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ISj,GaS5eBea3G30
The
Robert E. Gross
Collection
A
Memorial
to the
Founder
of the
i
Business Administration Library
Kniverii/u
c/ ^aMor-tua
Los Angeles
TRAVELS
THROUGH THE
N
O F
TE MESWAR,
TRANSYLVANIA,
HUNGARY,
In
,p
AND
Year
the
1770.
IN
ESCRIBED
to
A
9
Series of
LETTERS
ON
and
thefe
PROF. FERBER,
'
THE
MINES
Of
MOUNTAINS
Countries,
in
different
By
Royal Mines,
is
Bohemia.
To which
added,
BOHEMIA.
TRANSLATED
With fome
Art of Mining, and
its
from
the
E R
M A N,
By
R.
E.
RASPE.
LONDON:
PRINTED BY
FOR
G.
No. 6, OLD BAILEY; J. MILLER, K EARS LEY, No. 46, FLEET-STREET. MDCCLXXVn.
iii
PREFACE.
JLTAV ING
Italy ^
mtrodticed
Mr.
Ferber's
etc counts
of
with fome gejwal views of thofe parts Mineralogy^ zvhich have of late been improved^ of
and may
it is
but
and Bohe-
veins
and
and turned
account
by
mankind.
the art
to us by
Though that
a
and
and by
a
different nations^
fome
cf
IV
PREFACE.
its fcientifical
f
lefs
to
certainty than
it^
we
Was
that
Mammon,
was
fpirit,
that fell
From Heaven,
lefs
adored^
and
than
That
riches
grow
in Hell,
that
?
foil
which beft
was
not
have been
in every age^
to
have done
It is the
common
and
of infancy,
and
in the hands of
working people, or
of impong quacks.
the wife
and
learned,
of
of human
in this
abilities,
and
which
pier, or
It
a very ngular
phanomenon
in the hiflory
PREFACE.
fcientifical forms
\
fenfe
huf
bandry,
But fiich
is
the perverfenefs
of human nature!
Wants and
accidents
have
iifeful
co-
arts
the
and ingenuity of
forne men,
whom
in the croud
Pomona, Mi-
provers,
or introducers of huandry,
gardening,
the Chriians
gruity,
glory,
human
incon-
what have
made
in after-times of their
Let any one judge, who knows fomething of the hiftory of mankind, whether the well-deferved reputation of their
and whether
fciefices
vi
Preface.
had
left
of
'Their
in clouds of darknefs
and
legends^
and
their arts
all,
and
the inheritance of
felfio
few.
ner.
Whether
-,
happened
neceffarily^
1 will not
determine
the great
and univerfal
in-
The
moft natural,
kind.
and moft
is
indifpenfable
wants of man-
Their objeB
food, drefs,
and
felf-prefer-
vation.
men
-,
and
be-
wants of a few
families,
or of
making
and
effetJs
of
nature, fiich
as
In that
primitive ftate,
we
wandering
tribes
and even
and
PREFACE.
and turned down
fudden revolution they ould happen
vu
climates^
and
Conrmodore Byron
Chili^
left
and preserved on
the coaft of
left^
and
many years
and
by
their ingenuity
make good
the affer-
mufi
be
alloived
to
be
lords
of the
world,
'The felf4nvented arts of different nations^
(and
caufes
fimilarity of
wants or
and
that
is,
different
climates^
.
modifications
hollowed
trees^
\
The canoes offome Indians^ made of fpeak a climate which produces plenty
made of
together,
of timber
feal-ins,
and
thofe of the
Eafier-Iflanders in the
of little
bits
The form of
ing in
is
warm
climates,
which produced
a
3
light
and
fiendev
viii
PREFACE.
'The
ender hamhoo-trees.
form cf
the Egyptian
tell,
that the
had
cool
and
that,
when
numbers attempted
little
to imitate
nature
by art,
they
had
rock majfes.
The
old Indcos.
mo an-
The Greeks
and Romans
mo
made
of timber, and even yet ufed in the milder climates The drefs of the Turks, Perans, Poles, of Afia.
and Hungarians,
with fur,
is
becaufe they
the advice
and claim of
the climate.
The
in
fame
may be traced
and
curing difeafes
tions
origin of na-
the invention
will
many foreign
arts
have
our
;
ccft
climate
upon,
rude.
Wants
PREFACE.
ters
i:<
and jertnen,
ix/cre
prently and
heft
removed hv
The
caiifes
of things^
their
inveftigation^
metho-
for aftertimes^ 'were then ahfolutely out of the qiieftion i and fo they were even when the encreafing
thefe
mifettled
wanderers
made
inirodu^iion of
ceptable gift s^
new
ones
from abroad^
upon them.
and ignorant
when
their gods
and heroes
So were
may
the
he fiippofed to
have
inftriiUed them.
the Britons
their conquerors,
Romans^ and
apoftles^
their life
'
more comfortable.
Each family
to their
held them
as a treafure^
in ci
defcendants
It is no wonder^
hiftory
therefore.,
and
fpeak
of
Princeffes ilful in
and
Her Highnes
Priucefs
Nan-
caa went
linen
are^
,
to the river
and Holy
Priefls
tbs
X
the
PREFACE.
Northern European nations^ for having heen
carpe?iters,
huandmen^
phyficians.
joiners^
painters.^
and
was a
natural
life,
and
it
no advantage to
families^
Being confined
to ftngle
and
their
wants alone^
their pra^ice
would
ments %vere
drudgery
liable to be forgotten.
Moreover^ their
the fiaves^
mu
of courfe be
left to
who for
many
ployed
liberty
ages,
to
were em-
carry on the
manual
arts.
"Deprived of
inclined to
drudge on in
dull,
flubborn,
habitual tnanner,
Carto
and Romans,
was owing,
not
to circumfiances
which
oiiefis
and finally,
to
and
diftinguifhing
blengs
of
human
cr
govern^
PREFACE.
government
perfection.
XI
deg?'ee
brought
to
the
highefi
of
Some of
thefe reajons
have at
la:
refcued the
ma-
of bungling av es, and brought them into the hands but that happy revolution has in me offree people
-,
It
advantage
to
them
but having
mads
more
have been^
and fome of them are fill kept as jobs and fecrets^ by ort - ghted and narrow-minded mercantile
felfonefs.
cuoms of many profeons and trades, which, if pcffible, would be independent patent companies, at
the expence of the whole
;
and
my fiery
of apothecaries, of clothworkers,
of
barbers,
as ex-
Lon-
what
and
even, if the
word myiiery
be condered
blunder,
only as
an equivocal^
othographical
there are
inflead of meftier,
or metier,
promote
Let
tis
in
which the
proud
PREFACE.
felf-conceited
fcholars
have
cannot 'wonder,
fo ow, and
that
a ftate of infancy.
in the wifeft
It is only
ages,
that
we
down from
the vulgar
and
their
own
conceit
order
to fix, to re5iify,
and
to
what
Vitruvius,
Co-
and foine
others,
and
it is
that after fo
many
loft
ages
and mercantile
felfifhnefs, the
and many
undertaken of lute
to fix the
to eftablio
But various
is
Art of
War
is
in thefe
laft
two hundred
upon
PREFACE.
upon fo evident and
fc'ientifical theories^
Xlll
afcertained
all.
improvement of this
neceffary
and
terrible art.
England
manufaBories, becaufe
plentiful foil,
it enjoys
the advantages of a
any other.
in
Tu
memento,
(HaeTibi erunt
Parcere fubjedis
But
the
coyifidered
as
the
mo
ancient
Though
Tacitus,
the
Germany, told
a providential
either by
feemed
to
have
XIV
PREFACE.
till
then unacquainted
with
fince
their ufe
and
fcience
wondrouy
changed,
both
in
refpe5l
to
the
mines, and
and
richefl chains
and
tracts of metallic
mountains^
which jtiflly
may
he ranked
with
thofe in
in
Peru and
in
a very re-
Europe
put
together.
in
Some mines on
Alface^
the
nube,
Lorrain,
worked
al-
ready
in the decline
of the
ancient
Roman
empire.
Many
the
have been
in
The mines
Rammeierg near
Gofslar,
and fome cf
Eleorate
worked
to
and 1000.^
And
the
Haa, Mifnia,
Tyrol,
Silefta,
Mo-
ravia,
Franconia,
Steyermark,
Carinthia,
he fuppofed to
Tq
PREFACE.
^0 judge
miners,
hy the technical language of the
xt
German
feem
to
have
learnt, or
had
their different
nations.
arts
It is
from
the
downright
at leafl
'what
of very
Germany
and as
it is
very com-
and almoft
a long feries of ages thefe various arts have never been difcontinued, and on that account they may be
confidered as national.
they
early
fa-
Germany
-,
and
it
mufi be owned,
having
keep
countries
And
happy has
have
lofi
The
mathematicks, mechanicks,hydraulicks, and the principies of chemiry, have been pretty early applied in Ger-
XVI
every one
PREFACE.
may judge
by the valuable writings
of
of immenfe and pra5iical erudition^ who for thefe la 250 years has fiood unparalleled and
foremoft
among
and
as during thefe
300
years,
(born 1193
12^0)
1493
1541J SenModel,
Glauber, Hof-
mann,
Juncker,
Vogel,
Marggraf,
Newmann,
ter.
Geliert,
Lehmann, Poerner,
Spiel mann,
Pott, Gerhard,
befides
Jufti,
Waiz,
other
and Meyer,
many
unmonumented
hiftory
it is
not
without fome juice that foreign nations have confidered the Germans as their maers in the art of
7nining,
reafon,
that the
capable
of,
and
to keep pace in it
Swedes,
Italians,
in
which
2.
Their
PREFACE.
2. T'heir extracfion
XVI)
the ores
mid fuhflances
mineralized
3.
-,
in
which they
involved
and
and
and
metallic fuh-
The
invefligatjon cf fofftl
fiances or ores.
Accordingly
it is
and may
I.
confifts
and
it is
parts
a.
b.
The art of furv eying and drawing mines. The art of breaking and blafiing the rocks
The art of timbering and building the works
and
veins.
c.
under ground.
d.
The art of
which under
be damp,
and
for refpiration.
The art of hydraulicks. And, At lafiy the art of mechanicks, for draining
and for
from
the rubbij
The
old Egyptians,
Greeks,
be
allovjed to
deficient in thefe
mathematical
jniniyig.
Many
of their fubterraneov,i
xviii
PREFACE.
works of architeiure^ which ever will he ohje^Is of intelligent admiration, prove it beyond exception, and
give credit to the ingenuity of their engines, which
certainly
we know
own
to
written accounts.
{and
that, uncon-
whom
many Europeans
left
them
to
which of
courfe
mu
befall the
workmen, if
und condemned
the
to
mines by
the flrength
of their
hands, which
art.
For unpre-
would be no hard
at
Rome
-,
Lago Albano
dus and
in
at Cael Gandolfo
;
cierns
Rome fome mines in Tranfylvania fuppofed to be Roman works, and the watering engines, ever nce the mo diant antiqiiity^ ufed in Egypt, would by
an
PREFACE.
an analytical examination^ do juice
xix
to their ingenuity
But however
aftonijhing they
in their
o.nd writings of
who would
feriouy pretend
invention of the
than
it
was
before ?
Who
invention of gunpowder,
made us
which
ii;ith
their
maers ?
powers of nature^
refpettively lead us
and Neptune^
were
unknown
to
them.
So zvsre perhaps
ollr 'Various
tilators
fo
was
the fire-engine,
which
is
one of the
mo
dependent of the
it
goes by
art
<?/
extra(5ling
tals,
from
isihich they
is
carried
ordinate arts
a. I^he
h.
c.
Tht
XX
c.
PRE
Tbe art
<?/
A C
E.
in
the
and
fojjil bodies^
necejfary to fo
many
ivanis of
d.
rather
nice
of
acids, fire,
to
determine
the value,
mixture,
and
yiature cf the
raw
ores,
or of the metals
If the Ancients,
efpecially the
Egyptians,
Greeks,
to
and fmelters, as
many of
their
mufi,
to metallurgy
lefs to
be depended
and fciences.
We
little
of
had no
me-
Archimedes or
make
dicines,
ftances of nature.
PREFACE.
Vegetalle^
XXI
animal^
and
mineral kingdoms
offered
them
to
and
in refpe
and reafoning
miift he,
and
without the
ajfifiance
of chemiry, which
and hy
aconaintinp-
us with
many
of their properties,
unohfervahle and
teaches
how
make
ufe
plifiedflate,
new
modelled comhinaticns.
we
or
rather from
che-
of,
and
Many
of
its
technical
it,
if the
us
any doubt.
hozvever,
de-
I have mentioned
already,
that the
at Gofslar falls
and
which
coincides
XXll
PREFACE.
to
and,
chemifis
tury,
Albert von
Bollilaedt, {horn
{born
1294J
The metallurgical
which were
Roman
or
German and
;
as,
thefe operations,
and
tedious,
there
is
good reafon
to fuppofe,
that
German
metallurgifls
was
by no means incon-
fiderable.
any credible
account
that
this traditional
been properly
than the times of George Agrlcola, {\SSS) '^^0 for his valuable books De Natura FoiTilium and De
Re
Metallica, d.eferves
excellent
to be called the
father of thofe
many
chemical
countries
metallurgifls
whom
Ger-
many and
other
of Agricola,
Schltter,
Jufti,
r,Gr
Encelius,
Erker,
Becker,
Stahl,
Cramer,
Geliert,
Lehman, Vogel,
others
;
Henckel,
Pott,
Marggraf, and
in
excellent difciples
Sweden,
France^
PREFACE.
France,
XX HI
and England,
fiich as
Beau me,
ohferve,
Sage,
and
others
but
heg leave to
of the fmelters,
is
reduced upon
having attained
its highcfl
Many
mineral fub-
in
that in which
it
proceeded formerly.
Mr. Cramer's
new
metallurgy,
copper-refining in
many metallurgical
operations are
At
profpeois
thefe
few
years from
I)r. Prieftley's
late experiments
on air,
and from
the ingenuity
at Berlin,
and fagacity of Mcff. Pott and Marggraf and of Mr. Beau me and Mr. Sage at and new forts of air
Paris.
with new
but, properly
phenomena
of a new, aSlivefuhtile,
b 3
XXIV
PREFACE.
and
ajfays.
Ho''jjever,
they
its
mu
and
many
valuable difcoveries.
am
on
confident
the
fame mu
which
Mr.
e^aperiments
the tra-
many chemical
Virtuofi^
have opened
in France a new and ample field of abufe, and every where elfe an amp'le field of fpeculation^ and of dif-
coveries.
It is
phyc.
At fir
foon
down
dec ground,
eablifhing
it
is
Baron Pabfl
and
Baron
Born, and
others^
prove
to
may
is
invention
in
fome forwardnefs^
I oall
not fpeak of
nor
oall
PREFACE.
?all
XXV
cr
enlarge upon
the
virgula divinatoria,
and net an
in
of
mines,
treafures,
rcbbers,
and murtherers.
the former,
We
do not knozv
how
to
methodize
latter
are,
therefore,
bc
left
and recom-
who
delight in darknefs
which
art
may and mu
be eablijed,
Oryctoiogy.
Mineralogy, cr a
of the fcjfil bodies,
is
fudent
of abflute
hiorical knozvkdge
necejfity to
the miner
and
to the learned.
with the
value,
name, form,
colour,
texture,
appearance,
the foffils,
and
it
makes
names of
quantities of rich
ores
and there
is
I know,
zvcks
from
for-
b 4
prefent
XXVI
PREFACE.
'That the deficiency of languages.
who
wioes to
metallurgy^
i?ifiru5t^
or to be in-
ruBed,
in minings
tural hifiory.
Only a very
guages of the
politefi nations.
and finer
infinite
metals^
fome
falts^
and
The
variety of their
mixtures,
different ft ate,
affinities
mineralization,
of
tive place
and
cf men, or
what formerly
the Greek
was
thofe
to the
Monks.
I beg leave
notice
of in
appeared thefe
years.
and many of them have indulged themfelves in new and very often arbitrary names and idle clafiications ;
fo that an egregious and nearly Babylonian confufton
deficiency
of languages
-,
and
by
lefs benefitted
them
PREFACE.
them thanjufily might have been expelled.
he acknczvledged,
It
XXVll
mu
clajfi-
introduced
Pott's Lithogenefy,
and
the fyflems of
Wallerius
and Cronftedt,
fcience.
have
been
great
advantages to
and upon
and per-
But
and of friends
mineralogy
;
to fcience 7
hafts
of
no competent judge,
it
;
will difpute
he explained in his
own
guage, which
is
generally negkuled
and
to fatisfy
fume
to
chfy
foffil
Moreover, many
foffils
fo compound
in
their mixtures,
-,
that a chemifi
thing of them
raw and
them.
we
and difcover
tell
will at mofi
you
xxvlii
PREFACE.
He
will thence
operations
likewife by
what natural
But
fire, crucibles,
retorts,
alembics, acids,
and
touchflones,
are infufiicient to
were produced.
which
che-
mu
evidence,
or
by
ocular
infpelion
and experiment,
for the fame mixture of foffils can be produced by fire and by water, by melting and by folution, by
fublimation, by precipitation, and by other operations,
1'his
we
and
cir-
cumflances
but
ju
to fuppofe,
that the
fame
and mufi be productive offtrnilar forms and circumfiances, and that the particular forms and
circumances in which the
foffils
he nicely
noticed by mineralogifls,
who pretend
to
'They
texture,
they mufi
them
likezvife
PREFACE.
tion^
XXIX
in
conneion^
and
vicinity
heds^
and
which they
are found.
tude, of
By fo
it
which
fols
order.,
which
turalfituation
thefoffil beds
ments of former
operations-, and,
revolutions.^ or
in
(hort,
the
for a favourite
idea.
I have
that
is
to
a fyflem
iJohich
goes hand in
hand with
the
principles of chemiry
mu
nefs
be falfe to truth,
for an
ill-placed
baful-
publicly acknowledge
and recommend
advantages.
my
man
volcanoes,
and
efpecially in
my
I hope
they will
intelligent,
"
good forward^
Philofophers,
ancient
hitherto
view
which was
too confined,
or entirely different
from
that
XXX
PREFACE.
For being unimand
by that extenlight of volcanoes,
proved by the
and
to
the
earth, which,
them-
felves,
mo
they
had
pleafing
countries,
and
(quarries
of fand-flone, limeflone,
and ate.
We
are
ef mountains, is fo little underood amongfi the learned; and that the defer ipticjis cf the higher
mountains in Peru, Teneriffa, Switzerland, and different parts of Europe are generally filled with me^
teorological obfervations, botany,
and other
accounts,
which leave
and
unknown
as they
were
before.
The
confequence
was
have been
too raoly
be of a
mountains.
PREFACE.
tains
;
XXXI
I mufl
netice^ that
primitive mountains,
early by
or fir at a ^
other
philofophers^
to confift
and that
of mple
of ells,
other animals
or plants.
is
That
unquefiionabky
found
the
fummits of the
But
it
mountains.
be
The
only confequence
drawn from Mr. Ferber's and Mr. Arduini*s Obfervations in his Raccolta di Memorie Chimicomineralogiche
:
Venezia lyjs)
roffo
^^>
^^'^^
the reddifh
granite (granito
from them^
and
that,
for
may
jufily be called
The Iccundary
ftrata
and mountains,
chiefly con-
are
accu-
to
variety
XXXll
PREFACE.
and
accidents^ as
variety of canfes
may
he
proved
even hy
tains
hiftory.
Nor
moun-
and
flrata
,
circiimances
as fuciently
preface
to Ferber''s Letters^
and
my account of the
variety
German
volcanoes.
Of courfe
circumfiances in the
rocks.,
the fituation
of their
and
in the nature
main
'objeSi,
and
to
tht
nature of the
mountains, in which
they
worked,
and
into
gang mountains,
By
the
more ancient
ones,
their veins,
lefs
and more
horizontal.,
Mans-
By gang-mountains,
lic
they
ftocks,
and con
in
PREFACE.
naturalifts
XXXUl
would
callprimitive
mountains.
By gang,
va-
like-wife thofe
which
found
to fill
veins, joints,
grit, clay,
In this
and other matrices of metals a7id minerals. fenfe^ it is ufed to dlfilngui them from the
vein or
abfolutely a relative denomination^
and
it is
may he
feme
and
In
I dare fay,
and
till
of very
pe
run,
to fome fclentlfical
their rules.
What
-,
at
by phllofophers
who
and
It Is
left us
The
beft
Lehman's
a-nd
which
xxxlv
PREFACE.
eflablied at
nce ij6^^
Freiberg in Saxony.
But
we
We
kiio'u;
them
only by
few
and
in
Germany^
S-iveden^
By
thefe it appears
fame
crofsccii-
and
joints^
tents.,
and
ores
and fcffils.
in the
II.
fame
rocks ^
the
fame
and
and loaded by
That
thofe
which
crofs
them in contrary
direSfions^
different
times^
and by
different revolutions,
when
and
the different
which are
whence
it
in the lower
rocks
of fate or granite
V. That
E F A C
V.
in the crojfings.
F.
XXXV
and riche
af)pear before
either in the
main
or incumbent rocks
for exaraple^
in
the
and
metals^ generally
relation
to
have a
racks
in
natural
and chemical
they
the
is to fay,
that veins in
and other
are. filled
with quartz,
fieldfpath, gold
and filver
that veins in hornone produce gold, lver, and zinnopel ; that veins in ate are loaded with argillaceous fubfiances, quartz, lver, lead, copper,
and
iron
and that thenaturalprodublions of limeone, ate, perphyry, trapp, and volcanic beds, if incumbent on deeper
veins, appear in them, or produce modifications offoffils,
which
their
own
xxxvi
PREFACE.
'To verify thefe af-
of
orological
accounts
my
hands.,
am
enabled to give in
pub-
labour
and encouragement
which.,
a foreigner., I
make bold
fcience.,
to expe5i
from
unprejudiced friends of
and from
it
thofe gentlemen.,
hifinefs
is
to fee
fomewhat
cwn
and
ground.,
and
to
difappointments., to
is to
An
and
its fir at a
with an appendix of my
own.,
and vainto
III.
Hi
PREFACE.
III.
xxxvii
hitions
affeled
and
veins.
hefl orologi-
cal fyflems^ efpecially of that of the Greeks^ the late Robert, Hooke^
its
and of
it
who
due extent.
V.
A oort
furface of the
earth.,
VI.
An
and
to the technical
and fm ehers.
W\.
Some
fcicntifical fe^ions,
and petrifanions ^
will be added
and as I miift
he wiihciiifome expence.,
take this
work under
in Flcet-ftrcet;
cor,i;nanJj
who
c
2
of
their
and
enquiries,
dirccled to me, in
whatever
XJtxviii
PREFACE.
ufeftd to them.
whatever I may he
lar
More
particu-
Mean-
while
Current
utillter
mei
NuUo cum
and I all
ftrepitu dies
of other vatracts^
which,
and as Ferber's
lay
In the
intend to
before
th&
Englifh public
1.
of
edition^
2. Ahflra5ls
di
Venice.
3.
Minos
in
the Pala-
Ah-
PREFACE.
5.
xxxix
of the
Tyrol, Sweden,
and
Italy.
R.
E.
RASPE.
is
equal to one half ounce Englij, and the annexed orological tables are
given only as
effay,
not as
compkat
abflraols of the
Moreover I beg
fize would not
ore,
of the
of
Sed
la-
pienti fat
APPENDIX
TO THE
P
E,
OROLOGICAL TABLES
MINES
OF SOME
DESCRIBED IN
FERBER's LETTERS
ITALY,
A N D
I
FROM
T H
PUBLICATION.
Thofc of the
'
MINES
to be
at
Bohemia,
JOACMIMSTHAL, M A P
in
Kme
or
r.
V
Rock.
E
Ore.
N.
Dlpfwg,
Mine.
the Vein.
LtrcEii'jn.
Limeftone
blue argillaceous
flate.
Pegaw,
Steyer-
in
Lead^lnnce,
with
filvc
mark.
Ferber's
Ital.
Jdria,
ii'
Limeftnne
blue
Hate.
arg.
ilate.
innabar
and quickfilver.
Teltr'ino
Limeftone
ate.
Cirickfilver.
Ferb.
Schio,
in
LimeOone
alternatinr
Spar.
Silver,
lead,
Moite
Tnfa.
Ferb.
copper,
with
canic
ta.
volftra-
mangancfe.
FaUe
.-n
Gor- Limeftone
Lead
blende.
and
no, in Bci-
and
lava.
ganiafco.
Ferb.
Montieri.
Feib.
Spnr and
quartz.
Silver,
lead
copper,
iron.
CROSS VEINS,
Improving.
Rock.
Ore.
er
CROSS JOINTS.
Cutting
of,
Ore.
or striking DEAf
DheBlonX
Di-p^iitjf,
Dircaicn
Dlpp'irg.
\
Rock.
Moufta'w, cA
Sides
the Vein.
cf^
Koch
Ore.
Direicn.
Dij-fir
Red
iJuin.
clay,
Feldfpath
jold
fandfione, metallic
rock.
and
fat
ver mine;
quartz.
and
A'eft to Eafl.
antimony
arfenic
;
veins
rallel.
pa
cinnabar.
TojUtza. Born.
Clay
rock.
flate;
Q^aru-
metallic
South to North.
Fuezcs. Buin.
Clay
rock.
flate,
Quartz.
Gold.
metallic
South to Nofth,
Felfo
Eanya.
Born.
Borkul
Homftone.
Zinnppel.
Gold and
ver.
fil
mine.
Zinnopel.
Gold and
ver.
fil
rock.
Smoirt.
Born.
,opper
riies,
filver.
Three
quick
veins pa
rallel.
CROSS VEINS,
Improving.
JJof*.
er
CROSS JOINTS.
Cutting
of, or strikiko deaf.
Ore.
\
Ore.
Dnecikn
Dipftng.
Roc\.
DheS2ion.
Dlppng.
Quartz
iluor.
Sc
Sulphur,
In
the
hanc;-
III
antimony,
the hading,
cro'fing
manganefe.
the
mam
vein in an acute
angle.
F.afl:
to
I
In 75'
Weft
to
Weft to
Well.
lading,
and quicken
hem.
South in Eaft, hour 9, or or Co North. hour 2 I Bring the veins in the liauging, and fti'ikc
I
hem
deaf.
'Name of
th.
Mounra'i, or Sides
cf
N.
Rock.
Ore.
DircFiioit.
the f^ein.
Dijfwg.
Slemnix, Born.
'Spitaler
Clay
rock.
flate,
Vein.
metallic
VVefttoEall, Quartz and Gold, (ilver, North to lead. South, or between zmnopel. South to 30' and North, be70'. tween hour 12 and 4.
vVhite
in
S. John's.
Metallic
rock.
clay Silver.
and quartz
the
hanging
zinnopel
in
and
rallel.
pa-
the
hading
Beaverftoln Metallic
rock.
Quartz,
zii
Gold,
lead.
filver,
Nonh
South
t<
Weft
Eaft,
to
nopel, fpar
be-
above, be-
tween and 4.
rherefia.
Metallic
Zinaopel.
Gold,
lead.
filver
N'orth
to
Eaft
to
rock.
South,
Weft;
then
tical
lart
;
verat
Well
to Eaft.
Cathar'inahergy
in
Gneiff.
GneifT
grit
or
Silver,
of
per
Bohemia.
Ferber.
granite.
and native
South, hour 2.
in
Gneiff.
Gypfeous
Ipar.
Silver.
North
to
i
Ferb.
South,
Maria
K.irchbaw.
hour 12 and I.
er
CROSS JOINTS.
Cutting
Rock.
1
Ore.
Dinclkn
Dipping
D'irerBn.X Dipping.
White
clay,
fpar,
Silver.
Iti
the
hansjins
quartz.
White
clay,
-aO to Welt,
roarfe
clay,
fpar
quart?,
fpar.
i^avie of ih
VEIN.
Sides
0,'
Place
anc.
Mine.
the V,hi.
Rod.
On
in Kohemiii
,
GoWrofe
)late,
grey micacjus
lay
red
Silver,
lead,
a
hading
ci.'balr,
feiiic
nt
ores,
f|)ar;
quartz.
,
Goldrofe
yixxa.
hanging.
Fund- Ditto,
grub.
Ditto.
Ditto.
>
).,
Raker":
:^itto.
Ditto,
Ditto.
Vein.
5,
Gediieber.
Ditto.
Ditto.
c
;,
Rofc from
Jtrit'ho
Jitto.
"j,
S'.veit-
Oitto.
zer.
7,
You lit
Svveit-
"itto.
Ditto.
zer.
CROSS VEINS,
I
iiock.
a-
CROSS JOINTS.
TTIN-G OF, OR STRIKIXC DEAF,
Reck.
Ore.
P R O V
INC.
Dipfmg
DireBion
hj'pm^.
Trapp.
Edft to
joiith
to
Weft.
North
Trapp.
Diito.
Ditto.
Trapp.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Povfihvry,
fat clav
Siuth to
North
All the above Nurllitrni veins are befiji-t co.illaatly improviJ bv ihc croffing-; of| liic E.iiVtru ones, which run from Eali
to vVcil.
Porph_^,
^outh to
Noah
Porphyry
'outh
to
North
hiames of
tit
Mountain,
Siiies
o.
N.
Roth
Ore,
Dircclion.
Place
arii.
of
Mine,
jfcachimhal,
the Vein
Dipping,
in
Bohemia
I,
Lawrence.
Slate
gray micaceous
-lay,
clay
Silver,
lead
ar:
:afttoWeft, South
h. 5.
to
flate, fiiar,
coi-.alt,
i|
p,
and
quartz.
arfenic
North, hetwec
60. 73'.
rich ores.
1,
Sufan- Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
h, 6
Ditto.
3,
Vrfula
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
h. 6
6Jp,
Ditto.
\,
Andre- Ditto,
as,
Ditto.
Ditto.
7^1
Ditto;
^,
Cow
Vein
Ditto,
Ditto.
Ditto,
fjlver
anc
naglal:
h.
7.
Ditto,
tive
ore,
lead
glance.
6,
Rofe Vein
Ditto,
Ditto.
Ditto.
h. 6
Ditto,
7, Elias-
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto,
1^
Ir
Ditto,
8, George
.
3itto,
Ditto.
Ditto,
h. 6 3I p
Ditto.
ftoln.
N,B. Th
jres
and th
one;.
richer
jhiefly in th
croffes of the above Nor thern veins.
CROSS VEINS,
1
or
CROSS JOINTS.
Cutting
Ro
of, or stkiking deaf. Or DWcSiitn Dihtil ijtptn^.
P R
V
i
N G
R^ck.
Ore.
DireSion
D^ppwg.
EafttoW
I
ioiithtoN.
Porjihyrv
I'rapp.
S-)L!t'UoN
lEall Co
J'
SouthioN.]
W.
Tnpp.
t'^rphyvy
EailtoW
SsuthioN
>ut!itoN.
f'oruihvrv
^ouilaoK.
X, E.
veins
crof
Eaftsrn ones.
TRAVELS
THROUGH THE BANNAT
OF
T E
R,
&".
LETTER
Y
make
caft.
I.
1770.
has
this place
fcarce offered
this
letter
I,
me
Had
my
in
little
mineralogical
fcience,
fome knowledge
Botany,
my
three days
Segedin,
from Ofen to
and thence
cured
to I'emefwar^
me
I
that
I
is
not
my
fault.
hif-
am
of natural
tory.
But
tunity
there
is
no academy
is
in
which Botany
is
taught
nay, even at
Vienna^
there
For
this
reafon
is
natural hiflory
and negle6led
in Aufiria^ Vv'hile
their
own and
to
But
You may
guefs by
them
the difiatisfadion,
me on
nat^ Tranfyhania,
fineft feafon
be fcarce
enjoyed by me.
able to do, and
1
However,
repeat
do what
am
my
former pro-
mifes, that
you
fhall
which
colleft,
the mountains,
From Shemniz
the fame
to Ofen the
mountains
is
confifl:
of
argillaceous
rock, which
mixed with
quarz, fherl
new
T E
MESWA
;
R, &c.
LETTER
I.
new
thefe
galleries
All
flate
and limeftone.
Near
JVrJzen^ a
handfome
little city
on the
and to the
left
hand
In
came
I
to
Pe, where
fpent a day.
This
city,
adorned
tafbe,
is
in the
neweft
is
ex-
hills,
produ6live of the
wine oiOfen.
They
confifl:
of a porous lime-
fbone,
which
is
filled
men
of that kind,
who
are afFraid
earth,
might
pick
place
make
rich crops
Hock of
up known undefcribed
and points
,
warts
!
how
analogy or fimilarity,
in
forming
fetched
names.
To us fimple mineralogical
folks
The
all
geo-
graphers.
Mr, Laurentius
Stocker defcribes
them
Accord-
naei)
The Hones
are fer-
travelled
often fix
However
this
of
cattle.
Near
of
alcali
For
many
years
they have
foap,
made of
fells
it
Debreczine
which
over
kingdom.
as a
com.mon
Mr.
