Turbo Charger

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And How it Works
By: Anuj Vats 3rd Year Mechanical Engg. UPTU 2007-2011
www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/
Introduction
History
1970s first oil crisis and increasingly
stringent air emission regulations lead to demands for higher power density as well as higher air delivery. Outcome -> virtually all current truck engines are turbocharged. production marking the appearance of the first turbocharged Diesel passenger car.
1978 Mercedes-Benz puts the 300 SD into
1994 VW introduces the variable geometry
turbo in their TDI Diesel engine significantly improving the transient response of the Diesel engine. Av
Internal Combustion Engine
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Internal Combustion Engine
To further understand the true potential of a turbocharger, we must understand what causes the car to accelerate.
Process in the Engine:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Air taken into the engines cylinder. Piston compresses the air. Fuel is combined with the air in the carburetor. Sparkplug ignites the fuel and air in cylinder. Process repeats, creating a rotational motion. Rotational motion turns the crank shaft which spins the wheels.
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AIRFLOW REQUIREMENTS
Volumetric Efficiency
Volumetric efficiency is
a comparison of the actual volume of airfuel mixture drawn into an engine to the theoretical maximum volume that could be drawn in. Volumetric efficiency is expressed as a percentage, and changes with engine speed.
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A supercharger on a Ford V-8
AIRFLOW REQUIREMENTS
Engine Compression
Higher compression increases the thermal efficiency of the engine because it raises compression temperatures, resulting in hotter, more complete combustion. However, a higher compression can cause an increase in NOX emissions and would require the use of high-octane gasoline with effective antiknock additives.
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SUPERCHARGING PRINCIPLES
The amount of force an airfuel charge produces when it is ignited is largely a function of the charge density. Density is the mass of a substance in a given amount of space.
The more air and fuel that can be packed in a cylinder, the greater the density of the airfuel charge
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SUPERCHARGERS
A supercharger is an engine-driven air pump that supplies more than the normal amount of air into the intake manifold and boosts engine torque and power. A supercharger provides an instantaneous increase in power without the delay or lag often associated with turbochargers. However, a supercharger, because it is driven by the engine, does require horsepower to operate and is not as efficient as a turbocharger.
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SUPERCHARGERS

Usually compress the fuel/air mixture after it leaves the carburetor. A supercharger is driven directly from the engine. Some of the power created is offset by the power required to drive the supercharger. The amount of supercharging done is limited by the temperatures produced to avoid detonation problems.
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What a Turbocharger Is
Turbocharger - an engine upgrade bolted onto the exhaust

manifold that dramatically increases torque, power, and acceleration.
Common uses Turbochargers are usually found in diesel manufactured cars such as the Mercedes-Benz, Pontiac, and Subaru. A lot of race cars and street racers install turbochargers to gain an edge over their opponent. Av
What a Turbocharger Is
Why it is effective - Through the use of forced induction,

turbochargers compress the air entering the engine causing it to be extremely dense; with more air in a small area, more gasoline can be coupled with the air creating larger explosions in the cylinder which help the car to progress forward.
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Turbochargers
The vast majority of turbochargers consist of a centrifugal compressor and centripetal turbine mounted on a common shaft
Turbine
Compressor
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Turbocharger Design
Workings of the Turbocharger:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Exhaust waste from the engine cylinder travels towards the turbocharger. Exhaust waste powers the turbine wheel which is connected to the compressor wheel by the turbine shaft. Turbine shaft rotates the compressor wheel drawing in and compressing cool air. Compressed air travels through an intercooler for further cooling before reaching the engine cylinder. Fuel mixes with the compressed air and is ignited by the spark plug. Exhaust waste is let out by the combustion and the process repeats itself .
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Turbocharger Design
Process of the air flow:
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The Turbine:
The turbine wheel begins the whole process of sending compressed air to the engine cylinder. Turbine wheels can be made of steel or ceramic blades, but ceramic is preferred because it is lightweight meaning it will spin faster and prevent turbo lag. Turbo lag is the delay that comes from the engine not responding to the boost acquired from the turbocharger. Turbine wheels can rotate anywhere between 80,000 and 150,000 revolutions per minute (RPM).
Detailing Specific Parts

The Turbine:
Proper mounting and connection between the turbine
and turbine shaft is necessary because it operates at such high speeds. The waste gate releases excess exhaust waste from the turbine.
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Compressor:
When the compressor wheel spins, it draws in air from the
ambient air inlet located on the opposite side of the turbine exhaust gas inlet to retrieve cool air.
The compressor increases the density of incoming air by six to
eight pounds per square inch (psi).

At sea level, the density of air is 14.7 psi, so the compressor
yields about a fifty percent increase.

