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Inclusion hyperspaces and capacities on Tychono
spaces: functors and monads
6
Oleh Nykyforchyn
a,
, Dusan Repovs
b
a
Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian
National University, Shevchenka 57, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine, 76025
b
Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, and Faculty of Education, University of Ljubljana,
P.O. Box 2964, Ljubljana, Slovenia, 1001
Abstract
The inclusion hyperspace functor, the capacity functor and monads for these
functors have been extended from the category of compact Hausdor spaces to
the category of Tychono spaces. Properties of spaces and maps of inclusion
hyperspaces and capacities (non-additive measures) on Tychono spaces are
investigated.
Keywords: Inclusion hyperspace, capacity, functor, monad (triple), Tychono
space
2000 MSC: 18B30
Introduction
The category of compact Hausdor topological spaces is probably the most
convenient topological category for a categorical topologist. A situation is usual
when some results are rst obtained for compacta and then extended with much
eort to a wider class of spaces and maps, see e.g. factorization theorems
for inverse limits [13]. Many classical construction on topological spaces lead
to covariant functors in the category of compacta, and categorical methods
proved to be ecient tools to study hyperspaces, spaces of measures, symmetric
products etc [17]. We can mention the hyperspace functor exp [15], the inclusion
hyperspace functor G[8], the probability measure functor P [5], and the capacity
functor M which was recently introduced by Zarichnyi and Nykyforchyn [18] to
study non-additive regular measures on compacta.
Functors exp, P, G, M have rather good properties. The functors exp and P
belong to a dened by

Scepin class of normal functors, while G and M satisfy all
6
This research was supported by the Slovenian Research Agency grants P1-0292-0101, J1-
9643-0101 and BI-UA/09-10-002, and by the Ministry of Science and Education of Ukraine
project M/113-2009.

Corresponding author
Email addresses: oleh.nyk@gmail.com (Oleh Nykyforchyn),
dusan.repovs@guest.arnes.si (Dusan Repovs)
Preprint submitted to Elsevier December 31, 2010
requirements of normality but preservation of preimages, hence are only weakly
normal. They are functorial parts of monads [15, 18].
Unfortunately the functors exp and G lose most of their nice properties when
they are extended from the category of compacta to the category of Tychono
spaces. Moreover, a meaningful extension usually is not unique. An interested
reader is referred, e.g. to [1], where four extensions to the category of Tychono
spaces of the probability measure functor P are discussed, and two of them are
investigated in detail.
The aim of this paper is extend the inclusion hyperspace functor, the ca-
pacity functor and monads for these functors from the category of compacta to
the category of Tychono spaces, and to study properties of these extensions.
We will use ne tuning of standard denitions of hyperspaces and inclusion
hyperspaces to save as much topological and categorical properties valid for
the compact case as possible.
1. Preliminaries
In the sequel a compactum is a compact Hausdor topological space. The unit
segment I = [0; 1] is considered as a subspace of the real line R with the natural
topology. We say that a function : X I separates subsets A, B X if
[
A
1, [
B
0. If such exists for A and B and is continuous, then we call
these sets completely separated. We write A
op
X or A
cl
X if A is respectively
an open or a closed subset of a space X. The set of all continuous functions
from a space X to a space Y is denoted by C(X, Y ).
See [7] for denitions of category, functor, natural transformation, monad
(triple), morphism of monads. For a category ( we denote the class of its objects
by Ob (. The category of Tychono spaces T ych consists of all Tychono (=
completely regular) spaces and continuous maps between them. The category of
compacta (omp is a full subcategory of T ych and contains all compacta and their
continuous maps. We say that a functor F
1
in T ych or in (omp is a subfunctor
of a functor F
2
in the same category if there is a natural transformation F
1
F
2
with all components being embeddings. Similarly a monad F
1
is a submonad
of a monad F
2
if there is a morphism of monads F
1
F
2
such that all its
components are embeddings.
From now on we denote the set of all nonempty closed subsets of a topo-
logical space X by exp X, though sometimes this notation is used for the set of
all compact non-empty subsets, and the two meaning can even coexist in one
text [6]. A lot of topologies on exp X can be found in literature. The upper topol-
ogy
u
is generated by the base which consist of all sets F exp X [ F U,
where U is open in X. The lower topology
l
has the subbase F expX [
F X = [ U
op
X. The Vietoris topology
v
is the least topology that
contains both the upper and the lower topologies. It is de facto the default
topology on exp X, to the great extent due to an important fact that, for a
compact Hausdor space X, the space exp X with the Vietoris topology is com-
pact and Hausdor. It f : X Y is a continuous map of compacta, then
2
the map exp f : expX exp Y , which sends each non-empty closed subset F
of X to its image f(Y ), is continuous. Thus we obtain the hyperspace functor
exp : (omp (omp.
A non-empty closed with respect to the Vietoris topology subset T exp X
is called an inclusion hyperspace if A B expX, A T imply B T. The
set GX of all inclusion hyperspaces on the space X is closed in exp
2
X, hence
is a compactum with the induced topology if X is a compactum. This topology
can also be determined by a subbase which consists of all sets of the form
U
+
= T GX [ there is F T, F U,
U

= T GX [ F U = for all F T,
with U open in X. If the map Gf : GX GY for a continuous map f : X Y
of compacta is dened as Gf(G) = B
cl
Y [ B f(A) for some A T,
T GX, then G is the inclusion hyperspace functor in (omp.
We follow a terminology of [18] and call a function c : exp X I a
capacity on a compactum X if the three following properties hold for all closed
subsets F, G of X :
(1) c() = 0, c(X) = 1;
(2) if F G, then c(F) c(G) (monotonicity);
(3) if c(F) < a, then there exists an open set U F such that for any G U
we have c(G) < a (upper semicontinuity).
The set of all capacities on a compactum X is denoted by MX. It was shown
in [18] that a compact Hausdor topology is determined on MX with a subbase
which consists of all sets of the form
O

(F, a) = c MX [ c(F) < a,

where F
cl
X, a R, and
O
+
(U, a) = c MX [ c(U) > a =
c MX [ there exists a compactum F U, c(F) > a,
where U
op
X, a R. The same topology can be dened as weak

topology,
i.e. the weakest topology on MX such that for each continuous function :
X [0; +) the correspondence which sends each c MX to the Choquet
integral [3] of w.r.t. c