Stephen Wefzpremi, a
Mr.
it.
Jufl
firft
who examined
The
in his
and
TEMESWAR,
and the
^(.
LETTER
I,
Pofoniiy
fician,
in
on
this fait,
eagles,
in the
unknown
obfcrve them,
Beyond
left
Ttirki Cania^
the
foil
appeared
richer
Here
are plantations
of
corn-fields,
fums annually.
The
upon
a regular plan
-,
the
houfcs, for
want of wood,
They have
ge-
and
an accountant or infpeftor.
Every
colonift re-
and
a piece
of ground.
then
then he
may pay
A
them
good hufbandman
it
is
fure
to profper here.
Perhaps
if the villages
fmaller.
that contain 3 or
400
houfes.
As
is
which he
is
to cultivate,
LETTER
TEMESWAR,
CSV.
LETTER
II.
LETTER
YO U know
this
IL
travelled in
in 'Tranfletter,
country
was born
fylvania.
hiitory, if not
The Bannat of
in
Temeivar
in the
is
Hungary^ which
title
Homannian maps
found
under the
It
is
22
German
Its
feparate
it
from
T'ranjfylvania
this fide
it
JVallacbia.
But on
tinent
fula.
',
in refpeft
is
of the other
a penin-
It
v/icks, viz.
Uy
Palan.ka,
of Verjez,
Every
diftridl is
B 4
rifdidions,
procefles.
baili-
wick
confifts
a comptroller, two or
fome advocates
of national
are a fort
under
The
eftate
of her majefty,
flates.
is
entirely
The
^emefwar^ a regular,
imwholefome on account of
fwampy
fituation.
Here
is
the
is
by
his
own
right pri-
mus
The whole
eaftern part
of the country
;
the
weflern
part
andfvvampy.
tivated plains,
On the
are
fuch
as
Cania.,
Semlin,
TEMESWAR,
&c.
LETTERII.
Maros
Hungarian dependencies.
None of
thefe four
However, they
The
rivers in the
but
Nera deferve
notice,
the former
down
to Peterwardein,
by
drawn from
Ltigojh to 1'emef-
fertile.
The wine
is
in
It
is
generally of a red
common.
drink.
fkirt
The
filk
many
other
and politician
to fupport
Count Mercy
them.
d' Argenteaii^
had lived
Of late
railed in this
country a
national-militia,
which
in the imperial
and royal
Illyrian
regiment.
It
is
commanded by
the lieutenant-
colonel
lO
l^m^toi thtTherefian'
man who
Not
fatisfied
our of
to-the
his
officers,
and
to
humanize
men.
foldier
He eftablifhes
is
fchools
If
we had
under
the
title
of the
Reformer.
The
of the
'Turkij
They
are un-
der the
command of captain
Peter Vana,
who
his
in the laft
war
emperor
at
This nation
is
Captain Ducc&
man of eighty
folicited or re-
of
TEMESWAR,
of
his honeft fervices,
1 will in
i^c.
LETTER
my
II,
and of
one of
difpofition.
defcribe
reli-
At
abftrad of
nefs.
my
yefterday's tranfaflions
Soon
in the
morning
was awakened by a
have
dif-
mal and
frig;htful rattlino-
all alone;
lodo-ings.
It
was
condemned
to the
went
to work.
but bleak, yellow-coloured, decayed faces, peeping and ilTuing forth from the
fineft
buildings.
bel-
The women,
lies,
even the
girls,
left
them by the
fevers.
fancied myfelf in
of men,
by
At
dinner
all
the guefts,
fit
befides
me
of their
;
fever
their teeth
fome
In
the afternoon
I
vifited
the
canal which
fpoke of before.
meadows, and
to the heaths,
left for
fummer.
Each
fet
The
of
12
and
at
They
are
Two
or three inches
is
in
Hungary
infefts,
with violence
brings
againft: the
down
bees,
fufion, the
whole to be
m allied
fum-
of the Grand-Signor
till
is
kept here,
as they told
me,
the
young, well
drefs'd,
He is a He was
and became a
to his family.
to
him and
His determined,
rafh
bold,
in
phyfiognomy,
and
his
undertakings,
raifed
in
cefsful,
me
he had been
TEMSLWAR,
ther dared, nor
is
Is'c.
LETTERII.
All
j^
my
cannot be
But the
bufinefs of
my comfome
panion layeth
days more.
me under
Therefore,
be happy, remem-
LETTER
14
LETTER
THE
The
people, in
lachians,
III.
called Servia.
They
call
themfelves Srbi.
Their
language
is
Wallachians
is
lefs
certain.
language equally
Roman and
makes
doubtful whether
colonies, or
Roman
of
The Ro-
Even
their
language, which
is
fpoken very
rudely,
but
in
a cor-
rupt Latin.
However,
fo
manv
TEMESV/AR,
many
gar
(eat)
&c.
LETTER
HI.
j^
The
of their words
in
mixed
infancy wafhed
water, and then
warm
The
herein
no
dilference.
From
however, the
are taught
in
weaving, and
fo on.
From
in
hufbandry.
Kukuruz
How-
ever, they
diftil
fow likewife
fruits
oats, barley
from the
of
trees,
in great plenty,
fort
as
fome
tables,
flefh,
milk, cheefe,
their
are
common
Their
drefs
is
various
l6
confifts
of the following
as the
foles
of raw
;
tied
of fhoes
Ihirt
tight
waift, with
long
fnirts
down
to the ancles
brown variega-
with a girdle
cloth,
-,
a waiftcoat or
garment of coarfe
Ihirts,
and an
cloth.
The
fifl
girls
go bare headed.
of money faftened to a
firing
and
tied
around the
may
They marry
couples, the
man
Some manual
a weaver
;
arts
you
will
find a cartwright, or
every
woman a
fale
No woman
in hand.
is
fome work
What
they
bring to
thev
TEMESWAR,
nnrfe,
it is
yc'.
LETTER
lir.^
ij
fame manner.
The fpin-
dle
is
are fpinning.
by themfelves.
beggars are feen
to you of their
among them. What can I fay religion ? They confefs the nonritiis
non unitorum
But
in fa: they
dare not
eat
any
of other religious
even Ihould they
duties.
But
in thefe fadings
they
man
law.
with his
own
God might
his trade.
withdraw
!
his bleffing
from
"What barbarifm
what humiliating
ideas
of the
Supreme Being
Popes.
The
Some of them
,
are fo ignorant as to
be
unable to read
ple
?
their
at the
expence of their
their fins,
llupid parifhioners,
who
fell
them
and
.fancy
l^
they difcharge
price.
own and their deceafed relatiohs fins at a 2:ood The falutary ordonnances, which her maqueen has publiflied againft the
illicit
jefty the
from that
fpirit
of
fla-
Her
majefty's
wifdom
is
equally emi-
fuperftition."*
The
For example
no woman
ever
it
be.
The
bride
is
Whoever
Ihe defire
unveils her
it,
is
entitled to a kifs
and, if
obliged to
make
her a prefent.
The
corpfe
in.
women
men.
is
are
from the
The
which
*
The above
nofiro
Maria Therea
by
! is,
indeed, a new.
added
by
fo
many
vidlories
and of
for the
late,
fo
many admirable
laws
and ellablifhments
and hufbandry,
TEMESWAR,
which
It
is
^c.
LETTER
as
this
III.
the
Ip
Pope has
done with
his ritual.
At
moment
raife
the friends
and
relations
of the deceafed
horrid cries.
They remind
cattle,
houfe
and houfhold,
and
aflc
for
what
As no anfwer
at
enfues, the
grave
large
is
filled
Hone placed
head,
to
avoid the
Wine
is
to drive
away
evil
,
and
Vv'itches.
tion of the deceafed they eat, plentifully drinking to be the better comforted themfelves.
The
fo-
lemn
fhrieks, libations
relations.
The
funeral of a
bridegroom
is is
ftill
more folemn.
his
pole,
fixed to
tomb,
a garland, a quill,
and
They
churches
rify
To
be
is
a matter
of
it is
iprinkled
(afpergillum)
20
(afpergillum.)
their opinion,
call
it.)
as
they
Even
fiiffering
by fuch
to the
while
{Afperges
meant by Frate
laft I
de cruce^ or
it.
Mangar
de cruce.
At
have learnt
in
an indijOfoluble friendfliip in
and death,
cup
eat or drink
fwearing everlaftis
This
ceremony
never to be
flighted.lt
effi-
for
example,
robbers releafe a
man, by
oblige
fait
whom
him
to filence
by an oath by the
call
Giurarpe
is
pe pita, pe fre.
very different
from ours.
as trifling
No
murther can be
dif-
That
difpenfation
God
alone.
The
reafon
is
TEMESWAR,
ideas either
t^c
LETTE
P.
III.
21
fhoiikl
of
God
or of the foul
how
in their ideas
of the
focial
and
man ? Any phsenome^ non, or effeft of unknown caufes, is confidered by them as a miracle. They look upon a folar
political obligations
of
eclipfe as a fi-ay
fun
firing
The
infedls
which
in the fpring
creep forth
limits
from under
a rock near
Columhaczon the
of
ed by the devil.
The
holy knight,
St.
George^
is
faid
KWallachian
his
of beech to roafh
in the
meat on.
The
fap,
reafon
is,
beech yields
fpring a red
fionate tree
according to
WaU
Turh bloodhounds
punifhment
is
ufed to
beechab-
wood.
.
No
The
?
capital
in greater
horrence amongft
rope.
Butv/hy
A rope
out downwards.
They
impure
22
and
call
their
materialifm.
Superftition being
you
re-
may
eafily
guefs
by the above
Afl<.
how
an old Wallachian
Fie
.will
went
into the
field,
married, and fo on
his age.
and then
you may
caft
up
They
Even its denominations are not taken from their own language. A dollar, or thirty grofhes, is
called leu
\
a florin, florint
a half florin,
is
duU ;
five
called Strim-
half a dollar,
iri firimhi.
They have
liquids.
fcarce
The
Their weight
two
pounds and an
one
litra
One
an hundred drams.
The
and Wallachians
nearly as follows
The Raize
is
fierce,
TEMESWAR,
friend of trade,
lefs
fit
&c.
LETTER
foldier.
I I I.
22
to
be a
His Popes
The
better
is
hufbandman, a friend of
life.
eafe,
in
and abhorbeing
ing military
They
agree
born
ma-
The
Greek alphabet
is
uied by both
different fignification.
However
do
I
imperfeft this
Iketch
may
be,
it
will
to give
know,
ftill
deftitute
of an
of Europe of its
fet
origin, cuftonis
and manners.
I
To-morrow we
hope
to
out, and
letter,
tafte,
fend you a
which, containing
will
objccfls,
nearer to our
LETTER
24
LETTER
is
IV.
infigniPicant
villages,
v/hich
pafied
between
The
plain
which from
Some
of
hours before
reached
hills,
this place,
faw
fome
which confided
montory.
reached
ated,
we afcended
you
thefe hills,
is
and
fitu-
from which
write to
Here
face.
the argillaceous
flate
difappeared under
As
foon as
I
arrived
called
on Mr. Delius^
whom,
\{v^
till no'.y,
knew only by
But
1
the reputation of
foiid learning.
arrival
me
mounvery
tains,
which
as
an
exacfi:
obferver he ought to be
TEMESWAR
very
i^c.
LETTER
IV.
I
25
have
However,
me fome
me
A
parts
;
line
to
fouth through
generally mountainous,
As
will
it
which
Ban-
Temevar.
The
;
mines
now working
which
is
in the
nat are
perly Paffioven
blifhed
the
new
efta-
iron-works Reiza.
Thence fomewhac
Dognaa,
more to the
fouth, Bofniak, or
New-Moldava.
and thofe
which run
eafterly
limits,
Gold
In
is
adjacent to them.
and
in other places
fome
are
ftill
gtjing on.
All
20
diftrifls,
fuch arc
that of
to
which Reiza
which
is
to
belong
incorporated the
They
it
prefides. In
former times
was
at Temefwar-,
but
a counfellor of the
are the
and a fecretary of
this direftion,
The
other
The
Grofs-Wardein,
LETTER
TEMESWAR,
i^c.
L E T
TE R
V.
2"/
LETTER
ORAVITZAy as
mines of
'Turks
as
its
V.
1770.
is
the
The
long as
lefs profit
was under
their
dominion;
but with
ftoration,
than at prefent.
the
work; but
(ftolln) excepted,
were
left
afterwards by grant to
feveral
tions
private
and
LETTER
2^
LETTER
THE
valley wherein Oravitza
to the fouth
VI.
fituated,
is
bounded
by the Wadarna^
Cftk-
of Coowiz^
The mounbirch,
afcending, and
iir,
afli
and oak.
fherl,
mixed with
is
and feldfpath;
and
this
flate,
^Klfte) which
really deferve
this
denomination
have neither
fince they
any
fifTure,
fifty
fathom
{Klafter.)
found
miiSy
'vefa,
Rocchtis, Eraf-
Jacohus.,
Geno-
PhilippuSy
'Therefia, or the
feventy
pounds
TEMESWAR,
^c.
LETTERVI.
29
pounds of ftone or lech. Thefe mines are for the mofl part drained by a gallery (erb-ftolln) which is
driven
in
and runs
Rocchus
is
the richeft;
is
and on
the
this
driven to
galleries
fouth.
of fmaller
work out
The hanging
flate.
fide is
So
it is
either
and
on the oppofite
(that
is
fide
of the
The
Gang-rock
is
which
the fifiures)
The
I
it is,
ores contained in
to
be
here
convinced by
Delius,
in
my own
experience of what
Mr.
down
-,
as axiomatical
mines
in the
Bannat
that
is
to fay,
mountains, where
in the Trinity
was affured
of the hanging
fides
hading
JO
hading
with
being horn-ftone.
However,
I I
took
me
ufed to do,
and aquafortis,
found
common
This
pro-
may
The fame
and
in
is
obferved
in the
other mines
denomination of horn-ftone.
The gang
or
is
gypfum, or
fele-
The
fiflures
of the Cor-
but in
S. Servatius,
all
mine working
mountains,
brown argillaceous
vein.
The
and
fiftiires
One of
ore.
I
the JVayields
fome
tire
fiiver
and arfenical-copper
lift
would not
in
of the
all thefe
The
TEMESWAR,
The common
Cronfledts^ . 298.
^c.
LETTER
at
VI.
^I
ores
dug
-,
The
with
laft is
often varie-
fpecies
of pyrites, pene-
and
is
incruftated
brown
mountain.
copper
mulm,
It is
found This
ochraceous ore
is
The
white arlenical
.
199,
is
com-
mon
in the
,
St.
Paul's con-
'uerfion
but
Anthonfs
pit,
beautiful
Ochra,
veneris.,
calciformis,
j
impura^
but they
brought
azure
a fine chryfialifed
gular, truncated.
tion,
I
my
ftill
got here
Cyprii,
many
mulm
loofe
(Ochra,
dull, or indurated
fingers.
Cronit
be
as
found
at Sunnerog,
Oanberg.
It is likewife
Among feveral
piece
$2
highly remarkable.
Its
colour fo high, as to miflead even the moft intelligent connoiffeur. If Cronedls afiertion be true,
that copper,
by the
lofs
of
its
phlogifton,
may be
54 pounds per
lumps, that
this
it is
a folution of copper-
But
is
it is
found
in fo large
opinion
fcarce admifTible.
The
famenefs of the
tile-ore,
of
Englijh reader.
LETTER
E S
W A R,
Isc.
LETTER
VH.
LETTER.
OUR
fouth
Wallachians,
is
is
VII.
Sa, where
The
in this feafon
oiTers a
meathis
hills.
The
road runs
all
way over glimmery argillaceous flare, which is now and then interrupted by fome rocks of a grey
argillaceous flone,
mixed
either with
mica or
fljer),
Saa
is
careous hls, fuperincumbent on Hate, whofe diffolved parts are carried by the rain water into the
valley,
The copper
tween
this
mixed with
rally
fide,
do imagine
lows
The
mixed with
Vvfhich
34
which
call
(Saxum
Hungary conftantly
crofs
it,
this
rock
ftill,
fay
may
perhaps
have been
it
in-
coherent
or
lefs
indurated vv'hen
was co-
its
Any
or oblique one,
fplit fiffures
may
eafily
along their
fl<;irts,
fil-
Thefe
of
They worked
open
to the day.
on fome copper
veins, lying
Then
the VVallach'ians.
fearchins; af^
fome old
and overgrown
many pretty
pure copper and leadflags, which evidence old parting-furnaces, though thereabout there does not ap-
fame
manner
E
as
E S
V/A R, bV.
LETTER
VII.
35
?
manner
At
is
prefent the
number of thefeveral
pits
and
drifts
The
now
Nicolas^
Therefia^
Nepomticemis and
I
Philip
It
is
Jacob mine.
This lad
have examined.
Saa.
one of the
is
richeft
works
at
The gang-rock
fclenitic fpar,
as generally at
Saa calcareous or
In the
in-
lumps
brown irony
earth,
moft confiderable
of that kind
It
is
in the
may have
Mr.
copper
Deliiis^ in
mulm
is
" Water
" ftroying the form of metals, and reftoring them " to another form I mean only to fpeak of the " mixture and external form of their malTes, not " of their conllituent metallic particles, which are
;
"
*
eternally permanent.
monly
to the
" which
36
" which are pyritical they are fubjefb more than " any others to be diflfolved by water into vitriol. *' Such a transformation of ores nature has produ" ced in the mines of the Bannat near Sao.^ where " a whole mountain has been fubjeft to it. The
*' *'
copper
is
it
appears as a
" waflied. This earth did not exifl from the begin" ning in that. form but it was rather a copper" pyrite, which by the waters has been dilTolved. " The fulphurous acid went off wafhed av/ay by
-,
''
the water
" which
"
rites,
" tides as a filter. This formed the Saa copper " mulm." Mr. Delius fupports this opinion by
the copper- pyrites yet unaftefled by
ftill
found
in the
-,
mulm, and
but however
the dilTolution
probable
it
which
for.
confidera-
tion
and
its
hading
that
fide
is
limeftone.
Is
there any
probability
thefe pyrites
their difiblution
fide
?
hanging
If that be
and
his fuccefibrs,
might have
per
TEMESWAR,
per remains are
they had a
ftill
^c.
LETTER
in
VII.
'^'J
found
more
eafy
thefe mines
They wanted
and by the
leaft trouble.
ancients
worked
in
thefe parts,
fide to-
and that
after
earthquake
fifflires
it
to deprive thefe
hanging
tion
?
fide,
and
An
might
fcarce
lei-
am
having had no
Bona
Vifitation
Spes,
Jtma
Rojina^
and Bonifacuis,
in the
on account of
beautiful ores
and Saa
is
my
The
tranflator fees
not the
leaft
confequence in
this
fairly
Mr.
Delius,
fmce
it
proves
much
or nothing.
excepted,
38
excepted, and
are
I
ones,
dug hereabout
In
S.
Urban
poliflied fplendent
furface, {licking to a
and quarz
and
in
the
New-Elias
got native
in v/hite indurated
Native copper
in
loofe
brown
copper
mulm from
er mountains, and in
by
its
woven
This
filver,
jpecics
found
in
Bena
Spes, in
quartzous gang
lock,
mixed with
glafs.
greenifh
lithomarga
grey
copper
197,
is
found
is it
malleable, and of a
com-
pact texture.
in fcaly grey
They
call
here lech
yields
ore.
It
breaks
limedone
from
fixty-three
to
diiToiution into
glafs
blackgrey duft.
Red copper
cal-
ciformis pttru
.
&
m
Cronfiedt,
195, found
Maria Brunn,
In
in a
white
gypfum
it
it
tinged
by verdegreafe.
in
breaks
a fibrous
verdegreafe, v/hich
makes
Mr.
Belius prefented
me
with
TEMESWAR,
confiRs of
triangular cryftals.
y^.
LETTER
red
VII.
39
many accumulated
in S.
tranfparent
brown red
fire
fine
fteel.
ftriking
with
edt's example,
jafpis martialis
who
calls
(Minerol.
name
it
a cop-
per jafper.
cryftals,
It contains, feparated
per.
Some
mouldered
me
that the
in
at
which
origin
its
and
and
copper glafs
cryftals.
Among
I
variety of
"viridis^
viride
montanum,
fine
which
is
here very
common,
received
The
flat cX
below but
the top.
is
They
(Atlas-ore.)
There
in
an
thin
flat
plates,
concentric coats, in
;
thin
its
colours
from the
fhade.
dark green
in
every fort of
The
Barmafler
in this place
improved
a.
my
colleclio.n
copper
work
40
work
nat.
It
an
indurated
fibrous verdcgreafe
has preferved
its
original concen-
fibres.
Indurated
copper azure
Cronfledt.
.
(Carulcum
194.
)
montanum induratum.
cryflailized
and
me
in
Urban and
Magrey-
my
minera-
logical friend a
good flock of
brown and
copper mulm.
Philippi Jacobi,
where broken,
pitch-ore.
It
greafe,
native copper,
richefl ores
generally ranked
among
the
ore,
are
found
in
thefe mines.
in
fome lead
which
is
often
mixed with
regular fpar-chryflals.
They never
Mr. Demhjher,
a very-
intelligent
TEMESWAR,
intelligent aflayer at
l^c.
LETTER
VII.
41
Moldova^ has
afTiired
me, that
he had
till
at
lafi:
found
that
in
now and then handfome blue chryftals had offered to him entirely deflitute of copper, but
containing plenty of iron.
The
only remarkable
have
found
cryftallifation, confifting
cryftals,
of columnar hexagonal
with
three large
pofite fides
and
a triangular point
a dodecaedrifaces,
cal cryftallifation,
compofed by pentagonal
torn.
I.
fig.
25;
felenit-
As
foon as
return
I will
divide
my
LETTER
42
LETTER
New
VIII.
i,
Moldova, July
^77^-
THE
to give
daily examples
of the
ill
ufe,
which
in thefe
me
this
to the refolution
laft
up
is
my
journey to
boundary,
which
feparated from
by
the Danuhe.
But
heard
that
thefe
fine
gentlemen venC
their
fall in
is
tlieir ill
humour
rather againft
faid to
This circum-
ftance,
and
my
word
Baron de Hegengarthen,
in fafety,
that he
and
his
men might
this ex-
pleafed,
me
refolution to
attempt
Twelve
mine-officers
As
foon as
we had
I
ob-
now and
and
mon
clay-fchiftus
limeftone,
covered the
whole
T
whole
W A R,
&c.
LETTER
VIII.
43
country.
Somefmali copper veins bafTet out from the fchiftus. But the fkilful miners do not work them, becaufe they dip only fome feet in the flate and then flrike
dead or dilappear
entirely.
Perhaps
after a
long
mulm
as
at
Sau,
and then be
rity.
The
from Moldova,
armed miners, had expefted me there and joined cur caravan, which now reffembled a little army. I
was agreeably furprized
college acquaintance,
to
my
old
engineer at Moldova.
of all the theoretical and praftical fcience of miners, of much learning and good tafte, has for feveral years,
me for a me to make
and
which
fhall
my convoy,
of no dano;er
to
diverted
in the
me
fo
much,
that
thought
we crolTed
I
New
Moldova.
As
fcon as
we
arrived
vited
on
foldiers.
44
returned to
New-Moldova^ or
views from
Bofniak.
The
fine
I
of country far
in
but
concern the
hills,
my
eyes
To
day
I vifited
They
of Benedi^Sj
are S. Bar?iwd.
and Andreas.
in
In the
firft
four-
Nothelfer
the
Ar chdiitchefs Mariana,
and in the third,
ton from.
are
all
Maria
lime-
The hading
,
fide
of thefe
is
both faperincumbent on
Thefe
;
times of old
till
have reached
now any
found or new
old man.
field,
and get
The
dous works
in the Befedine
with
chiiTels
TEMSLWAR,
walls are fo
flat
yr.
LETTER
VII.
45
ra-
ther
work
where they
tremendous
left
founded rock.
may be
afcribed to the
Romans
The
conllrucflion
drifts has
it
agrees with
Stolln
'Trmity
Erb
at
The
figure
doors are
and faflened by
eiiptical.
uncemented
mafonry
their
They work
give
the
here as at Saa on
fiflfures,
which arc
this
inconfiderable.
The
this
ores
found
in
place
mod
copper in
the Bannat.
For
and to encourage
the working of the Moldova mountains, the imperial diredion pays for the
florins extraordinary.
Almod
dificrent forms.
dicks com-
monly
to quartz.
it
per pyrites,
moulders
open
air
into a calx
dill
it
refembling pulverized
tiles,
but whitening
In this
date of diffjlution
all.
The
native cop-
4^
are of the
in
Red copper-calx
is
found
got fome
fine red
cop-
filver.
My
me
to get here a
whatever other
ores.
fort
With
pay
this
booty
return
tomorrow
to
Ora-
vitza^ to
then,
my
laft refpecls to
Baron Hegengar-
my
way
LETTER
TE
E S
W A R,
ifjc.
LETTERIX.
47
LETTER.
1
IX.
5^
1770,
farewel
my
ter
five
hours
Clay-fchiftus,
mixed with
now and
way long
all
the
this at
place.
The
mountains,
which
rife
Tranjfyhania.
is
The
chief
granite, covered
by
The
is
only conftar.t
vein
Its
(gang)
the Bannat
is
here at Dognazka.
It is
and
confifts
it
of
al-
a lead
and
in its
filver vein.
They have
chafed
ready
It
kij
filver.
The
and
Mary
Chriina^ John
Mer-
48
For
;
and
though
in
Maria
Chriflina
am
apprehenfive
it
will fall
Hiort of expec-
tation.
me
to
examine
which
as 1
fhould have
be'lieve
cannot
greater depth,
but
confiding of lime
(late.
and
flate,
HowI
ever, that
and
that
it
but
as this
may
be fuppofed
drifts,
to have been
I
am
Hill
of opinion, that
depth
Saxum
It is
highly im-
probable that
rocks fo accidental
flate
fuperincumbent clay,
I
and limedone
and
have found
in an old
account of the
in the
it
was
they
reached a very
and that
in the old
J ofephi- gallery
they
met with a
rough
TEMESWAR,
rouo-h hard rock,
tors
^c.
LETTER
IX.
to
drop
it
entirely.
fuccefsfuJ,
thefe parts
flate,
accuftomed to fearch
after
and to find
their ores
They have
this fault in
com-
mon
in the
imperial ftates
in general.
Aflc
and
am fure
tion,
that
it,
fuch obfervations.
a rational
this
However, the
fureft rules
of
working of mines
entirely
depend on
their ftra-
ta
and
I
ill
examined a
mine
Hungary,
which
in
yielded a rich overplus from a pyritical vein, containing g-old, and croffin^ an aro;illaceous rock
adjacent to granite.
granite,
and
as
the fame
up.
Of late
it
up
again.
They
through
;
was known
to run,
drift
the granite to
loft
vein
but
without
in the direftion
of
dipping;
and
all
thefe
if
pains
and expences
return to
Dog-
and cop-
per
fifiures
working
;
in
the
Morawiz mountains
the former
'Dilfa
Traugot, Pancratius^
;
New
the
mountains
Maria Litchtmafs
in the
Mcraiziz mountains.
Europe.
After
many
in
infignificant fearches
year
740, and
filver ores,
many
it
drifts in the
attempted a
drift
to
copper
filTure,
on which
funk a
fhaft.
The
here,
be
different
from
the
ftockworks
entirely
which are
independant
fe
V;
A R , &c.
LETTER
fide.
IX,
51
of the
reft
faid never to
An
unhappy-
The
caufed.
This
the bannafters to
work
as farmers,
and to confider
what was
this
to
become of
Count
was
vent
at
this
bad pradiice
then
level or
whole cavern
ftiould
be
filled
up with
pits>
deaf rocks,
left
the
depth.
By
this
or rather
lefiTer.ed.
ext
amined yefterday.
are
The
lime.
The
at
the
through
The
ftock
which
fide
is
above
fcaly
this
of a
flate
;
white limeftone,
ftock,
and a hading
or
rather
all
of
thefe
united
incumbent
2
on
gneifs.
This
52
by
fliafts
and
drifts-,
was no chance of
ilock has been
this hindered
fuccefs,
filled
up,
as I told
it
me
to fee
whether
At my
was greatly
a vaft
number of
tapers,
and the
workmen
copper-ore.
its
The form
firft
,
of
this (lockv/ork
is
oval
tliree
uppermoft or
of
or four fathom
the ninth level
but
increafcs fo
much,
that
on
it
From
this level
it
decreafes
part.
I
Jiave told
this
copper ftock, or
copper
belly,
can-
example
at
GeUr
in Saxony
-,
but
it
has like-
firfl
from
fouth
WAR
^V.
L E T T E R
IX.
^^
is
to fay,
from north to
is
flock
forty fait.
funk into
The
So are
horfes.
pumped
work
is
up
a gallery.
The
in
annual dividend of
and
probably
will
many
croffing veins,
by
fiiTures,
concentrated
in this foot
of ground.
The
7
ftill
every
ores
month
are
tons
The
lying in fo
mafs
to be leen or
dug
our.
For
fupfe-
ftairs to
the
firft,
found,
copper
pyrites.
The gang
now and
then of-
and
and black
fpots,
and
yellow or black granulated garnet. (Cranatusftgiirae inccrtae partkulis granulatis. Crcnftedt. .69.^
It
is
remarkable
that,
dillant
from
54
from
BAT.^NAT OF
is
hanging
fide,
is
an iron mine
lent to
working.
The
Bogoam.
As pro-
babl)^
Ibme
fifTures
copper
in
and yellow cryftaliized garnets, which PaiiVs lead mine re extremely frequent in and
its
next to
ores are
ftriped
ocher.
the
wolfgang
late beo-un
workinc.
Saxwn
call
metalliferum^
which
veia
miners hereabout
is
fandftone.
The
or gangrock
mica or glim-
mer, mixed
with
per pyrites.
There
hope of good
the
In
John
Baptifis mine, in
Moraviza mountains,
pyrites.
The
vi-;
triolic
The
Ifidore
leemed
to
me however
aibeftus, containing
garnets.
the
copper
pyrites.
and
at
is
made
Dognazka
of
TEAfESWAR, ^c
of fcarce ores
(pecies
I
;
LETTER
IX.
45
brown
it is
iron clay
from Fabianus.
in
In this
in the
mine
often found
lumps included
copper vein.
in large
as fmelt-
them on every
duced by nature.
fide,
it
to be pro-
Native copper
in
brown
iron ocher
from Simon
Grey
cryllallized
copper
glafs ore.
The
cry-
flals
polyedrous
flicking
on quarz,
from the
fame place
Grey variegated
Jiidas^
copper pyrites
glafs,
from Simon
its
called copper
on account of
con-
on the
rites
ficial
fra(ftures
its
-,
differing
by
but penetrating
cryftallized
whole fubftance.
glafs..
Red
copper
The
cryftals
both ends.
in
From
Scarce
found
brown copper
(tile
From Mary
^''^y
C)6
198.) cryllal-
lifed.
The
cryftals
have ten
faces.
From Simon
;
Judas.
fcaly
copper pyrites
on account of
its
yellow
in
They
call
them
The
miners
From
LETTER,
TEMESWARj
bV.
L E T T E R X.
5/
LETTER.
FOR of
four in
this letter
X.
you
the poftmafler.
;
the morning
ten.
me
any before
have been
in this
market town,
fome of
my
acquaintances,
who commonly
healthier climate,
this
TV-
mefwar.
in
owe you
\
the
Bannat
The
is
Lower
Mercjy
is
done
the
in four different
called
Francifcus
is
and
Saiger-hutte,
Great care
taken
the
fmelting.
lefTened
fo
they be mild.
is
In twenty
done.
The whole
j5
gives
copper.
duced by the
firfl
operation,
make
by
a roaft.
is
The
ties
roafling,
re-
of about four or
five
hundreds.
The
mines have
found that
can be
their,
copper
v/ith lefs
^hajola in
Lower-Hungary
is
The whole
annual
produce of Oravitza
fifty
of copper.
furnaces,
called Charles, Jo-
Moldova
is
The
it
the
fame
as at
Oravitza
forefts
makes
lefs
plenty
of copper
at
Saa makes
it
Moldova fmelters
of copper,
its
common
;
or four pounds.
a riddle to
me
T E
A R bV.
L E T T E R
is
X.
produce
owing
to their
additional pyrites.
I
the
This
tons,
and Saa
The Bognazka
their fmelting
and refining
expeniive than
at Oravitza^
though the
procefs
be
entirely
the
fame.
There
are
three
ores,
as
at
fmelting places,
cuoudy, and
in
The common
fmelted promif-
Oraviiza^
yield
Thefeores,
filver,
cannot
be parted
in
many experiments of
Even
the
at
other
more
fuccefsful
proceedings.
prefent the
furveyor,
Mr.
Flitk^
has
propofed
fmelted
a plan to precipitate
*
the filver in
theflcill
of the Hungarian
fniekers.
The
ounce of
filver ;
and are
How-
the furnaces
iselonging to
tiiefe
mines.
copper.
6o
It
would
Mr.
likewile
in
complain
of.
