or 0
3
P
p
Angles
( ) ( )
,
`
.
|
,
`
.
|
xy
y x
s
y x
xy
p
2
2 tan ,
2
2 tan
x
normal stress acting in x direction on the VP
y
normal stress acting in y direction on the HP
xy
shear stress acting on the VP
x
,
y
,
xy
are the transformed stresses
(Note
xy
is acting on the VP)
p
angle need to rotate the block to get principal
stresses.
s
angle need to rotate the block to get maximum in-
plane shear stress acting on the block
p1,p2
principal stresses
Mohrs Circle
It is a graphical method to find the stresses acting on any
stress block.
2
2
2
xy
y x
R
+
,
`
.
|
2
Center
y x
+
p1
= center + R
p2
= center - R
n
= center + Rcos( )
n
= Rsin( )
max in-plane
= R
Maximum Shear Stress
2
,
2
min max
3 max
y x
ave
p p
D
where,
3
or
z
is equal to zero except on the inside of a
pressure vessel, where
3
= - Pressure.
Construction of Mohrs circle
1. Plot the points
2. Connect the two points with a line,
where it crosses the x-axis is the center of the
circle.
3. Draw the circle.
4. The radius of the circle is the
maximum in-plane shear stress. The principal
stresses are the points where the circle crosses the
x-axis.
Plane Stress
Find the strains from known stress
( ) [ ]
( ) [ ]
( )
xy xy
xy
xy
x
y x
x
x y y x y y
y x x y x x
G
G
E
E
E
E
E
+
+
0
1
1
1
1
2
2
Volume dilatation
( )
[ ]
2 1
0
+
+ +
E V
V
e
y x
z y x
Deflection Calculations
Integrate the moment equation to find deflection
( ) ( ) x M x v
dx
d
EI
2
2
v(x) Displacement at location x
M (x) Moment at location x
E Modulus of elasticity
I Moment of inertia
Solve the problems using the boundary conditions
Using the slope or deflection.
The singularity functions are defined for various force loads
to continue from the earlier singularities.
Forces V(x) M(x)
Moment
-M < x a >
-1
-M < x a>
0
Point Force
- F < x a >
0
-F < x a>
1
Distributed
load
-w < x a >
1
-(w/2) < x a>
2
Ramp load
-(w/2L)< x a >
2
-(w/6L) < x a>
3
Forces EI v(x) EI v(x)
Moment
-M < x a >
1
-(M /2 ) < x a>
2
Point Force
-(F/2) < x a >
2
-(F/ 6)< x a>
3
Distributed
load
-(w/6)< x a >
3
-(w/24)< x a>
4
Ramp load
-(w/24L)< x a >
4
-(w/120L) < x a>
5
Singularity functions do not turn on until a is reached. The
boundary conditions are used to solve the problem.
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )dx x S x EIv
x S dx x M x v
dx
d
EI
x M dx x V x v
dx
d
EI
x V dx x w x v
dx
d
EI
x w x v
dx
d
EI
2
2
3
3
4
4
v(x) Displacement at location x
w (x) Force at location x
V (x) Shear at location x
M (x) Moment at location x
S (x) Slope at location x ( * EI)
E Modulus of elasticity
I Moment of inertia
Superposition for deflection of a beam
Learn to use the tables to find the deflection and slope at a
point on the beam.
Indeterminate Beams
Two methods to solve the indeterminate deflection problems
for the deflection of beams.
1. Integration of the moment equations
(a) Start from the force function
(b) Apply boundary conditions to solve for
the coefficients of integration.
2. Superposition Method
(a) Break the problem into statically
determinate problems.
(b) Solve the problem using the boundary
conditions for displacement and/or slope.
Buckling of Columns
2
2
2
2
2
2
,
`
.
|
,
`
.
|
r
L
E
r
L
EA
L
EI
P
e
cr
e e
cr
P
cr
Critical buckling force
L
e
Effective length
cr
Critical buckling stress
A Cross-sectional area
E Modulus of elasticity
I Moment of inertia
r radius of gyration
A
I
r
L/r slenderness ratio
Effective lengths
The effective length is dependent on the boundary conditions
in the column
Fixed Fixed translation Le=1.0L