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BSNL TRAINING REPORT 2009 Sumit Kumar SPN - EL2007461/10 Govt. Polytechnic College, Kota (Raj.
BSNL, SDOP I, NAYAPURA, PREFACE KOTA Practical training in an industry is an essential part of an engineering curriculum towards making a successful engineer, as in an industry only a student can realize the theory thought in classroom and it also gives an exposure to modern technology. In the field of Electronics Computer engineering there has been rapid development to support the ever increasing volume information, so Electronics students has an opportunity during Training period to knowledge about the latest technologies. The training period of 28 days is not much sufficient to take complete knowledge of technology used but one is expected to identify components, the process flow in an industry for high efficiency and about the knowledge of product technology. Practical knowledge means the visualization of the knowledge, whichwe read in bo oks. For this we perform experiments and get observations. Practical knowledge is very important in every field. One must be familiar with the problems related to that field so that we may solve them and became successful person. After achieving the proper goal of life an Engineer has to enter in professional life. According to this life he has to serve an industry, may bepub lic or private sector or self-own. For the efficient work in the field he must be well aware of practical knowledge as well as theoretical knowledge. To be a good Engineer, one must be aware of the industrial environment & must know about management, working in industry, labor problems etc., so we can tackle them successfully. Due to all the above reasons & to bridge the gap between theory and practical, our engineering curriculum provides a practical training course of 28 days. During this period a student in industry and gets all type of experience and knowledge about the working and maintenance of various types of machinery. 2
BSNL TRAINING REPORT 2009 Sumit Kumar SPN - EL2007461/10 Govt. Polytechnic College, Kota (Raj. )
Since time immemorial, a man has tried hard to bring the world as close to himself as possible. His thirst for information is hard to quench so he has continuously tried to develop new technologies, which have helped to reach the objective. The world we see today is a result of the continuous research in the field of communication, which started with the invention of telephone by Graham Bell to the current avatar as we see in the form INTERNET and mobile phones. All these technologies have come to existence because man continued its endeavor towards the objective. This project report of mine, STUDY OF TRENDS TECHNOLOGIES IN COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKING has been a small effort in reviewing the trends technologies prevailing. For this purpose, no organization other than BAHRAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED could have been a better choice. I have undergone by 28 days of training (after II yr.) at BAHRAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED, NAYAPURA, KOTA (Raj.). This report has been prepared on the basis of the knowledge which I acquired during my 28 days (15-06-2005 to 13-07-2005) training at Company. 3
Acknowledgement: Practical training has an important role in a shaping up an engineering student for practical knowledge how a keeping him update with latest technology. First of all, I would like to express my attitude towards Mr. S.C.Gupta (Training cum placement officer, GPC, Kota) and towards Ms. Rajul Goyal (H.O.D., Electronics department, GPC, Kota) for providing me a great opportunity to undertake training at BSNL, Kota. I would also like to thanks to Mr. Rajkishore Sharma (TTA EWSD, Nayapura, Kota) and the co-operative management helpful staff for giving me a knowledge of their services and helping me time to time. Last but not least I would like to thanks to training incharge Mr. R.P.Manthwal (SDE SDOP1, KOTA), BSNL, Kota for arranging the training programmer for my practical training. With extremeregards and obligations. CONTENTS: 4
1) INTRODUCTION 2) COMPANY PROFILE 3) PROFILE OF THE COMPANY S BUSINESS A. GLIMPES OF MAIN SERVICE OFFERED i. BASIC AND LIMITED MOBILE TELEPHONE SERVICES ii. CELLULAR MOBILE TELEPHONE SERVICES iii. INTERNET SERVICES iv. INTELLIGENT NETWORK v. IP TV SERVICES vi. THIRD GENERATION 3G WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY B. DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL TELECOM NETWORK i. Rural DELs ii. Village Telephones a) Village Public Telephones (VPTs) & RCPs b) Public Telephones: C. NETWORK MANAGEMENT D. Setting up KU Band VSAT network E. Policy on transmission network maintenance F. Annual Maintenance contracts for switching system & WLL G. COMPUTERISATION H. OBLIGATIONS i. Towards customers and dealers ii. Towards employees iii. Towards the Society Corporate Social Responsibilities 4) STRUCTURE AND ABOUT THE EXCHANGES i. COMPUTER UNIT ii. POWER PLANT iii. AC Plant (CENTRAL AIR CONDITIONER) iv. MDF (MAIN DISTRIBUTION FRAME) 5) CONNECTING SYSTEM 6) EWSD EXCHANGE 1. GENERAL OVERVIEW 2. INTRODUCTION OF EWSD 5
3. FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM OF EWSD 4. GENERAL FEATURES 5. POSITION AND FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURE 6. CAPACITY STAGES 7. FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF SN 8. SWITCHING NETWORK (B) 9. RACK ASSIGNMENT 10.MODULE FRAME LAYOT 11.INTERCONECTIONS OF SWITHING MODULE 12.FUNCTIONS 13.O&M ASPECTS 14.EXCERCISES 15.SWITCHING TECHNIQUES 7) INTERNET 8) CELLULAR MOBILE SERVICES 1. WLL (WIRE LESS IN LOCAL LOOP) MOBILE 2. CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (CDMA) MOBILE 3. GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION (GSM) 4. THIRD GENERATION (3G) TECHNOLOGY 9) BSNL S IP TV 10)CONCLUSION 11)GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS Introduction: Today, BSNL is the No. 1 telecommunication company and the largest public sector undertaking of India and its responsibilities includes improvement of the already impeccable quality of telecom services, expansion of telecom services in all villages and instilling confidence among its customers. 6
Apart from vast network expansions, especial emphasis has given for introducing latest technologies and new services like I-NET, INTERNET, ISDN (INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK), IN (INTELLIGENT NETWORK), CDMA, GSM and WLL (WIRELESS IN LOCAL LOOP), BROADBAND, 3G services etc. Now BSNL has also entered in mobile communication. BSNL has all the new services send technological advantages, which are available with any well, developed Telecom network anywhere else in the country. Full credit for all above achievement goes to the officers and staff of the BSNL. The administration is fully aware of the challenges lying ahead and quite committed to provide the latest and best telecom services by their continued support and active co-operation. COMPANY PROFILE
BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED 7
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) is India's leading telecommunications provider and the country's largest public-sector firm. BSNL provides local-excha nge access and domestic long-distance services through a network of more than 45 million access lines covering most of India. It also offers wireless communicati ons, data and Internet services, as well as business voice and data services. The company is still controlled by the government, as is one of India's other large phone companies, Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL). Plans to merge the two companies have been discussed but seem to be on hold. HIGHLIGHTS . Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited has a vast reservoir of highly skilled and Experienced work force of about 3,57,000 personnel. . We believe that our staff, which is one of the best trained manpower in the telecom sector, is our biggest asset. . To meet the technological challenges, employees are trained for technology up-gradation, modernization, computerization etc in BSNL's training Centers spread across Country. . To apex training centers of BSNL i.e. Advance level Telecom Training Center (ALTTC) at Ghaziabad and Bharat Ratna Bhimrao Telecom Training Center At Jabalpur are comparable to any world class Telecom Training Center. Moreover, 43 zonal training centers and a National Academy of Telecom Finance and Management have been running for several years now. . Different curriculum run in these centers to impart technology based training, Training for Attitudinal change, basic educational and skill development Program etc. DOT: Till 31st December, 1984, the postal, telegraph and telephone services were managed by the Posts and Telegraphs Department. In January 1985, two separate Departments for the Posts and the Telecommunications were created. The accounts of the department, initially, were maintained by the Accountant General of the P&T. However, by April 8
1972, the telecommunications accounts were separated. Simultaneously the department also started preparing the balance sheet annually. With the takeover of the accounts from the audit and delegation of larger financial powers to the field units, internal Financial Advisers were posted to all the circles and units. DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS (DOT) The Telecommunication Board consisted of the Secretary Telecommunications, who was the Chairman with Member (Finance), Member (Operations), Member (Development), Member (Personnel) and Member (Technology). The Telecom Commission was constituted in 1989. The Commission has the DoT Secretary as its Chairman with Member (Services), Member (Technology) and Member (Finance) as its full time members. The Secretary (Finance), Secretary (DoE), Secretary (Industries) and Secretary (Planning Commission) are part time members of the Commission. The Department in 1986 reorganised the Telecommunication Circles with the Secondary Switching Areas as basic units. This was implemented in a phased manner. Bombay and Delhi Telephones were separated to create the new entity called Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Ltd. (MTNL). On 1st October 2000, Department created BSNL, a new entity to operate services in different parts of the country as a public sector unit. PARTICULARS OF THE ORGANISATION 9