Some
and
Counfellor
1
Koczian
it
is
author of
foon
thia
account, and
will fend
to
you
as
I fhall
examination
The
had
evening before
I ^tt
we
to
a terrible
thunder ftorm.
to
fee
happened
fland at the
door, and
under a violent
which keeping
at laft
itfelf
its
fome time
at its
top ruflied
down on
forefide,
it firft
arofe.
was repeated
feveral times.
We
examined the
hid under
filTures lay
My
made
thence to Lugos,
in
one of the
mod
Angular
ever
my
life.
The
I
TEMESWAR,
to fend
pafs.
&c.
LETTERVI.
wherever
I
6l
orders for
my
I
fafety
in
had to
Accordingly
found
or
fifty PFallachians,
armed
v/ith
who me to
and
in
my
ders.
there
was
who
home
that day,
Bogfiam, where
dined,
This
place
on
The river
its
fituation very
unwholefome.
As
this place
had many
fine buildings
mers
but
now
the
iron trade
is
Never-
thelefs
there
;
are
ftill
fome
iron
hammers, and
of bullets
imperial
furnaces
fhells
lery.
and vaft
caft
quantities
for
and
artil-
are
here
the
The
iron ore
It is
and
6i
Near
called
Bogjloam
is
a calca-
at
a place
Valga
of
baja^
which
oyfter
is
contains
fhells
immenfe
quantities
broken
to
and mytulites.
From Bogoam
hills,
Lugos
continual
ridge of granite
clay.
below Ihivery
micaceous
From Lugos
which feparate
'Tranylvania
The
j.
calcareous
hills
and
I tafte it at
P P E N-
TEMESWAR,
i^c.
L E T T E R X.
63
APPENDIX
FROM
Afleflbr in the Diredlion of the
I.
Bannat
Chamber Court
TH E
by
its
a part of iron
The
yellow
the fallow,
in
contain
more of
if in the
and though
it
pens
64
pens only
fince
is
by
itfelf,
and unconnefted
refifl:
iron,
it
too volatile to
heat of the
copper preparation,
Therefore
malleable and
copper
;
from the
at
iron
it,
more
or
It
fafl
is
known
faci, that
and efficacioufly
as fulphur.
ores contain a
it is
mixture,
infufficient
Therefore a certain
is
added to every
its
firft
fulphur mixed
fulphur
in the
it
by
this
a cementation
and
laftly,
to
have the
re-
our anceftors,
in the
all
main
fo
well adapted to
our refinements
It
we
if
are at
cer-
would
tainly
and
perfeiflly
anfwer
all its
ends,
there
was not
and
is,
is
a circumllance
which caufes
difficulties,
;
and that
good deal of
iron.
T
iton.
W AR,
y^.
is
L E T T E R
X.
6^
fide
is
Accordingly what
procured by one
on another.
Its ful-
but
as it contains
its
own
mixture,
fulphur
infufficient entirely to
compound
by
it
In the enfuing
in the
which remained
rawis
together
de-
ftroyed by cementation
and the
latter
changing into
which
in the
On
this
the
as
laft refining
remaining.
Hence
it
comes
thofe places
and
iron,
good fulphurous
would un-
But
as that
is
we
are to look
by her
I ven-
66
I
my
ideas, eftabliflied
However, behighly
come
lay
to
my manner
I fhall
down fome
rules,
which
are
neglefted by thofe
who
are at the
metallurgical works.
As I have fhown already that pyrites, containing much fulphur and a fmaller quantity
Primo.
of
iron, proves
an advantage in the
is
firft
or raw
fmelting, care
to be taken
No
pyrites
is
to be
made
ufe of
arfe-
which
is
For
ought
to
examine
and
is
their conftitu-
ent parts,
which commonly
negledled-,
fmce
However
compound of fulphur
and
affay
iron,
it
is
impofiible to
how much
fulphur
united to them.
ought
to chufe this
T
afiays
EMESWAR,
fort
iffc.
L E TT E R
X.
6J
of every
it
certain-
ly
is
more
be
inftrucbive
mon
empirical aflaying.
by
thefe
means good
be added
pyrites
procured, proper
care ought to be
it is
to
fmelting.
This
if
is
to be determined
by
are
committed on
this
account;
ceconomy and
fome
pyrites, or to
have the
pyrites,
and
is
by that
fmce
of the copper.
in the riches
There
of rav/ftone,
infufficient to deftroy
good lech or
pounds of copper
Secundo.
hundred weight.
which, v/ithout any
oi^es,-
are fmelted
it is
firft
fmelting.
The
reafon
is
as
follows
Sulphur
does
68
does not
by
its
combufliblc
acid and
a
matter
-,
confifting
latter
of
vitriolic
phlogifton,
roafting.
the
evaporates
by
gentle
But the
it
iron, diflblves
into a crocus
and deftroys
it,
which caufes
it
in the
off with the flags, and to leave the copper regulus or the rawftone in a
more depurated
ftate.
Though this
metallurgy,
fear
it
will be objefted to
by fome
fmelte^,
who know
Would
it is
utility.
However,
is
rule
not gene-
more
fulplui-
is
fiderately deftroyed
by
it.
Secondly^ I
have faid
for very
good
ought to
be
o;cntle.
A violent
it is
and
known fad,
it.
Befides an intenfer
roafting
after the
rify the
TEMESWAR,
Thirdly.
laid
is'c.
L E T T E R
tliere
X.
69
On
thefe
principles
might be
Any
roafting in-
tended to be
ufefiil
ought to be gentle.
is
The obarfe-
and
to facilitate
its
and
its
of the rawftone.
tained
fire
is
better
ob-
In a ftrong
;
the
fixed,
compound
be con-
To
vinced of
it,
a regulus, pulverize
a gentle
fire
you
maining
in the crucible.
fire,
i.n
fmeking
hours
in
you
fufion, without
deftru6lion.
To
I.
to Hint
rain
and
fnoWj
70
fnov/, as either
a partial
which
in either
The mafies ought not to be toolarge. The common pradice at prefent is to roaft one hun2.
nay, fome
of charcoals
;
and wood, go
ilill
but
this
grudging oeconomy
greater the heap
the
is
which
and coagulating
in the mafs,
whofe obnoxious
before.
effedls
hundred,
hundred
might be preferable
fo
it
will
in thin
to
employ
fire
as
much
to a gentle roafting,
is
which
following
fires 3.
be confidered
dudile copper.
might
highly
ufeful
but
it is
T E
ufeful
MESWA
R, i^c.
LETTER
IX.
yt
and neceflary for thofe that are arfenical and irony, or refradory on account of brittle and
deaf minerals or half metals.
the
firft
It
is
inipoffible
by
and
it is
equally difficult
deliver the
fore
metal from
their influence.
There-
ftone of the
rawfmelring, and
its
fubfequent
mended,
in the
rals,
fince
the
and
then
carries
them
off in flags.
This double
lech
is
But
in this
is
procefs
care-
more
;
be obferved than
in
any other
elfe
the
whole
will
copper, that
it
prove almoft
impoffible to feparate
them
again.
As
black
it is
copper
do not
too
much
negledled.
By what
have
will
faid
it
copper
be
brittie
F 4
72
tie
fame proportion
as the pre-
vious
However,
flill
whatever care
remain
fome
reaibn
iron,
is
even
:
the
refined
copper.
The
this
The
trifling
exifting in
deftroys du-
fcorifies
a part of
it
but
equal
as generally
in v>?eight if
the
is
not
fuperior tg
its
fulphur
it
this little
fulphur
is
cer-
entirely.
Therefore
have fuppofed,
added
and
to foften
it
entirely.
Two
mineral fubftances
deflroy
and
fcorify
iron, litharge
and fulphur.
is
The former
unfit for
fince the
the refining
on the
hearth {Gar-herd)
into lead,
and
;
but
in a parting furnace^
is
kept
in fufion
by the flame,
lead,
rather the
li-
and leaving
floating as
Being under
thefe
TEMESWAR,
fiirface
^c.
LETTERIX.
copper,
it
y^
motion on the
will attra\5t
of the boiling
iron
fluid
the remaining
particles, fcorify
in
its
with them,
highefl purity.
The
Six
to be determined by the
be expedled from
common
officinal
fulphur.
it
The
iron
has
iron to
to adhere to.
is
Accordingly,
copper
brought to fmelting
fufion
in pieces
ought
to
be
put on
centrate
furface,
to con-
the boiling.
;
or three times
iron
flags
are
be
taken
away,
is
elfe
the fuperfluous
expences
refining.
For
this
previoufly to be ex-
amined.
its
defi:ru:ion,
and
in the part-
Thefe
74
Theid propofals
what
I
,
know,
entirely
praftiled before
however, they
hope they
ftand the
of impartial
intelligent
fmelters,
POSTSCRIPT.
It
will
be
lefs
rites
added
the
firfl
of
iron.
But
commonly
to be
fort
ufed as they
may
recommended
the pyrites
its
as
an improvement of
rawfmelting.
is
At
prefent
natural form
it
but
it
would be
bring
it
better
to fnielt
feparately,
and to
iron will be
its
of a pure fulphurous
I
mafs.
propofe to mix
;
and
TEMESWAR,
be
fufiicient to
feV.
L E T
E R
X.
75
produce
a lefs irony
copper regu-
lus,
which according
to
my
rules,
and properly
roafled, will
copper.
The
objedion, that
this feparate
and prepara-
tory fmelting of the pyrites will caufe a confiderable expence is of no great weight
fince the pyrite regulus being a milder fluor
with
me
and
eafier
raw
and time
will
for a
P P E N*
76
APPENDIX
II.
BY COUNSELLOR KOCZIAN,
|With the
refill t
BY MR. DEMBSHER.
AMONG
known
this objedl
advantages of
its
feme of
I
rivers are
when
The goldwafhing
bufinefs
Bannat
is
properly the
left as
it
were to
poor people
as
an exclufive trade.
This
laid
me under
Nera
them
for inilrudion.
The
river to
in
Alma
for
carries gold-duft,
and feemed
cordingly
I
me
to
;
the
fitted:
my
purpofe
ac-
very
called
fl<ilful,
make
and
Boowiz
faw
with
much
cleared in the
fome ^rolhes
of
TEMSLWAR,
of gold
;
^c.
LETTER
likewife
IX.
77
their
they
fhowed
me
among
which
i fhall
fpeak of
more
of
in
know
the origin
A
fands
particular
circumftance favoured
my
cu-
riofity.
wafhed
it
from the
not only
its
from
fome
pits in the
adjacent ground.
foot and
Thefe
pits are
commonly
four
the river
They
told
in
me
river fand
grows richer
;
and that
in
poorer in
dry v/eather.
Such
it
was
examined
thefe pits
been delineated
nexed plan.
The
firft
is
fcrata
on
its
The
;
common
;
foot thicknefs
third
the
dug with
of
is
the
yS
gipfies, at thirty
According
bed has a
to
what
could
;
flate
bottom
and
fomewhat lower down the river a large coal-ftratum bafiets out. 1 might therefore fay with fome
probability, that after the flate follows clay, then
From
all
this follows, i.
is
the
by accident, becaufe
in the
former cafe
tities,
be high or low.
2.
It
ought
eafily
may be
is
diffolved by water
to
accordingly
it
not
owing
rents
their fhort
leave
behind
fince difcovered
is
the
many
wafhing,
found out.
is
proba-
is
of fuch
nature
fee
it is
what
ping
could
to the eafl.
Being
it
fituation,
may
veral
iM
W A R,
i5r.
f'r'.
LETTERIX.
yg
heavy
rains.
I
On my
obferved
left
many marks of
by the Romans.
gold
old
wadiings,
probably
likewife
They puriued
in
the
many
river
places
muft be
fathoms
above the
borders.
Karanfibex^ and
in
Marga^
it
is
dug
for
gold
in
never could be
In Tranyhania, near
Olah Pian,
at
many
v/hich
old gold-pits
is
found
in a
dry country,
entirely defliture
not
tobe confidered
as
tlicy
were fucceflively
there
is
in re-
and
rivulets
but
may be
with equal
jullice
many
fucceffive
revolutions,
and ancient
lakes
and
by
where traced
(Tranfl.j
only
8o
found
in the
The
bed,
is
folid
argument for
;
produced
fucceffively
why
is
owing
to the
wide, ftretching
In this
:
through confiderable
tracts
of land. *
a fingle queftion
whe-
gold
Though
reafons,
I
might be affirmed
for very
it,
good
will
however, to corroborate
take notice
wafhings
beginning their
near the
and
as
II
Might
not fucceffive revolutions, whatever they were, produce different ftrata of a different nature
?
The
latter
is
fa6l
bed
TEMESWAR,
bed without driving
co
^c.
LETTER
X.
^1
galleries,
chance to make any greater progreis, being confined to the gold which
is
contained in the
lefs
bed near
their borders.
examine how
it
far
it
field,
and
whether
quality
?
If
fiderable
way
gold impregnated,
to
have
laro-e v/afliino-s
on
The
fathom
prefent
is
as follows:
They
leno;th,
At
the upper
fmall
trough,
and a
crofs the
furrows.
This board
they raife
at
one end,
The
and
put
in
Mr. Koczian
is
Had he
they but
What are
whence
82
down
the Hoping
of the board.
from the
trough.
common
by
it-,
is
fo
extremely carelefs,
good
more
that
deal of gold
is loft
and what
pure gold-
du.ft,
which
is ftill
and
am
convinced by
in-
fmall
trial
might be
bear
it,
fufficient.
If they
Ihould appear to
would be
advifeable.
I
obfervation, which
had an opportunity
to
make
places
near the
many
old and
new gold-wafhing
I
in the Bannat,
tion.
and which
on
rocks, but
of
foft
earth-beds,
which give
ores.
its
good
indications of coals
and alum
is
Near
gold-
Bowiz on
o:::
.
known by
waftiings
M
I
W A R,
&c.
L E T T E R X.
83
wadiino-s,
at a fmall
favv a large
diftance
and
almoft
in
every
place,
have fpoken of
of the ground
a certain
fole.
even
in
at leaft,
it is
they have a
not impofTible
is
However
found
in
this
be,
it is
be
The Danube
nay
and
E72S
may
ders of the
flill
to Pajfau,
higher
I
Therefore
do not doubt,
pregnated ftratum
may
worked
to ad-
vantage.
According
to thefe obfervations
and accounts of
I
had
proceeded to
my
lowing manner
As
his
foon
as
arrived at
in
,
Boowiz
found
enquired
af-
obfervations
laid
down
in
2
\
plate
84
plate
which
this
explanation
is
belonging.
Koczian caufed
his walhings.
tains
;
and
a gallery of one
D.
into
it.
E. The coals
F.
in different beds.
it
Mouth
Nera.
Near
confifls,
K
as
and
the ground
is
very
fiat
and
to be
cleared, to
get acquainted
with Baron
its
foun-
found
it
fand.
But
of
confifting rather
open
air.
my
enquiries, I
to the mountains,
in
and
G.
In a depth of
walhing convinced
me
of
its
containino-
TEMESWAR,
containing gold
;
Iffc.
LETTER
X.
S^
and
advanced then
Hill
and to be
1
this ftratum,
twenty-two fa-
thom
to the fouth.
Here
different.
The
grey
loam
tough, and
fathom thick.
,
Then
afterwards
After
little
the trough,
ordered as
much
to be laid
afide as
large.
might be
full fufficient
for a wafliing at
Then
thofe at Sbe^nniz,
The
ed
refult
was
as follows
G yield-
of gold.
fliaft
H yield-
The greateft
turf,
would require
cent country
entirely deftitute.
Therefore
dropt
my works
is
in this place,
and
86
TPvAVELS
three
level.
flantly
in
flakes in the
trough
but
faw no encourageI
gave up every
gold-wafliers
The common
At
Telpojiz I
,
found
it
as in the
gut-
So much
fliall
my
enquiries.
As
This
is
fo
have found
it
fo in the fhaft
and
level
of the
The
is
entirely native,
free
it is
my
fuller
convidion the
and
TEMESWAR,
gold appeared.
I
^c.
L E T T E R X.
87
No
fire,
The
deeper
this
richer.
It
it
grows poorer
in the
fame proportion
;
in v'hich
which
in a certain
manner is
4.
by
thefiril obfervation.
drawn
by the loadftone.*
iron
fand
is
found
a ftrong prefumption
fituation
The
line
of thefe
to explore
Though
the
and
evi-
now and
*
then
The
He might
found con-
dences
8S
why
mixed
in the fubftance
of a fingle bed
I
As
am
no
of
friend
this
of conjediires,
to
phenomenon
men of
genius,
enabled by their extenfive knowledge and experience in Natural Philofophy, to miake difcoveries
beyond
I
my
capacity.
am
which feems
fand
florins
this
of gold
is
Though
itfelf,
it is
of
the
the
great
in
wafhings.
example
in the year
1770,
in the
men,
women and
;
children,
employed
in
that
bufmefs
good above the value of fix or feven hundred ducats. Hence it appears to me fhat thefe wafhings are no
objecfls for
miners, and
,
lefs fo for
Germans.
The
gipfies
go half naked
whole families
live at the
Satisfied
at
with
their
this petty
allowance,
and unconcerned
TEMESWAR,
fpoons
Is'c
L E T T E R X.
89
and
and
if
whence
which
thing,
to
arife
of the fovereign,
is
in the
common way
it
of the gipfies
?
fome-
though
be inconfiderable
manipulaiion
Concerning
at
firft
their
it
feems to be
,
fight
but
it is
very jufc in
experience,
deftitute
am
cor>-
vinced of
they
it
by
its
following examination.
a wafliing
When
twenty
is
had finifhed
of
fifteen or
fcven
or twenty degrees,
mained
parts.
in
The
in the ten
or fifteen
uppermoft furrows
-,
the
enfuing
divifion I fcarce
;
met
vv'ith
the
eighth
and
in the
lad fifteen
or
left in
Such
^O
of
my firfl: journey,
which,
my
1
Unluckily
had not
-,
enough explained
my
third obfervation
in a greater
depth.
in
a fhaft of nine
and
was accord-
workmen
fo.
in
1771 when
did
The
point
is
would prove
ing marie
beds.
might
the
reached
increafed, arifing
from the
deeper.
fole,
in the
fame pro-
portion as
bifh were
we funk
Two
troughs of rub-
had with
five or fix
troughs of water.
rains filled
my
works with
I
fo
much
water, that by
could
After one 4
fathom
reached the
gold
TEMESWAR
&c.
LETTER
I
X.
91
amined on the trough, but conflantly found fo DOor that a large mine trough contained often
but a fingle flake, and often nothing at
lad
all.
At
we
fell
in
my work i
fathom
them
to
no purpofe, and
as thofe
by ac-
in
E.
gave up
my
works in
flrata.
The
many
refult
as
that of
my
former enquiries.
My
me
to
further experiments
and thus
dropt
doubts
add an obfer-
evidence that
fide the
moun-
will
be found by dig-
ing deeper.
The
gold
impregnated ftratum
is
conftantly
It
does
not anfwer at
beds.
all to
This appears
E, where marie
and
coals, alternating
impregnated ftratum,
turf.
which
is
parallel
it
to
the
The
to the eyes.
Here
92
Here
I
why
this
gold
was produced
ftratum
it
;
I freely
I
confefs that
am
at a lofs to
anfwer
but
cannot entirelv
abilain
perhaps
may
afTift
The
hypothefis of thofe,
forefts,
who
of coals by
up by
foil is
every where
is
by
hills
and
rivers,
and
entirely
of wood.
the
alternating
ao-ree
mal and
eafily to
violent deftruc^ions.
foil
The
ftru6lure of
is
in
thefe parts
more
is
be explained by
inundations.
It
known
fa6l that
in
many flat countries, and that thefe dug in many places befides the common veins and fifTures. The Dutch fea fand and the iron, which in different places is found conproduced
metals are
dull,
are
ftrong evi-
Suppofing
this native
beds
Of what ? That the gold or Iron is generated in thefe ? No that they are commonly found together, and that
;
common
caufe,
(Tranil.
hills,
T
hills, it
WA
R, ^f.
L E T T E R X.
93
iron,
garnets
and
(lierl
be depofited
in
thofe
flats,
as the
lowed
and
explains
the
why
the
gipfies
get
dry weather.
rivers
By heavy
of the
manipulation
of the
carrying
and
much
gold
as
two or
But
is
this
?
gold duft
However,
I
have
done what
mod
naturalids do,
have advanced
my
opinion.
Francis Dembsher.
LETTER
94
LETTER.
THE
Dobra
I
XL
which
where
flate.
found
Beyond
metalliferum.
It continued to
The
my
;
carriage.
night at
Deva
for
amends
their roug-hnefs.
As
I
foon as
came
at
had taken
me.
'The
'Tranjfylvania WallachtanSy
thofe
in
the Bannat,
and
the
but of
late
that
three robbers
have
been
at
Deva impaled
murders
in
alive, for
the
valley
This
cruel
and
95 and almoft inhuman punifhment, tho' ufed in Slavonia and the Bannat, has made fuch an impreflion
all
TEMESWAR,
'd
LETTER
XI.
the night
The day
after
my ar-
from Deva.
The mountain
flate,
of a micaceous
fifing.
you
the
would underftand the word ftockwork fame fenfe in which 1 explained it to you
letter
in
in
my
from Dognazka,
However,
there
is.
a great
difierence between
places.
That
at
Dognazka
confifts
of large and
in
very rich
veins, converging
:
and uniting
of fome
the
uni-
fame point
here
it
confifts
fiflfures,
and
the
and funk
a fhaft
of fome
in
and
loofe
clay,
grey
with
contain
feventeen pounds
of copper per
this
hundred weight.
A hundred
weight of
cop-
filver
and
gS
and a mark of
gold.
They cannot
The works
mine are
crippled.
eagerly
asthey broke
that the
off.
Hence
arofe
fo
thofe of rabbits
of
their
own
I
In the afternoon
continued
fide
my way
to
Nag-
yag
flierl,
reach-
has given
its
name
half's jour-
ney higher up
place
in the hill?,
when
thefe gold-mines
were difcovered.
my
fit
little
Hungarian
horfes,
would
Towards night I arrived at Sekeremb, the proper name of the place commonly known under that
of Nagyag.
in
fee
but
forefts,
and
valley
flamp-mills
(Pochwerke)
TEMESWAR,
houfes, the
fituation of
^c.
LETTERXI.
97
The
weather, are
The
trade of
the inhabitants
it.
The
forefts lo
is
much
that
to
be
The
;
noble-
men,
as
no objection
nay, they
i^gainft this
^
keep great
herds
of goats,
to
prevent their
growing up again.
his
ground an
and
as the proprietors
difcharge every
month what
workmen may
it
owe
the liberty
vir'ant-
to cut
down
in the forefts
whatever m.ay be
mines and
buildino-s.
The mountains
compofed of
The
gold
mine owes
its
difcovery to accident.
A Wallachian^
came
mine
to
my
at CferleSy telling
him, that
as
he conftantly
theiV^^j^^
foreft,
98
My father
liften
to
poor man's
tale
a eallerv in
years
my
father refolved to
a
laft drift to-
up.
However, he made
fifTure,
wards the
and there he
ores,
black
which
were looked
really
upon
as iron
This happy
my
work
to
buted fome
fliares
among
his
friends,
and had
Soon
hading
after
fiflures in the
fide,
and a foaring
fifiiure,
among
Thefe
flate
eaft.
The
caufe
is
obvious
and gives
me good
we
fhall
which the
be uninterrupted,
to intercept
it.
no caufe remains
we have
difcovered
It
another
fifilire,
called
John Nepomuck.
has a
conftant
TEMESWAR,
conftant run to the
t^c.
LETTER
XI.
in
gg
whicli
to-
probably
gether.
all
and meet
The John
therto
;
of ore have
us to hope
thofe permit
in the afcent
will
prove richer
of the moun-
fall,
al-
poor of
in
the
depth richer
and poorer
in gold.
The
more
filver
and
lefs
gold.
by the
galleries
immediately
;
to
the bing
begun
goes
erb flollen )
thirty
;
deepeft fole
lows us to think of a
deeper gallery.
driven twelve fathoms
Our
in
draining gallery
a bed
clay.
mixed with
it
fome
Had
a
it
would
have proved
the red
fine
Then
followed
fiiivery
clay,
forced
ICO
At
prefent
as
we work
in fandflone,
we
we
it.
fhall
reach
after a
twenty
which
crofs
thefe dif-
made our
galleries expenfive
and
To
have
at all events
proper
air
condudlors, and
it
the requifite
room
was
and the
fides
and roof
At
is
a fan ventiin
by a water-wheel
a clofe
air at
requifite circulation.
The
condudlors (ivelter-
Ictten) confift
made
dull,
by a cement of
clay, tile-
and tallow.
are extremely
fee in
The workings
would
rejoice to
regular.
You
nay
many
and
places four,
it
would
certainly
you to
find in
many long
drifts a
roof of
which enfures to
The
miners
TEMESWAR,
i^c.
LETTER
XT.
lOI
Being nicely but near them in the hanging fide. laid open that way, the Ible is wiped clean, cloths
are
fpread upon
in
it,
is
taken
down
at the
This they do
at the
end of the
the ore
week
fpilling too.
By
is
conduced
into the
The
vein rocks
confift
The richer
black-grey
-,
fplendent and
the lamellcE
to
be feparated from
They
may
Another
finely
woven
into the
fubftance of a bleak
reddifh feld-fpath,
refem;
Saxony
but
proves
it
to be native filver,
its
of ayellowifh
colour, on account of
Among the
Another
ton ore.
It
rich fpecies
confifts
called
by the miners
of
little
mulm,
gillaceous matrix.
The
102
The
lamellated, but
into
their
fubftance.
Some
antimony and
(lain
the
fingers
-,
others have a
in
clofed
by
fire,
ce
is
commonly
fcaly
Antimonhim plumoftim.
Red
.
folid
and cryftallized
rubra.
Cronedt.
241.
n.
2.
and
fine
uncommon.
All thefe
The
to the
wooden troughs
under oath.
carried
poflible feparated
by
officers
The
from ninety
to
340
ouncesof filver
filver yields
to fay,
filver.
The rock
feparated
from
filver,
from
and
fifteen to
twenty ounces
and
this
The
fplittings
of
this ore
gives
from
The
TEMESWAR,
The
by iron
fievcs.
firll
<^c.
LETTER
pieces,
XI.
IO3
The
fieve,
greater
which do
firft
Thofe that
pafs
and fourth are taken care of by the fieve-mafters, and the duft running through the remaining
is
fieves
waflied on the
common
hearths.
Thefe pyri-
the
mark from
feventy to
The
common
They yield one or one 4- ounce of filver, and per mark from loo to 130 denari gold.
Whatever
care
Nagyag
ores, the
belt
them
Anno
iv. Uijlorico-'Naturuli.
P'rofeflbr
treatife in
Schreber
has
his coUeflion
of Finance Trafts,
will
You
have read
ore and
Mr.
Scopolis' Efiays.
The
in iron
ingly feparated.
The
richer ones
pounded
facks.
IC4
facks,
and to be paid
The
three
are
pound per hundred weight lefs. 2. They charged Imelting expences two florins a hun3.
dred weight.
for
And
well
five
per hundred
filver.
fire lofs
the
gold
as
as for the
After
is
mark gold
-,
payed
fil-
the proprietors
300
florins
men
many
10,000
month.
20,000
the
florins
diftributed every
fo
month among
filver
proprietors
that
in
have
Angle place.
The
majefcy
proprietors
the
Emprefs-queen
Her
majefty was
pofi^efl^ed
of fixteen
fliares
or adions.
However,
tance
TEMESWAR,
tance
ftill
l^c.
LETTER
At
XI.
I05
the
afk'd
their opinion.
prefent
works are under the diredion of Mr. Daniel CaHe is a miner eilano, her majefties barmafter.
of great experience, well acquainted with the nature
in his
un-
dertakings.
built
He
is
the
firft
in TranJJylvania
who
by clearing
in afingle
built
at
Nagyag.
The
fcarcity
of
water has
to
them
ground,
LETTER
IC6
LETTER.
rr'RANSSTLVANIA
defervcs
XII.
be exami-
knowledge of minery.
metals.
Had
I
which
have
was
to return
fliould not
left fo
fo interefting
my
would
made me
rich
amends
of
Na-
tural
Hillory of 'Tranffylvania
Keres-eer Auraria
Samuel Kcleferi
from
Hermanfladt 17 17.
fician,
The
and
valuable book
With
greater
prefumption but
lefs
learning
a,
certain jeluit, P.
Fridwahky, attempted of
late
the
TEMESWAR,
l3c.
LETTER
bur the
XII,
107
His book
title,
Aline-
The
make
arifing
half a dozen
pious
fips
;
tales,
fome
authorities taken
civility
and compliments
to thofe
who
enter-
Even
the
language, in which
fcribed,
is
all
are dev/ith
and
fo
overdone
flourifhes, that
one
is
in
want of the
.
fenfe
of
I fliall
at Claufenburg
then
will
in
tell
you v/ho he
is,
future times
we may
fhow
fome amends
cf
of
his
former performance.
noble country forces
my
The me
mineral hiftory
often to a dein
fire to
make
here a
fl"ay
of fome years,
it
order to
fatisfy
my
curiofity,
and to hunt
over in the
remoteil
Io8
remoteft corners.
At
prefent
employ
therefore
the
I
fhort
flay
which
allowed
mt-,
Our
metallic rock
roads
arorillaceous
Nagyag,
reddifli
either entirely
bare
or covered with a
indurated
fhivcry clay.
rifes
Near Barzcha,
a IVallachian village,
ftill
higher calcareous
mountain, fuperincumbent
tioned ground.
It (liews
on the before-men-
of copper
ed for
it
ore,
feen again.
Being difTolved
all
a red mould,
Jfeems
the
country about
Zalathna
to
be red coloured.
place,
ride I
reached this
it
which
is
at prefent, feat
what
was
in
'Trajan's
time, the
of the
The many
old infcrip-
offering
hereabout,
Aurariorum^
eftablifhed
in
thefe
parts,
make
and
Fridwalzky have
compiled
TEMESWAR,
place
is
^c.
L E TT E R X
1.
109
1 his
infcriptlons.
The
pair to
town
as the
mere-
and
The
greater pare
mining
offi-
The
here
adminiftration
differs
from
that
the
Bannat
in
this
may
they
pleafe
work
their
mines
independant
of the royal
officers,
and
at
a fixed tarif
florins
of 300
gold, and of 19
filver,
lofs.
30 cruziers the
mark mark
with
Societies, that
The upper
but
diredion
is
fubordinate
at
to
the
\
Hermanftadt
The
ferent
juftice
of the mines
is
independant of
this
difis
direction,
focieties
Befides there
gipfies
is
bought
at afet-
tied
no
tied price at
per pifeth;
bought
a
to
fell
As commonly
the gold-grains
weight,
it
is
proof and
of an equal
in-
Hence
price, without
teriour value,
weight of
as foon
rity.
their gold
by a mixture of
its
as
fuperior pu-
You
trifiino;
would imagine
and
grains
every year
in the
Not
the rich
of the
fu-
flate,
perincumbent on grey
tains
rife
horn-flate.
The mounhigh
o;entlv;
TEMESWAR,
high elevation they
ceffible.
if^c.
LETTER
XII.
Ill
At
cients
Acin
cording to a
was begun
yielded then
its
amazing
treafures
but confidering
in length
and
fix
htl
and even
as ftone-cutters
work
rather
look upon
to
it
as a
work of Roman
Perhaps the
Si~
condemned
It is
the mines.
remarkable that
this gallery
is
dri;
ven
in a ftraight line
it
fiffure
and hence
Romans knew
* If
it
geometry
to fubcerraneous
lery really
Roman work
The
Grctta diPatt-
maxima
at
Rome, and
many
of their
under-ground
as well as
our
common
by
(Tranll.)
v/orks
112
fome
indications of former
to
air-condudors,
its
is
and thefefeem
height. croiTed
The
by
^artz and
ferous pyrites.
Hornone
(Petrofilex Cronedt,
which
more ounces
grey clay,
of gold,
efides
ounces value,
they find a
common
not at prefent
fortunate circumftances.
is
Superincumbent on
flate,
which probably
feem
fomewhat higher
fmce
I
to the
w eft.
it
fifty
the fandftone,
which
is
is
the
rock of
Loretto^ and
accordingly
flate.
fuperincumbent on
argillaceous
finer
The
yellowifli fandftone.
Then
called
backone
and
by
confifts
of blunted
clay.
rocks ferruarenacea,
minated
Cront.
.
common
Breccia
275.
E S
WAR
^c.
LETTER
XII.
I I
Pilrojikx, in
diltant
nino;.
which two
veins, fourteen
fathoms
from and
One
is
the
other the
gold vein.
fications.
The
per
filver
;
of gold
in
the
ill
mark
it
is
however, according to a
conimon
Tranylvaniat
not working.
They
is
are
the
more
round
as
forced in from
iti&x.
from two
in
it
to three
diameter.