X
(x) dc(x) =

+
0
c(x X [ (x) a) da
is continuous. If f : X Y is a continuous map of compacta, then the map
Mf : MX MY is dened as follows : Mf(c)(F) = c(f
1
(F)), for c MX
and F
cl
Y . This map is continuous, and we obtain the capacity functor M in
the category of compacta.
3
A monad F in a category ( is a triple (F,
F
,
F
), with F : ( ( a functor,

F
: 1
C
F and
F
: F
2
F natural transformations, such that
F
X

F
FX =
F
X F
F
X = 1
FX
,
F
X F
F
X =
F
X
F
FX for all objects
X of (. Then F,
F
,
F
are called resp. the functorial part, the unit and the
multiplication of F. For the inclusion hyperspace monad G = (G,
G
,
G
) the
components of the unit and the multiplication are dened by the formulae [11]:

G
X(x) = F expX [ F x, x X,
and

G
X(F) = F expX [ F

H for some H F, F G
2
X.
In the capacity monad M = (M,
M
,
M
) [18] the components of the unit
and the multiplication are dened as follows:

M
(x)(F) =

1, x F,
0, x / F,
x X, F
cl
X,
and

M
X(()(F) = sup I [ ((c MX [ c(F) ) , ( M
2
, F
cl
X.
An internal relation between the inclusion hyperspace monad and the capacity
monad is presented in [18, 9].
It is well known that the correspondence which sends each Tychono space
X to its Stone-

Cech compactication X is naturally extended to a functor

: T ych (omp. For a continuous map f : X Y of Tychono spaces
the map f : X Y is the unique continuous extension of f. In fact
this functor is left adjoint [7] to the inclusion functor U which embeds (omp
into T ych. The collection i = (iX)
XObT ych
of natural embeddings of all
Tychono spaces into their Stone-

Cech compactications is a unique natural

transformation 1
T ych
U (a unit of the adjunction, cf. [7]).
In this paper monotonic always means isotone.
2. Inclusion hyperspace functor and monad in the category of Ty-
chono spaces
First we modify the Vietoris topology on the set exp X for a Tychono space
X. Distinct closed sets in X have distinct closures in X, but the map e
exp
X
which sends each F exp X to Cl
X
F exp X generally is not an embed-
ding when the Vietoris topology are considered on the both spaces, although is
continuous. It is easy to prove :
Lemma 2.1. Let X be a Tychono space. Then the unique topology on expX,
such that e
exp
X is an embedding into exp X with the Vietoris topology, is
4
determined by a base which consists of all sets of the form
'U
1
, . . . , U
k
` = F exp X [ F is completely separated from
X ` (U
1
U
k
), F U
i
= , i = 1, . . . , k,
with all U
i
open in X.
Observe that our use of the notation '. . . ` diers from its traditional mean-
ing [15], but agrees with it if X is a compactum. Hence this topology coincides
with the Vietoris topology for each compact Hausdor space X, but may be
weaker for noncompact spaces. The topology is not changed when we take a
less base which consists only of 'U
1
, . . . , U
k
` for U
i

op
X such that U
2
U
k
is completely separated from X ` U
1
. We can also equivalently determine our
topology with a subbase which consists of the sets
'U` = F exp X [ F is completely separated from X ` U
and
'X, U` = F expX [ F U =
with U running over all open subsets of X.
Observe that the sets of the second type form a subbase of the lower topol-
ogy
l
on exp X, while a subbase which consists of the sets of the rst form
determines a topology that is equal or weaker than the upper topology
u
on
expX. We call it an upper separation topology (not only for Tychono spaces)
and denote by
us
. Thus the topology introduced in the latter lemma is a lowest
upper bound of
l
and
us
. From now on we always consider expX with this
topology, if otherwise is not specied. We also denote by exp
l
X, exp
u
X and
exp
us
X the set exp X with the respective topologies.
If f : X Y is a continuous map of Tychono spaces, then we dene the
map exp f : expX expY by the formula expf(F) = Cl f(F). The equality
e
exp
Y expf = exp f e
exp
X implies that exp f is continuous, and we obtain
an extension of the functor exp in (omp to T ych. Unfortunately, the extended
functor exp does not preserve embeddings.
Now we consider how to dene valid inclusion hyperspaces in Tychono
spaces.
Lemma 2.2. Let a family T of non-empty closed sets of a Tychono space X
is such that A B
cl
X, A T imply B T. Then the following properties
are equivalent :
(a) T is a compact set in exp
l
X;
(b) for each monotonically decreasing net (F

) of elements of T the inter-

section

also is in T.
Each such T is closed in exp
us
X, hence in exp X. If X is compact, then these
conditions are also equivalent to :
(c) T is an inclusion hyperspace.
5
Proof. Assume (a), and let (F

) be a monotonically decreasing net of elements

of T. If

/ T, then the collection 'X, X` F

` is an open cover of T that

does not contain a nite subcover, which contradicts the compactness of T in
the lower topology. Thus (a) implies (b).
Let (b) hold, and we have a cover of T by subbase elements 'X, U

`, /.
If there is no nite subcover, then T contains all sets of the form X ` (U
1
)
U

k
,
1
, . . . ,
k
/. These sets form a ltered family, which may be
considered as a monotonically decreasing net of elements of T. Hence, by the
assumption, T contains their non-empty intersection B = X`

A
U

that does
not intersect any of U

. This contradiction shows that each open cover of T

by subbase elements contains a nite subcover, and by Alexander Lemma T is
compact, i.e. (a) is valid.
Let T satisfy (b), and let C be a point of closure of T in exp
us
X. Then for
each neighborhood U C there is F T such that F is completely separated
from X ` U, therefore Cl U T. The set | of all closures Cl U, with U a
neighborhood of C, is ltered. Therefore

| = C T, hence T is closed
in exp
us
X. If X is a compactum, then T satises the denition of inclusion
hyperspace, i.e. (c) is true.
It is also obvious that an inclusion hyperspace on a compactum satises
(b).
Therefore we call a collection T of non-empty closed sets of a Tychono
space X a compact inclusion hyperspace in X if A B
cl
X, A T imply
B T, and T is compact in the lower topology on exp X. Note that the
lower topology is non-Hausdor for non-degenerate X. The set of all compact
inclusion hyperspaces in X will be denoted by

GX.
Let G

X be the set of all inclusion hyperspaces ( in X with the property :

if A, B
cl
X, A X = B X, then A ( B (. Observe that each
such ( does not contain subsets of X ` X.
The latter lemma implies :
Proposition 2.3. A collection T exp X is a compact inclusion hyperspace if
and only if it is equal to G X [ G ( for a unique ( G