Date of incorporation Incorporated on 15.9.2000, vide Registration No. 55107739, dated the 15th Septem ber, 2000 and became entitled to commence business with effect from 19th September, 2000. The Company (BSNL) took over the .business of providing telecom services and network management throughout the country except the metro cities of Delhi and Mumbai of the erstwhile service providing departments of the Govt. of India, i.e., the Departments of Telecom Services and Telecom Operations i.e. 1.10.2000 pursuant to an MOU signed between the BSNL and the Govt. of India. Type of Company Government Company under Section 617 of the Companies Act, 1956. Administrative Ministry Govt. of India, Ministry of Communication and Information Technology, Department of Telecommunications. Details of Disinvestment s The entire share capital of the Company is held by the Govt. of India Shareholding pattern Government of India is holding 100% of the share capital of the Company Listing with Stock Exchanges Not applicable, as the BSNL is an unlisted company Share Capital Authorized Capital Rs.17,500 crores, divided into 1,000,00,00,000[One Thousand Crores] Equity Shares of Rs.10/- each; and 750,00,00,000 [Seven Hundred and Fifty Crores] Preference Shares of Rs.10/- each Paid Up Share Capital - Rs.5,000/- crores of Equity Shares and Rs.7,500/- crores of Preference Share Capital 10
VISION To become the largest telecom Service Provider in South East Asia. 11
. It is defined as an organization s dream, which it wants to realize in the long run say 5-10 years time frame. . A dream which a company sincerely attempts to make a reality. While it is not necessary to have a Vision statement, it makes sense to have one so that all efforts, energy and resources get directed in realizing this Vis ion. MISSION - To provide world class State-of-art technology telecom services on demand at Affordable price. - To provide world class telecom infrastructure to develop country s economy. . Mission is the path taken to realize the Vision. For example if leading a prosperous life after graduation is the vision of parents for their son, mission could be to get the son admitted in an engineering college so as to realize that vision. PROFILE OF THE COMPANY S BUSINESS 12
A.GLIMPSES OF MAIN SERVICES OFFERED 1. BASIC AND LIMITED MOBILE TELEPHONE SERVICES BSNL is the leading service provider in the country in the Basic Telephone Services. As of now more than 35 million Direct Exchange Lines & more than 2.2.Million telephones in the Limited Mobile telephone Services are existing. BS NL has provides a number of attractive tariff packages & Plans which shall further strengthen its subscriber base. 2. CELLULAR MOBILE TELEPHONE SERVICES BSNL s GSM Technology based Cellular Mobile Network has reached a long way, covering more than 6400 towns, with a subscriber base of over 1.54 crore as on 31st Jan. 2006 out of which 1.16 Crore cellular telephones are in the prepaid segment. 3. INTERNET SERVICES BSNL offers Dialup and Broad Band Internet services to the customers by Post-paid service with the brand name Net one , and pre-paid service with the brand name Sancharnet . The post-paid service is a CLI based access service, currently operational in 100 cities. Sancharnet is available on local call basis throughout India to ISDN and PSTN subscribers. The Internet Dhaba scheme of the Company aims to further promote Internet usage in rural and semi urban areas. To keep pace with the latest and varied value added services to its customers, BSNL uses IP/MPLS based core to offer world class IP VPN services. MP LS based VPNs is a very useful service for Corporate, as it reduces the cost involv ed as well as the complexity in setting up VPNs for customers networking. As on 31.03.2005, your Company s total Internet customer base was 17,98,089 and total Internet Dhabas were 4143. A total of 708594 dial up Internet connections have been given during 2004-2005, against a target of 7 Lakhs. BSNL plans to give 1215980 more dial up connections during the year 2005-06. As on 31.1.2006, there were 2367404 internet subscribers working in BSNL net work. BSNL has launched its Broadband Services under the brand name DataOne on 14/1/2005. This offers services like High Speed Internet Access with speed ranging from 256 Kbps to 8 Mbps. Other services like streaming video, Vide o on Demand, Bandwidth on demand etc., have also been planned. As on