They
have funk
This fandftone
confifts
of a variety of luccefilve
different thick-
nefs
inch,
a
fome above
particular
a foot in thicknefs.
fprinkled
more or
iefs
One
of the
inferior
yields four
and
a-
fuperior to
thofe
200 ounces
o-old
As
far as I
may judge by
it
feemed
to
14
to
me
richeft.
However, the
infpeiTtor
prietor,
Mr.
IVeiJfe, allured
me, that
Another
the grey
circumftance
in
this
I
problematic
obferved in
mountain puzzled
me
ilill
more.
hornilone a great
number of round
Ax. firft I
con
\
fidered
them
as the
remains of blafting-holes
but enquiring
of thefe
fo
nume-
them
I
Really
found
filex,
of
or
of indurated clay,
which feem to
were inclofed
in
this
hornilone.
It
is
here
frankly confefs
my ignorance.
impoffible for
me
mounfancy
tain, or
my
can
afiift
me,
pha^nomenon.
This mine
I fear will
-,
be-
caufe, whatever
be
its
feems to be in
TEMES_WAR,
little
&c.
LETTER
XII.
II5
hopes feein to be
to
at the
top of the
the
more
to be
apprehended,
by an unaccountable ncglefl, they have not thought in fo rich a mine of a deep gallery or
drift,
which
being
driven
a-crofs
the whple
to
enable
them
to
fmk
it
The
Common pyrites
fome
;
On
form
pyrites the
it is
gold appears
in a metallic
on others
fprinkled as Spanio
edition of
is
Cronfiedfs Mineralogy ) on
to be difcovercd
many
others
no gold
powder,
their
inner value at
firft
fo
but
Il6
proof; whereupon
furnaces
to
to
the
royal
be
paid
dated value.
Any
mufle,
bit
of thefe pyrites
other
fire,
or to any
gold appears
little
glo-
bular grains.
ores
from Nagyag.
fome mineralogifts
added by the
The
ftamp-ores, confifting
commonly of
fine
pyrites, fprinkled in
make them
lofs to
brit-
But
the pro-
powder
of the
is
away by
the
waters
is
flamp trough.
This bad
pradice
entirely
owing
to
Itainp- mills.
peftels
Their
(pochempel)
of
iron
{poch-eifen)
cut
into
the
requifite
is
of
their hornftones
necefTary
in order
make
them
TEMESWAR,
them
brittle.
^f.
LETTER
XII.
II7
In general, thefe
ftamp-mills are
,
extremely imperfed:.
cordingly every
rain
They
are uncovered
carries
ac-
and flood
away a
good deal of
Their water
great lofs of
arifes a
The
richer
have fliown
all
thefe deficiencies to
the mill-
him of
I
the
bad confe-
quences of his
flam ping,
laft
from the
firft
and
which
clearly fliewed
rich,
that
all
thefe
in the
brook-fand
is
downright
to the proprietors.
But
for
fuch
to the eaft
council.
fchiftous
clay, covering
all
appeared in
The
mofl;
Cfetate^ Baylor^
It
is
Koma,
impofTible for
you
to
form an idea of
is
their
workings.
The
fide
many hundred
I
which
do
Il8
Though
its
this
feems to be extremely
it is lefs
bungling
the
and aukward,
fo in refpeft to
Its
nature of
fiffures
and vtins.
nume-
The adven-
allowed a
as
field
of three fathoms in
in
the
hanging and
much
They commonly
fifiure,
begin
working on a
(feiger kluft.)
for fix or
feven fathoms;
then
begins
it
to
dip and to
fiat
;
be
is,
inclined,
and infenfibly
the nature
yields
turns
this
that
according to
turns
rich
of
mountain,
it
and
native
gold.
flat
But
it
and noofi\
is
fince fuddenly
it
The
now
he
at
therefore he
drops
till
it
man.
ries
Hence
of galle-
or holes.
A
is
Roman
infcription, decorated
with miner-
rich
and
fhovv-y ores
found
work during
weeks
Vv'ithout
any fuccefs,
TE ME
p-ettin
SV/
AR, ^c.
LETTER
XII.
II9
or
three
one
i-
florin.
The
in his
this
mining.
,
The
father
is
com-
monly buried
mine
tothemill-, and
ing.
thewomcntakecare of theirftamp-
The
mud,
it
which by rains
the mills, and
to
To
is
it
have
this
gco fathoms
in
length
;
driven under
it
at
but
has
crolfed only
the
day
v/aters,
and
is
hh
i:
at
further difpofition.
The
valley
called
Voros Patak,
that there are in
do not cxagerate
it
in telling
you
kt
at
work
hour's didance.
But they
are
as
tlic
common
gipfies,
without any
pleafed to call
calcedony.
of the mine
without any
and you
me, v/hen
ly
I20
ly
Ahrud-banya,
They
brook
and another
at Bucfum.
The
new
this
wafhing
at Kerpenes.
There
and
arc
fcveral
as
other gold-mines
in
neighbourhood
in
mount
VolJici.
They
confift generally
of
Pauk
the ^hree
and
foi:ie others.
;
great
abandoned
and
feveral
lead-ore, nay,
no great
advantage.
I
cannot pafs
filently
mines
at Zalathna.
at
The
to the north
of
this place,
and in a ma-
of quartz and
flate
black
and fandftone.
is
The
leaping, often
fathom
is
is
The
fecond
ore
Its
granulated
TEMESWAR,
oranulated
runs
in limeflone.
^'c.
LETTER
XII.
121
cinnabar, digging in
a vein,
which
At
prefent the
man.
late
Some
focieties
to undertake
regular
The
at
Zalathna^
is
but
the annual
amount of
clear
quickfilver
jt
tons.
They
clear
by common
dillillation in retorts
and alembics
truth, there
is
filled
with water.
If they told
me
of
late built
at Kisfalu^
LETTER
122
LETTER
r'l^HE
-a.
firft
XIIL
met with
mines
father
the
i6th on
my
excurfion
to the
My
had
rich filver-mine,
called
But the
fituation
ing gallery
cient
want of
fuffi-
to give
in
which the
the
veins,
crofs
it,
are
very
rich,
woven
The
hard,
but
P. Frid-
wahky
fet
on
fire
San^afmplici-
tas !
TEMESWAR,
^c.
LETTER
XIII.
123
un-
A
But
new
as
it
fociety
of adventurers has
at prefent
to
be driven
rable depth,
am
drained
of the
In
the
in
adjacent
are
fome gold-works,
which
but
dividends.
Thefe
in metallic rock.
The
Want
have
inaftive.
The
had
in
Foiirage
mountains
near
Cfertes
former times
many
mines.
The
inhabitants of thofe
to Topliza.
The mountains
fherl or
call
have prefumed to
metallic rock
(Saxum
metalUferum.)
ceous
(late.*
auriferous
(lone,
fouth to
north.
Such
is
mucky
124
Jofeph^
in the ^Magura
mountains.
was
Some of thefe
fine
fif-
auri-
and
are
in
the
is
often
in the
found
in
lead-veins.
more
wefterly
mines
whofe rocks
in
the Malula
hills
thofe at Topliza.
loofe marie
flate,
Near Fuezes
inftead of the
found a grey
common
argil-
rock.
air,
and confider-
ed
line
as
common
clay,
it
the
The
enclofure away.
Without enquiring
made
ufe of again
of
late,
and
laft
laft
accident, hap-
pened.
At
The
TEMESWAR,
The
five
t^c.
LETTER
XIII.
25
confequence of
accident
this
peo-
ple
to conclude, that a
min-
acquainted with
common
foffils
and
their qualities.
is
native gold in
On
is
"Trfztyan, a
place greatly
lenowned for
its
rich
gold veins,
As
a.
prin-
ciple, that
to
this
mine, hoping
fome arguments
it
common
horizon.
quantity of gold
if the
vvhich feems to
me
unaccountable,
Count
Stephan
Gyulai^ fcarce
to vifit his
mine
and
man mull be
a JVallachian to
and to
flip
down
v/ith.
to
be met
Therefore
120
Therefore
of the
mountain,
confifts
of the
fame
this
noble
gold-mine
workmen.
Though
felling,
of
late
fome
this
gainft
illicit
thievery and
fample
fmce
it
it
will
lofs
however be very
an
difficult
to
prevent
the
may
about
eafily find
ftolen
This
fort
of people ramble
the
proprietors their
ores,
carriage to Zalathna.
load, they deliver and
Having gathered
fell
their full
them
to be an
prietors,
it
com-
TEMESWAR^f. LETTER
fkill to
XIII.
27
pound and
I
to
ores,
At
reached Boicza.
The mountains
which
at
hereabout connei5l
rival in
fides
with thofe,
I
my
ar-
^ranjfyhania
of the Maros
this place to
river.
from
ferruminated
and refembling
Breccia.
The
by large
royal
mine
is
working
in
fubftance.
The uppermoil
in limeftone,
or
is
Anna
gallery
was driven
which
in fand-
ftone
till
it
The
con-
blendifh-leadglance,
filver.
I
At
found an argillaceous
it
nearly
and
in
a great
milkwhlte
ftripes,
Limeftone
minirnis)
is
among
the
miners,
128
This
fince,
cumbent mountains,
and depofited
in
The
three
commonly
ounces of
filver,
and the
of
The
which are
at
model of thofe
ores
Shemniz.
They
;
pulverized
to
be waflied
tain, in
a^
work.
filver.
The
mark of
It
filver
ounce of gold.
me
but
to vifit the
I
many
worl<.ing
mines
in
Auriferous pyrites
miini
in blueidi clay
argilla com-
plafika carulefcent^
from
llcrzigan
near
Boicza,
They do
man.
TEMESWAR,
Auriferous
Ginel near Boicza.
in the
<^c.
LETTER
black
XIIT.
129
pyrites in
hornftone
from
fame matrix.
hair-filver
Native
place.
The
rock flicking to
Ginel
fample proves
to
me
that the
rock.
neai- Ruda
and Kriezur.
Native gold
in calcareous fpar
from Staniza.
Native gold
the fame place.
in ftarry radiate
antimony.
From
Native
kohoU).
left
I
gold
in
grey
fcaly cobalt
(fcherben
on the
The works
in
at Staniza are in
Auriferous
clay
pyrites
from the
at prefent
company has
The
in.
Lead-glance
Zalathna.
Of late
to
work
there
been difcovered
J3O
there.
The
for
it is
noc
known
lous.
years ago.
is
fabu-
The
to fay, ar-
the great
number of
thirty furnaces
raife the
company
and
to
with adivity
I
from the other Tranjfyhanian mines. However, to make my accounts of the known gold-works
as
compleat
as
pofTible, I will
give you
their
names, taken from P. Fridwalzky's Mineralogy. At 'Nagy-Almas^ to the weft from Zalathna^
in the Rudile
is
found
is
in
which
unknown
At Pojana
traft
ores
in the old
works.
had
its
direction
from
eall;
to weft
but
are
as
in general
the Tranjfyhanian
gold veins
very
inconftant
and
Iliort,
fo
proved
this
likewife.
TEMESWAR,
iikewife.
^c.
i^
E
it
TTE R
XIII.
I3I
After a
Iliort
off.
run
I
turned
and broke
obfcure
guefs from
that
it
P. Frid-
walzkfs
hornflone.
defcription
was
ia
At
mountains the
;
Wdafter-
lachians
hunt
after ftamp-ores
which they
at their account.
In the
At
in the
bailli-
wick of
laid to be interrupted
by
fifilires,
the defcriptiijn of
my
and
defire
you
to
return with
me
to
Nagyag
for
of the Maros.
The moft
is
remark;ible miningr
three hours joureaft,
place in the
Hunyad Comitat
near a village
iron.
The iron
thoms
ores are
found here, as
or eight fa-
which
ccp.tain
thefe
grey
flate.
The
ores confift
of
1^2
which Ibmetirncs
mine
this
at
Plauen
wifer
in
Bohemia.
The workmen
P. Fridwcilzky
call
is
good deal
he
calls
it
antimony.
The
done
iron
in
is
and the
The
They
fire
ufc fmall
by portable
conftrutflion
made of bucks
;
fkin.
Their
very fimple
conlilling
air
of
pipe
The
an-
by an
infcripColle-
gium fahrornm.
of the Porta
Turkey
jefture
is is
ferrea.,
hence derived.
entirely
P. Fridwalzkfs.
in ar-
gillaceous
which of
late
On
found
of
filled
with a great
variety
turbinites
TEMESWAR,
turbinites
Cffr.
LETTER
fliells.
XIII.
133
hills
Thcfe
afterwards with
high Granite-
mountains, between
^ranjjylvania
daw.
There
riofity
is
remaining which
the door
I
Near
of
No.gyag
have
found
an
iiill
about thirteen
They
hill
are
in thicknefs.
This
can-
by hu-
man
are
hands, nor
is
mine
to counte-
nance
this opinion.
fitted
exaftly
not mixed
at all
any
otlier fpecies
of ilone,
and fpeak
by fome accidental
gular
caufe
fifliires
?
and frag-ments.
But
v;hat accidental
to
concuiTion
fubfequent
the exfica;
but
as
volcanic produdlions.
They
are
cfacoa.ier
many
134
met
you would examine fpecies from the this Ihivery ilone, and a fimilar Samples of volcanic Euganean hills near Padua.
with.
Therefore
I defire
them you
which
I
will find
LETTER
TEMESWAR,
^V.
LETTER
XIV.
35
LETTER.
FATIGUED
no accomodation
gers.
XIV.
24, 1770.
clay I arrived
to
Unable
to
I
my
poor landlord,
drank a
of water.
think
from Nagyag.
I
1 left
When
which
had paffed
are covered
with
now
the
llate-hills
reached
the
Marcs
to the right.
To
near Bobolna
is
ferruminated
good evidence of
.
their fuccelTive
origin.
The
hills
more
to
the north,
and thofe
at
Boicza^ which
are likewile
on
this fide
bably
136
and
to fnift
it
v/ithin conftant
bounds.
are
fide
of the
river,
The furface
pebbles.
Times out of
by
m.ind
it
has been
It
is is
dug
wailiing.
flate,
fuperincumbent
deftitute
on argillaceous
which
it is
of gold.
hills,
To
the
eafl:
and weft
fur-
rounded by
with thofe
which
in
the fouth
connefb
x\\'MCkY-^\diS.lVallachia
it is
from Tranjfyhania.
It
To
to
the north
feems
owe
its
origin
The
it is
pro-
This con-
of
late
in
many
already.
In the night
It
is
my
birth place,
and
had here
my
education
till
T
till
ME
in
S \V
A R,
^c,'
LETTER
age.
It
is
XIV.
my
pleafantly
fituated
flate
a plain, lurrounded
hills.
by argillaceous
and limefcone
Hungarian
He
I
gave
me
counts,
Ihall
which
communicate
you,
fmce
ings myfelf.
and
brooks,
ry rain
nay
even
and momentaare
and mountain
river
is
brooks
auriferous.
by
of
all
that refpeft,
and
is
The gold-wafhers
Thefe
idle
are either
Hungary.
They
are a labo-
hood.
Some
;
and muficians
cattle
fome
horfes
blackfmiths
others
deal in
and
bufmefs.
They pay
fome hundred
to
pifeths of gold-,
and
fell
good deal
il^ill
the
royal offices.
They have
great
in
wafning
confift
is
Their tools
of a board
and four
fides
v/ith
138
on
it,
in a great
water calk,
common
If the fands be
has deeper
them
for
gold, which
in
often
is
found
is
vifibly
fprinkled
their fubflance.
Such
their
ma^
nipulation
all
at lopanfalva^
near
Ahruhanya, and
in "Tranjfyhania is to
in
order to
I
ores.
it is
have
and
praftifed
on the Ardpoi
mer-
curial mines,
of mercurial
The
third
method
is
to fetch
the auriferous
them
of water allows
morning
travelled over
a fine
culti-
Here
is
a Calvini acade-
that religion.
The
ad-
jacent
TEMESWAR,
jacent
hilis
^c.
;
LETTER
XIV.
I.
39
calcareous
pale yellow
fandflone ferruminated
with lime.
The fandflone, filled with plenty of petrified (hells, and dug in the hills, which continued behind
Enged to Foldwinz^ and to the very place wheace
I
write
you
thefc lines.
LETTER
140
LETTER.
UNDER
life,
XV.
1770
rain-ftorm, which
I
ever
beheld
at
in
my
arrived
the 24th
at
I
midnight
T^orda.
wrote you
my
lad the
the top,
I dif-
From
whence
on
had
a fight
covered a great
this
many
fuperincumbent
Though
could
of the
valley,
covers
'Torda
;
the
is
on
the fait
diftance
hill,
which
furrounded by
many
little
and proving
they
owe their
origin,
fcas.
rock-mines, to former
The whole
ground contains
fo-
probably fuperirxumit
bent on fchiflus.
myfelf,
to
know
whether
TEMESWAR,
whether their
l^c.
LETTER
XV.
141
falt-rocks
The
vegetable
furface with
either to
They
are to
be afcribed
the
evaporations of the
ground,
or
There
are
feveral
mines or
fliafts
funk
in
ftratum.
Their conflruftion
is
particular.
in
As
foon as a fhaft
fjnk and
is
timbered
comthey
fathoms thicknefs,
work down
the
in
it
a coni-
employed on
the fame
[
fole.
The number of
firft
workmen
as
is
increafed
in
the
fame proportion
fight
the
cone
widens.
At
one
its
whole
fait
ftock through
it
appears to confift of
many accumulated
foot thicknefs,
parallel beds,
of one or two
horizontal or
which are
either
This
natural
fepararion
is
the
'the
workmen,
as they are
thofe pieces
fm aller
142
fmaller
among
For
and whatever
carried to Carlurg^
I
whence
it
defcended
all
let
down
in the drawing-fhaft
fo
by
our weight
out.
rope which
clalhing
This fhafc
fuperincumbent on the
gallery
is
(lock
and a fmall
fait
beds to
and clay
roof, in order
down
Befides, there
a fmaller
cannot pofiibly be
fixed
to
the fides
and being
fathoms
on fwinging ladders
unconcernedly
and
TEMESWAR,
and nimbly
Ihafts.
^'t.
LETTER
XV.
143
as other
When we
we hung
ftock
free
faw with
fathoms, the
many lamps of
the
workmen.
found
in
fait- works,
who had
and
to explain
feeing.
was agreeably
fur-
down
me
its
and made me
the falt-beds.
The
light
fide
which feparates
tough like
is
clay.
The
pre-
of this work
The
fixty
Colofer mine,
fathoms diameter.
long ago. Thefe
144
TPvAVELS
maus Tranyhani^, defcribed if I am not wrong by Bruckmann. Gyps and alabafrer is very common hereabout. Pray tell me what is the reafon
that thefe ftones are for ever to be found in the
fait-
works
Might not
vitriolic
I
changed into
produced
?
Upper-Aufiria^
it is
and
After having
I favv the
immenfe
piles
They
no
ufe
poor
gave
of
to
me
away
to
fo ufeful a fubftance,
That
if the
world was
;
only to
laft
but good
lateft pofcerity,
and unneceffary
inhuman ex-
travagance.
rejefted
fait
-,
Many hundred
are
millions weight of
and fnows
TEMESWAR,
In a fimilar
^c.
LETTER
in the
XV.
I45
Vizakna, Kolofer^
?
Szekes,
Though
P. Fridwalzky confiders the '^ranjfyhanian faltmines as inexhauftible flocks, he could not digeft
this cruel
in this
Mineralogia Bacia^
idea,
to
mix
thcfe
immenfe
tarus,
in
order to
make
fublimate.
Might
acid be
every
where to be had,
?
and thus
of the
fal-
fal-ammoniac be produced
You know
Might we not
aqueous brine
laft
many
and
five
foot thick.
They
found
confift
fil-
ftratified
near Foldwinz.
clofely fticking
Some of
together
j
which fuppofes
in
their
ftate.
having been
connefted
when
foft
This
14^
and
whence
this.
rolled to
ried thither
fea,
whilil:
it
covered
this country.
At
moun-
one of the
and
mod
populous
cities
of Tranjfylvania.
The Roman
it
was a
Roman
which
tions.
colony.
The
filled
low limedone,
however,
with fand
and
petrifac;
fpecies.
The
delire to
with a mineralogift, or
to vifit P. Fridjefuits.
rather
my
curiofity,
prompted me
His rooms
nerals
ill
bear the
mark of
fcience.
and
nconnefled
He is
laborious man, but he has got together fuch confufed ideas of natural-hiflory, that
I
am
appre-
from
This
rather
owing
to
want of
W A R, ^C
led
LETTER
to
XV.
147
The
be
iifeful
him
-,
compile a Mineral
Hiory of Transylvania
and experience
is
requifite
He
duty by giving
the names of the mines j the length of the drifts, the depth of the pits, by compiling fome accounts
of mine-officers, a couple of charters and other and then, after all, telling his monuments
,
countrymen that
fylvania.
this
is
a Mineralogia
Tranf-
No
and
their local
connexion
material.
At
prefent there
is
fcarce
any hope
of his improvement.
The
good-natured Tranfas
upon him by
a great na-
knowledge of
all
by
Natu-
mer
He
his indi-
gefted
on other
ajeflus^
He
intends
make
tiles
from
2
paper from
ftalaclites
different vegetables,
With
148
calls
his geis
to
an annual penfion
his
in
order to
realife
projefls
and
It
is
Natural Hiftory.
loca
videatur.
I defired
him
to
which he propofes
borax.
It
was a
common calcareous ftalaftites. Then he brought me his fianmim ficulum which he mentions p.
104 of
his
Natural Hiftory.
It
any
tin.
At As
I
laft
he procured
me
he defcribes p. 177.
even
in this
miftaken.
was comex-
mon
glafs,
fubftance a paint-
at
a few cruicers
at 'Turnau in
All
this
proved to
me
many
have
feen, to
of, deferve
no credit
LETTER
TEMESV/AR,
is'c.
LETTER
XVI.
I49
LETTER.
SPENT
two days
;
XVI.
2,
Nagy-Banya, Aug.
in
I
1770.
to
this
place
and
had no
leifure cither to
of Runda
near Biriz.
am
to
make
am
allowed to
be abfent.
that thcfe
*Torda^
But
know by
fait
falt-mines
entirely
refembh
is
thofe
at
produced
all
exported to
Hungary,
I
AH
the hills,
which
pafTed,
ftone,
containing
fhells.
it is
on which
by
a traft of mountains,
to the eaft.
It
is
a free
and was
in
dependant
queens of Ilmgary.
it
is
often
150
hills,
From
year
appears, that
its
worked already under King Lewis I. King Matthias Corvinus left 1347.
in 1468, the
leafe
to the city,
of 13000
In xht Hunga-rian
re-
laws,
Rivulo Dominanim.
is
This and
the great
fuccefsful works.
The ancients feem to have been very fkilful in fmelting and parting their ores. One hundred weight of
of clear ore
have contained from 79 to 112 ounces auriferO'us filver. The poorer and
is
faid to
mixed
ground
in
com-
mon
flags
mills
yields fcarce
drachm of
filver.
From
till
war and
rebellions,
in the
midft of the
tirely.
laft
Such was
abandoned
ftate
till
Baron
de
Gerfdcrf,
one of the
mod
intelligent
mining-
of the
works
in the Kreuzberg.
Count
Gotlieb
you
are
TEMESWAR,
iyc.
LETTER
XVI.
15^!
by a fmall
With
great
To
this
and the
flamp
mills,
engaged
It
was
fathoms
in
grey
marleftone
clay,
then followed
and
This
is
the
only
mine
prelent
fifllircs
working
Nagy-Banya.
are
Several
other
however
workinoo
at prcfcnt
without fuc-
chamber of
ICijaz,
was
eftabliflied here
and
ever fmce,
the
in a
more
thrivinsj
Ihall exai=iine
all
thefj mines,
and
fee
me
L4
LETTER
152
LETTER
AVING
patriae.
I
XVII.
6,
Nagy-Banya^ Aug
the choice of
all
1770.
amor
went to Kapnik,
a royal mine, in a
on the furtheft
tlie
limits
of J'ranjfyhania^
form.erly belonging to
'Tranjjyhanian chamber,
but of
It
is
late
cliffs,
which
met
v/ith
going there,
confift of
mery
flate.
Kapmk
lies
in a valley.
According
firft
name
the Princestradition.
(Furflen-Stolln)
fupports
that
The
marks of
which
containing;
fome
o-old.
But the
impo-
TEMESWAR,
800
over
florins.
^c.
LETTER
XVII.
15^
trifling
fum of
many
on account of
which cf
late
Hulf, Barbara or
and
Chriftopher's,
veins,
All
thefe
from weft to
mountains
is
eaft.
The rock
of thefe metallic
a white argillaceous
compaft
ftone,
contains
fome
fpots
of white
ftone-
marrow
(lithomarga).
The rock of
fire
mountains hereabout
ftriking
confifts
fteel.
of a
blueifli trap,
fome
with
The
princes-gallery vein
purfued already
it
narrowed a
Its
It
little
by the
rocks grown
harder.
common
confifts
breadth
thoms.
fprinkled
of rofy-coloured
filver ore.
-,
with fallow
is
The pure
low ore
melted feparately
thoms deeper
but the
reft
is
are
fome fmaller
in
drifts
working
drowned
154
cients
and henceforth
gallery, wliich
toffether.
to
crofs
and to drain
the veins
Petri Pauli
vein produces
an auriferous white
now
nefts
The
quartz
which
is
likewife
in
was
in
it.
obferved
all
You
it
know
I
how
curious
am
of
to
this
cryftallifations.
endeavoured
therefore
feparate
a large cube,
which
at
firft
fight I
1
have
this
many
in
my
cabinet.
When
touched
cryftallifation
TEMESWAR,
ofF.
^c.
LETTER
in
XVII.
Thefe
fatts
prove that
the
cryflallifations are
continually producing
humid way
cryflals,
and
accordingly the
many hollow
which you
have leen
in
my
forms convenient to
their
faline nature,
cryllallifa-
fucceflively
hardened and
left
an empty
is
a hardened auriferous
The
other
veins
confift
of a pale reddifh
fprinkled
is
auriferous
feld-fpath,
commonly
redder,
that
with fallow-ore.
the
The
it
to
fay
more irony
is,
the
more
are
auriferous too,
Moft part of
thefe
fiffures
feparated from
The
deepeil gallery at
Kapnik has
been driven
already
700 fathoms
It
in
metallic rock.
The
their
was begun by Baron de Gerfdorf. veins crofTed by it are large and fine ; but
auriferous quality diminifhes in the depth.
is
This gallery
then
vein.
it
to be lengthened
will
An hour's
tain, is
ride
from Kapnik
which
in the
I
Rota mounlike-
a private mine,
examined
wife.
The
vein
fomewhat
J6
on the hading,
is
rock, which
on the
It confifls
auriferous,
in vifible native
lumps.
The
flamp-mills are
as thofe in
in
ftrucflion
Lozver Hungary.
However,
gutters.
the prefent
built one
upper
fix
infpedlor,
peftels
with
This
really
,
Ihort time
as
but
as the peftels
is
brifkly,
and
more water
I
trough,
do not conceive
be
fine
is
carried away.
They have
private mines
here
the royal
of gold and
at
filver to
Nagy-Banya.
in
hardly
at
Shemniz.
ment,
here an experi-
notice.
He
at
ordered
Marmoros,
and
TE ME
and when
SV/ AR,
'<^c.
LETTER
furnaces
to be
XVII.
^"j
the
fmelting
were
going,
fome troughs
and
the
full
of
it
fire.
However, the
,
effeft did
expectation
But
this
common
Imelters
who
LETTER
158
LETTER
XVIIL
'^11'^'
MY
mon
long filence
is
happy
accident,
ting an end to
firing
my
life.
To
at Felfo-Banya,
fo
produced by
vifited the
great mine
when
the
fire
was hardly
flill
filled
with fmoke.
An
in
accident
made me
fenfes,
tarry
fome-
what longer
went
hours
off.
the fnaft,
loil
In
fiiort I
my
and
fifteen
blifters
after I
and
other applications.
eyes run with blood,
My
and
lips
were fwoln,
limbs
in
my
my
ge-
neral lamed.
Without the
affiftance
of a
fliilful
young
Baron
G erham
ftill
in
whofe houfe
lodge, you
;
would have
is
whether he
is
to be faved.
A violent
more than
cough-
put
me on
I fear
fufficient
to
TEMESWAR
to deilroy this thinly
^c.
LETTER
XVIII.
be the
cafe, then
my
friend
I defire
you
to
have
of
my name
NaturaHfls. Fclfo-Banya
is
II.
a grant
troubles,
ins;
The
public
all
the neighbour-
25,420 florins, granting by public charter eternal freedom from any taxes to the inhabitants the
:
in a thriving ftate.
At
Times immemorial
hornftone
in the
(petrolex)
foles
worked by
firing,
which
upper
ftalaftites,
which feems
It
is
to
me
extremely problein
matical.
colour a
acids
and the
fire
The
l6o
The
ing
hading;
and hans-
fides
is
The The
vein-
rock
Hungary only by
hardnefs.
lefs,
vein
is
mark
of
filver yielding
The
it is fix
of the pacher-floln
Shemniz.
I
In fome places
fathoms wide.
from the
is
fole,
which
lefs
ruinous.
On
fourth fole a
crofling the
deaf.
fiffure
coming
in
fide,
it
main vein
an
The ftamp
filver,
zinnopel
two ounces of
and the
mark of
or two ounces
and
a half of gold.
Some
In a hanging
fifiiire
of this vein
is
found
fine red,
found or
cryftallifed-
quartz
orpiment
clofely
;
white pellucid
ih
rhomboidal prifms of
fluor
length.
E S
WA
ft,
^c.
LETTER
XVIII.
l6l
length, which
by the antimony, and prove that thefe minerals, however different cryftallifed at the fame time. in themfelves,
are perforated
lifed
magnefia.
is
worked
by
firing.
But
at
this firing
is
different
from that
prad:ifed
hemia.
it
The
produced by
foles at
on the upper
more
method o^
firing.
They
by
chiffels,
hammers, boring
and blaftingjto
fix,
To
made
it
to
that fide
In
pieces of
one foot in
on
fire.
This
levers
foftens
is
and
facilitates
is
no
fide-cut
requifite.
The
drift
being widened
by
this
by
fides
with
a wall
102
Then
they proceed to
fet
heaps of
wood
as noticed before.
Such
heap
confills
of
they reach
the roof.
of four fathoms
breaking
and for
the
thefe, together
with the
down
of lamp tallow.
the
By
this
flame works on
flvilful
the rock.
They have an
it it
hundred
manipulations to dired:
fide,
to the
hanging or hading
mofl.
The loofened ores are left on the foles, new foles made of them, new firings fet, and thus continued
till
the
foles
be bro-
large, they
on the fame
whole vein.
the
The
as a
left in
mine
magazine
till
when 'they
at a
Thus
florins,
the ore
drift
is
procured
cheap
rate,
fathom of a
by
firing coil-
two
The
folidity
an advantage to this
mannei
TEMESWAR,
^c,
LETTER
XVIII.
163
manner of working; cracked and broken mountain or vein rocks would be lefs aded upon by fire.
The
mine
is
zinnopel,
conquered by the
to be blafted.
chiffel
However,
cannot be convinced
this
apparently cheap
will
and
efficacious
firing.
Perhaps you
agree
with me.
1.
it
is
prevent the
flames
from
ca-^
rites
The
fire
volatihfing
and
difll)lving the
who feldom
fire
arrive to any
advanced age.
,3.
The
week.
carries
too
The much
ores
being pyritical,
the
fire
unme-
It
fince
the
manner
164
ed
to
crofs or oblique
working would
my
opinion, preferable in
many
refpeds to this
firing.
The
deep.
great mine
Its
is
at prefent
funk 70 fathoms
;
and
am
The many
among the rubbifh of the bing-places make me believe fo. The whole mountain of Felfo-Banya is underfragments
driven or underworked by a deep gallery 454 fathoms length. The ground waters drained by
two pole-pump-engines
(flangen-kunfle.)
The
Thofe of the
pri-
much
refembling to
common
fylvanian gipfies
The
royal
;
the city.
The
gold and
produce
to
be de-
flill
for
hope of a dividend
filver
4-
who get
prived
TEMESWAR,
rins
^c.
LETTER
and
"^c^
XVIII.
1
165
7 flo-
tarif,
per
mark
filver,
ducats per
mark
gold.
The unhappy accident which befell me here deprived me of the pleafure to examine the other
works and the falt-mines
at
:
Marmoros.
What
which continues
ed quartz
the
cryflals,
which,
carried
by the
fold
rains
and
under
a con-
name of Marmaros
hardnefs
is
(tones.
They have
polifh.
fine
fiderable
fait
and natural
In the
Itriped
found
pellucid,
white,
gypfum.
Fekete-Banya
is
of Nagy-Banya.
In
gold and
place.
filver
-,
but at prefent
in
it is
a deferted
However,
1752 the
this
city
o{ Nagy-Banya
is
moment
not very
Lapos-Banya
ing to
Is
a metallic
is
mountain, belong-
Theie
laft
have
metallic rock,
and
66
and richer
there
is
in
gold than in
lead-ore.
filver.