X .
We denote the map

GX GX which sends each T

GX to the respective
( by e
G
X. It is easy to see that e
G
X(T) is equal to G exp X [ GX T.
We dene a Tychono topology on

GX by the requirement that e
G
X is an
embedding into GX. An obvious inclusion Gf(G

X) G

Y for a continuous
map f : X Y allows to dene a continuous map

Gf :

GX

GY as a
restriction of the map Gf, i.e. by the equality Gf e
G
X = e
G
Y

Gf. Of
course,

Gf(T) = G
cl
Y [ G f(F) for some F T for T

GX. A
functor

G in the category of Tychono spaces is obtained. Its denition implies
that e
G
= (e
G
X)
XObT ych
is a natural transformation

G UG, with all
components being embeddings, therefore

G is a subfunctor of UG. Note also
that e
G
X =

GiX for all Tychono spaces X.
6
Due to the form of the standard subbase of GX, we obtain :
Proposition 2.4. The topology on

GX can be determined by a subbase which
consists of all sets of the form
U
+
= T

GX [ there is F T, F is completely separated from X ` U,
U

= T

GX [ F U = for all F T,
with U open in X.
Observe that this interpretation of U
+
, U

for Tychono spaces agrees with

the standard one for compact Hausdor spaces.
As it was said before, the functor exp : T ych T ych does not preserve
embeddings, thus we cannot regard exp expX as a subspace of exp expX,
although exp X is a subspace of exp X. We can only say that image under exp
of the embedding exp X expX is continuous. Therefore a straightforward
attempt to embed

GX into exp
2
X fails, while

GX is embedded into exp
2
X.
Now we will show that the topology on

GX is the weak topology with respect
to a collection of maps into the unit interval.
Lemma 2.5. Let a map : X I be continuous. Then the map : exp X I
which sends each non-empty closed subset F X to sup
xF
(x) (or inf
xF
(x)) is
continuous.
Proof. We prove for sup, the other case is analogous. Let sup
xF
(x) = < ,
, I. The set U =
1
([0;
+
2
)) is open, and F is completely separated
from X ` U, hence F 'U`. If G expX, G 'U`, then sup
xF
(x)
+
2
<
as well, and the preimage of the set [0; ) under the map is open.
Now let sup
xF
(x) = > , , I. There exists a point x F such that
(x) >
+
2
, hence F intersects the open set U =
1
((
+
2
; 1]). Then 'X, U`
F, and G exp X, G 'X, U` implies sup
xG
(x)
+
2
> . Therefore the
preimage
1
(; 1] is open as well, which implies the continuity of .
Lemma 2.6. Let a function : exp X I be continuous and monotonic. Then
attains its minimal value on each compact inclusion hyperspace T

GX.
Proof. If is continuous and monotonic, then it is lower semicontinuous with
respect to the lower topology. Then the image of the compact set T under is
compact in the topology I (a, +) [ a R on I, therefore (T) contains a
least element.
Proposition 2.7. The topology on

GX is the weakest among topologies such
that for each continuous function : X I the map m

which sends each

T

GX to minsup
F
[ F T is continuous. If : expX I is a continuous
monotonic map, then the map which sends each T

GX to min(F) [ F T
is continuous w.r.t. this topology.
7
Proof. Let : exp X I be a continuous monotonic map, and min(F) [ F
T < , then there is F T such that (F) < . Due to continuity there is
a neighborhood 'U
1
, . . . , U
k
` F such that (G) < for all G 'U
1
, . . . , U
k
`.
For is monotonic, the inequality (G) < is valid for all G 'U
1
U
k
`.
Therefore min(G) [ G ( < for all ( (U
1
U
k
)
+
, and the latter
open set contains T.
If min(F) [ F T > , then (F) > for all F T. The function
is continuous, hence each F T is in a basic neighborhood 'U
0
, U
1
, . . . , U
k
` in
expX such that for all G in this neighborhood the inequality (G) > holds.
We can assume that U
1
U
2
U
k
is completely separated from X ` U
0
,
then (G) > also for all G 'X, U
1
, U
2
, . . . , U
k
`. The latter set is an open
neighborhood of F in the lower topology. The set T is compact in exp
l
X,
therefore we can choose a nite subcover 'U
1
1
, . . . , U
1
k1
, . . . , 'U
n
1
, . . . , U
n
kn
of T
such that G 'U
l
1
, . . . , U
l
k
l
`, 1 l n, implies (G) > . Then T is in an
open neighborhood
| =

(U
1
j1
U
2
j2
U
n
jn
)

[ 1 j
1
k
1
, 2 j
2
k
2
, . . . n j
n
k
n
.
Each element G of any compact inclusion hyperspace ( | intersects all
U
l
1
, . . . , U
l
k
l
for at least one l 1, . . . , n, therefore min(G) [ G ( > for
all ( |. Thus min(F) [ F T is continuous w.r.t. T

GX.
Due to Lemma 2.5 it implies that the map m :

GX I
C(X,I)
, m(T) =
(m

(T))
C(X,I)
for T

GX, is continuous.
Now let T U
+
for U
op
X, i.e. there is F T and a continuous function
: X I such that [
F
0, [
X\U
= 1. Then m

(T) < 1/2, and for any

(

GX the inequality m

(() < 1/2 implies ( U

+
.
If T U

, U
op
X, then due to the compactness of T we can choose V
op
X
such that T V

, and there is a continuous map : X I such that [

V
= 1,
[
X\U
= 0. Then m

(T) = 1 > 1/2, and for each (

GX the inequality
m

(() > 1/2 implies ( U

. Therefore the inverse to m is continuous on

m(

GX), thus the map m :

GX I
C(X,I)
is an embedding, which completes
the proof.
Remark 2.8. It is obvious that the topology on

GX can be equivalently dened
as the weak topology w.r.t. the collection of maps m

:

GX I, m

(T) =
maxinf
F
[ F T, for all C(X, I).
Further we will need the subspace

GX = T

GX [ for all F T there is a compactum K F, K T

GX.
It is easy to see that its image under e
G
X :

GX GX is the set
G

X = ( G

X [ for all G ( there is a compactum K G X, K (,

and

Gf(

GX)

GY for each continuous map f : X Y of Tychono spaces.
Thus we obtain a subfunctor