The highly compressed air leaves the compressor section
through the compressor air discharge as it travels towards the intercooler.

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Compressor:
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Intercooler:
Also known as a charge air cooler, intercoolers decrease the
temperature of the incoming compressed air.

The intercooler is comprised of bars, louvers, passageways, and
fins that the compressed air travels through.

The engine fan keeps the intercooler cool as the hot compressed
air passes through.

Intercoolers are vital because hot air expands and if the
intercooler keeps the compressed air cool, the air becomes more compact (providing more air to fuel ratio in the cylinder which yields more power).
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Intercooler:
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Tachometer and Boost Gauge:
Tachometer
Allows the driver to monitor and measure how quickly the
engine is working in revolutions per minute. By being able to monitor the speeds of the engine, the driver can stop the vehicle when the engine begins to work harder (faster rpm) than usual. Helps make sure the turbocharger and engine are in sync (Turbochargers: pickup for a price).
Boost Gauge
Displays the amount of pressure on the turbocharger in psi. Since the turbocharger and engine work together, the amount
of air pressure going into the engine cylinder needs to stay consistent and at a tolerable amount.
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Tachometer and Boost
Gauge:
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Challenges
Transient Response Turbo lag Demands for higher pressure ratios Higher exhaust temperatures Cost
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Challenges Transient Response

Methods to improve transient response

Reduce turbine and compressor wheel inertia Reduce intake and exhaust system volume
Technologies to improve transient response

Waste gate Variable geometry turbine Electrical assist (e booster).
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Possible Side Effects

Knocking:
Knocking is when the air and fuel combination in the cylinder
combusts before the spark plug actually ignites it, throwing off the synchronization between the turbocharger and the engine.
This is due to the extreme temperatures and highly compressed
air. Knocking reduces the full rotation of the piston, limiting the cars performance.
Solutions:
Waste gate assists in preventing knocking by monitoring how
much pressure is in the turbine. When too much pressure is in the turbine section, the waste gate releases extra exhaust to slow down the speed of the turbine wheel. Intercoolers prevent knocking as well by keeping the temperature of the compressed air low. Av
Benefits
Fuel Economy
Reduces pumping work in spark ignition engines by
enabling engine downsizing Major enabler of modern Diesel engines because of increase in power density

Performance
Eliminates altitude power loss
Emissions
Increasing the air mass flow rate by turbo charging has enabled significant reductions in particulates for Diesel engines. When combined with intercooling, there is no increase in NOx.
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Conclusions

Turbochargers are, and will continue to be, an integral part of modern IC engines They offer benefits in performance, fuel economy, and emissions New technologies are being applied to turbochargers to mitigate or eliminate transient performance issues
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References
howstuffworks.com Wikipedia PEARSON Automotive fuel and emissions control systems By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder. (1985). Turbochargers: pickup for a price. Changing times, 39, 63.
(2001). Fundamentals of the Four Stroke Internal Combustion Engine Retrieved February 27, 2006, from www.siu.edu/~autoclub/images/engine1.jpg (2003). Turbochargers A Process Description. Retrieved February 25, 2006, from www.angelfire.com/.../turbo_files/image003.jpg (2005). ARE Cooling: Intercoolers: A must Read. Retrieved February 25, 2006, from http://www.are.com.au/techtalk/intecoolersMR.htm#EN GINE%20DESTRUCTION%20%20!%20!%20!%20! (2005). Tachometer. Retrieved March 10, 2006, from www.coolcats.net/media/7000tach_tbird.jpg (2006). Boost Gauge. Retrieved March 10, 2006, from images.amazon.com/images/P/B0006Q16UQ.01-A1T0

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www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.

And How it Works

By: Anuj Vats 3rd Year Mechanical Engg. UPTU 2007-2011

1970s first oil crisis and increasingly

1978 Mercedes-Benz puts the 300 SD into

1994 VW introduces the variable geometry

Internal Combustion Engine

Internal Combustion Engine

Process in the Engine:

A supercharger on a Ford V-8

Turbocharger - an engine upgrade bolted onto the exhaust

Why it is effective - Through the use of forced induction,

Detailing Specific Parts

Detailing Specific Parts

eight pounds per square inch (psi).

yields about a fifty percent increase.

through the compressor air discharge as it travels towards the intercooler.

Detailing Specific Parts

Detailing Specific Parts

temperature of the incoming compressed air.

fins that the compressed air travels through.

air passes through.

Detailing Specific Parts

Detailing Specific Parts

Detailing Specific Parts

Challenges Transient Response

Methods to improve transient response

Technologies to improve transient response

Waste gate Variable geometry turbine Electrical assist (e booster).

Possible Side Effects

Knocking is when the air and fuel combination in the cylinder

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