Now
and then
fome
Miz-Banya
and
filver at
The
gold
mint
Nagy-Banya.
Near
glance.
Illoba
is
In
me by
eye witnefTes.
by the inhabitants.
I
If you
this
have fufFeredto
it
finifh
letter,
as the greateft
LETTER
TEMESWAR, ^c
LETTER
XIX.
167
LETTER
IT ed
IS
XIX.
1770.
fuffer-
ShemniZy Sept. 5,
impofTible to
in
tell
you what
have
my
to this place.
Any
jumping of
mit
my
pains.
of,
The dry
is
;
coughing, which
me
any
reft.
was
impofiible for
me
and and
commonly
the
'Theijfa
Schmolniz
hills. I
fliould
much from
the
road
if
had gone
my
health, if any
to be hoped, did
make my
hafte
home
neceftary.
in the fields
Near Tockay^
commonly
called hereabout
moun-
a volcano in former
times.
The
hill,
which
is
4-
fo
famous
for pro-
ducino;
l68
of
argil-
volcanic marks.
thefe
This makes
been
me
believe that
lava
pieces have
rolled
hills,
down and
which fuch
in
common.
hills,
A
Here
I
Luptan
diftricl,
my
carriage
was forced
I
ftep out
ilowly. pieces.
fift
of granite
but
as far as I
might obferve
in
paffing by they
laceous
here
too.
j
flate.
Some
lead-mines
are
working
and
as they
told
me
fom.e copper-mines
When
matters,
arrival
my
and
as report heightens
it.
was
faid to
My
to
my
family.
Among
firft
:
great
many
letters,
yours
were opened
into
I rejoice
I
your country.
have partly
your
demands by the accounts of what T have feen and but I do not know whether I ihall be obferved
;
able to give
you
TEMESWAR,
deavour
fent
^c.
LETTER
XIX.
I
169
However,
will en-
my
beft in
one of my
I fhall
entertain
mz,
I
tafli,
as defcribed
and when
I little
Hiflory.
Smolniz
is
hills.
It
noble
copper-works,
known
in
the
times of Count ZapoHa and Bathori under the The Zips county and emperor Ferdinand III.
who
in ge-
About
Sinol-
rebellion,
was
this
part to feveral
1684
at
to the
a yearly
after the
and
its
fnare of the
This opened
the
170
made
it
think of the
was obtained
by an exchange
iifcated part
in the year
Stephen^ and he prevailed upon to renounce his part of the mine, and the hamlets Smolniz and
Stoofs^
were royal
eftates,
chamber
at
Kaoaw
they
principles,
remarkable
dividend.
1748,
eflablifhed
to a
here,
man
of expe-
the general
Tohaw, Rojenaw,
tion.
in the
Gomorha
diftrifl
Iglo
P///Z> jurifdic-
The mountains
at Smolniz confift
flatc,
of a blueifh
glimmery argillaceous
in
hour
^\yi
in the
zon
Hence
it
ap-
pears
TEMESWAR,
pears
that they are
^c.
LETTER
They
XIX.
are
;
I71
parallel.
about
twenty fathoms
difiiant
in their
ftill
The
fifTures
be-
metallic
The
their
run
even
by
the
lead
change
in
the
fituation or nature
in
of
Thefe changes
the fituation
owing
to fmall
fifTures,
By long
fiffures,
and
their effedl
on
the
main
:
veins, the
down
coming from
;
the eafl,
drives
if
from the
wefl, it
accordingly
to be found.
FifTures in
Regular
it
fifTures,
pufh
into the
hading
hanging
fide.
Though
however
requifite
172
where
The middle
in
vein
is
is
the richeft.
j
The
and
fecond
the hanging
in refpeft
mountain
in the valley,
is
poor.
is
The
with
the ores.
The
pyrites.
tains frequently
I
fifty-feven fathoms,
lying vein.
tain
They
and con-
hundred weight.
and found
Befides
The
flate.
whofe
richeft
fpecies
contains about
produce
annually about
an hundred
thoufand
The
veins
is
fifTures
and
difit
To
impregnate
fhafcs,
more,
it
is
led into
fome old
thence
raifed
TEMESWAR,
ralfed
^f
LETTER
XIX.
173
by pump-works, conducted through feveral bing-places, and then poured in canals, which
are
dug near
by
The
is
attrafted
powder. If the
this
powder or fediment
which
is
vent
would hinder
ferved fooner
vitriolic
further difTolution.
It
ob-
that
the
copper precipitation
in
fucceeds
and better
water
falls
thofe
canals,
where the
iron.
the picking
confifting
bing-rubbifh,
th.e
copper fprinkas
and fieved
at
Shem-
The remaining
This bufmefs
mills.
carried
on by children,
maimed
The
174
The
fame conAruflion
^
as thofe in
Lower Hungary.
Thofe
by
roaft-
Several fulphur
They
are
from
from one
to
two
Commonly
runs out.
ino-
The bottom of
j
thefe furnaces
is
thorns of wood
wood layers
;
fome
carts
of charcoal
then comes
a layer of
this is
the furfire
is fet
on
by
wood
canal vertically
or fourteen months.
the
flat
conductors
j
to a ftone refervoir
is
and
con-
fulphur fl;eam
in
catched
in the
duftors,
and cooled
is
quantity of fulphur
the former.
The
into
TEMESWAR,
^c.
LETTER
known
XIX.
175
pradices.
is
The
about
200,000 pounds.
The
put
in
vitriol manufacftory.
When
flill
warm
in
they are
and
this boiled
and evaporated
lead
pans,
vitriol,
but the
confi-
want of
fale
makes
it
this
manufaftory
lefs
derable than
circumftances.
The common
roailings,
after
one
and
one black-fmelting
which they
fome
lead, as
filver
little
The
as in
medium
filver
is
every year.
a dependant
the
di(tri(5l
of Zips,
place
of
Smolniz,
500,000 pounds of
is
The
ores
are
here running
in
the
in
greater
depth
hardened into
an iron-coloured
It
found-ore,
Hccmatites
carukjcens.
contains
now and
176
ber.
The
and
fmelt
every
pounds of rofe-copper.
adventurers
work
whichever/
EinftdeU
in
the diftrid
in
which
wood
are
at prefent.
However,
QowniCfaky^
tv/o
is
in
It
has
rich
copper veins,
to feveral companies.
The
royal
Ihares in them,
and
The
for a
between horn-flate
length of
900 fathoms.
They
dip into a
confiderable depth.
grey quartz
mixed now and then with fpar. They yield yellov^ copper-pyrites, and grey copper ore, called
hereabouts
white
ore,
which
contain
fifteen
TEMESWAR,
live to twelve
^c.
LETTER
XIX.
lyj
annual
ounces of filver.
place
is
The whole
produce of
of copper.
Krumbach,
this
in
argillaceous
manor
are
and Upper-Mezen-
This county
,
is
contiguous to the
Carpathian mountains
copper-veins.
T'opaijj,
in the
worked by
private companies.
The
]n the
territory
of
timony veins.
The
Some
178
Some
iilver
up
again,
and yielded
;
The
'
dropt likewife.
in
it
fcarce
ever
appears
in cryrtalline
or plumofe forms.
is
Near
a rich
cinnabar-ore.
is
one
pawned
crown of Poland.
It
per-works.
to the Polijh.
The
hopes
work
ftill
in
of a dividend.
The buying
places
is
in all thefe
which
fell
copper
Smolmz
at dif-
ferent prices,
fettled
according to
the different
copper.
thirty-one florins
but the
Iglo
and
Newdarf co^Three
in
per
fells
months
ready
TEMESWAR,
ready
^f.
LETTER
XIX.
79
money
fale
has brought
thele
The produce
every year in
royal mines
confifts
but
that
of the
of
^00,000
in all
LETTER
lO
LETTER.
OU
the
that
XX.
hiftory of
their
origin,
would be
volumes.
work of fome years and of fome Befides, you have been here and feen
yourfelf.
and examined
Severini's
You have
;
read
Mr.
treatife
gines from
it
is
refolved to give
to the prefs.
pear likewife,
into execution.
if
hand books
to
be publiflied
her majefcy's
expence.
theory
of
all
the Hungarian
mountains,
whicli
TEMESWAR,
which
to
^r.
LETTER
I
XX.
l8l
have refolved to
Iketch out.
The
promontories
hills,
in
which the
on the
raife
conx^iit
of
ar-
mixed
or
condantly have
metallic rock,
is
the
common mountain-
running.
They
mountains.
In the valleys behind Shemniz, near the glafs
hills
of grey limeftone
fummits uf
rock.
The
capital veins, parallel in their run with the direction of the river Gran, nay even v/ith the bendings
of
its
logical
map
publiflied
by Mr. Zipfer.
is
The
largeft
the
Spitaler
vein.
It
runs
from north
to fouth
to
from
thirty to feventy
belonging
lS2
in
the
Here
it
confifts
foft clay,
mixed with
fpar.
to indicate that
upper
level
Somewhat more
the vein
,
confifts
and
it is
larger
On
aft,
for example, at a
ill
depth of 127
it
is
fatl;ioms
fourteen fathoms
and
the
deaf rocks
included eighteen.
The comhas
drift,
PacbercUn
to fay, in
rich
thoms very
change
in
which
in |a greater
depth
zinnopel ftamp-ores.
in the
hanging.
The vein is from that place found to contain filver. The v/hite clay of this hanging nlTure offers now and then nodules of fpar and quartz pieces.
Containing;
TEMESWAR,
dred
laft
'r.
LETTER
XX.
83
At
the
and
confiits
of broken
quartz, which,
ores
if
mixed with
which feems
ferous quality.
increafing auri-
in the
fame propor-
The
remoteft
ern about
3000 fathoms,
is
entirely deaf.
Spitaler vein.
this vein
Ac-
cording to Mr.
the fame which
iffuing
map,
feems to be
as
mentioned before,
vein.
unitingor
The
vein-rocks or
fubftance of this
fifilirs is
fometimes ore,
In
its
midft
To
the fouth,
its
it
on
fourth and
fifth
drift or level,
;
fubftance
has conficirt
turns
flantly
however,
the
hanging an argillaceous
or
in
feparation of
the hading
thicknefs.
a fkirt of zinnopel
The
184
BANNAT OF
Three Kings-StoUn^
northern
Ijillner
deep gallery-works.
am
in
to
take notice
is
that in
driv^'en
on
this vein,
and
in the
porpites. *
am
pofieffed of a
fragment of zinnopel
of
this
with
feveral impreffions
porpites
both offered to
vein,
me
in a
among
the rubbilli
The day
afls;ing
after
went
myfeif into
officers
the mine,
this
the
workmen and
?
whether
to
fort
had offered
them
in
They anfwered me
in the affirmative,
but uncon-
them under the ftamp-ores. However, my endeavours to find fome other fpecimens for
my
It is
annulis
co?icentricis,
fupra con^exa,
iimhilico imprejfo,
lamellis
The fame
fpecies, tho'
common
Upper- Auria.
Now,
TEME3WAR,
Now, my
petrifaftions
^c.
LETTER
tell
XX.
1S5
thefe
a vein
deareft friend,
me how
into
prove
it
to
reous
hills,
this
lefs
fingular.
are
on the
manu-
cannot poflibly
be carried thence to
this
calcareous and
lower
ilrata.
Hov/ever, a
fingle
circum (lance
You remember
which of
late is
decorated
micaceous
deaf zinnopel.
Petrified turbinites
this hill
in
and
my
cabinet.
v/as
Might
not,
when
this
accidental
hill
ftill
profea-
under
by water
of
this
The
detached j.ifper
pieces
If thefe petrifaftlons
as thofe in
the before-mentioned
hill,
which
is
not, or
the fpecies of
turbinites
lS6
pieces,
of the vein.
the
The
both
is
run and
in
its
dipping.
The
vein-rock
Sptakr vein
,
it
contains
ftamp-ores
but
in the
hading
a fkirtof clay,
from one
ore,
ounces of filver.
Near
from
ftraying
makes
it
richer.
More
to the fouth in
Hereabout
feveral
fijfTures,
turbinites
in that hill,
were
Born would
However, the vein rock may have been procircumftances, but in times anterior to the
(Tranfl.)
duced by fimilar
Roka,
TEMESWAR,
t5c.
LETTER
XX.
187
Roka, and fome other hanging and hading ones, fometimes unite and iometimes feparate from it
efpecially
the
it
and
fa-
runs towards
y tin.
An
hundred
thoms more
this vein
has
five
greateft width,
which
it
is
from
four
to
fathoms.
fifi^ires.
However,
is
croffed
by two fmall
They worked
the
firft
by
galleries,
drift
vertical vein,
fince
The
three hangparallel
ing
flraying
of rich
ore.
Ihaft to the
deaf at prefent.
is
cham-
to lengthen
the works.
The
in
a diftance of
150
fathoms further
the
hading, in a dire6lion
On
the
the
mountain
it
balilts out,
and
lefs
it
other.
To
to
north
that
,
is
to fay, in
more
th6
turns perpendicular
it
and
urther beyond
the other
dips
parallel to
is
Sbemmz, that
to iav,
from weft
to
83
to eaft.
The
;
vein-rock
in
is
zinnopel
S.
however,
it
Ibme
efpecially
Its
Daniel,
is
found-
nefs
the
are not
to fay,
to
the
of
tlie
^'rinity
That
is
the cafe
and the
is,
Spitaler vein.
in a
On
the eleventh
level, that
they
have found
rock,
drift,
in the
when
a
great
number of
bullets
two inches
am
at
a lofs to guefs
how
thefe
why
in this
form rather
than
in that
On
fliafts
works
{tajen
wedges,
or galleries.
after-
of
their ex-
T
I
M
I
E S
W A R,
^c.
LETTER
XX.
89
remember
tler vein
Shemniz.
differ-
They
confift
of mica
it
contains fpots of
white lithomarga.
has
cryftal-
which are
fo
common
in
thefe mines.
Being
filled
have been
in
which the
cryftallifations
They
by calcareous,
as
felenitical,
or quartz cryftallifations.
rco-ular
Suppofing that
falts,
their
is
forms
tlic
"are
owino; to
commonly
fuppofed,
Shemmz feems
to have natu-
produced
ftallifations
Thus
I
my
obfer-
However,
Though
this
depth be
it is
of no great importance
if
wc
190
we
the
rometrical
made
feventh fole
in Sargozi
thoms
above
below the
fa-
'Therea
much
Accordhave no
ingly our
fubterraneous
of the earth
have
at
exterior furface,
and
Ovid's
Itum e
travagance,
propofal of a
earth to the
tion
Manpertuis^s
unphilofbphical
fliaft
Antipodes be
Emperor
is
Francifcus'^ gallery.
five
Skemniz,
in
in the
Hodrizer ground.
finiflied
Was begun
1748, and
happily
in
1765.
Conbe
imin
tinually driven in
and
in a confiderable
to
wondered
menfe and
at
even by connoifTeurs
how
this
difficult
fo faort a time.
It is
further.
The
veins,
at
Sbemniz,
TEMESWAR,
Shemniz, are to the
^c.
v/eft
LETTER
XX.
ipi
The New
the moft
Hope-Stolln^ the
Hofer Erb-
StoUn, are
the
Rofs ground.
The mountains
lic
of metal-
rock
Stolln^
working.
The
veins has
produced
deaf rocks.
Here
found
I
777
Might
mine
The
is
as in all the
Next
to this
mine follows
Fhifier
Ort and
Breii-
ner-Stolln,
whofe vein-rock
confifts
of large aulight,
riferous
very often as
monly
its
in
and
ore.
The Nezu
More
592
More
v.'ith
covered
veins.
The lame
where the
valley,
flate
bath,
Ibme
I pafs
over
many
to fpeak
now of Belo-Banya or
north of Shemniz.
place to the
The mountains
way diftant.
but
The mines do
portance
in
former times
and nothing
tiie
is left
ftill
working
SioUn.
The
Dullner Nicolai
funk on the
Spitaler vein,
faw here
field
on the
drift,
Sez'en
Wornen vein,
old
in
the
northern
feveral
blafting-holes,
one marked
relates, that in
1627
of the mines
in
was
the
brought from
German mines.
it
But Bayer
fays,
that
in
161 3
was invented
afifertion
by Martin Freygold
is
at Freiberg^
an
which
repeated
of
late in the
by the miner-academy
Berg-Spiegel.
TEMESWAR,
The Maria
of auriferous
fouth.
l^c.
LETTER
It
XX.
193
a vein
to
Htilf
pyrites.
company works on
To
awer
private
mine, called
the Moderolln, on
It has
Baka-Banya or BugganZy
to the eaft.
The
Shemniz
Sun-
taken up different
The
form.
argillaceous
flate,
On
the
working
running
1
mixed with
afoeit
and
mountains to the
of Shemniz.
To
the north,
are calcareous
They
ex-
many
infirmities.
The water
depofits
194
depofits tophus
canals in which
are incruftated
by
Many
tophaceous
hills
of
is
a fine cultivated
here,
and
mentioned already
Subterraneus,
I
in his
Mundus
highway
refem-
the
found
irom Leowixy
beyond Cremniz.
A
i
rivulet,
comes
a great
that
way
number of detached
are
jafpers
in
and achates,
fields
which
very
common
the
there-
The mountains at Kremniz are our common metallic-rock. The works are on a large and rich gold-vein and on fome of its ramifications. The
rock
is
white
folid
quartz,
mixed with
fine
This
pyrites, properly
ftampt
to three
drachms
The
and
is
3000
fathoms
TEME3WAR,
fathoms.
It
^c.
LETTER
fearched
is
XVIII.
195
to
has
been
already
The fame
at Kremniz.
in the
tallic,
vein
is,
befides the
royal
mines,
citizens
king's fhaft.
a great
The whole
medi-
wafli-mills
working
in
(late,
To
by
is
At
its
red
On
of the
hill is T'ajova,
known by
Near
and parting-furnaces.
orpiment,
polyedris^
is
Auripigmenttim cryfiallifatum^
dug from
a blue
clay vein in
The
hills
way
diilant,
are calcareous.
This
city
is
in a pleafant plain
on the Gran.
rifes
To
flate,
of argillaceous
fome
pears
196
TxlAVELS
There
are three
The vein
and the
in the
hading
more
in the
hanging, goes
,
to
which
and
called
the Rat-grund-vein.
which
is
many
fathoms thick.
Beyond
in
thi^
begun
a gallery,
black limeftone,
in
hopes
on
is
the
other
fide
of
this
The- vein
common
is
fliivery
clay,
a fmall
mixture
of mica.
gypfum.
ed here
eight
I'here
The
ore
commonly
copper-pyrites, callfilver,
gilf-ore^
containing no
but from
to ten
is
pounds of copper
grey
in
hundred.
con*
likewife
copper pyrites,
of copper,
Acci-
filver.
Cuprum vitratum
dris
W A R,
BV.
LETTER
XX.
97
Haloirichum
Scopoli,
fweating from
This
vitriol,
is
which
in
likewife
contributes
greatly
rial
mills.
It
would be impoflible
to feparate
it
to
advantage by
1 he whole
mine
is
divided into
and three
to the north.
Ktigler, the
of x.\\q Herrnorund
veins are
working
in
the
However,
it
different
affetfl it
it
croiles,
fenfibly, either
run or forcing
The fame
years
hap-
It
working
thefe
laft
five
hundred
depth of 15 fathoms.
is
The
Pipe-Stollner vein
is
only
four
The cementing
wood
and
conduced by
floping
wood-canals, and
ings in large
thefe canals,
refervoirs.
in
iron,
198
iron,
pounds of
The
There
annual
produce of
cementation
does not
however amount to
is
another profitable
Herrngrund copper-works,
montanum nativum.
To
this
purpofe the
deaf rocks.
Thence they
are led in
feveral
wood' rcfervoirs,
An
hun-
dred weight of
this
green
fells
for
100
florins,
and
is
and
fale-houfe at Vienna.
The
negligence
of the ancients
in feparating
many
Tho'
there
is
a great
number of
300,000 pounds of
Travelling from
clear copper.
this place to
Modita towards
above
Liptaw^ you
fee
on both
fides
of calcareous
flalaflite-like hills,
thoms high.
Probably
this
(lalaftite
has
been
fuperincumbent
on
am
TEMESWAR,
I
&c.
LETTER
which
XX.
I99
am however
at a lofs
how
refem-
globu-
feet thick.
Beyond Modita
worked without
fuccefs.
'Thaifolz be-
The
iron
Newfol.
At
have
in flate.
The
fpar.
richeft is
I
The
to
hills
But nearer
Shemniz the
common
rock
is
^
way
to Shemniz,
On
where the
I
highway
ob-
of breccia,
and mica-
Near
Poinik, an iron
work under
the
chamber
and pro-
in flate,
with blueifli
tice
Hungary,
Konig^erg
200
Komgfherg (Ui-Banya)
in
towns.
Shemniz.
fifts
fome miles
to the north-weft
it
from
The
fide
valley wherein
is
fituated con-
on one
In
the
its
hading, and
fide.
its
hanging
;
They
many
pur-
granite
mill-ftone
fince its
feld-fpath
left
particles
holes,
p/)-fe it
make
is
is
good
mill-ftone.
To
this
exported to
many
parts of Hungary.
The
the
vein
pyrites.
firft
This place
fteam or
remarkable on account of
Lower-Hungarian mines,
by Ifaac
up nine
Thefe
to
which
the
take
refpe:
of
Lower Hungarian
If
I
fhould recover
my
and
health next
Scopoli'^
fummer,
intend, in
Mr. Poda's
company,
;
to
make
to
a trip in the
Carpathian
mountains
Scopcli
gather plants
and
TEMESWAR,
and infers
-,
^f.
LETTER
I
XX.
201
Poda
to
j
make
and
matical experiments
my
part to have
The
by
fome
flu-
dents
have
brought
me from
the Carpathian
mountains, prove to conviiflion thatfuch an excurfion will be an advantage for Natural Hiftory.
Were this
gary^
this
Hun-
kingdom might,
in the
am
confident, fur-
any other
World.
But, alas
fcarce the
name of that fcience is known hereabout, and fear we may for a long while repeat with old Seneca to the lazy Hungarians : " Sicut harbari pienimqtie inclufi
"
'* *'
&
ignari machinarum
fegms
la-
quo
ilia
pertineant^
intellignnt^
idem vohis
*'
Marc et is
"
!
LETTER
202
L E T T E
P..
XXI.
1770
which
YOU
fandftone.
feries
of
letters,
hitherto
mountains
in
lime, horn-and
But which
?
are
the
in
moft
ancient
which
which
each of them
?
is
how have
?
the
Thefe que-
The moft
its
higheft mountains
and even
illufion
there care
is
to
be
of the fuperincumbent
for
7 he Carpathian mountains,
at
firft
exam-
might be confidered
fight as calca-
in flate
and limeftone
-,
as
wrong
as if a
man was
to
thoroughly compofed of
caution
i\\t
Examining with
this
Carpathian
hills as far as
the MarmaroSy
"Tranjfyl-
vania.
TEMESWAR,
vama, and
rife
^c.
LETTER
XX.
20^
we con-
undermoft
ftrata,
or rather
confifts
of granite.
foflils
the Carpathian
mountains, to obferve
me
rocks
mits.
as well as
I
from
tlie
it
was grey
granites.
You
I
remember
ferved
nigerg^ which
mentioned
in
is
my
in
laft.
ob-
granites
the hading,
and
it
Hence
accumu-
lated
The
Sol,
which
mentioned
at Felfo-banya
to
the Carpathian
viflion that
my
letters
over
find
granite ap-
Mr.
likewife mentioned
granites,
rates the
Moldow from
l^ranjjylvania.
It
appears
or
204
or limeftone roof.
fair
con-
fifting
of granites.
is
It is material to
add, that
there
no place
in
Hungary
in
incumbent on other
rocks
that wherever
it
modern
;
flone flrata
be
diftinguilhed
in
been found
any mine to
I
rocks.
know by
I
the
However,
would
of granite.
in
fuch
depths,
which
we have
ture.
Neverthelefs
granite
,
is
greatly
Hungary.
hitherto
To my
Hungarian granite-
The
the feparation
the metallic-rock.
Perhaps after-times
open
That
nino- in other
fa<ft
be evidenced by
me.
The
TEMESWAR,
The
ceous,
l^c.
LETTER
XXI.
205
argilla-
hornflate or
argillaceous
2.
mica,
Kneifs, con3.
The
metallic
being
a hardened
clay,
mixed
And
laftly,
4.
is
Hornflate
my
knowledge very
fcarce in
my
the
letters,
that
near Modern in
county
of
run
in hornflate
and
at
Ruowa in
another
like-
lead-vein, under
the
chamber of Sbemniz,
But
common
Kneifs
rock
is
thefe
on the
Bannat.
fole
nazha
in the
but unobferved to
copper-vein
Hodriz
is
Hungary
is
the metallic
reck, which
Near Ko-
nigerg
we have found
immediately incumbent
on
granites.
The
large
206
likewife the
many
rich
veins
at
In the
mine
at
Dognazka
are
found
in the
fame
rock.
Our
trap,
at
which
in a finglc
mountain
The
in the
argillaceous ate
the
common
rock at
Schmolniz,
Newfohl,
T'avoja
behind Krefnmz,
atTorda,
fait- works
Marfhort,
7}mros
and Sovar.
It
contains
commonly
ftone.
Limeone
is
we do
it is
not take
moll modern
conftantly
of rock.
In the Bannat
accumulated or depofited on
clay. In the
Oravitza
lliort
working
from Daroa
to Glut,
found calcareous
hills in-
cumbent on
working.
argillaceous
rocks, in which
fome
do not remember
in the
to
have heard of
calcareous
many high
TEMESWAR,
hills
^c.
LETTER
From
flate
all
XXI.
lOJ
in
the Carpath
Moldaw from
it
'Tranyhania.
and limeftone
and a hanging
this opinion,
it,
of limeftone.
I
am
really
of
though
objec^lions againft
when
in
but
on nearer examination
of
thefe
my
fpeak
the
defcription
Here
very
am
often
Thus I have been told, at leaft by many people who have feen the Carpathian hills, and maybe very well accounted for by fuppoflng granite
rocks uncovered by argillaceous rocks when the
limeftone beds were produced.
Thus far of the three ancient fpecies of recks, known in Hungary. Though it be impofiible to
determine
within a
been
produced
fliort
been accumulated
ages, I
1
a long fuccefiion of
firft
many
it
am
opinion.
was
in
was
nay
keep
in
my
ffagments
208
fragments
have feen
in
argillaceous
letters
my
from
Might
that the
ftate
in
of
a wet
pafle,
when
But
go
aftray in hypothefes
It
is
which
in this
place are to
no purpofe.
my
obfervations
Being eftab-
on experiments and
ipyfelf, I
which
have
feen
am
my fyftem
hatched
in
ed opinion,
worfe, as a fancy
my
given
of the Helvetia^
Alps in Switzerland.
He is
of a rock, which
is
compofed of glimmer,
probably feldfpath,
in
is
ftuff,
Switzerland un-
name of
Gieergerftein.
;
The common
and the lower
fome
forts
of
marble.
TE
marble,
M E S W A R,
^c.
LETTER
his
XXI.
20g
is
The fame
account of the
and
communicated
that obfervation
Baron
granite
Haller.
The
'TyroUan
mountains
are
covered with
(late, as I fee
by acoUecflionof foflilsj
me from
The fame
is
mountains.
Altzedliz,
When
the
lived at
my
country feat
Bohemia
from
Upper
Palatinate.,
exa-
mined
thefe
hills
with attention.
The whole
feveral
granite, in
places
the Palatinate,
firfl
thefe
to
mountains the
lime-
occur
the oblcrver.
Baron Pab
Charpe?itier
von Ohain
at Freyberg,
and Mcfirs
and
Lommer,
berg,
profeflbrs in the
miner-academy
at Frey-
tions to the
fame purpofe
;
in the
mountains
ture
according
obfervations
to be
and thofe
of Baron Linnens.
lifts,
hoped
that natura-
fkilled in
this
amine
to
2I
to
it
in
order to
bring
refting to philofophers
.
and miners.
But
let
and examine
in
rocks.
Such are
my
hills,
the fandflones
and ibme
It is a
is
more
ancient,
The great-
eft
of lime-ftone
to a deftrufcion of marine
poflible that thole
kingdom
A great
tains in Steyermarcky
my
ties
What immenfe
?
of
ftiells
of thefe limeftone-hills
deftitute
of petrifactions.
Are we by
that in-
titled to
by more modern
inundations
ftiall
determination
who have
I
more
^
principles
have acquired
TEMESWAR,
quired myfelf.
i^c.
it
is
LETTER
fadl,
XXI.
211
But
that in Hungary
in
rocks
filled
with petrifaftions.
rank however
In the
in
Hungary
in
Tranjfyhania,
hills
;
SomeIn
and often
The
accidental
produced
as the flaladite-
limeftone by
rain
or other water,
which
partiit
waflied
cles
Thus
covers,
the
coal-beds
betv/een
By
in
it
faw
at
Saa
The
The
old hanging
was any before, feems to have been carried away by accident-, and then the diffolved parts of the
higher argillaceous
hills,
which
to
mentioned
in
my
journey from
Saa
212
TR.AVELS
The
red
(late at
Zalathna
in 'Tranjfylvania,
fimilar origin.
As
indurated clay
is
water as limeftone,
this flate
beds or
in confiderable hills.
The
in
mixture of
refpe(5l to
cEconomical ufes
is
gary.
It is certainly
hitherto
trofilex
:
Pe-
But
it,
freely confefs
am
at a lofs
where
to rank
tal rocks.
my
letter
from Zalathna
I defcri-
Loin
working
hornftone,
incumbent
on
argillaceous
beds
but
it
clearly appears to be
produced by modern
letter
referr you.
The
petrifadions in the
this fpeI
flint-ftones as proinfedls
;
fancy
which
once a good
naturalift
I
has
it
confidence
entrufted
me
with, but
rank
next
TEMESWAR,
ing the
^c.
LETTER
XXI.
21^
diflblved fea-flicUs.
The veins
flate
in
and limeftone.
Thofe
at
leaft,
which
defcribed to you in
filver-ore.
my
letters,
If this
more ancient
nation,
it
the fame
I
time
find
clay.
will
prove fome
of clay,
fpecies
(late
fome
fpecies
mounand
their
origin to water-,
to
Mr. IJn-
when
fo
and difiblution of
fubftanccs
lions
1
i
vegetable
ftratifica-
later inundations.
fhould here
that
are
produced by fire. There arc aftuaily fome marks of fuch mountains in Hungary. The vitre-
0U3
214
'^okay
forts
But
to be particular
on that
which
have a mind to do
next year
thefe
if
my
my intentions.
LETTER
TJEMESWAR,
5.T Of.
LETTER
XXII.
215
LETTER
Y
the laft pofl
I
XXIL
court, to
of Count
Prague.
at
it
Colloredo
the
board of mines
at
I fnall rejoice
vifit
or not.
out of
;
my power to
I
the Car-
pathian mountains
deftiny calls
I
however
am
to follow
where
me
to
no unprofitable
fituation,
and
am
preparing for
give, ac-
found
in the
is
how er
Hungarian mines.
Native gold
they
have found
in
Emperor Francifci
of Siegeierg, and
in a foaring fifTure,
which runs
found red
filver ore,
mixed
witft
glafs ore,
and
P 4
covered
2l6
A hundred weight
filver.
is
of
this ore
more ob-
it
in foft
and
tony de
Padua mine.
So
it is
in lamelloe.
Bugganz.
neral
gold
is
in ge-
to be
auriferous
a
wafli-ores
mixed red
and
jafper,
pyrites.
filver,
lead, zinc,
the
in
common rock
fire
and
general ftrikes
though
fpecies
of
this
zinnopel,
which
and look
like
red bole.
it
Perhaps
to be
of the bolus kind-, the loofer fpecies appears often in a globular fcaly form like button ore ftriking on harder zinnopel
wafh-ores,
confifting
it
:
If found ftratified in
lead,
of blende,
and a
blueiih clay,
zinnopel,
(fchnur zinnopel).
Mr.
Scspoli
is
at
zinnopel,
TEMESWAR,
zinnopel,
^V.
LETTER
XXII.
in
21
his
which
he intends to
publifli
Anni
I
hifiorico-naturales.
tioned by
that
cafe,
Mr.
name
to irony jafper.
as well
we might
which
fo
common
in the
it is
The denomination of
zin-
ferfloln at
Hodriz.
in the
herg, in
is
which
is
generally auriferous
it.
confirm
The
blende
pyrites,
feparated
by
pounding
and
hundred weight
of
lech,
The pyrites
richer.
Kremniz are
ftill
Pyrites conGelft.
in the
name of
I
Native
filver is ftill
-,
more uncommon
all
the while
have been
2l8
a- Shaft.
On
The
the
firft
and
human
hair, flicking
on quartz. from
fecond
is
a pale
yellowilh
;
pyrites,
this is the
which the
fiiver
more
precious for
me
am
not miftaken,
We
are the
fcarce
filver ore.