G of the functor

G : T ych T ych.
8
Lemma 2.9. Let X be a Tychono space. Then
G
X

Ge
G
X(

G
2
X)
e
G
X(

GX).
The composition in the above inclusion is legal because

GX = GX.
Proof. Let F

G
2
X, T =
G
X

Ge
G
X(F), and F, G
cl
X are such that
F X = G X. Assume F T, then there is H F such that F (
for all ( Cl
GX
e
G
X(H), therefore for all ( e
G
X(H). It is equivalent to
F X 1 for all 1 H

GX, which in particular implies that F X = .
By the assumption, G X 1 for all 1 H as well, hence G ( for all
( e
G
X(H). The set of all 1

GX such that 1 A is closed for any
A exp X, thus G ( for all ( Cl
GX
e
G
X(H). We infer that G T, and
T

GX.
For e
G
X is an embedding, we dene
G
X as a map

G
2
X

GX such that
e
G
X
G
X =
G
X

Ge
G
X. This map is unique and continuous. Following
the latter proof, we can see that

G
(F) = F exp X [ F

H for some H F, F

G
2
X,
i.e. the formula is the same as in (omp.
For the inclusion
G
X iX(X) e
G
X(

GX) is also true, there is a unique
map
G
X : X

GX such that e
G
X
G
X =
G
X iX, namely
G
X(x) =
F expX [ F x for each x X, and this map is continuous. It is
straightforward to prove that the collections
G
= (
G
X)
XObT ych
and
G
=
(
G
X)
XObT ych
are natural transformations resp. 1
T ych


G and

G
2

G.
Theorem 2.10. The triple

G = (

G,
G
,
G
) is a monad in T ych.
Proof. Let X be a Tychono space and iX its embedding into X. Then :
e
G
X X

GX = X

Ge
G
X

GX =
X GX e
G
X = 1
GX
e
G
X = e
G
X,
thus
G
X

G X =
G
X
G

GX = 1
GX
, similarly we obtain the equalities

G
X

G
G
X = 1
GX
and
G
X

G
G
X =
G
X
G

GX.
For

GX,
G
X,
G
X coincide with GX,
G
X,
G
X for any compactum X,
the monad

G is an extension of the monad G in (omp to T ych.
3. Functional representation of the capacity monad in the category
of compacta
In the sequel X is a compactum, c is a capacity on X and : X R is a
continuous function. We dene the Sugeno integral of with respect to c by
the formula [10] :

X
(x) dc(x) = supc(x X [ (x) ) [ I.
9
The following theorem was recently obtained (in an equivalent form) by
Radul [12] under more restrictive conditions, namely restrictions of normalized-
ness and non-expandability were also imposed. Therefore for the readers con-
venience we provide a formulation and a short proof of a version more suitable
for our needs.
Theorem 3.1. Let X be a compactum, c a capacity on X. Then the functional
i : C(X, I) I, i() =

X
(x) dc(x) for C(X, I), has the following
properties :
(1) for all , C(X, I) the inequality (i.e. (x) (x) for all
x X) implies i() i() (i is monotonic);
(2) i satises the equalities i( ) = i(), i( ) = i() for any
I, C(X, I).
Conversely, any functional i : C(X, I) I satisfying (1),(2) has the form
i() =

X
(x) dc(x) for a uniquely determined capacity c MX.
In the two following lemmata i : C(X, I) I is a functional that satises
(1),(2).
Lemma 3.2. If I and continuous functions , : X I are such that
x X [ (x) x X [ (x) and i() , then i() .
Proof. For = 0 the statement is trivial. Otherwise assume i() . Let
0 < . For , are continuous, there is (; ) such that the closed
sets F =
1
([0; ]) and G =
1
([, 1]) have an empty intersection. Then, by
Brouwer-Tietze-Urysohn Theorem, there is a continuous function : X [; ]
such that [
F
, [
G
. Then we dene a function f : X I as follows :
f(x) =

(x), x F,
(x), x / F G,
(x), x G.
Then f = , thus
i(f) = i( f) = i( ) = i() = ,
and i(f) = . Taking into account f = , we obtain
= i(f) = i( f) = i( ) = i(),
thus i() for all < . It implies i() .
Obviously if x X [ (x) = x X [ (x) , then i() if
and only if i() .
10
Lemma 3.3. For each closed set F X and I the equality
infi() [
F
= infi() [
F

is valid.
Proof. It is sucient to observe that for all 0 < the sets [

F
and [
F
coincide, therefore by the previous lemma :
infi() [
F
= infi() [
F
= inf i() [
F
.
For the both expressions infi() [
F
and infi() [
F
do
not exceed , they are equal.
Proof of the theorem. It is obvious that Sugeno integral w.r.t. a capacity sat-
ises (1),(2). If i is Sugeno integral w.r.t. some capacity c, then the equality
c(F) = infi() [
F
must hold for all F
cl
X. To prove the converse, we
assume that i : C(X, I) I satises (1),(2) and use the latter formula to dene
a set function c. It is obvious that the rst two conditions of the denition of
capacity hold for c. To show upper semicontinuity, assume that c(F) < for
some F
cl
X, I. Then there is a continuous function : X I such that

F
, i() < . Let i() < < , then
i() = i() = i( ) c(x X [ (x) ),
which implies c(x X [ (x) ) < < . The set U = x X [ (x) >
is an open neighborhood of F such that c(G) < for all G
cl
X, G U. Thus
c is upper semicontinuous and therefore it is a capacity.
The two previous lemmata imply that for any C(X, I) we have
i() = sup I [ i() = sup I [ c(x X [ (x) ) =
sup c(x X [ (x) ) [ I =

X
(x) dc(x).
Lemma 3.4. Let : X I be a continuous function. Then the map

:
MX I which sends each capacity c to

X
(x) dc(x) is continuous.
Proof. Observe that

1
(([0; )) = O

(
1
([0; ]), ),

1
(((; 1]) = O
+
(
1
((; 1]), )
for all I.
Corollary 3.5. The map X I
C(X,I)
which sends each capacity c on X to
(

(c))
C(X,I)
is an embedding.
11
Recall that its image consists of all monotonic functionals from C(X, I) to
I which satisfy (1),(2). Therefore from now on we identify each capacity and
the respective functional. By the latter statement the topology on MX can be
equivalently dened as weak

topology using Sugeno integral instead of Choquet

integral. We also write c() for

X
(x) dc(x).
The following observation is a trivial continuous version of Theorem 6.5 [10].
Proposition 3.6. Let C MX and C(X, I). Then
M
X(C)() = C(