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31.12.2005,there were more than 356000 broad band connection provided by the BSNL. There are plans to give 2 million and 3 million connections in 2006 and 20 07 respectively. 4. INTELLIGENT NETWORK Intelligent Network Services is a service that incorporates several value added facilities, thoroughly designed to save time and money, and enhance productivity. At present, your company offers Free Phone (FPH), Premium Rate Service (PRM), India Telephone Card (ITC), Account Card Calling (ACC), VirtualPr ivate Network (VPN), Universal Access Number (UAN) and Tele voting IN services. With the commissioning of five numbers of new technology IN Platforms (Four General purpose and One Mass Calling) at Kolkata, Bangalore, Ahmadabad andHydera bad, the India Telephone Card facility and new value added services are being provided throughout the country. Activation of these new IN platforms had increased the sale of ITC Cards taking the figure to Rs.265 crores in 2004-05 al one. 5. IP TV Service First started in Japan in 2002. Popular in France, South Korea, Germany, Hongkong etc., France is leading in IPTV having more than 1.7 million IPTV viewe rs, Global IPTV subscribers base will reach 14.5 million in 2007 and will be approximately 63 million by 2010. 6. Third Generation (3G) Wireless Technology Capability to support circuit and packet data at high bit rates: . 144 kilobits/second or higher in high mobility (vehicular) traffic . 384 kilobits/second for pedestrian traffic . 2 Megabits/second or higher for indoor traffic Support of multimedia services/capabilities: . Fixed and variable rate bit traffic . Bandwidth on demand . Asymmetric data rates in the forward and reverse links . Multimedia mail store and forward . Broadband access up to 2 Megabits/second 14
B.DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL TELECOM NETWORK 1.Rural DELs As on 31.03.2005, in BSNL s network, a total of 1.356 Crorerural telephone connections were working. As on 31.1.2006, there are 1.425 Crore rural telephone s working in BSNL network. 2. (a)Village Public Telephones (VPTs) & RCPs: BSNL, in its unstinted efforts to make the slogan Connecting India , a reality, had provided VPTs in 5,18,992 villages up to 31.03.2005. The Company entered int o an agreement with USO Fund for expansion of rural telecom network by November 2007, by providing VPTs in 66,822 undisputed, undisturbed, accessible and inhabited villages having population more than 100 as per Census, 1991 in the country. BSNL provided VPTs in 5,28,886 villages up to 31.01.2006. There are pla ns to replace all MARR VPTs in the country . As of now total 123194 MARR VPTs alrea dy replaced in the country by BSNL. BSNL also committed to provide the Rural Community Phones as per the USO Fund agreement. As of now around 13713 RCPs already provided by BSNL. 2 (b)Public Telephones: There are more than 2 million PCOs working in the BSNL Network out of which around 1 million PCOs are having STD/ISD. C.NETWORK MANAGEMENT BSNL is committed to provide a robust state of the art infrastructure that will provide stable and superior services to its customers. Accordingly, the MLLN net work covering more than 200 cities was made operational in May 2004. Since then, abou t 22000 circuits have been provided on this network. This has provided high level of stability to the leased circuits and capability to offer N X 64 Kbps circuits. K eeping in 15
view the growing demand of leased circuits, the network is being expanded to cov er about 50 more locations and additional capacity at many existing locations is al so being provided. To improve the operational efficiency of CCS 7 signaling, stand-alone signaling transfer point (SSTP) equipment is being procured. This will also enable the Com pany to measure signaling traffic of other operators, who are using its signaling net work for exchanging messages, especially with regard to cellular services. BSNL has more than 4.7 Lakhs Route Kilometers of optical fiber network in the country & has install ed capacity more than 6.4 million lines for the TAX meant for the STD/ISD network. D.Setting up KU Band VSAT network As regards the KU Band VSAT network equipment, the hub of this network is being set up at Bangalore, The equipment has been installed and expected to be commissioned shortly. This will help your Company, to become a service provider with all types of media equipment i.e. OFC, Microwave and satellite for provision of bandwidth, this will also enable the Company to offer composite solutions to its customers. What is V-SAT? It can be defined as a class of very small aperture Intelligent Satellite Earth Station suitable for easy on-premise installation, usually operating in conjugation with a large size HUB earth station. Capable of supporting a wide range of two ways integrate d Telecom Services. It has the following components: Micro Earth Station Mini Earth Station Personal Earth Station Roof Top Terminal Customer Premises Terminal ADVANTAGES OF V-SAT Can be located in the user premises on roof top or backyard and hence eliminate