Glafs
fcarce.
The
miners
order to diftinguifh
from the
You
have feen
in
my
from Moderoln.
Glafs ore^
is
brittle,
filver mineralized
It
confilver
tains
from four
;
to
hundred ounces of
value
is
per hundred
often
but feventy or
Jui^s chemical
Scopoli
eighty ounces.
Its defcription in
works
will
is
exaggerated
and extravagant.
its
conflitu-
tnt parts.
Red filver
either
ore
is
found
at
found or
is
cryftalized.
Kremniz
auriferous.
TEMESWAR,
Anna
found
Stoln^
it
^c.
LETTER
;
XXII,
219
and on Rudaina
I
light coloured
and flicking
in pyrites.
like-
IVhile filver
It
is
ore
is
very
common
as
it
at
Kremniz,
in-
auriferous, and
commonly
were an
miners
-,
cruftation
of
white quartz.
this
The
at
Kremniz
call
incruilation
Blachman
but
name
to the pyritical
and
it is
con-
ore,
Padua
by
its
Stoln, different
cryftals
There
is
a large
fprinkled in antimony.
ore.
am
in
of opinion,
is
no where elfe
to be found.
Some
Old
Allerheiligen
mine
at
Hodriz.
white
cryftals
refemble
and
ftick
of irony quarts.
ore,
Goofe
fcribed
dung
of
the
Spec.
fame form
301,
as
I.
de-
by Wallerius,
No.
of a
yellowifh.
220
yellowifh,
in
and
reddifli
colour, was
dug
Shemniz
ounces of filver.
Silver ocher,
containing from
of a yellow, red or
Roafted in
;
but
then
fio-ht
the fprinkled
unchanged
in
colour.
,
It contains
is
found con-
Brunnich, in his
.
^5. has
Stolln,
containing
filver.
175.
However, fuch
found
in
a fpecies of blend
may
have been
negligent
is
of fuch
that
curiofities.
Neverrhclcfs
it
faft,
our blende
conftantly
;
contains
fome
filver
though
it
in a fcanty quantity
is
and for
this very
reafon,
among
the
TEMESWAR,
the
rubbifli,
^c.
LETTER
and of a
XXII.
ores.
221
It is
commonly brown,
ture
,
fcaly contex-
however,
and feveral
of blende.
Lead
and
is
commonly of
However,
lead-fpar
is
found
at IVindi- Leu-
in
the
in the
above
filver-ocher.
found
fame place.
is
Copper-ore
Spitler-vein^
metal's in the
in
but
greateft plenty
It
Herrn-
confifts
of yellow and
fallow-ore,
and copper-
Iron-ore
Libeten.
is
Commonly
.
matites (Cronedt,
203.)
Black button-ore
is
Such
is
the dripped
but
in
now and
then,
though
no fuch plenty
as to
deferve parting.
If found
of gold.
During
my
have
1
222
and on John's
clay.
Kluft,
commonly
in white
loofe
however
But
at
Kremniz, in
Magurka.
in
Red antimony
faid to
former
The
of,
fcarce an-
timony famples,
Konigerg.
am
polTeffed
are
found
at
One
confills
of fiftulous antimony
,
fpecies.
in
the
mines
in its
fcmi-metallic or calcareous
lefs
For
this
fubjeft to dif-
in a
of a fibrous texture.
is
Sulphur
different
found mineralized
as pyrites in
many
forms, as capillary,
cryftalline.
globular, undulaI
have mentioned
the
TEMESWAR,
ters.
^c.
LETTER
my
XXII.
223
let-
former
Vitriol drips
the
Pacheroln.
There
plenty of
it
every where in
Its
colour
At Herrngrund
blue and rofy-
near Newfohl
it
appears often
-,
in
coloured
ftalaftites
the
laft fpecies
now and
then
or
1
the
hair- fait,
fee
It
feems
it
me
to
be
do not
that
is
blofToms on
Newfohl.
I
many
ftones
I
have
colledled here.
am
of an innumerable
;
which
you
fhall
find
my
fet-
foffils,
be
tled at Prcizue.
My
tell
of recoverv
curiofities deferv-
LETTER
224
LETTER
YOU
in
XXIII.
You
complained
fo
one of your
letters,
that,
among
manyex-
and a
colletflion
unaccountably forgotten.
among
thofe,
who
ment of the
had hinted
k6ted
it,
her majefty would not have negroyal care and munificence has
as her
amply exerted
Swieten
itfelf in
improvements of the
is
noifleur of Natural to be
Hiflory
a deficiency eafily
is
pardoned
in
man, who
fo
eminent in
many other parts of learning. With your obfervations in hand I examined the imperial cabinet of foflils. You have fcarce left me any new difcovery. However, you have
over-
TEMESWAR,
over-looked
a
Sffr.
LETTER
It
is
XXIII.
225
vitrein
great
fragment cf black
thrown
They
their
with their
But
all
thefe
refi-
Yellow
nous fap
looked upon
as gold-grains,
and the
pretended vegetable gold threads appear to an unprejudiced eye, what really they are,
wires.
I
artificial
goldtwill-
been hid
torn
in
up with
been
is
This
the
are
dencies
ly
o'i
known
bourhood.
that neigh-
the prefent
age delight in faddles, harneffes, fwords, and weapons, ornamented with mafiy gold thread.
The
really
is
Ci
the
,226
Though it
the whole
is
by
a fight
of a couple of hours,
did not
however
of
compleat
varieties
of
fingularities
So
of the fcarce minerals of the imperial ftates. Mr. Jaquin has gathered in Hungary a
cabinet of
in
fofllls.
fine
Have you
and Schmolniz
infpeftion
rope.
is
The
likely to
firft in
Eu-
fhow than
His chofen
col-
lection
fo
remarkably rich
in fine petrifaftions,
and
me
Pity
it
were
fine
but
this
feems to be the
fate,
this part
of
The
TEMESWAR,
The
have afforded
their rarities,
^<:.
LETTER
XXIII.
22;
noblemen
by
me
great
of
this fcience.
and infers
ment
and P.
tafte for
aftertimes.
This learned
Aiifiria,
ferioufly
of encrea-
At
Prague^
I fhall
by whofe fcience
It
is
unhappy
that
diftant countries.
my
trip to
THE END.
Q.2
B S
T R A C
O
F
J.
Mr.
I
J.
F E
I
Pv
B E
Pv'
M NERALOG
CAL
F
HISTORY
BOHEMIA.
Publifhecl in
German
at
Berlin,
1774.
ABSTRACT
O F
231
Mr.
J.
J.
F E R B E R's
German
at
Berlin, 1774.
THE
of
clay
as
its
confift
a mixture of quartz,
lithomarga
but
it is
commonly
clay.
deftitute
of
78.
It is
rather
common
78. 2.
Terra pcrcel-
lana phlogio
aliifque heterogeneis
.
minima portione
mixta. Cronfledt,
columnar
bafaltes,
common on
hills, in
the
highway,
it
which
fecms
to be incumbent on gneifs. * o
*
confift ge-
predominant.
ColumI
have
and
fplit in
many
pieces,
more or
cryftals.
lefs
The
232
MINERALOGICAL HISTORY
gncifs-mountains at
Catharinaberg
arc
The
in Saxony^
which
confifl:
They run
flate,
and
as
infenfibly
may
On
the Bois
to
be
,
but
it
as far as Joachimfihal, in
found
argillaceous flate,
it
micaceous wherever
For
thefe reafons,
is
;
and
of
its
fituation
to be confidered as a variety of
and
in
refpeft of
its
mixture
might, with as
a
variety
much
probability, be confidered
inftead of feldfpath
as
of
granites,
mixed with
clay.
will dlfapprove
No
body
of
tliefe afl!ertions,
as
chemical
produced by
clay,
;
and
re-
into the
fame fubflance
is
that part
;
flinty
that clay
flinty fl:ones,
which
by
art
to clay in
an alumi-
nous form
and
finally, that
OF
clay, for
BOHEMIA,
23^
this
'
white clay
to be the cafe)
it
makes
no material difference.
is
However, the
dif-
folution
more probable,
of Pilfen
Bohemia many
flate,
hills
of granite, of
pure argillaceous
fiate,
by the
kct^
is
two or three
mark
of
their
and feldfpath
hardnefs
as to
appeal-
which but
from
their black
filver-
colour.
Few
Hony
;
granite-particles
there are
how-
ever enough to
granites,
as
prove
is
its
being a folution of
eafily to
which
the
is
more
be granted
granite in
iifdf
compofed of argillaceous
fub-
234
MINERALOGICAL HISTORY
t
Similar
argillaceous folutions
oi:
lubftances.
the pure,
micaceous and
in the circle
very
clay
common
is
of
Pilfen.
This white
in the
dug
for
it is
made
ufe of in
com-
mon
X
Having
which
in the year
is
1753
vifited
iero-,
the highell:
it
mountain
Harzire and
in Germany, I found
in its
granite.
Where
more or
this
rock
tains,
rifes
it
above
the
metallic
of
the Harz-mounlefs
produced by
On
as the Little
the Heinrichjohe ,
Vail:
ruins of a former
ftra-
world.
tified.
In the
deeper valleys
it
The
air
hard fubftance,
its
in
outfide, in leiTening
hardnefs,
to the inclemencies
into
more or
lefs
coarfe fand
and
clay.
Large
beds of
leys,
X.\ih
granite-fand
]\2L\t
of the
nor
is
As
low
immemorial
gold-and
filver-ores.
The
folution.
OF
mon
it is
BOHEMIA.
its
?o/-
white colour,
whitenino-
einployed
as
lime in the
wafliino-,
If this
beds, as
bafiet
it is
out
or
commonly
its
colour
is
accordand
iblution, mixture
pofition,
as
obferved.
it,
a fine filver-or
fine folution
This
vifibly derives
from the
me
to fay
fomething of the
i.
finer China-clay, as
know
that
Bruchthe
the Blockerg.
is
I
lefs
know,
2. that
more or
decayed granites.
And
3.
by
many as
I ihould be
inclined,
to conclude,
"
;
that China-
" clay is but a fine folution of decayed granite that there is " a good chance to find China-clay in or near any granite " mountains nay, that perhaps fuch a clay may be produced " by proper artificial clccompoficions of the granites. "
;
Whether
large
the quartz
and extenfive
may be
is
queftion Vv'hich
cannot pafs
filent.
The many
detached
236
MINERALOGICAL
brownifh or
colours may be owing
HISTOP. Y
Sometimes
to a ftronger irony-
accordingly
thefe
yellovvifli.
clay-Qate,
which
forts
not
uncommon
the white
in
thefe
parts.
Thefe
of clay,
as
well
its
being
lefs
impregyellow
Jn
nated
clay
is
the
latter.
The
in
common loam
walh.
a great
frontier
ixud
Unlefs they
may be
produced
by folutions
which
v^ill,
am
confident,
feem
to favour fuch
an opinion
marble,
this
opinion
Grains
fome
and
this
the
in
more
fo,
as hitherto
no
fort
of rock has
quartz
been difcovered,
be contained.
veins,
vifible
The
would prove,
account
OF
countries.
BOHEMIA.
237
is
not en-
mouldered only to
and which
pieces, a
brov/nifli
fand
is
produced, fimilar to
fhores,
that
is
arifes,
how
nature ope?
folutions
of the rocks
No
air
?
body indeed
of
but
how
a6ls the
of the
air,
my
explication, fince
and aluminous
clay.
But the
vitriolic acid in
the
prefence.
However,
ing
the fimilarity
of thefe folutions
of lavas,
;
am
them
or
in
fa6t
and
;
experience
that air
?
why
But
clay,
how
as the rocks, I
it
feems to
am fpeaking me owing to
of, turn to
white
their
the acid of
own
Mr. Beaume's
excellent
238
MINERALOGICAL HISTORY
Treatife on Clay
vitriolic
it
excellent
confifts
of
vitreous earth,
notation, with
thefe
fome phlogilton.
Now
fiippofing
rocks
or
loofened, and
of their fubftantial
fet in
arife,
motion
which
the acid
fleams produce
in
the
lavas.
Vitriolic
pyrites, after
elixiviations, continues to
produce
air.
vitriol,
when
is,
The
reafon
it
attracts
new
acid
from the
air,
is
but that
its
own
ftill
fixed
in
by the
motion and
in a6tivity,to feparate
gifton,
phenomenon
called
-,
1 heir
acid
forfakes
the
it
,
or
other
in the
fpreads
now
with
this earth
I
and produces
clay.
But
and
at
my
fubjeft,
return
to
faid
the gneifs-mountains
that
Catharinaherg.
they are to be
confidered
OF
mountains,
BOHEMIA.
SaxoJiian
;
239
and of the
and Bohemian
argillaceous flate-mountains
or,
which
is
the
tracft
Befides
have enflate
and
gneifs
is
fame
in the
flatc,
mountains
rinaberg.
at Freiberg for
flate
is
in
Bo-
many
other countries,
granites,
;
and
is
which
in
The
granites
accumulated or incumbent on
gneifs or
is
clay-flate,
;
fome other
ar-
gillaceous rock
the third
limcfl:one.
Thefe general
240
MINERALOGICAL HISTORY
more ancient
ftrata
neral and
more modern
date,
and
confift
of clay, calcare(late
is
which
lies
never to be
whatfoever degree
in their
they
may
re-
The
and beds,
of the
and
their various
accumulation
is
carefully to
examination
of the
general,
the lower,
;
more
and notwithftanding
may have
produced
contrary,
it
in
very feems
difrerent
times.
On
with
to
be
the
confident
nature
of things,
it
that
fame llratum,
whatfoever extenfive
rock,
if
fame
produced
at
certain
diftance,
c-onfifts
and
flate.
For
oF
the
OF
BOHEMIA.
it
24I
does
Many
it
;
remarkable fad:s
the
following defcription
of the
but
it
Bohemian
would be
attempt
if I fiiould
and limeI
Hone
a
which
havQ
give
indicated
before.
It
would engage me
and of
their
to
general
metallic
mountains,
fides.
the
a
plains on both
That would
all
require
particular phyfical
at
geography of
the mines
Platte^
and of
between Prague
only a
fa(51:,
The may
fo.
I
evi-
per-
if abler
men
Euc
me from
beg
to
doing
leave, betre
return
Catharinaherg^
obviate
fome
objeflions,
this theory.
flate is
;
Though
though
it is
it
is
fad
of
242
MINERALOGICAL HISTORV
mod
ancient, moft extenfive,
and
moft confiderable
have explored
its
ftrata
we
depth
there are
however many
which
either
and
gutters, or
on the
mountains.
We need
No
in
;
or
limeftone.
places,
in
there are in
it
the
contrary-
many
which
ground, and
which
it rifes
of the adflate
or
limeftone-mountains.
whether
this
this
have been
fo
ginning or v^hether
alter
at all the
Let us fuppofe
Eu-
be covered by limeftone,
to be confidered as
this
calcareous
fliratum ought
in later times
produced either
partial inunda-
by a particular and
it
tion, or
if really
fliould
OF
flate
BOHEMIA.
very well
243
bed was ac-
before
;
cumulated
imaginary
v/hich
difficulty
The
cannot be controverted,
bent on each other.
No
I
the
laid the
foundation*
fl;ill
can go on
have
a previous re-
mark
to
recommend.
The
examination of the
fubfl:antial
fliews
their
great flmi-
and
have
evidenced
gneifs,
clay-flate,
horn
granite,
in
.
quartz,
mica and
feldfpath.
fcription
ceflity
Hence
of mines,
mineralogy,
arifes
an
indifpenfable
to
diftinguifli
by
conftant
names,
the
different
degrees
and
varieties
of
the rocks.
The name
to the rock,
milxture
in
and that
grey
pe-
and which
is
deftitute
of quartz,
Ihould
conftantly
go under
the
name of grey
be a violent diftinc-
uon
244
MINERALOGICAL HISTORY
upon
nature, fince the three fubftanparts of gneifs are not conftantly vifi bis, (which
^lI
tion forced
tial
is
the cafe
for
Mineral bodies,
know
;
very well, are not differenced by nature into different claffes and families, as plants and animals
Neverthelefs
it
is
better to
diflinguilh
by words and
which
The
which
mines
in
its
and
is
Comparal-
monly
lel
but
fip-nificant
The
fomewhat
fliding or flip-
The
fiffurcs Is
determined by their
fured
OF
licnder)
BOHEMIA.
fides.
245
vein-rock
-,
and
is
and
is
cafb in the
mountain
The
commonly
it
gneils as
confifts
the
mountain
fpecies
but
now
pabe-
and then
of a
of granite.
fplits
Tne
rallel to
but
if veins
tween hour
crofs the
main
which
is
crofs-vein.
foot wide.
cruftates
in the neigh-
bourhood of
from the
hanoring;
fured by a quadrant.
The
GcrT::an
A
A
"jertical
or flanding vein
feventy-five degrees.
falls
degrees
and has
this
own weight
iHll
to the bottom,
and
ii.
might
For
not fcruple to
or flipping vziv.s
as tbat
denomination
German miners.
j
'veins.
fcruple to call t\\Qva foaring nieins, as this denomination exaftly anfwers the
German name..
(Tranfl.
or
24-6
MINERALOGICAL HISTORY
White
j
fine
is
a forerunner of
rich ore
bodesno good,
it
deaf.
are pretty
common
ftrike
themit
nay
unlefs
be
ftrengthened by
the
crofs-veins
fifllires
from the
eail.
In this cafe
in
bring rich
ores,
which
in the
the
;
hanging
The
rites
with blue
and copper.
Commotau
f"
f
'^
HE
-L
fift
thenhahn,
of
gneifs,
which
many
places
is
fine
mi-
caceous
Some
p-ranite
Near
the
OF
the
BOHEMIA.
Commotau the
flate,
247
changes
alum work
at
gneifs
is
into that
argillaceous
coals.
It is
which
commonly
found with
vitriolic
acid,
alum.
Impreffions
in
it,
common
whether
and
it is
whether
it
of gneifs, or
be owing
in
to a later origin,
and to an ac-
cumulation
the
more ancient
ftate
which
flate
is
more probable.
Tolfa
in
at
the
Roman
This
primogenial mountains.
flate
is
in
pyramidal
piles, fired
and
roafted.
;
Once
is
fired
in
continues burning by
itfelf
and
left fo
for
fome weeks
colour
a year
is
till it is
quenched by water.
Its
black
During
it is left
expofed to the
;
air,
each
The
in the
elixiviated flate
air,
till it
during
months
left
be
dif-
after a
fimilar
elixiviation.
it
At
the
firft
is
mixed with
urine,
and
rinaceous powder
in
which afterwards
is
diifoived
fredi
water
brought to
cryftallifation.
In
248
MINERALOGILAL HISTORY
they boiled likewife vitriol
j
In former times
but
it
The
annual
pro-'
dues of alum
Germany^
fells at
rins per
hundred
v/eight.
The
other Bohemian
Thofe
at
x\\ft
circle
of
Sa%, at Najjahcrg
and
Crofilucko-iviz
are
its
The
pyrites,
is
after
fulphur
extrafled by firing,
Kupferherg^ in the
clixiviated
for vitriol.
At
circle of Saaz^ there might be produced towards. 100,000 pounds of blue or cyprian vitriol ; but
there
is
no opportunity for
florins
fale,
lowered to fourteen
ofi>Z2.'z.
THE
loured.
faltes
is
is
white
or dark-cothat ba-
Detached bafalt-prifms
not wanting.
i.
fliew
They work
and
in
iron.
The
OF
gyps-fpar.
in
BOHEMIA.
nay to the very
249
and
turf,
of old.
Even
this
filver.
gypfeous fpar
It
is
fuppofed to
contain fome
copper furnaces
the vein
is
at Catharinaherg,
;
To
the fouth
found
in the
Hoping
of the mountain,
in
A vein
but
v/ith-
Dut improving
it.
The works
and
produce of
2.
are carrying
on rather
remarkable
Orpes iron-mine.
flats
It
is
common obfervation,
the foot offimple,
that
commonly begin on
more
tains,
ancient
or pretended primogenial-mounplains.
However, the
ancient
of
flats
in the midfl:
of
mountains, and
in their valleys,
appears
iron-work
at O'rpes,
acci-
inundations,
as
well
the
fuccefllve
down of
well
250
MINERALOGICAL HISTORY
|1
At Orpes the
on v/hich
is
is
gneifs,
accumulated and
incumbent.
This
is
The
ftriped
whole
is
II
One
is
of
the
moft remarkable
flats
of
this
kind,
%vhich
undoubtedly a
Harz
foreft
between ZellerfeUt,
Altena-w,
in
the
as
Mr. Ferber
on
fituation
on the
fides of the
xeberg
towards Altenaiv,
is
and rem.arkably
quarry
near an inn,
there
which
the
that
known
is
by
name of
this
is
The
to
tranflator
as
therefore
of opinion, of that
flat
or
marine bed,
many
;
others
kind,
rather
owing
more general
to
revolutions
and
caufes than
tial
admit
caufes,
may
mitted for thofe fecundary beds, which are deftitute of marine bodies.
The
Harz
of
mountains
is
a very
phaenomenon.
fine
It confifts
fine fandftone,
grained and
pure
and
fo
it is
But
in feveral places
of a
fine
It
mica
flakes.
a'
Such
it;
is
commonly near
contains
known
OF
flriped
BOHEMIA.
2^1
thoms.
The above
mineralifatum,
tritura
textura
Lythophyl Bornian, p
refracioriura,
124.
Ferrum
minimis.
Ibid
known marine
ferforat^.
njefpertilio alatus,
whofe impreffion
or a
new and
Co-nchce
uncipfcribed fpecies of
Cacadu or
Dodey-{o^\\., pe-
minores
lee-ues
Buccinitce Icenjes
minores.
The
miles
decays ol
this
oil
Kloer
Graz'.'of,
Steineld, in
detached drag-
fame petrifac-
which are
of petrifaftions.
ces
from
this
fmgular
and
to deftroy
(Tranfl.)
which
252
MINERALOGILAL HISTORY
fherl,
garnets,
\yolfrain,
&
6.)
which
all
thefe minerals
commonly
The
floor
fcaly limellone,
this iron-vein
which
is
of
or bed,
it
is
fouth.
In both places
bafiets out.
The
tnica,
white
is
argillaceous
Hone,
flriped
with
which
This
fucceflive accumulation
is
fupported
by
foflil
good
iron
is
extradled
from them.
^ Near
Cronedt,
Prefnik,
.
'](),
with,
is
fmooth and
C/jhia-clay,
glo/Ty in
as
its
fraftures
middic.
'Tables
Mr.
in his Mineralogical
Porcellanites-
China-clay
is
found
at
Zitolib,
on
SiC,
Soniienn.virbel
near
Weiperth
BOHEMIA.
253
Weiperth
THE
yet.
It
filver
and cobolt.
is
i.
;
dementis- Stolle.
the vein
The
mountain rock
gneifs
not opened
Where
it
baffets
by unconcerned
they have
The
fituation
in the gneifs,
but
fo unwifely,
place
neceflity
as often as
it
fwells
Anthony
Stolle is
gneifs-mountain.
On
the
hanging
flate
is
is
(late,
This
mountains
Saxony^
They
John
have found
fome
filver
and cobolt.
3. S.
254
3.
S.
MINERALOGICAL HISTORY
John
in the
Defart.
The
vein
runs in
gneifs.
Joachimflhal
LL
gneifs,
Catharinaherg hither,
of
which
is
mixture of
clay.
quartz,
mica and a
this
whitilh
Near
fo
Joachimfihal
vifible difference
difappears,
gether,
mixed
is
to-
that the
to
be
the
common
rock of
lefs
all
the
in
mines at
the depth,
micaceous
fofr,
where
it is
more argillaceous,
lamellous and
efpecially thofe
at Claufihal in the
the grey
micaceous
clay-flate
in
its
Ibme mines
nature.
changes
The
down
hills
again in the
The
tremely deep
accordingly the
are
remarkabljr
O F
A.
255
a
many
galleries,
which
which the
of Joachimflhalh fituated.
i
the Adelfgreen,
and
Ffaffenherg
to
the eaft
is
the Hoheherg
Upper-
and the
Under-2iVidi
Upper Nidafjerg.
All
and naked.
Their ex-
mould
is
The
facility
of workir^g by
Hence Above
that
forty
aftonifliing
number of old
ftiil
galleries.
of them
are
companies
to
their tenants.
Unity\
belongs
the
community of
the
citizens at Joachimfthal.
2.
Hohe Tanne
is
court.
3.
Hubert or Helena-Hubert,
4. Friedenfield.
5.
S^chi
26
6.
MINERALOGICAL HISTORY
Stech EeUeuth-Stolln, d^nd Apple-iree-Stolln
its
door
in the city,
and including
its
feveral wings
it
is
driven
fa-
In a diredt line
is
is
1600
was
in-
Daniel
cluding
its
Thefedrain-
There
mines.
in
drawing
70 fathoms perpendicular.
Hence
arifes
by alternate
The works
neath the
fole
are every
where funk
and
much
underfo that
of thefe
fhafts
galleries,
the world.
to
350 fa-
turf.
Confiderino;
OF
hills,
BOHEMIA.
257
metallic-mcimtains of Joachinifihal^
fall,
and
direiflion
of their
mud
But
here, contrary to
fome
by the run of
they
fall into
depth,
and
run and diredion, they are by the Bohemian furveyors and engineers divided into midnight and
moYning veins.
The
to north,
ping from
being
1.
to
in
Gold-rofe hading
runs in
hour
2.
filTure
runs in
6 i
line.
Gold-rofe hanging
3.
Francifca
258
3. 4.
5.
MINERALOGICAL HISTORY
6. 7. 8.
9.
10. 11.
14.
15.
16. Geiiler-vein
Anna Fundgrube Backer Hilbrandt Gelhieber hour Rofc, from hading Jofeph Schweitzer loung Schweitzer Jerome Mathefi-vein
Francifca
vein
line.
8:7
12:6-^.
1
"
1-
12:64.
10:4
2
1
:
Jericho, in
fifTure
12:14.
1:24.
1:24-
2:44.
1:74
12:4 12:7 2:2
The Morning
all
of them
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7. 8.
hour
-I
line.
p^:
6:046: ^ 6: '^l
5:2
6:04.
in the
6:64
Q.
Three
OF
9.
BOHEMIA.
5i
259
line.
10.
1 1.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17
18.
19.
20. Wafferftoiln
21.
22.
2 3-
24. Elias
25.
26. 27.
28.
29.
Htten plaa Morice Seegen-Gottes Geyer Andreas Heer-Paukner Fundgrubner - Spathgang Cow-vein 6 . 6 Michael James Major 6 Rolher 6 Saxen-Kerl 6 George Old Saxen-Kerl 6 Tirre Schonberg Himmeis-Krohn
Three Kings
-
74-
Trinity
2t 7t
o
6
Stoln
34-
There
are befides
and morning- veins, either uniting with the former, or running by themfelxes
,
frill
deftitute
of proper
names.
In order to give a general idea of the mines ac
Joachimhal
plate,
1.
map
in
The
veins are
2
among
the nor-
thern
26o
MINERALOGICAL HISTORY
:
thern ones
richo,
Berg-Kittel and
Jerome
among
Stolln.
the
Coiv-vein,
and George
The
vein rock
is
in the
eaflern veins
commonly
the
is
The
Rofe-fpar
and twiftcd
lamellse,
found
in the
vein
called
The midnight
or northern
been found
in
As
breaks
hornftone.
They
are
conftantly
alternating,
The
but
flate
The Fundgrube
flintlike
up with
and
in nefts
nodules.
two
feet.
The fame
;
they
Arc
OF
are
BOHEMIA.
comprefled that
is
261
often
fo
much
no vein
to be diftinguilhed.
The
have a fhare
and vein
turns
itfelf
The
to
veins
do well
;
in
of the mountains
be expe6led
and
the
ores
are
ever
in
croflings
of the nor-
is
no chance of
rich
ar-
infallibly
if
two
veins,
one
by dippino-
In
veins
are
now
and
then
difturbed
if
their
run
and
dippino-,
lliat-
and
they
do not
improve
they are
tered.
Ramifications or
fifTures
and
uniting
afterwards
another,
if
raife
its
value and
thicknefs,
efpecially
ir
they
fliould
happen
to
unite with
in
it
an
for a
acute
angle,
confiderable
This happened
in the Geyer,
where they
have
S 3
202
have
profpeft of the
richeft ores.
likewife,
fo
and
much
been
left
remaining-,
by
of
which contains a
thin covering
The
monly
of
fifiiires
in the
ha-
ding are fcarce evxr worth working, though comlarger than the vein
itfelf.
Beiides thefe
metallic veins
a confiderable thicknefs,
go
They
are called
Some of them
is
confiftofred^iyr/)^'^)',
which
trapp, which
The
in
may
por-
be
In
fome
places
this
phyry
foft
and unpetrined.
are
in
Then
the feld-
fpath grains
"I
caft
in
reddifh
loam.
Sh
found
it
the Ktihgang.
this
Some
crofs
large veins
or
combs of
porphyry
the
metallic
mountains
at Jcachimhal,
commonly from
fouth
to
OF
to north.
jel
BOHEMIA.
crofs
263,
They
with them
and
then
improving
ry
Such
porphy-
vein
is
are clofe
and
till
Here
it
in
this
mine,
but
off with
this
the porphyry.
The whole
eight or ten
width of
it
broke
it is
leall
fathoms.
In
cracks and
a
filTures this
improving
fat clay
;
porphyry-comb contained
remarkably
it
as other
vein-
The
and
this
commonly of
are black,
a grey
colour.
Some
calcareous
in
and
in
fpecies
fherl
white
are
fpar-grains
and
greenifli
found
is
Unity.
Their run
very regular.
inclies
Their width
to forty
upwards
They
and
unite,
crofs
them
improvement or
to
S 4
thtir
104
MINERALOGICAL HISTORY
llriking
them
deaf,
be
v/ith great
Under
ground
thefe
combs
are often
fo
;
they wither
This clay for the greater part diflblves in water. In refpefl to their run and diredion they are
hereabout
as other veins called
Morning or didmid-
night-Comhs.
nio-ht-veins
latter
The former
The
crofs
eaft
and dip
from
Some of ihem
are entirely
perpendicular.
thirty
Morning6"^^^
bafTet out.
it
One of them
bafiets out.
^rz
is thirty
fathoms where
Five fuch
Elias.
The
Rofe from
Gallery
have united
togetlier,
OF
has been fo
BOHEMIA.
to break in the hading.
265
much improved by
or
The
Midnight-combs
IVacken
commonly
combs
near the
metallic
morning-veins.
The Cow-vein
is
to fix feet
from
and
The
third
comb
is
is
between thirty
fathoms.
150
fa-
thoms
diftant
gallery, they
tree,
famous antidiluvian
as
it
which
the
more remarkable
am
;
fpeaking
The
,
exterior appearance
the
inner ftripes
the ramifi;
or fibres
cation
the
this
concentric
circles
of
fubftance into
round branches
them
and fome-
even on
this
fubftance
itfelf
in fhort,
firfl dif-
more
petrified
of the mountain
2.66
trees
MINERALOGICAL HISTORY
but
as
name of
this petrified
different accounts
oi Mdttheiis
and
Soon
this
and
it
whole
dangerous to examine
curious for Naturaliits.
this
place,
which
is
fo
Many mining
officers at
doubt whether
have been
real
wood.
They have
confidered
them comb-
which
laft
crofs the
mountains
at Joachim-
hal.
.as
This
thefe
combs
tion
is
and dipping.
firll
fuppofition
deftitute
of foundation, unlefs a
man
Ihould
of petrifactions,
in
found or to be admitted
at all.
drifts
in
order to take
j
fuller
may
OF
may be gathered from
thofe fragments
BOHEMIA.
207
with beech-wood,
firfl
is
fo ftriking, that
fight of
it
keeps
gein
remember
It
to
have feen
fme
was impofilble to
annular circles,
wood
bark, which
fome
falfely
cork
(ftiber
montannm.)
of the leaves,
them
-,
but for
really
my
part,
am
it is
petrified
wood,
and that
may
rather
depend
upon
the evidence of
my
eyes than
who might
Ihells
of calcareous ftrata
as fports
not
been found
calcareous
hills.
However,
know by
mi J ft of
folid
of
250
26S
250 fathoms.
drift,
was
hit in
1772 by the
fifth
company on
had
the
Andreas Vein.
in the vein
fine ore
;
from under
and a
hole,
their hands,
from the
fiflfure,
over-
drift,
Soon
after
continued violently
The
fubterraneous inundation
fee
a fecond wheel
was
to
work,
and the
drift
which
facilitated the
Its
and Ihattered
maflies
its
floor
and
it
was
ftill fil-
it
impofTible then to
explore
its
depth.
The fixth
however,
drift or level
of the
v/orks has fince been extended and driven towards the fame place
ftill
;
its
depth or bottom
is
unexplored.
the
Having giving
names of the
feveral paten-
OF
are working,
I fliall
BOHEMIA.
2^9
which
fall
The
Tiers,
field
of Hubert
Sy
is
crofTed
by Geyers^ Pauk-
trinity
veins.