).
Proof. Indeed, the both sides are greater or equal than I if and only if
Cc MX [ c() .
It is also easy to see that
M
X(x)() = (x) for all x X, C(X, I).
Thus we have obtained a description of the capacity monad M in terms of
functionals which is a complete analogue of the description of the probability
monad P [5, 15]. Now we can easily reprove the continuity of
M
X and
M
X,
as well as the fact that M= (M,
M
,
M
) is a monad.
4. Extensions of the capacity functor and the capacity monad to the
category of Tychono spaces
We will extend the denition of capacity to Tychono spaces. A function
c : expX I is called a regular capacity on a Tychono space X if it
is monotonic, satises c() = 0, c(X) = 1 and the following property of upper
semicontinuity or outer regularity : if F
cl
X and c

(F) < , I, then there

is an open set U F in X such that F and X ` U are completely separated,
and c

(G) < for all G U, G

cl
X.
This denition implies that each closed set F is contained in some zero-set
Z such that c(F) = c(Z).
Each capacity c on any compact space Y satises also the property which
is called -smoothness for additive measures and have two slightly dierent
formulations [1, 16]. Below we show that they are equivalent for Tychono
spaces.
Lemma 4.1. Let X be a Tychono space and m : exp X I a monotonic
function. Then the two following statements are equivalent :
(a) for each monotonically decreasing net (F

) of closed sets in X and a

closed set G X, such that

G, the inequality inf

c(F

) c(G) is valid;
(b) for each monotonically decreasing net (Z

) of zero-sets in X and a closed

set G X, such that

G, the inequality inf

c(Z

) c(G) is valid.
Proof. It is obvious that (a) implies (b). Let (b) hold, and let a net (F

) and a
set G satisfy the conditions of (a). We denote the set of all pairs (F

, a) such
that a X ` F

by A, and let be the set of all non-empty nite subsets

12
of A. The space X is Tychono, hence for each pair (F

, a) A there is a
zero-set Z
,a
F

such that Z
,a
a. For = (
1
, a
1
), . . . , (
k
, a
k
) we
put Z

= Z
1,a1
Z

k
,a
k
. If is ordered by inclusion, then (Z

is a
monotonically decreasing net such that

G, thus inf

c(F

)
inf

c(G), and (a) is valid.

We call a function c : exp X I a -smooth capacity if it is monotonic,
satises c() = 0, c(X) = 1 and any of the two given above equivalent properties
of -smoothness. It is obvious that each -smooth capacity is a regular capacity,
but the converse is false. E.g. the function c : exp N I which is dened
by the formulae c() = 0, c(F) = 1 as F N, F = , is a regular capacity that
is not -smooth. For compacta the two classes coincide.
From now all capacities are -smooth, if otherwise is not specied.
Now we show that capacities on a Tychono space X can be naturally identi-
ed with capacities with a certain property on the Stone-

Cech compactication
X.
Lemma 4.2. Let c be a capacity on X. Then the following statements are
equivalent :
(1) for each closed sets F, G X such that F X G, the inequality
c(F) c(G) is valid;
(2) for each monotonically decreasing net (

) of continuous functions X
I and a continuous function : X I such that inf

(x) (x) for all

x X, the inequality inf

c(

) c() is valid.
Proof. (1) = (2). Let c() < , I, then c(Z
0
) < for the closed set
Z
0
= x X [ (x) . The intersection Z of the closed sets Z

= x
X [

(x) satises the inclusion ZX Z

0
, hence by (1): c(Z) c(Z
0
).
Due to -smoothness of c we obtain inf

c(Z

) c(Z). Therefore there exists

an index such that c(x X [

(x) ) < , thus c(

) < , and
inf

c(

) < , which implies the required inequality.

(2) = (1). Let a continuous function : X I be such that [
G
= 1.
Denote the set of all continuous functions : X I such that [
F
1 by T.
We consider the order on T which is reverse to natural:

if

, then
the collection T can be regarded as a monotonically decreasing net such that
((x))
F
converges to 1 for all x XG, and to 0 for all x X`G. Therefore
inf
F
(x) (x) for all x X, hence, by the assumption: inf
F
c() c().
Thus
infc() [ : X I is continuous, [
F
1
infc() [ : X I is continuous, [
G
1,
i.e. c(F) c(G).
13
We dene the set of all c MX that satisfy (1) (2) by M

X.
Condition (1) implies that, if closed sets F, G X are such that F X =
G X, then c(F) = c(G). Therefore we can dene a set function c : expX
I as follows : if A
cl
X, then c(A) = c(F) for any set F
cl
X such that
F X = A. Obviously c(A) = infc() [ C(X, I),
A
.
The following observation, although almost obvious, is a crucial point in our
exposition.
Proposition 4.3. A set function c

: exp X I is equal to c for some

c M

X if and only if c

is a -smooth capacity on X.
Therefore we dene the set of all capacities on X by

MX and identify it with
the subset M

X MX. We obtain an injective map e

M
X :

MX MX,
and from now on we assume that a topology on

MX is such that e
M
X is an
embedding. Thus

MX for a Tychono X is Tychono as well.
If c is a capacity on X and : X I is a continuous function, we dene
the Sugeno integral of w.r.t. c by the usual formula :
c() =

X
(x) dc(x) = sup cx X [ (x) [ I.
For any continuous function : X I we denote by its Stone-

Cech
compactication, i.e. its unique continuous extension to a function X I.
Proposition 4.4. Let c M

X and c is dened as above. Then for any

continuous function : X I we have c() = c().
Proof. It is sucient to observe that
c(x X [ (x) ) = c(x X [ (x) ).
Thus the topology on

MX can be equivalently dened as the weak

-topology
using Sugeno integral. It also immediately implies that the following theorem
is valid.
Theorem 4.5. Let X be a Tychono space, c a capacity on X. Then the
functional i : C(X, I) I, i() =

X
(x) dc(x) for C(X, I), has the
following properties :
(1) for all , C(X, I) the inequality (i.e. (x) (x) for all
x X) implies i() i() (i is monotonic);
(2) i satises the equalities i( ) = i(), i( ) = i() for any
I, C(X, I);
14
(3) for each monotonically decreasing net (

) of continuous functions X I
and a continuous function : X I such that inf

(x) (x) for all

x X, the inequality inf

i(

) i() is valid.
Conversely, any functional i : C(X, I) I satisfying (1)(3) has the form
i() =

X
(x) dc(x) for a uniquely determined capacity c

MX.
Condition (3) is superuous for a compact space X, but cannot be omitted
for noncompact spaces. E.g. the functional, which sends each C(R, I) to
sup , has properties (1),(2), but fails to satisfy (3).
The following statement is an immediate corollary of an analogous theorem
for the compact case.
Proposition 4.6. The topology on