last mile problem. Superior quality satellite based data services. Quick implementation time. 16
Reliable communication. Broadcast feature on satellite communication. Communication to different areas. Flexibility for network and changes. Service in distance insensitive. Low cost. E.Policy on transmission network maintenance Telecom Circles have large transmission networks. To improve the maintenance of transmission network, guidelines for route parties and vehicles have been formalized. Telecom Territorial Circles are also being connected with computeriz ed network for booking of transmission system faults, with a view to improve follow up and faster restoration of faults. F. Annual Maintenance contracts for switching system & WLL Comprehensive AMC, which includes hardware and software maintenance and upgrade, has been arranged with the respective equipment suppliers. Initial feed back suggests that, as a result of preventive and corrective maintenance support, the performance of switches is improving. Difficulties in entering into AMC with rur al WLL equipments suppliers have been resolved and procedures streamlined so that adequate maintenance support becomes available. As a result, the performance of WLL network is improving. AMC arrangements have also been made with suppliers of FWTs and hand held terminals. G.COMPUTERISATION Implementation of Inter Operator Billing and Accounting system (IOBAS) has been completed. Your Company plans to provide CDR based Customer Care andConverg ent Billing system. This will help Company in providing effective and efficient billing & customer care solutions for its fixed line subscribers. It e nvisages building of country wide intranet to reduce the cost of operation, increase 17
realization, stop leakage of revenue and minimize frauds, besides providing roun d the clock best customer care services to the Company s subscribers. Call center facility has been introduced for 71 SSAs, which is a single point approach for addressing all customer needs cum grievances. Web based Public grievance Management System has been implemented for speedy disposal andmonitori ng of public grievances. Web based Inventory Management package has also been introduced, through which, material management functions are being computerized gradually in different circles. Online Mobile Bill viewing facility hasbeen made available to all Cell One Mobile Customers (all States) through Company s Portal (http://bsnl.in). Duplicate Telephone bill viewing facility for landline telephone has also been made available at many places through Websiteso f respective telecom circles. H. OBLIGATIONS 1. Towards customers and dealers To provide prompt, courteous and efficient service and quality of products/services at fair and reasonable services. 2. Towards employees . Develop their capability and advancement through appropriate training and career planning . Expeditious redressed of grievances . Fair dealings with recognized representatives of employees in pursuance of healthy trade union practices and sound personnel policies 3.Towards the Society Corporate Social Responsibilities CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES BSNL is committed to provide quality Telecom Services at affordable price to the citizens of the remotest part of the Country. BSNL is making all effort to e nsure 18
that the main objectives of the new Telecom Policy 1999 (salient points indicate d below) are achieved: Access to telecommunications is of utmost importancefor achievement of the count ry's social and economic goals. Availability ofaffordable and effective communic ations for the citizens is at the core of the vision and goal of the new Telecom policy 1999. Strive to provide a balance between the provision of universal service to all uncovered areas, including the rural areas, and the provision of high-level serv ices capable of meeting the needs of the country's economy encourage development ofte lecommunication facilities in remote, hilly and tribal areas of the country; Transform in a time bound manner, the telecommunications sector to a greater competitive environment in both urban and rural areas providing equal opportunities and level playing field for all players. STRUCTURE AND ABOUT THE EXCHANGES All telephone subscribers are served by automatic exchanges, which perform the functions the human operator. The number being dialed is stored and then passed to the exchange s central computer, which in turns operates the switching t o 19