Anna
Unity works
vein,
and
Rofefrtm Jericho.
Hohe
'Tann
Gottes,
An-
Fridenfeldt
on Cow
vein,
Schweitzer, Chriopher,
Jofeph,
and feveral
crof-
fing
morning
veins.
The
former
Sax-
and fituated
an argillaceous
is
flate-hill,
which
indepen-
dent of,
metallic mountains.
eaft
top to the
oi Joachinifihal
'y
has
its
own
veins,
which feem
to
in the metallic
mountains.
below the
level
of the valley.
The
I. S.
which
270
MI NER A LOG
white
AL
HITSORY
unite.
The
vein-
calcareous
fpar,
red
hornftone
(petrolex)
2.
and blende.
in
MargarethaVein runs
in
hour eleven
fix lines
and fpreads
two ramifications.
they are yet purfued.
They
are
me-
tallic as far as
is
The vein-rock
pyrites.
five
its
clay,
3.
hour eleven
lines
fiflures
and ramifications
in
from twenty
The ramifications
feparating from
make
it
them
in
it
the hading
it
they
make
quick and
cate ting
flate,
fair again.
This
alternately feparais
The
vein-rock
aro;illaceous
clay, pitch-blende or
blackjack.
is
Daniel runs
out.
in
five lines.
Is
worked
6.
is
worked out
in eighty
likewife.
7.
Zeitler runs in
degrees.
The
OF
The Morning
ones, and are,
i.
BOHEMIA.
Veins crofs
27
the
above northern
hour
Saul
five
King
in
running
four
,
and
five,
dipping
eighty-five degrees
hal, as Baron
his
Boi'-n^
in
tlie
printed account of
all
cabinet, has
accurately defcribed
their
varieties,
contained.
all
But previoufly
am
to obferve, that
themfelvcs
rocks,
but
feparated
from
them
by
To
fides
are cut
down on both
Nativefther
in different
vein-rocks
in
Skard
is
called then
Brujh-ore.
Native
filver
has
been
found
in
Geuber,
272
MINERALOGICAL KISTORr
;
though more
common on
2.
thefe veins
is
it
Glafs-ore
comm.only valued
it
at
180
and
marks of filver.
part
it.
They melt
in
in lead in order to
cryftalline,
It
is
undetermined,
times
on
Cow-vein,
fo
and
Schweitzer, in
large
lumps nnd
maffes, that
fmall
pyramids,
fcatues,
as
many
Large
cryflalline pieces
of glafs-ore,
fale in
found
in
the
archives at Joachimfihal.
3.
Rediver-ore found,
is
in
undetermined and
y^^tdrocis,
;
in cryftallized forms,
found on
Geyer,
and
its
Br.ckerS'Veins,
is
in arfenical
;
cobolt
in 'Trinity
it is
matrix
arfenical pyrites
in Ge/juher
red
it
rofe-form.ed
This
is
laft
variety, which
its
at prefent
very fcarce,
in
refpect of
fingular beauty
cryftalline,
preferable to any
other.
The
now and
name of
that flower
to
OF
to
will,
BOHEMIA.
it is
257
found.
connoicur
by
the very
in
colour
it
the
mines
which
is
is
The
in the
Bohe"
remarkably
ruby coloured
and pellucid
fore,
is
that
from Andreaerg
Harzits
book
de
Natura
FoJJilium^
is
Barbara vein
is
is
auriferous
which by the
it
affayers
felf.
denied.
had no
leifure to try
my-
4. in
is
faid to
cho in pyrites.
5.
filver,
found
in
in
1730 onCow-veiny
ores are gene-
Such poor
cf finer ones.
pyrites, faid to
have
been found
7.
ties
Cobolt
different
argentiferous
varie-
ber^ Hillebrandt,
S. Efprit,
The
Bohc'
A hundred weight
fells
from
thirteen
2S
M IN E
ALOG
AL HISTORY
In former times, the
lefs,
they
the
;
v/hole
Kingdom
not
above
20O5OOO pounds
T,
at prcfent they
produce about
000000 of pounds.
for this
coboit-ores
the rubbifn
prefent,
and
fome wafh-works
are to be
^(^t
after
up.
is
The
as
mian coboit
exported to Holland.
Though
not
the
good
as the
is
Saxonian ones,
of the fmalte
brought
never at
a lofs to
work
manded.
of
filver,
faid
to
in
1772 on
then with
filver
Arfimcal
ore^
mifpickel,
now and
In
the
white arfenical
ftalaclites.
ID.
Jlbimis^ formerly
Shcttenber?- at
found
in
Dorothea-rein in the
JcachimflbaL
The
OF
The
flate
BOHEMIA.
is
259
want no
timber.
The
ciples
uf;;d
at Shemni^,
and
The
The
at
hiftory
ner^ in the
New
in
Phyfical
Amufements^
pubied
at
Prague
1771
in
Odavo.
Aberdam
t\vo
hours
way
diflant
from
Joachimllhal.
THE
date,
mines
lie
on the
limits
of the deeper
granite
and the
incumbent argillaceous
Some
flate,
veins at thi
and contain
filver
and
cob.ilt-ores
fome
in
reddifli or
as
commonly
tin ore,
wife to be in argillaceous
F^v&^s
260
MINERALOGICAL HISTORY
and Jerome
are
Eva^s Apple-tree
filver-mines at
the
chief
at
Aber dam.
richer.
in
in wires
and
capillary
yellow,
and hair
filver in co-
both found
in
Eva's Apple-tree.
The
nite,
that a tranfparent
S.
Lo-
Aberdam.
HERE
diftant
of mines,
fil-
ver, iron
and tin-mines.
is
Zwittermill
high
from
Platte,
Its eaftern
flate
mine
lid
working.
Its
fome
iron.
is
fonorous as metal.
lerii.
They
dig
in a quarry, cut
into the
form
OF
form of
as
peftels,
BOHEMIA.
it
261
and ufe
Johan Georgenadi
the tin-ore.
in Saxonia^
and
obnoxious
For
this
John Bapti^s
vein crofTes
more
or
lefs
micaceous
been given
deaf clay
up.
(late,
its
working has
in the hansiino-
The
hornflone
is
DO
and hading of O
poch wacke,
this vein
fofter
than
the
common
fide
grey coloured,
to the grey gneifs
;
mountain
is
whence
it
In
Trinity
this
working,
C2i\]tdi
Heavenly
To
,
are comprefled
by the hornftone
but they
may
very likely
in a greater
fall in to-
running
if
in
hour 7 or
are
ftanding or vertical
is
they dip
flat
or
Irrgang or Labyrinth
all
is
which
along
its
run
in
hour
German
miles, as far as
Annaberg
in
Saxonia,
is
panics.
262
panies.
For exit
Hilf
Here
the hading
is
granite,
and the
hanging flate \ and it has been obferved to be richeft where running between thefe rocks. Commonly
it
and
it
it
They
told
me,
fome wedges of
veins
,
argillaceous
but
conftantly
It
is
it
returns to
its
rule
fineil
iron-ore,
of
one fathom.
ganefe
it is
Now
as a flux.
The
granite.
S.
^in-mincs
all
of them in
Conrad
is
the chief of
all,
foUov/insf veins
1.
6'.
Chrifiopher' s vein^
running
in
hour 11,
points' 6,
2.
dipping
in
72 degrees.
dipping
82 degreec.
8
and
It
Chri
OF
BOHEMIA.
They
baffet generally
263
Matthiew'i vein.
out
The
is
is
red-
and grey
granite,
fometimes
greenifli.
Their
vein rock
ftripes
of zwitter
make
it
extremely thin.
it is
from one
eighty
clay
to four fathoms
wide; and
middle of
fathoms
,
its
depth.
ftill
The
quick.
deepeft pit
the vein
White yellow
The wolfram
is
The
crofTings
of
flat fif-
running
in
hour
fix
improve
thefe veins in
general.
Gottes
Gab
in the Circle
at prefcnt
ofSiiz.
no mine work-
is
Kf.Jf-,
mountain confifting
clay-flate.
They
dig
but
ijrony
lin-zwitter.
John in the defert^ good loadilones, and rich Accidentally they meet
likewife
^64
MINERALOGICAL HISTORY
copper and filver-ore
filver,
,
likewife with
nay there
copper, iron
and
fame matrix
The
is
incumbent here on
is
tin-ftratum
but that
ture
inconfiftent with
of the
mountain,
which
fimple
or
Several veins,
crofs
it.
well
iron
as
fiat
ones,
The
and
flats.
carry
and
tin,
and being
flat
The
vertical veins
ftrike
them
deaf-,
and they
this
which
duced
in
filver in
are the
fif-
by irony
Though
fjg.r
from eftab-
perhaps
am however
if
of opinion,
that furh
obfervaveracity,
fince they
tions
made with
not only rules
precifion
and
and
ufcful,
f^.r
particular mountains,
in
have
OF
I
BOHEMIA.
in
265
iron
the
Kaff-mountain
and
vein.
dug
tin,
in the
fame
pit
and
in the
its
fame
The
;
upper
irony,
part
the
which
at
is
here extremely
greater depth
;
conflantly
appears
a to
and
it
examine whether
ftill
filver-
greater depth,
gallery.
done by a
My
The fame
in a
filver
;
middle depth
and
and
this
caufe,
which
in
if arfe-
nical, has
produced
whenever,
as I told be-
fore,
my
opinion on the
and being
cies, I
far
from inclining
to alchymiftical fan-
hope not
of
this
phsenornenon.
as I
fhould like to
is,
know them
what non
It
is
I
is
know
faft
I
of the matter
that this
pha^nome-
in the
not
by
feveral
obfervations
atteft
it,
miners can
make
ufe
them
266
MINERALOGICAL HISTORY
fuccefs to
their
them with
working of
a fcientifical
;
and pra6lical
mines
more
fo
mines,
at
yielded in
drifts,
former times,
and
in
their
upper
good
tin-and iron-ore.
Mr.
Peithner,
who
before his
chara6ler
of coun-
taught
at
have perufed
fome parts of
of
his iedlures, as
his difciples,
:
and
paflage
'*
" above
'*
ger.,
upper parts
(which
as I
" and
of iron
flats
is
or beds,"
a miftal<ie of flat
and
foar-
tin,
nay even by
in
filver-ore.
.
"
return to
the mines
Kaff
Pyrites here
The
hearths,
Though
off
all
the iron
particles cannot be
drawn
raifed
by
the loadftone,
they are
however
by
ir,
and the
eafier
wafhed down.
Formerly
OF
mines, which are
red
ore.
filver-ore,
BOHEMIA.
faid to
267
fil'/er
brown-
THE
in a
mountains
confift:
of grey micaceous,
quartzous and argillaceous flate, which mine called Heerzug contains red garnets. The richeft veins run from the weft ; the northerly veins are deaf
and
crufli the
former.
The
rock
filling
gneifs,
and appears
fa-
Their dipping
width
is
is
from three
eight
feet.
till
They
is
are
the quartz
unmetallic.
The
ore
coarfe
lead-ore and
Formerly there
green lead-ore.
The
glance confell it
pound and
Schlackenwald,
268
M INE
R A LO G
C A L
HISTORY
Schlackenwald,
in the Circle
ofS>-3i2iZ.
THE
than
country
is
rather
;
gently
afcending
till
mountainous
foil
accordingly they
and white
clay,
which
a
fplits
into lamellse,
and
gneifs,
or
continuation
and variety
They have
I.
here
vein in the
Emperor JofepFs
veins ^ fuch as
running
in
hour eight.
2.
'Tin
quartz.
Tin
flocks.
the
name of ftock-works
too
often
mif-
In
the
no reafon,
why
underlland by flock-zvork^
that
OF
BOHEMIA.
'26g
confifts cither
more or
impregis
or including rock.
flock
is
included
be either an oval
or a circular one.
unite as
In the
firft
,
form of an invert-
ed cone
1 he Royal
working,
3.
Huber, which
2.
is
the
largefl,
and
ftill
The
Stock-aft, fmaller
of the
fame circumference
condition beincc
ferved,
I
as the fecond.
Their natural
the
fhall
The
it,
or in which
it is
flanding,
gneifs.
The
flock
itfelf confifts
of
feldfpath
lefs
and
penetrated
tin-ore.
The
in
its
feldfpath
is
reddifh or grey
-,
but often
probably
2^0
MINERALOGICAL HISTORY
as a
in the
This
the
is
commonly
leafl rich
of tin,
is
2.x.
Schlackenwald
C2.\\zdigrit{greifs)
and
its
pretty
and
of
of the
grits
is
no importance.
origin, antiquity
However,
and
this difference is
very
in
refped:
of their
fituation'.
This grit-fcone
confiils
pudding
of
Whatever be
its
origin,
it is
in refpeft
it
happened,
in vv^hich
compadl rock,
which
is
name of
gneifs.
Moreover
it
never occurs
it is it
in the
including gneifs.
is
Accordproduced
ingly
with
The
OF
BOHEMIA.
I*]!
The oranite of this flock is comparatively with the common merallic mountains to be confidered
as the vein
;
is
in
the fame
refpeft to be
But
like
whether
fiflures,
be produced
?
and
prs-exiiling mountain-rock
Or whether
granite-Hock
may be
confidered as a top or
gneifs
Being cona
vinced by
cient
many
fa<5ls
that granite
is
more anflate,
gneifs
varieties
-,
having moreover
feen
many
am
opinion.
1.
ccaufe the
common
firft
of veins by
filFures
or cracks
produced
in
the
mountain-rocks, when
under confideration.
there_
how
been afterwards
up with
which
commonly
272
MINERALOGICAL HiSTORV
as vein-rock,
except in
wave
too
much
prejudiced for
my
hypothefis,
leave
my
this
conjeftures of the
granite-ftock and
to
its
origin
and antiquity of
furrounding gneifs-mountain,
intelligent reader.
the
in
confideration of the
Nay,
fupport of thole,
who might be
in
inclined
the
upper part
is
But there
at the
this
is
is
befides a third'poffibility
that of
fame time.
indeed the
Of
all
the before-mentioned
leall
probable.
Whatever hypothefis
a
my
mind
to,
European mountains
ceous
(late
is
;
argilla-
and
gneifs
Though by my own
OF
own, and
(o
B O
A.
I
289
many
I
other obfervations,
am
con-
vinced ofthat,
it
produced
fire,
in for-
mer
by water or by
as
appears
by fome
tello's.
meant not
to
fpeak
lefs
miltaken,
its
our globe,
is
of fuch mountains.
chief,
The
Europe
that
in a
mineralogical
is
rcrpe(5t,
the fame as
flate,
which
bedded
the
muddy
lake
however,it would be
in
Natural
confounded
in a
or
dif-^
ferent only
as
that
A
rank
mere
or
coUedor
offoflils
would
290
MIN-ERALOGICAL HISTORY
in the
clafs,
fame
but the
fail
cannot
origin, relation to
contents,
and
influence
on
The
incumbent on
which we
fee
coals,
and day
that
fpecies,
every
on the Dutch fhore, produced by fea are lime, nay fome of thefe different
a<7ree in the
fhells,
fpecies
in
manner of
their oripjin
though
many
their
other refpefts.
common
fyftematical colledor
flints
from
in
but a
flints.
The former
examples
and
its
illuftrate
;
what
have
faid
of the granite
varieties
and the
latter
demonftrate the
dif-
neceffity
Ire-
O
I
B O
A.
29
return to Schlackenwald.
is
The
mixture of the
granite
whole frock.
Sometimes large
it,
(Iripes
of pure
of
tin-ore,
is
accu-
mulated
in large laminse
in
others
prevails the
fat clay.
of that, a white
Though
more accumulated
-in
Some deaf
monly
of them
ore.
in
in
fifllires
hour
their
three.
The
the
ancients
commade ufe
One
vein,
TJhevpermac.s-Vein^
croiTes
and wolfram
quartz.
am
ftant run
in the gneifs,
a circumftance
at
haps
other
many
circumflances.
am
equally
ignorant
whether
this granite-flock,
as that at
quartz.
292
MINERALOGICAL HISTORY
The tin-ftock at
Altenberg
in
in
is
granite,
The
have
The
Royal Huber
feveral companies,
who worked
prefs-queen
;
this ftock in
common
with the
Em-
which
in this
fields
upper
fore
or levels,
fifiure,
which
is ftill
However, they
be above 100 fais,
irregularity in the
which are
faid to
The
confequence
fafely
that
works cannot be
exami-
Some
has
recalled
regular
work
OF
tin-ore cryftals
BOHEMIA.
293
known under
otiis
the
name of white
III. p-
tin-
Beyer in
169, has
tin-
To
encourage and to
in
facilitate the
Bohemian
tin-mines
Bohemian
The
But modern
aflays
trary.
THE
The
Siincn
tin
mines
in this
cient in
Bohemia.
is
Of
former
filver
mines nothing
richeft
tin-mines,
in gneifs.
which ran
The
294
MINERALOGICAL HISTORY
. 2.
Cronedt^
terra
quadam
was found
in in-
in thcfe
nnines.
either
compaft
it
refembles to
and
fat quartz, or
Grasllitz, in
HAS
they
In the fmelting of
make
from Saxony,
they
mix lime-
Mies,
fornetimes
mixed with
quartz.
The
then
now and
c ry flail ifed.
In a fpecies of thefe
cryftallifations I
obfcrved the
fame parallel
in-
cifions
OF
cifions,
BOHEMIA.
a
295
cryftallifa-
which
are
charader of the
tions
The
hundred weight
to-
yields
Yellowifh green
in
former times.
The works
ill
are
in
great decline,
contrived, which
makes
T^Joe
Wilkifheu
/ the Circle
^Pilfen.
is
IT-
but of
has
-,
been driven into a coal-bed, which baffets out and they have butjuft begun to fink a fhaft upon it. If I were only to write for thofe who in the art and
fcience of the mines fee
entertainment than
as far as they
;
and
if I
may prove
f^.y
juftly fupprefied
what
fhall
have to
its
this
inconfiderable
as thofe gentle-
coal-work and
fituation.
But
men
will
my
performanceSj
296
MINERALOGICAL HISTORY
I Ihall
performances,
my
ob-
The
piia
fift
from the Upper-Palatinate and Bavaria^ conof granite and of feveral varieties of argillaflate.
ceous
The
In
granite
of the higheft
moun-
my
Saaz.
coal-bed at V/ilkiden,
this ridge
am
to fix
upon a point of
fliall
be a-tKla-
The mountains
dark grey or
in this place
confift
lefs
of pure
quartzous
flate,
it
that
is
to fay,
it
changes
Cornsiis Fijfijis
of
this
dege-
neration,
pure argillaceous
commonly
I'eins,
cro/Ted
by
quartz veins.
Horn
its
flate
has
no fuch
but inftead of
internally and
found here in
the
OF
BOHEMIA.
this flate are
297
On
form
from fome
inches
to
one foot
I.
in height
in
their
form
Linnets Syema
Natura^ tom.
near Kladraw,
In
Their form'
is
common pure
mountains
accordingly
it
is
nor does
It
may be doubted
More-
hath been
its
its
very beginning.
may
mine the
flate,
fpecies
many
other,
and even
in vertical poficions.
to be argillaceous
that
it
fliould not
be confidered
as
a genus,
ar-
might bevery
{Scbius
juftly
common
as
it
gillaceous flate
variety, I
Wallerii.)
its
;
Hov/evcr,
is
do not controvert
proper
name and
claHification
in the Mineralogical
Sydcms
graphy
flate.
it
fhculd ever be
fepi;rated
fome
29S
M IN
is
But a
is
third fpecies of
to be found about
Kladraw
and
this confifts
flate,
tween argillaceous
is
flate
and
micaceous
flate
-,
but
By
this accident
it
refem-
Near
its
in
it,
which proves
Bohemian
garnets are
flate.
commonly
in
in
micaceous
I
quartzous clay
am
is
fpeaking
ate
in
of,
is
breaking
and
granite
border
my
this variety
of argillaceous
flate
pure argillaceous
and
and
as they
found
it
moun-
tains,
mer
flate
of
fluidity
The
OF
The
induce
tions
is
*,
BOHEMIA.
forms as
299
me
but
as
to confider their
faline
leave to
my
readers
is faift,
much
re-
cry-
How
and
flate-rocks,
places,
am
is
at a lofs to
account "for.
|1
another va-
of argillaceous Hate.
It is clofely
mixed
with quartz
and mica
is
it
inflead of
it
tiles.
;
The
I
convent at
it is is
Kladraw
is
covered with
and
fuppofe
not
conftantly
(flozberge.j
found
in
modern or flat-mountains
II
Let us
we
and that
many
firft
Latin edition of my
The
300
MINERALOGICAL HISTORY
coal-work at Wilkien
diftant
is
The
way
thence
fields,
conftantly defcending.
In the adjacent
many
grey granite
I
could not
it
is
the coalflate,
is
Ikirts
fix
turf.
Its
flakes
of
ar-
to fay,
it
confifts
of a
rather deferves
called
fo
it
the the
by
The
queftion
whence
was produced
is
eafily
anfwered by the
Kladraw
as
grit
and granite
and
fuccefiively accu-
But what
is
the
the continuation of
the argillaceous
this
flate at
;
Kladraw^ penetrated in
it is
by petroleum
mountain
accordingly
fiat,
not, as
com-
monly, a modern
mitive
rock
Kladraw, but
it
is
a pare
OF
BOHEMIA.
^01
will, I
accumulated
flats
making
pe-
fimple
ancient
or primitive
mountains
but
I fee
no reafon why
Though
it
hyflo-
on that
{o
many others.
However
it
to
deny the
polTibility
and
aflert
with fome
modern
and
ftrata.
That
aflertion
;
may
local obfervations
make good
a ge-
^ Many
and
forefts;,
more or
lefs
lefs afFel-
have
left
flate.
It
would
nature
302
MINERALOGICAL HISTORY
flate,
any argillaceous
whether
;
it
be of an ancient
I
and
far
am
the
more
of this opinion,
as
we
is
are
dern beds.
fiats
lels
The
diftinclion
commonly
fuppofed.
;
It
merely
for the
argillaceous
of the pretended
primitive
as
mountains
as well
accumulated on granite
is
accumulated either on
granite or other rocks-, and whether this accumulation arrived in the beginning of the world, or long
after,
is
The diffe-
of no greater importance.
The
called
metallic
as thefe
is
and
Kladraw there
gang-mountains
no doubt,
to be confidered as primitive or
However,
this
make good
likewife
found
modern
ftratified
fiats
for
,
in
Saxe-Saalfield
in
the
Derhyire^
and
many
other
-
tains
OF
tains
refpe(5l
BOHEMIA.
3O3
folutlon, in
and
owing
their origin
tive antiquity.
The
the
comparifon
to
modern
incumbent
ones-,
and
Their
denomination
of primitive,
original,
or gang-
mountains
I
is
by no means
charafteriftic.
am
which pro-
bably will
be made to
me by
Pilfen
thofe
who
are ac-
and between
flat,
and Prague,
It is
in general
modern
ftrata.
Accord-
of land feems
beginning
to be coverat
ed by
modern
beds,
Wilkoen.
But
in refpe<5t to the
place
am
coal-works ac
in the
but
Hoping
the
Befides,
,^04
MIN
R ALOG
1
AL
HISTORY
lime or marie.
am
Prague
is
generally
flat
and
ftratified,
containing
Pilfen^ Shabrach^
Berawn, and
are covered
by
at
yellow clay.
v^ere larger in
former times,
thefe dif-
beds.
The
ancient
mountains
behind
under ground
above ground
in
The
Kladraw
ous, or
and thence
is
to
Prague the
ar-
a horn-fchiftus.
All
may
be-
far
beyond this
place.
Even
fo far as
mountains, which
The
and
coal-
fo that the
common
Itrata
beds
at Shabrach,
of marie
and
clay,
OF
BOHEMIA.
3O5
The grey-yel-
for
owing to inundations
and
\
however
the argillaceous
and micaceous
flate-gneils
and
this
is
are found in
The
is,
conclufion, which
am
to
draw from
this,
mo-
dern
argillaceous flate
llkewife
fatura-
This may be
probably obferyed
it
in
many
Should
There are
feveral others,
which
f For this I refer the reader to my late account of th German volcanos, by which it will appear, that this large
and iliaggy mountain
is
produced by many
fucceflive ancient
among
fpeaking
of.
However,
on the
I
as I
have no ob-
and am rather
inclined, to agree
with him, I
laying
naturalifls,
and by
down
in a few vvords^
what
306
which
ever,
I
MINERALOGICAL HISTORY
fufpefb to be of the fame nature.
Howmight
naturalifts
examine
it
my
by exafl
obfervations.
naturalift,
nay even
it
ac-
vertical fitua-
tion of coals.
Zinnwald
tion
On
the higheft
confifls
fandftone, there
or
In
tlie
hill,
which
is
and
is
incumbent
in
many
di-
and
on every
fide.
The
turf,
ftrata in this
coal-mine are,
rounding volcanic
hard lava and tufo
2.
that
is
to
fay,
with fragments of
three feet.
as
White
fine
quick fand,
hill
fide
of the
many
and gallery,
cal-
led xhelver-<weU,
a fand-pit
with them.
One fathom
three feet.
3.
White
OF
BOHEMIA.
^O^
Zinnwald
in the Circle
o/'Leitmerlz.
THE
or the
mines
if
in
this
working,
working
is
The
country
mountain-rock
granite of a different.
mixture.
Some
large foaring-veins,
which very
improperly
3.
White
fine clay^ as
pit
three fathoms.
Digging
begins
black,
to
its
firft
it
till it
vifibly
owing
greater or
with petroleum.
4.
ately connefted with their fubflantial earth, the above clay three fathom three feet.
The
perfeft coal,
in
fome places
loofe,
and afpecies of
blackifli
brown or
it,
its
have found
tJie
whence the painter Huchfeld is faid to have dug it. Towards the fole the coals turn harder and richer,
then more bituminous and more like the Zcotch coal
again proves the former prefence of fluid petroleum.
;
bein?o which
5.
The
308
MINERALOGICAL HISTORY
call
off,
flats
improperly they
are varioufly
run
in
it,
and thcfc
cut
comprelTcd
and altered
;
in their diredion
in v/hich
German miners
are
known under
the
name of
Schkppiingen,
5.
Thefole of the
ftriking fire with
this
coals
fteel.
is
and
As
through
rock,
cannot
tell
on
whai:
ground
it is
incum-
bent, whether on
ivaU
cafe in
is
found on the
which
is
Hahicbnvald.
From
thefe fads I
r.
2. that
being in
may bs
llratr;
Hate
fied
is
to be
met with,
in
as
mountains, as well
3.
on and
in
volcanic mountains
and
ftantly
produced from
trees, plants
and
forefts,
buried by
inundations, though
gin.
many
iome fpungy
coals,
bed
OF
Schleppungen^
i\I
A.
309
Swab
the
nite,
in
The
rock of
mixed grablu^,
quartz partly
cryftallifed,
tin ore,
They appear
often on
They
are found
by nodules within
fcori-
fpungy
lava's,
They cannot
confumed by
poffibly be
fire
;
fince
there
why
their
not
volcanic
allies,
would be
lefs
;
dlfiiculty to
combed
the
acid,
coals
might be
juftly confidered as
or
confumed
changed into
coals
clay by
fulphurous
by
fluid
petroleum.
to the
Though
and who
am
it
however
who
by making out,
llrata
whether any
coals are
of the
would greatly
but
it
(Trart.)
Toplitz,
3IO
MINERALOGICAL HISTOB-V
nr^HE mountains
-^
nite
;
to this,
by the way of the Oak-fore^ con fill of o-raand the ground is continually (loping to'loplitXj
till
wards
at
once
it
the plain.
The
It
is
This affords
dif-
how
when
in
their vallies
which
their
fediments
were
fuc-
cefTively depofited.
The
hot zvelh
at Toplitz
are ob-
jeds too
much and
The
bath-water has
of hepar fidphuris.
They
tell
OF
creafed,
BOHEMIA.
3II
and then burft out with great violence ; whence they deduce fubterraneous canals, reachBut the great diftance ing as far as Portugal.
feems not to be favourable to fuch a fuppofition
and a
fimilarity of caufes
in the
phasnomena
the town
rifes
by
are
is
loam
pits,
worked
gate
clay,
fome fathoms of
which partly
ftratum
contains
under
this
a ftratum of wood-coals, or
-,
foffil-v/ood,
in its
whole
It
confifts
many
beds of clay,
from
five
to eight inches
thick.
There
as
are
being dug
bilh
is
from a quarry.
and the
afties
The
ftiivery
rubas
burnt,
produced fold
manure or dung
to the farmers.
Graupen
312
MIN E
Graupen^
rr^ H E
-*-
The
curs,
now and then occomes from the mountains on the other fide
Near Maria-fchein fuddenly
this fide
rifes
of
Toplitz.
of Topliiz,
at the fcot
of thefe moun-
Af-
cending thefe
vein,
mountains
to
obferved an old
-,
worked out up
the turf
but found no
filver-veins,
ftill
Two
working
beech^
is
one called
S.
which proves
it
commonly
run
Bj
and
a
means of a
fhaft
They
might, by
them
OF
be worth
1.
BOHEMIA.'
It
would
and
obferved,
pyrites,
Sound
lead
glance with
blackjack
2.
in quartz.
The fame
Lead
Sound
3.
4.
5.
and lead-glance
in tin-ftone.
Large pieces of
cryflallized
tin-ore
and
blende.
azure.
The
make
tin
will
be followed by
filver,
as
is
commonly
Thefe veins
to the
filver
are
called
is
which
in
ia
tin-veins or fif-
which
in
refpe(5t
to their flat
and foaring
at
extenfion
larger ones
many
ver-
fituation,
pn the fame
They
are
at
^innzvald,
except
and
in their
want
^14
MIN ER A LO G
fkirts,
AL
HISTORY
in
want of
fides
running.
They
confifl in their
it
is
folid tin-floney
and
quartz in
width
is
fcarce
The
beds or lamel-
of the gneifs-rock
in
fides
upright.
The
by
vertical ones,
riders
of
tin-ftone
up and down
filver
would be
any
this place
do
not
It
is
know
moun-
tain finks
and
falls in
From
before you.
It
is
covered by
many
gentle in-
cumbent
hills
or
flats,
a fteep chain
OF
BOHEMIA.
315
fea,
which
the
infulated
granite- cliffs
at
Muhlaw
Muckenburg
or
Muckenthurmel.
FROM
flope of the
Knutkr-Gezirck
mountain to another
of old mines,
which
is
paUed near
Itiil
working
on
Though
flo-
five
workmen
are only
mountain.
Hence
funk a
it
gneifs
confider to be a flockwork.
Here
is
the highefb
Saxonia.
Gneifs-
^l6
MI N
ALOG
C A L
HfSTORV
herg had
ture.
its
common and
Ratieborziz
or
Tabor.
THE
gentle
filver-mines
in this place
They
are in
;
and grey or
blueifli clay-flate
in
which
are obferved
fome
fiffures
of greenifh
litho-
con-ftone.
A variety
Kietiburg's
Count
which
mine.
is
works
at
Rzemizow, a vein
To
the
The
io
merly
rich
late
been of
taken
up again by Baron
Keer.
Near Budweifs, and near Rudolph and Adamfladt^ are many confiderable old mines in different mountains,
and
partly
by prince Swarzenberg.
They
OF
at
BOHMIA.'
31^
The mines
taken up them.
fiedt
I.
at
Ratieborziz
or Bergfledt, which
17 19.
There
are feveral of
Tht
confifts
Nichols,
Johi's gallery or
The
and Charles
eaft
S.
Charles to
the weft.
inches
,
Where
richeft,
they are
about three
The
deepeft fcle
is
at
About
fifty
in adireftion
fathoms
wide,
which
confifts
of mixed,
ofi^
white
the crofting
hit again
2.
beyond
it.
The
the
vv^ith
S.
Aiithany-
lead-glance
filver,
and
which
fi^.all
be fpoken
of
3l8
MINERALOGICAL HISTORY
foftens
and
is
mixed
Dorothea-mine and
and work on two veins, which have united. One is called S. George, runs in hour two the other is Dorotkca-'vein, which diverges from the
,
former
in the
hanging runs
in
hour twelve.
This
thin, ran in
hard rock,
and contained rofy-coloured feldfpath, with fome lead-glance blende and a little filver; but as foon
as a joint with mifpikkel
came
into
the hading,
S.
George has
in refpedt to
it
Dorothea an
coinas
in the depth.
itfelf,
it
As long
fo
continues running by
clay-veins, that
it is
much cut
by foul
They work
here
on
a vein, which
from
tv/o inches to
It
is
where thinneil.
chiefly
quickened by
in the
hanging
then
OF
then
It
is it
BOHEMIA.
by feme morning or
in a different
3 IQ
filver-ore,'
likewife crofTed
eaftern;
veins,
which affed
it
manner
fince,
it,
and
dead,
till,
beyond the
former run
it
appears quick
again in the
the vein are entirely loft or hid under the crofsjoint, fall out extremely rich
underneath
it,
but
it.
employment.