MX can be equivalently determined by a
subbase which consists of all sets of the form
O
+
(U, ) = c

MX [ there is F
cl
X,
F is completely separated from X ` U, c(F) >
for all open U X, I, and of the form
O

(F, ) = c

MX [ c(F) <
for all closed F X, I.
Like the compact case, for a continuous map f : X Y of Tychono spaces
we dene a map

Mf :

MX

MY by the two following equivalent formulae:

Mf(c)(F) = c(f
1
(F)), with c

MX, F
cl
Y (if set functions are used),
or

Mf(c)() = c( f) for c

MX, C(X, I) (if we regard capacities
as functionals). The latter representation implies the continuity of

Mf, and
we obtain a functor

M in the category T ych of Tychono spaces that is an
extension of the capacity functor M in (omp.
The map e
M
X :

MX MX coincides with

MiX, where iX is the em-
bedding X X (we identify

MX and MX), and the collection e
M
=
(e
M
X)
XOb T ych
is a natural transformation from the functor

M to the func-
tor UM, with U : (omp T ych being the inclusion functor. Observe that

M
X(X) M

X = e
M
X(

MX), therefore there is a continuous restriction

M
X =
M
X[
X
: X

MX which is a component of a natural transforma-
tion e
M
: 1
T ych


M. For all x X Ob T ych, F
cl
X the value
G
X(x)(F)
is equal to 1 if x F, otherwise is equal to 0.
Lemma 4.7. Let X be a Tychono space. Then
M
X

Me
M
X(

M
2
X)
e
M
X(

MX).
15
Proof. Let C

M
2
X, and F, G
cl
X are such that F X G. Then for all
c M

X we have c(F) c(G), thus for each I :

c

MX [ e
M
X(c)(F) c

MX [ e
M
X(c)(G) ,
hence

Me
M
X(C)(c MX [ c(F) )) = C(e
M
X
1
(c MX [ c(F) ))
C(e
M
X
1
(c MX [ c(G) )) =

Me
M
X(C)(c MX [ c(G) )),
thus

M
X

Me
M
X(C)(F) = sup

Me
M
X(C)(c MX [ c(F) )
sup

Me
M
X(C)(c MX [ c(G) ) =
M
X

Me
M
X(C)(G),
which means that
M
X

Me
M
X(C) M

X = e
M
X(

MX).
For e
M
X :

MX MX is an embedding, there is a unique map
M
X :

M
2
X

MX such that
M
XMe
M
X = e
M
X
M
X, and this map is contin-
uous. It is straightforward to verify that the collection
M
= (
M
X)
XOb T ych
is a natural transformation

M
2

M, and
M
X can be dened directly, without
involving Stone-

Cech compactications, by the usual formulae :

M
X(C)(F) = sup C(c

MX [ c(F) ), C

M
2
X, F
cl
X,
or

M
X(C)() = C(

), C(X, I), where

(c) = c() for all c

MX.
Theorem 4.8. The triple

M= (

M,
M
,
M
) is a monad in T ych.
Proof is a complete analogue of the proof of Proposition 2.10.
This monad is an extension of the monad M = (M,
M
,
M
) in (omp in
the sense that

MX = MX,
M
X =
M
X and
M
X =
M
X for each com-
pactum X.
Proposition 4.9. Let for each compact inclusion hyperspace T on a Tychono
space X the set function i
M
G
X(T) : exp X I be dened by the formula
i
M
G
X(T)(A) =

1, A T,
0, A / T,
A
cl
X.
Then i
K
G
X is an embedding

GX

MX, and the collection i
K
G
= (i
K
G
X)
XOb T ych
is a morphism of monads

G

M.
Thus the monad

G is a submonad of the monad

M.
Now let
M

X = c MX [ c(A) = supc(F) [ F AX is compact for all A

cl
X.
It is easy to see that M

X M

X. As a corollary we obtain
16
Proposition 4.10. A set function c

: expX I is equal to c for

some c M

X if and only if c

is a -smooth capacity on X and satises the

condition c

(A) = supc

(F) [ F A is compact for all A

cl
X ( inner compact
regularity).
If a set function satises (1)(4), we call it a Radon capacity. The set of all
Radon capacities on X is denoted by

MX and regarded as a subspace of

MX.
An obvious inclusion Mf(M

X) M

Y for a continuous map f : X Y of

Tychono spaces implies

Mf(

MX)

MY . Therefore we denote the restriction
of

Mf to a mapping

MX

MY by

Mf and obtain a subfunctor

M of the
functor

M.
Question 4.11. What are necessary and sucient conditions for a functional
i : C(X, I) I to have the form i() =

X
(x) dc(x) for a some capacity
c

MX?
Here is a necessary condition : for each monotonically increasing net (

)
of continuous functions X I and a continuous function : X I such that
sup

(x) (x) for all x X, the inequality sup

i(

) i() is valid.
The problem of existence of a restriction of
M
X to a map

M
2
X

MX is
still unsolved and is connected with a similar question for inclusion hyperspaces
by the following
Proposition 4.12. Let X be a Tychono space. If
M
X(

M
2
X)

MX, then

G
X(

G
2
X)

GX.
Proof. We will consider equivalent inclusions
M
X(M
2

X) M

X and
G
X(G
2

X)
G

X. The latter one means that, for each set A

cl
X and compact set ( GX
such that each element F of any inclusion hyperspace B ( contains a com-
pactum K B, K X, there is a compact set H A, H

(.
Assume that
G
X(G
2

X) G

X, then there are A

cl
X and a compact
set ( G

X such that all inclusion hyperspaces in ( contain subsets of A, but

there are no compact subsets of A in

(. For each B ( let a capacity c

B
be
dened as follows :
c
B
(F) =

1, F B,
0, F / B,
F
cl
X.
It is obvious that c
B
M

X, and the correspondence B c

B
is continuous,
thus the set B = c
B
[ B ( MX is compact. Therefore the capacity
C M
2
X, dened as
C(T) =

1, T B,
0, T B,
T
cl
MX,
17
is in M

(M

X). Then
M
X(C)(Cl
X
A) = 1, but there is no compact subset
K A such that c
B
(K) = 0 for all B (, therefore
M
X(C)(K) = 0 for all
compact K A = Cl
X
A X, and
M
X(C) / M

X.
It is still unknown to the authors :
Question 4.13. Does the converse implication hold? Do all locally compact
Hausdor or (complete) metrizable spaces satisfy the condition of the previous
statement?
5. Topological properties of the functors

G,

G,

M and

M
Recall that a continuous map of topological spaces is proper if the preimage
of each compact set under it is compact. A perfect map is a closed continuous
map such that the preimage of each point is compact. Any perfect map is
proper [4].
From now on all maps in this section are considered continuous, and all
spaces are Tychono if otherwise not specied.
Remark 5.1. We have already seen that properties of the functors

M and

M
are parallel to properties of the functors

G and

G. Therefore in this section
we present only formulations and proofs of statements for

M and

M. All of
them are valid also for

G and

G, and it is an easy exercise to simplify the proofs
for capacities to obtain proofs for compact inclusion hyperspaces.
Proposition 5.2. Functors

M and

M preserves the class of injective maps.
Proof. Let f : X Y be injective. If c, c

MX and A
cl
X are such that
c(A) = c

(A), then B = Cl f(A)

cl
Y , and

Mf(c)(B) = c(f
1
(B)) = c(A) =
c

(A) = c

(f
1
(B)) =

Mf(c)(B), hence

Mf(c) =

Mf(c

), and

Mf is injective,
as well as its restriction

Mf.
Proposition 5.3. Functors

M and

M preserve the class of closed embeddings.
Proof. Let a map f : X Y be a closed embedding (thus a perfect map), then
for the Stone-

Cech compactication f : X Y the inclusion f(X`X)

Y ` Y is valid [4]. We know that MX(M

X) M

Y , MX(M

X) M

Y .
Let c MX ` M

X, then there are F, G

cl
MX such that F X G,
but c(F) > c(G). Then f(F) and f(G) are closed in Y , and f(F) ` f(G)
f(X ` X) Y ` Y .
The sets F

= f
1
(f(F)) and G

= f
1
(f(G)) are closed in X and satisfy
F

X = F X, G

X = G X, thus c(F

) = Mf(c)(f(F)) > c(G

) =
Mf(c)(f(G)), which implies Mf(c) / M

Y . Thus (Mf)
1
(M

Y ) = M

X,
and the restriction Mf[
M

X
: M

X M

Y is perfect, therefore closed. It is

obvious that this restriction is injective, thus is an embedding. For the maps
Mf[
M

X
and

Mf are homeomorphic, the same holds for the latter map.
18
Now let c MX`M

X, i.e. there is F
cl
X such that c(F) > supc(K) [
K F X is compact. The compact set F

= f(F) is closed in Cl f(X)

Y . Observe that F = (f)
1
(F

) and obtain:
supMf(c)(L) [ L F

Y is compact =
supc((f)
1
(L)) [ L F

Y is compact
supc(K) [ K F X is compact < c(F) = Mf(c)(F

),
and Mf(c) / M

X. The rest of the proof is analogous to the previous case.

It allows for a closed subspace X
0
X to identify

MX
0
and

MX
0
with the
images of the map

Mi and

Mi, with i : X
0
X being the embedding.
We say that a functor F in T ych preserves intersections (of closed sets) if for
any space X and a family (i

: X

X) of (closed) embeddings the equality

FX

= FX
0
holds, i.e.

Fi

(X

) = Fi
0
(X
0
), where i
0
is the embedding
of X
0
=

into X. This notion is usually used for functors which preserve

(closed) embeddings, therefore we verify that:
Proposition 5.4. Functors

M and

M preserve intersections of closed sets.
Proof. Let c

MX and closed subspaces X

X, A, are such that

c

MX

for all A. Let 2

A
f
be the set of all non-empty nite subsets
of A. It is a directed poset when ordered by inclusion. For all F
cl
X and

1
, . . . ,
k
2
A
f
we have c(F) = c(F X
1
X

k
). The monotonically
decreasing net (F X
1
X

k
)
{1,...,
k
}2
A
f
converges to F X
0
, with
X
0
=

A
X

. Thus c(F) = c(F X

0
), which implies c

MX
0
.
The statement for

M is obtained as a corollary due to the following obser-
vation: if X
0
X is a closed subspace, then

MX
0
=

MX

MX
0
.
Therefore for each element c

MX there is a least closed subspace X
0
X
such that c

MX
0
. It is called the support of c and denoted supp c.
It is unknown to the author whether the functor

M preserve nite or count-
able intersections.
Proposition 5.5. Functor

M preserves countable intersections.
Proof. Let c

MX belong to all

MX
n
for a sequence of subspaces X
n
X,
n = 1, 2, . . . . If A
cl
F, > 0, then there is a compactum K
1
A X
1
such that c(K
1
) > c(A) /2. Then choose a compactum K
2
K
1
X
2
such that c(K
2
) > c(K
1
) /4, . . . , a compactum K
n
K
n1
X
n
such that
c(K
n
) > c(K
n1
) /2
n
, etc. The intersection K =

n=1
K
n
is a compact
subset of A X
0
, X
0
=

n=1
X
n
, and c(K) > C(A) . Thus supc(K) [ K
A X
0
is compact = c(A) for all A
cl
X, i.e. c

MX
0
.
It is easy to show that

M and

M do not preserve uncountable intersections.
19
We say that a functor F in T ych (or in (omp) preserves preimages if for
each continuous map f : X Y and a closed subspace Y
0
Y the inclusion
Ff(b) FY
0
for b FX implies b F(f
1
(Y
0
)), or, more formally, Ff(b)
Fj(FY
0
) implies b Fi(F(f
1
(Y
0
))), where i : f
1
(Y
0
) X and j : Y
0
Y
are the embeddings.
Proposition 5.6. Functors

M and

M do not preserve preimages.
It is sucient to recall that the capacity functor M : (omp (omp, being
the restriction of the two functors in question, does not preserve preimages [18].
Proposition 5.7. Let f : X Y is a continuous map such that f(X) is dense
in Y . Then

Mf(

MX) is dense in

MY , and

Mf(

MX) is dense in

MY .
Proof. Let M

X be the set of all capacities on X with nite support, i.e.