The gang
1
cryftallifed.
Some
cryft-o.llifations are
lamellous,
as
in the cryftallifations
Shemniz.
2.
White calcareous
cryftallifed.
and
3.
fpar, cryftal-
lifed like
4.
5. 6.
Reddifh
remarkably found.
ble lamellse.
7.
Sulphurous
2^0
8.
MINERALOGICAL HISTORY
Sulphurous pyrites occurrs now and then.
filver-ores contained in thefe matrices are,
filver, like
The
9 .Native
wire or hairs,
commonly on
tranf-
and
capillary.
White
filver-ore.
Lead glance
or
fine,
cubic or polyedrous.
or red blende, knotty or
cryftal-
14.
lifed,
Brown
contains
much
filver.
15.
Specular
blende,
yellow
or
greenift>,
lamellous
and
tranfparent,
occurrs
in
large
cryftallifed
form
confifts
refle<3;
extremely rich of
The
much
wafti-and pounding-mills
have nothing
containing
particular.
filver,
what difficult.
filver-produce
up-
THE END.
INDEX.
X/i.-/>iJ
a,l>ur.-,
N
.^Brud-hanyn^
X.
mines,
uigathe,
wi'ite
page 117
of fluor, 160 Antimony^ red and grafsgreen, lo ArdeUia^ Wallachian name of Tranfylvania^ 14 Argidaceous rocks and ftones,
and
red,
in
Horn flatc^
Kneifs^
Metallic rocky
Schious clay^ and
in metallic rock,
144.
Jalty
native
and
at Debreczln^
m Hungary incumbent on granite, 205 and under limeftone, which has changed them in fome places into marl, 208
Trapp^
Arfenic cryaUifedy or orpi-
102
,
129, 130, and at Alagurka, 222 -, grey and yellowplumofe ; if found in the veins at Kapnik improves
their auriferous quality,
form of
ftaLiclites
Joach imhaly
Arfenical^ fucn
as tin-veins,
crolled
by
iron- veins,
hanging
318
its
Felfo-banya^
,
160
Bannat
of Teme/wary
on
quartz-cryft.ils,
limits and
radiated,
Bafaltes
1
Bafaltes
N D E
X.
columnar prlfmatlc^
mica
lized fherl,
)
228
33,
34.
(grains) in metallic
rock,
mountains
late
but one of
in
flate-
Blachmann^
a.
name given
at
difcovered
at
Kremniz to white filverore, which incruftates quartz, 219 >At Shemnlz it fignilies a
rock
'Joachimhal^
267, 268
Chalcedony, or white hornftone, with petrified 'corals,
pyriticalincruftation
of glafs
filver-ores, v/hich it is conflantly found concomitant, 219 Blqing of the mines, invented at Frey her 1 6 1 3
near Lehotka, 194 , milky, {^ratified, with detached jafper and the fame in a^athe,
place,
194
,
gm
or in 1627, from Hungary introduced in Germany, ig2 5/fW^, withnativegold, 129 (fpectilar) yellow and greenifh,tranfparent ; rich of fih^r from Ratiebor"'^mia, ziz in 320 Blokerg^' ie high efl moun
.
on
clay.
iron-
ore,
199
See
Kaolin
China-clay.
tain
in
Germany, and in
the Harz-foreft, confifts of granite rocks, either ftratified or confufedly piled up, 231 Bo'icza, rock, veins, mines
at Fcljo-batiya,
158
Joachims-
produced from , decaying granites, 232 may be produced perhaps by artificial decompofitions of granites, 232 and porcellanites or indurated china-clay found in Bohefnia, 252 Cinnabar, folid and fcaly,
at
Dumbrava,
,
20
found
at
granulated at Boin
thal,
271
307
boja,
,
bed,
vein,
INDEX.
Clanfenhirg^ ancient Roman colony, 146 Clay^ the fubftantial earth
volcanic productions, deftitute of any roof, confifts of clay faturated with petroleum ; perhaps produced fi'om volcanic afhes
and cinders,
Coal bed, at Toplitz
;
305
foflil
mon
,
and
comwood311
earth
ot
coal,
Cobalt, with filver-ore,
<
305 309 * , produced from mouldering granite, gneifs and micaceous Hate, 230 235 volcanic afhes , from and fubftances, 309 with py, (auriferous)
coals,
com-
mon
away
bifh,
in
chimfbaU
,
formerly
in
257 thrown
as
Bohmia
rub-
pyrites,
in
^
the veins
at
Kapnik,
,
155
Co7nbs or
names given
*
'
262
at Smol1
pyrites,
,
129
'
(ore) a.
Azur, or
&:c.
blue,
cryilallifed,
in
129
cated forms,
172
40
-,
'
b.
Brown
a/i
(white)
near
with
au-
riferous lead-glance,
129
Coal-bed^
TVilklien,
from Saa,
-,
39
feems to be a ftratum of old pretended primitive flate, impregnated by petroleum and covered v/ith detached decays of granite,
Glafs;
red.
300,
,
301305
cryftallized
in triangular
tvald,
forms,
3[^
39
Copper
INDEX.
Copper, (ore)
ftone,
.
e.
Mulm
at
i66
,
ff.
Pitch-ore
on
.
gneifs,
,
44 At Muckenthur-
h.
'Tile-ore,
or
mel in gneifs, 315 -, At Newfol, in argillaceous flate, running from to fouth, dipping from eaft to weft, between forty and fifty degrees, cut off'byan oblique crofs joint of red irony argillaceous flate; confift of com-
north
,
cal,
3
IVl/ite
/.
arjeni-
Copper,
(fmelting)
in
31 the
Bannat defcribed,
,
57
mon
fhiftous clay,
mixed
Propofals of Mr. Delius to improve the operation, and to foften the copper by additional fulphur, or a fulphureous
regulus, (veins) Copper,
At Oraviza,
in
At
63 Dog-
the
na%ka
mountains of Cooluiz, run between argillaceous flate and limeftone, confift of calcareous and felenitic ftones,
51
In metallic rock incumbent on gneifs, 51 Confifts of copper pywhite limeflone, rites, fpar, agathe, and yellow or black garnets, 53
,
of
in the
fum and
fpar
phofphorefcent
Mary
Viiory, in
per pyrites,
-,
54
Golniz,
in
At Sa a, run -, between marie mixed with bafaltgrains on the hading, and limeftone on the hanging fide, confift of calcafelenitic reous or fpar with fome quartz, 33 35
,
At
horn-flate, running
from
At
Smolniz,
in
blue
INDEX.
blue glimmery argillaceous flate, parallel to each other, run in hour fix, dip in fc V en ty- five degrees, improved and altered in their
diredlion by fmall crofsjoints, confill of dark grey
Dognazka
veins, rocks
ores defcribed,
226 and 47 56
EleHrical
At
glimmery
flate,
Corfars,
ftrolling
176 merchants
from private mines and walh-works in Tranjjylvania^ 126 Cryallifatlonsy with inclofed water, or cryalli
Maria
Loretto
gold-mine
fand-ftock
1 1
confifts of a
fmall ftrati-
fied auriferous
and gold-veins,
vein at Nagyag,
,
117
en-
hydri at Kapn'ik^
,
Cfertes
lic
-'
j
155
(quartz) great
189
123
rock,
,
155
filver,
with
comveins,
ore in hornftone,
Debrezin
mon
,
in the richer
alcaline fait,
4
Traivgott)
foften
'
its
Delms
(C'^ijhph. to
to iron,
,inmetallicrock, 127
Fd-banya
63
Demler (Francis ) examination of the o;old-duft and and gold-walhings in the Bannat, 83 93 Ueva\ its copper Itoclcwork, 94 Diamonds^ white and red, white and yellow in the
a mining place, ; mountains, veins, works anderes, 166 158 Firing of mines, at Goar, Schlackcnwaldcy and Felfo-
banya^
Fiiires or
Klfte,
lefs
I 6 fmall er
veins,
conftant and
wide
in their
dipping;,
run and 28
native
Fluor cubic
with inclofed
INDEX.
Fluoi\
i^^o native fulphur, in rhomboidal prtjms
,
mines,
Gipjics,
in
the
217 Bannat of
in TranJ/yl^
lOo
^^^^ ,griea
'
T'efnefivar
and
gold
with
yellow
^ quartz
309
at Frey-
wafhing,
76
See copper- ore ; Glafs ore. or native filver from Joachimhal
l']1
jn a tin^vein in ^rai-ite at
Zinntualil,
Freygold
berg^
A Ja) tin)
ro
have invcn ed the blafti^g of mines by gun powder, 192 Fridivaizkj [P.) at Clanfenauthor of a Nat. berg-, Hiftojy of Tranffytvania,
i'aid
_
243
the mountains at Catharinaherg and Graupen
,
10^-, 107, 14O, 147 Fuczes; mines, rocks, veins, and orus, 124, 125 Gang. See vein
in
naberg
-,
with
it,
245
at Sr.Jha cap'd
with ar-
ilone,
,
42
52
228
gra-
faites,
,
incumbent on
infenfibly
,
',
.91
in grey
micaceflate
236, 205 connects and degenerates into rrilcaceous and argillaceous flate; accordingly to be
nites,
,
267
confider'd
fituation
in
as
refpedt
to
a variety of
;
argillaceous flate
refpedi
but in
it is
to mixture
variety
of granites, 229
236247
,
degenerates at Com-
At Doznazka
errone-
}notau into
common
argil-
laceous
-,
flate,
247
56
Grift
;
common name
in
of py-
rites
fome Hunzarian
248
Gneijs
INDEX.
Gnei,
,
Silver-vein
a
in
it,
248,
is
312
312
common mabefides
trix of filver-veins,
,
contains,
fyhanians, found only immediately under the furface of the horizon, 121
130
A. Native.
1.
ihurmel^
315
In calcareous fpar
Gold-dufl and wolngs \ ia the Bannat of Te?nefwar found in the river fand
from Staniza,
2.
129
anti-
In radiate
129
127
On
blende and
mica,
garnets
and
fine
lead-glance,
5.
and
coals,
in the
77,
78
84
6 Fuezes,
7.
On
felenite
from 125
--87-91
On
auriferous
ted,
Bannat not to be defcribed to any goldveins, fmce never-found flicking to any matrix, 86
-,
,
pyrites
ftone,
8.
tended
takes,
9.
its
origin inveftiga-
grofs impofitions or
mif-
92
,
its
wafhino-o in the
in
Tranjfylvania
wo-
found under the turf in a fandy (Iratum, incumbent on argillaceous flate, 136
,
all
T'-anJJylvania carry
ven in feldfpath, from Nagyag, 98101 found with native filver, loi, 102, and orpiment, 102
_
duft,
is
2.
like
fcaly anti-
102
or
In
pyrites,
thoufand pounds,
iic
GM-orey
INDEX.
Gold-ore,
C. Aur'iferom
jiances
I.
ores
or
Sub-
127
Gold Feins
3.
in metallic rock.
At
Cfertes,
the
noduks
Kapnik,
2.
in
the
veins
1
at
54
Red
filver-ore au-
riferous,
from Trfzty an, 129 GUfb-re auriferous in horn-flone, 122 4. Lead-glance auri3.
ferous, in
white clay, at
1
Kianya,
in blue clay, from
29
152154
Theirauriferous quality diminifhes in the depth, 155, increafes wherever anti-
5. Pyrites auriferous,
Her128
black
zigan^
6. in
mony
appears,
5.
154
At Kremniz, run
in
black
from fouth
of
folid
clay,
from
8.
Cajonel,
129
from
Cajonel^
g.
on quartz, 129
on blende
ibid
rock.
from
Cajonet,
Gold-veins, running
A.
In
metallic
See
metallic-rock
At Abrud-hanya 1. near Xalathna, 1 1 In th^ Kirn ik-muntaifi they are thin and fnort ; being and deaf firflly vertical for eight fathoms ; then dipping till they become fearing and auriferous for about two fathoms, when they turn again and break
of,
2.
and auriferous pyrites, 194 6. At Nagyag, the metall ic rock covered with red clay, run from north to fouth, confifting of red feldfpath and white quartz lor 97 7. At Rota, run between green ifh calcareous and white metallic rock ;
At Sargo-Banya^
165, 166
to fouth,
and lead,
9.
fift
118
At Shemniz, run
con-
At
from north
rock
I
gold,
filvcr,
N D
E X.
of the higheft mountains and deepeft mines in Hungary and TranJJylvania, 202, 203
lead,
190
i8i
metallic rock cap'd with Hate confift of auriferous quarts native gold, auriferous
ores
;
Granite,
filver,
and
lead-
204
however may be incumbent in unexplored depths on fimpler
rocks, hitherto undifcovered, 204 does not contain
run from fouth to north, immediately under the turf, 123, 124 11. Jt Ui'banya^ or
Konigerg^
run between
200
many tinwhich
at
veins in Bohemia,
Platte,
at Catharinaberg,
of granite
263
Zinnwald
.
auriferous pyrites,
245
at
no 112
Loretto,
parallel
307309
at
The
granite,
tin-ftock
ftriped
Maria
of
Schlachniuaid cons of
confifts
two
with
JI7
and
pure quartz and tin-ore, This tin-ftock 291. furrounded with gneifs
ibid
2.
At
Felfo-banya^
A piece
run
in grey hornftone
207, 2oS
a ftate of
rock, which is under the former ; confift of zinnopel, which contains gold, lilver and other-metals, 159 164 Granite^ under columnar
metallic
Was
in
in
when
208
A grey and
fpecies
reddifh
bafaltes, between Lowofiz. and Topliz, 228 under gneifs 225 236 Is the undermoft Itratum
near
Kladraiu
breaks
and
INDEX.
prifms,
297
Granite,
may be produced
ttie
by modern revolutions,
as appears by
lava's
which
nitello,
refeaible to gra-
289
its
clay,
If
particles
feld-fpath
moulder into
called gneifs,
clay,
it is
Hungary fome thin metallic veins, 205 Never contains any quartznite, contains in
veins, and
is
229 236 Clay more or lefs mixed with quartz, mic and feld-ipath particks, ^29 236 247. Perhaps c .'na-clay, 230 235. quartzous
gneil's,
and
Wilkien
in
horrizontal
247.
'
297
is
296,
240
called
ceous
in
and
fand,
231
Bohemia pochwacke, 260 Aveinof blackifh flate runit at Platte, 261 Quartz and copper- veins running in it at G'/wzz, 176
Contains
veins at
Platte.,
iron-
ning; in
262
cry-
With
Granitcllo,
black
ftallized fherl,
296
to
refembling
lavas,
fome
289
131
brown
argillaceous flute
modern
Gypftim, conflantly found in and about the rock falttions,
in
floods
or revolu-
mmes.
pellucid
144
ftriped
in the
cumbent on lime,
213
white
at
rock-falt
165
And
By
problen:iatical
Habiclnvald near
CaJJel, co-A-
holes,
round 114
mine defcribed,
305
P. Fridzvahky errone-
trei,
Jietrings, fi(hed
223
gold,
in
frefh
water
the
b.
INDEX.
ver and
Grey.,
from P ///(',
Iron-ore^
jQrt
at Felfo-banya^
159- 164
fills
and
flint- like,
^#?
7791
in the northern
in
flate,
at
260
d.
272
Stoofs,
White, fchiilous
and rocky, refembling to calcedony, and flintlike, with petrifacftratified, near tions of corals ;
Lehotka,
1
granite,
or beflate, at
262
Hot-wells, at Ofen,
^
94 4
in
at
SheftiKiz,
265
ore appears in the upper-drifts of the tin-vein
at Gotte-gah,
193, 194 olatus planus HyfleroUthus, latior, in the fand-ftone beds on the HarzforcJI, 251 226 Jacquin. At Vienna, jafper. See zinnopel, -, Red or deaf zinnopei, found in micaceous clay-flate near Sihem<
ocher,
265
fubftantial
Kaolin,
is
the
earth of granites,
232
de-
Jr^/);z//f mountain-rock-veins,
152154
>'
39
'Joachijnbai
The moun254
veins unaf-
Kirmk-?noimtain, contains a great number of fhort and rich gold-veins, 117 Klein, a popular German name ufed in Hungary for the crofs- joints of the
main vein,
Kluft, fee Fijjiires.
171
The
fected by the direction of the valleys, 257 . The mines extremely deep, 256 joints or crofs-filTures, call-
ed Kleins
Jron-ore^
m Hungary,
Kneifs. See Gneifs. Koczians obfervations on th j gold-wafhings in the Bannat, 76 Koleferi (Sam.) Auraria Romano Dacica or account of the ancient Roman antiquities and mines in Tranf.
;
INDEX.
TranUylvanlay
Kremniz,
great
I o6 mining
vHreous or pretendi
ed
c. black.
^.blueifti, femi-tranfparent,
Limeone^ a cinnabar-vein in it, 120, 121 occurs in the , (fcaly) Simon Judas copper vein at Dognazka, 53 feems to have had a different origin, and to be either ancient or accidental, 210, 290 the granulated and fcaly deftitute of petrifactions,
,
210 mo-
167
.,
See metallic
rock^
Hungary
,
deftitute
of
Nagyag, and
ductions.
volcanic pro-
metallic veins,
tites in
211
head
glance^ auriferous,
129 124
and with native gold in white quartz and blende at Rota^ 155, 156
,
tophus, like ftalacglobular and columnar forms, produced near Liptaw by the waters coming from the higher Carpathian mounta is
Lead-vein
198
;
A. In limeftone
dita^
at
Mo199
Sapphire^ in
a popular
Ger-
man name
and
pellucid lava
of
vitreous
blueifli
;
124
femierroneoufly
i/w^Ki',incumben ton clay, metallic rock and granite, with fea-fhells at Bogariy 62 , incumbent on argil-
called Iceland-agathcy
167
laceous
,
flate,
2428
Alanganey red, cryftallifed in a hanging filTure of an auriferous zinnopcl-vcin, 161 Marmaros-ones^ oftangular alum-like quartz-cryftallifations,
J65
See
often
veins,
206
Mercury -mines.
INDEX.
quartz, feldfpath and bafalt-grains,
MetaUlc
called
- rock,
33, 34
jiazka,
,
54
Born) becaufe the richer mines oi that country are conftantly found in it, 33,
,
23
immediately
granite,
.34 in-
cumbent on
,
205 206
argil-
under
flate,
the
laceous
181 123
--97-^^5
with and fpargrains ; the common rock at Kremniz. and Shefnniz^ 181 igi--i23 contains gold and
,
Kremniz, 194 at Nagyag, 67-105 at Nagy-banya, 150 151 ;''"likewife filver at Sargo-banyy 165, 166 ; likewife lead at Rota^ 155, 156 contains copper,
veins at i)(?^/Z(7:^/Y7, 51 MicOy produced from clay, into which it moulders
(grey)
(herl,
quartz
again,
-,
229
lead-veins,
165166
-,
123125
a variety, inftead
marga,
as a wedge or ftock in the common metallic rock, 189 (white) with lithomarga, contains veins of quartz and clay with auriferous filver, gold and
white and difiblved in the copper veins and rocks at Dognazka^ 54 on cat-gold , (yellow) fkirts, and inclofes the tin- veins in granite at zinnwald, 309 M'ifpickkel, uniting with a lilver-vein improves It,3 18
Moldova
veins, rocks
and
ores defcribed,
44
a variety, naturally
fplit
and broken,
in flat
Nag-
and
yag
refembling to fome lava's from the Euganeanmounta'mi ; feems to be a volcanic producSlion, 133 -, avariety formed like bullets, found in the found metallic rock near the Therefta-vein at Shemniz,
;
302
,
incu?nbent ox accumu-
lated.^
are
modern
in ref-
on
i88
which
INDEX.
kenmb, a gold-mine and mining place, 96 105 Nagy-banya, mining, place,
or
affile
combs
veins, ores
and works,
mifmales
195
Nti?n'mularii , or lapides
98 nu-
Tranjfylvania^
from Tarda,
Ofe?i petrifacStions
wells,
Joachlmhal, quicken the vein, 261, 263 or pri?nogenial Primitive precarious mountains, a denomination, implying only that they are anterior the origin in time to of the incumbent more
at
modern
tains,
,
ftrata
caverns difcovered
at 'Joachimjlhal,
in
them
',
with
mineralized
267
petrifactions,
in
gold,
,
102
with
native
ful-
but
phur,
160
Hungary^
which run
Pe, a
in
PetrifaSfions
city in
184185
the
them,
265
tvald
309
quickens
tin-
near
,
146
-,
veins at Gottefgab,
in
266
white ftratihed
or
auriferous, in clay.
hornftone
at Lehotka,
-,
calcedony,
194
hornftone, blende,
,
in a trap-vein, run-
German miners
gary,
_
in
Hun217
Shemn'iZy 7nadrepore% or
porpites,
Petunfe,
is
veins at 5wo/mz,
172
in
which
232
national militia
*
)
in the
ivar,
Bannat of Temef1
{cryalUfations) point-
ed on both ends,
INDEX.
like
,
flate-mountalns
of
fhe
a tin-vein in gra-
Har%-frey
250
nite at
,
Zinnwald,
(fat) in the
A^-^t^^^,
309
gold1
vein at
01
-defcription of the coaibeds on the fumrnt and around the Habichivala irl
He,
Rock'falt, at
clay-flate,
305
Marmaros
fur-
contains
gold-pyrites
at
140
,
^lickftlver-veins at
"ua^
Dumhra-
confifts of ftratified
nt2iv
ZrJaOma^
am in
fait,
,
141
gypfum and
.
alabaf-
ter foi
flrata
common near the faltmines, 144 ,with incl uded waterdrops, 143 Romwi, name of the Wallachians
in
Sclavonian
tribe,
the
Bannaty
Bannat oT
,
T'^wf/jf^r,
their
14 language Scla-
14
vonian,
,
their character,
14 22
peculiar
to
mine
at
23
and clay, 231, 232 on the origin of chi, na-clay, kaolin and petunfe, 232
,
lifhed as flickon-fides,
oiten
giown
to the fides
ontheorigin of quartz
fand,
232
defcription of marine
petrifa6lions,
of the mountain-rock, 155 vein in , of the tin granite at Ziiimvald^ confift of yellow mica or catgold,
,
known
in-
209
cumbent oa
the
higher
many
veins, as the
tin-
INDEX.
gneifs have
Graupen in flcirts, but are immediately grown to the fides, 313, 314
tin-veins
at
no
3741
Sezuga ("Baron) 9, 10 Selenite, with native gold, 125 Shemntz ; mining placq, mountains, rocks, veins, ores and works, 180 194 Sherl (cryaWd) in metallic rock, 123 181 191 a. bluBy columnar, hexa-
Sal-ammoniacmzn\ii-&.dioty at
Bronfvicy
Salt
145
See Rock-falt. Sandaraca. See Tuiphur. Sand (quartz) on the feathe plainer fhores and countries probably, produced from decayed granative.
nite rock,
232, 233
flate
40
and me195
ful-
rock,
phur,
,
195
mineralized gold- pyrites in a ftock 1 at Facebay^ 1 in Hun-, furrounds gary the nobler metallic-
chimjlhal,
26.3,
264
Skalka
mountains,
,
ftone,
,
the word Kalika a point or fummit) the name of the top of a mountain in
of metal-
lic-veins,
-,
211
accidental
ilate-beds often
on fandftone,
,
with petrifadlions,
-,
of
unknown
Blach?nann
fignifies
at
fea-fliells
metallic
Kremniz white
filver-ore
incruftating quartz,
219
At Shemniz
b.
it
has another
fignification,
219
from
jfoa^
Bru-ore, a fpecies of
filver
native
Saa.
See veins.
Gla-
INDEX
d.
Glafs-ore,
in
cubic
fifiures,
produce
filver,
forms,
Silver- ore^
is
21 mineralized
with fulphur,
e.
2l8
272
See
Gosfe dtmg-ore^2iC)^
/.
g.
Mulm^
filver.
220 220
Native Bru-ore.
from 'Joach'imhal^ 271 with mineralized gold lOl, 102 at Nagyag^ 21 on pyrites,
dendritig, Native-fiher cal, from Budwei^ 3169
3'7
/>.
Gneifs being a common matrix of filver, 512 B. In Hornone, at Cfertes, 122 At 7netaUic-rock. C. In KreTnni% run from fouth to north, confift of folid quartz, and auriferous red and white filver- ore and
pyrites,
Plumofe
1. Gr<?)',
194
150, 151
in quartz,
219
219
2.
iPhite,
in
irony-
quartz,
i.
iJ^Y/.
1. auriferous^
124 129
218 124
at Kremni%,
at Topliza,
190
At
181
2. CryaUifed, at foachiiJi-
D. In
hiaci
clay-ate.
ft ill
Joachi?nhal,
from Saxony,
darker,
254257
At Clauhal
fore.
in the
Harz-
from J/idreaerg, darker, 257 on rofe-fpar from yoachi?nhal. 269 272 on cobalt, arfenical py-
At Weiperth
cumbent
flate,
in
between gneifs
E. In grey and
Slate,
253
hliie
clay-
ritesaiid
red
horn-ltone
ate, at Ratiehorziz,
316
in
fragments of
flate
granite,
207, 208
A.
Argillaceous ox clay-ate;
old- metallic
fVhitCy
;
auriferous
at
of the
tains,
and pre-
Kre7nmz
and
called
tended
primitive
in
mounto
its
B lachmann when
ting quartz,
Silver-veins.
incrufta-
refpeil
219
mixture, the fame as tha^ which is found in modern mountains ; but is different in refpedl of antiquity
INDEX.
Slat^^
A.
Argillaceous.
.
C. Grey, micaceous ate, incumbent on gneifs, covered u'ith limeftone. 44 confifts of grey clay and
caying into clay ; as apits being immediately connecting in the fame mafs witli gnei fs, 229 247 by petroleum
pears from
mica,
contains
Stoojs
;
240
243
at
iron-veins
fome
nefts of copper-ore,
175
changed into coals, 305 At Kladraw in Bohemia breaks and broken in regular cubic forms, or in rhomboidal prifms, 297
At Moldova,
44
176 267
incumbent
on on
granite,
incumbent
rock,
metallic
195 under limeftone, 24 28 contains iron veins and ftocks, 192 177 131 lead-veins in it, 192 132 at copper-veins in it,2o6 Neivfohl, 195, 196 At Oraviza under a hanging of limeftone, 28,29 filver veins, 253, 254
alum-works zxCommotaWy
247
Slickon-fides,
or vertical joints in
tallic
veins,
155
See
me-
257316
B.
Blue., rnicaceous clay-atCy
Saalband
Smolniz, mining place, 169
175
grey
clay
C. Grey, micaceous
is
clay-c/tCy
thai,
a variety of horn-flate,
260
Srbi,
272
arfe-
260
forms and fills a vein in hornflate,
name of
the Raizes in
261
StalaSiites arfenical, or
14
nic calx dripped in a ftaform, from Joachim-hal, 258 problematical fpecies,
Jaclical
259
Dogna-zka, copper-veins,
light, red
and yellow as
At
contains
amber
47
^V5
INDEX.
fy
;
refifts
the acids
gives
clay,
flate,
marie, fand,
no
fmell
when
burnt
259
dripped as ftalalites, 199 Stocks or Stochuorks at Deva and Dogna^ka^ erronecufly fo called, as confifting of many coinciding and uniting copperveins, which run in metallic rock, and micaceous clay flate, having a determined direction and
250
Sulphur^ for itsdeftroyins; the iron, recommended in the refining cf copper, 63 Howfeparated from the pyrites at S)nclni%,
,
74
fied)
crvftallifed
or fandaracain
ftallifed
dipping,
Stock
at
505394,
auriferous
95
hanya.
grey of a
orpiment.
fli
ftratified
cone
cubic
160
native in faad-
flone,
Temej'njar,
city,
ore ; inverted cones ; are crolTed by fome deaf and fome metallic
unhealthy,
n
1'm-ore, white, from Schonfeld, refembles to
white or
veins,
which feem
in
294
to continue
tain
the
fur-
gular inclofures orflickonlides (Stoceider) as the tin-ftock at Geyer in Saxonia ; feem to be the fummits of old granite-peaks, furrounded with gneifs by
incumbent
flate,
259
At
modern
revolutions,
269 ~27I--29I
may
ftone,
,
236
(modern)
238
Z
by
are
iron-veins
crofl'ed
conftantly
obi'erved
in
INDEX.
in Saxony to produce filver
in the crofling,
ceous olay-flate,
h.
c.
153206
Tin-veins^
gneifs,
at
black,
grey and
;
312
and tin262, 263
the tin-
d. greenio
At
ore,
confift of granite
At Schlackemvald,
293
at
black flate, 263, 264 under ground extremely hard ; moulders in open air into faponaceous bole,
Xinnwald
confift
in granite,
which
diflblves in water,
nite,
of
granite,
264
contained zX.'jQachimhal in the cow-vem a petrified and pretended antediluvian tree, which is defcribed,
307--309
At Ah er dam,
granite
the ve;ns in
tin
produce
265
caceous flate produce filver and cobalt, 258 Tickay, vitreous black and
blueifn pellucid lava, cal-
Gold
Vana
310, 311 See gold-veins. Tophus, feems to be proced by the fediments of hot wells, 194 Tor da Salt mines, 140
Tipliza,
works,
FlJJures
are
fmaller
Tranjfylvania.
Antiquities
Germany, 28 Combs or TVacken are large vertical veins of porphyry, trap and horn-,
Trap,
14 rock j a. blue \ ftriking fire with fteel ; unmetallic or confmall deaf taining but veins j cap'.d with micaargillaceous
by the Wallachiam,
Stocks
they
INDEX.
they have no diredion or run to any part of the
Veins, petrifaiSlions in veins,
184,
185265
Tin-veins.
Saal-
band.
Veins,
monly
thal,
leys, except
gary,
_
171
in
the
run,
is
but
determined in Gerynany by the compafs or a dial ; accordingly thofe w^hich run 'from eaft to weft, or vice verfa, between hour three andnineare eafternor JHorning-veins ; and thofe
main
crofs
vein, fo
it
that
they
either in the
run
Germany
a falUng-
They
filled
are
com-
monly
which
thofe
to
north, or vice verfa, between hour nine and three, are called Northern or
Midnight-veins,
,
i^'j
in a various
Their
is
dipping,
or
at
Cathari7iaberg^
inclination
rizon,
"Joachimfthal
it,
and Shemniz.
quadrant or fc6for ; and they get accordingly different names, 245 vertical or andingveins are thofe
245, 246261182,
,
at
vein deaf,
-,
which dip
feventy-
from ninety
five degrees.
to
at
Sliding
or
ipping Veins
lyi
(To?inlgigt) thofe
which
at Felfo-banya ftrike
dip
from feventy-five to
and air-condul:ors
in the gold-mines at
Na100
gyag,
Vitriol
INDEX.
Vitriol^
how
feparated from
confift of granite,
26^
pyrites,
_
175
Volcanic
petrified
found in a
trap-vein,
thal,
which runs in
Wachen
name
German
265
;
a great
mi-
262
14.
ning place
nia,
in
Tranff^lva-
by the inhabi-
'Lara-moreJ'Vallachian,
108110120 name
14
of Wallachia
to be
man
colonies,
14.
zinc
and
pyrites,
216-188
,
rupt Laiin,
atrrees
fome
loofer parts
and
216
with
in
14
Bannaty
,
their
15 religion the
Greek-,
petrified,
madreporse
in
its
non-united
,
make
in
ufe
17 of the
of
Greek alphabet.
,
184
Tranjfylvania
, at Feljo-banya the zinzopel-veins run in metallic rock and hornftone, contain auriferous filver,
159164
,
Platte,
which run
in and
OlalapoSy
166
FINIS.
BOOIL^
I-
fr'mted for
hi
G.
Kearsly,
at
No. 46,
Fleet-Street.
Roads, &c.] By an Officer. Containing an accurate Defcription of that Country. Including Paris, Verfailles, Fontainbleau, Marli, St. Germains, St. Cloud, and every public Building and Place worthy a Traveller's Notice. Lifts ot Lodging-Houfes, Ordinaries, Places of Amulement, with their Prices Stage-Coaches and Water-Carriages to different Parts of the Kingdom, with their Fares ; and every other Particular neceffary for the Information of
ftrangers.
II. The Tour of Holland, Dutch Brabant, the Auftrian Netherlands, and Part of France ; in which is included a Defcription of Paris and its Environs.
III. Ufeful Hints to thofewho make the Tour of France. In a Series of Letters written from that Kingdom. By Philip Thicknefle, Efq. Thefe Letters ('none of which were ever publiflied before) contain fome Account of the interior Police in general, and of Paris in particular, with a confiderable Numberof entertaining Anecdotes, relative to the firft perfonages on that Part of the Continent.
Thefe three Volumes, which may be had feparate or together, Price 3s each, will enable Travellers to make the Tour of France and the Low Cor.ntriei ; as they contain every Thing worthy the and will Attention of the moft minute Enquirer prevent, if properly attended to, the fcandalous impofitions too offen pradtifed by the Publicans upon the continent.The laft Article only is written
-,
\*
by Mr. Thickneffe.
,>