M

X =

MK [ K X is nite
Then M

X

MX

MX,

Mf(M

X) = M

(f(X)), and the latter set is

dense in both

MY and

MY .
6. Subgraphs of capacities on Tychono space and fuzzy integrals
In [18] for each capacity c on a compactum X its subgraph was dened as
follows :
sub c = (F, ) expX I [ c(F).
Given the subgraph sub c, each capacity c is uniquely restored : c(F) = max
I [ (F, ) sub c for each F exp X.
Moreover, the map sub is an embedding MX exp(exp X I). Its image
consists of all sets S exp X I such that [18] the following conditions are
satised for all closed nonempty subsets F, G of X and all , I :
(1) if (F, ) S, , then (F, ) S;
(2) if (F, ), (G, ) S, then (F G, ) S;
(3) S expX 0 X I;
(4) S is closed.
The topology on the subspace sub(MX) exp(exp X I) can be equivalently
determined by the subbase which consists of all sets of the form
V
+
(U, ) = S sub(MX) [ there is (F, ) S, F U, >
for all open U X, I, and of the form
V

(F, ) = S sub(MX) [ < for all (F, ) S

for all closed F X, I.
Let the subgraph of a -smooth capacity c on a Tychono space X be dened
by the same formula at the beginning of the section. Consider the intersection
20
sub c (exp X ). It is equal to S

(c) , with S

(c) = F expX [
c(F) . The latter set is called the -section [18] of the capacity c and is
a compact inclusion hyperspace for each > 0. Of course, S
0
(c) = exp X is
not compact if X is not compact. If 0 < 1, then S

(c) S

, and
S

(c) =

0<
S

(c).
We present necessary and sucient conditions for a set S exp XI to be
the subgraph of some capacity c

MX.
Proposition 6.1. Let X be a Tychono space. A set S expX I is a
subgraph of a -smooth capacity on X if and only if the following conditions are
satised for all closed nonempty subsets F, G of X and all , I :
(1) if (F, ) S, , then (F, ) S;
(2) if (F, ), (G, ) S, then (F G, ) S;
(3) S expX 0 X I;
(4) S (exp X [; 1]) is compact in exp
l
X I for all (0; 1].
Such S is closed in expX I.
Proof. Let c

MX and S = sub c. It is easy to see that S satises (1)(3). To
show that S (exp X [; 1]) is compact, assume that it is covered by subbase
elements U

i
(a
i
; b
i
), U
i

op
X, i J. For any [; 1] the intersection
S (exp ) = S

(c) is compact and covered by U

i
(a
i
; b
i
) for those
i J that (a
i
, b
i
) . Therefore there is a nite subcover U

i1
, . . . , U

i
k
of
S

(c), maxa
i1
, . . . , a
i
k
< < minb
i1
, . . . , b
i
k
. When a , the compact
set S
a
(c) decreases to S

(c), thus there is a (maxa

i1
, . . . , a
i
k
; ) such that
S
a
(c) U

i1
U

i
k
. If we denote b = minb
i1
, . . . , b
i
k
, we obtain that for
each [; 1] there is an interval (a, b) such that S (exp X (a, b)) is
covered by a nite number of sets U

i
(a
i
, b
i
). For [, 1] is compact, we infer
that there is a nite subcover of the whole set S (exp X [; 1]), thus (4)
holds.
Now let a set S exp XI satisfy (1)(4), and let S

= pr
1
(S(exp XI))
for all I. By (1) S

whenever a < . Assume S

0<<
S

for
some (0; 1], i.e. there is F exp X such that F S

for all (0; ), but

F / S

. Then the sets (X`F)

I and exp X[0; ), with (0; ), form an

open cover of the set S (exp X[/2; 1]) for which there is no nite subcover,
which contradicts to compactness. Thus S

0<<
S

. It implies that for

(F, ) / S, i.e. F / S

, there is (0; ) such that F / S

. The set S

is a
compact inclusion hyperspace, thus is closed in expX. Then (exp X`S

)(; 1]
is an open neighborhood of (F, ) which does not intersect S, hence S is closed
in expX I.
For each F expX we put c(F) = max [ (F, ) S. It is straightfor-
ward to verify that c is a -smooth capacity such that sub c = S.
Proposition 6.2. Let : exp X I I be a continuous function such that :
(1) in antitone in the rst argument and isotone in the second one;
21
(2) (F, ) uniformly converges to 0 as 0.
Then the correspondence : c max(F, c(F)) [ F exp X is a well dened
continuous function

MX I.
Proof. Let S = subc. Observe that can be equivalently dened as (c) =
max(F, ) [ (F, ) S. The function : exp
l
X I I is upper semi-
continuous, and (S) is either 0 or equal to (S (exp X [; 1])) for some
(0; 1). Hence (S) is a compact subset of I, therefore contains a greatest
element, and use of max in the denition of is legal.
Assume that (c) < b for some b I. We take some a ((c); b). There
exists I such that (F, ) < a for all [0; ), F exp X. If (F, ) S,
, then there is a neighborhood 1 = 'U
0
, U
1
, . . . , U
k
` (u, v) (F, )
such that U
1
U
k
is completely separated from X ` U
0
, and (G, ) < a
for all (G, ) 1. The inequality (G, ) < a holds also for all (G, )
'X, U
1
, . . . , U
k
` [0, v). Thus we obtain a cover of S (exp X [; 1]) by open
sets in exp
l
XI, and there is a nite subcover by sets 'X, U
l
1
, . . . , U
l
k
l
`[0, v
l
),
1 l n. We may assume 0 < v
1
v
2
v
n
> 1. It is routine but
straightforward to verify that c is in an open neighborhood
| =

(X ` (U
m+1
jm+1
U
n
jn
), v
m
) [ 1 m < n,
1 j
m+1
k
m+1
, . . . , 1 j
n
k
n
,
and for each capacity c

| the set sub c

[; 1] is also covered by the sets

'X, U
l
1
, . . . , U
l
k
l
` [0, v
l
), 1 l n,
therefore
(c

) maxa, max(F, ) [ (F, ) S, = a < b.

Hence is upper semicontinuous. To prove lower semicontinuity, assume that
(c) > b for some b I. Then there is F exp X such that (F, c(F)) > b.
By continuity there are open neighborhood U F and (0; c(F)) such that
F is completely separated from X ` U, and for all G exp X, G completely
separated from X ` U, I, > the inequality (G, ) > b is valid. Then
c O
+
(U, ), and for all c

O
+
(U, ) we have (c

) > b.
The reason to consider such form of is that not only Sugeno integral
can be represented this way (for (F, ) = inf(x) [ x F ), but a
whole class of fuzzy integrals obtained by replacement of by an another
pseudomultiplication : I I I [2], e.g. by usual multiplication or the
operation h(a, b) = a + b ab. The latter statement provides the continuity of
a fuzzy integral with respect to a capacity on a Tychono space, provided
is continuous, isotone in the both variables and uniformly converges to 0 as the
second argument tends to 0 (which is not the case for the h given above).
22
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24