complete the call or routes it a higher level switch for further processing. Tod ay s automatic exchanges uses a pair of computers, one running the program that provides services and the second monitoring the operation of the first, ready to take over in a few seconds in the event of equipment failure. Various exchanges present in BSNL are: C-DOT E-10B OCB283 (Exchange & TAX) EWSD (Exchange & TAX) All exchange has some purposes and some basic structural units, which are: 1. subscriber s connection unit 2. Switching network (CX) 3. Control unit 4. OMC (Operational & maintenance Control) STRUCTURE OF THE EXCHANGE For smooth working of an exchange following unit are very important: 1. Computer Unit: - it deals with additional services of the exchange to the customers with the help of computers. 2. Power Plant:- to feed proper power supply to exchange 3. AC Plant: - to maintain the continuous temperature + or 2 degree Celsius to the digital switch (exchange). 4. MDF: - to connect switch (exchange) with the external environment (subscriber) i.e. it is the interface between subscribers and exchange. 20
1. Computer unit: as the name specified it is the main part of the exchange that deals with the all services provided by the exchange to the customers with the help of computer . It also provides the updated data to all other part of the exchange. The customers are using the services of the exchange by using the internet also gets connected to the main server present this room via an internet room. It mainly consists of the servers that are providing the different services. The main servers of this room are: IVRS is used for the change number services provided by the exchange. CERS are provided by the exchange to avoid the problems that the users are facing the repairing of telephone. In this system when the user enters its complained it gets directly entered to the server and user is allotted with an i d number. LOCAL DIRECTORY ENQUIRY is another services provided by the exchange, by using this; subscribers calls the particular number and gets the directory enqui ry. The server present in the main computer room provides this service. INTERNET DIRECTORY ENQUIRY is the latest service by the exchange. In this type of service makes it enquiry using the internet, which gets connected to the main server at the internet room in the exchange and further to the main server in the computer room. 2. POWERPLANT: As we know that, the power is the main source or any organization. It is the case of E-10B exchange. That is the first requirement of any organization is the input. The main source of this exchange is AC supply. However, as soon as the power
supply is gone off, then what is source? No one think on this that the telephone is always plays its role in the human life. Even if the power supply gone off. T hus there must be adjustment source of power. The main parts of the power room are: i. Batteries: - these are the instant sources of the power as soon as power is gone off. ii. Charging- Discharging Unit: - the batteries we are using in the power room need timely charging. As soon as the AC power supply is on, we make use of the charging unit present in the power room. 21
The slowly charging of the batteries is known as the trickle charging. But sometimes we need the BOOSTER charging. In this type of charging awe take of the batteries from the load and charge separately, until it gets fully charged. The main work of the discharging unit is to control the discharging of the batteries. iii. Inverter and Converter Unit: - the main use of this system is to change AC mains to DC and vice versa as required by the parts of exchange. iv. Engine Room:-we know that the batteries are the instant source of supply but we cannot use it for much larger time, thus for this, we have an engine to generate the power supply. They are of 885 KVA. Thus, this room controls the supply of the engine. UPS OPERATING MODES: UPS system has three operating mode which can be designated as 1. Normal mode 2. Emergency mode 3. Recovery mode I. NORMAL MODE: The rectifier charger draws power from the ac mains & convert it into DC. This DC power is supplied to the inverter which converts it back into AC power t o feed the critical load connected to the output of the inverter. A small amount o f DC owner is also supplied to the battery which is connected to the output of the rectifier charger. The battery is thus kept in a fully charged condition by the rectifier charge. In this condition the battery is said to be on float across the rectifie r charger. In this mode the battery does not supply any power to the inverter. 22
II. EMERGENCY MODE: Emergency mode occurs when there is an interruption in the AC input to the rectifier charger. Interruption like voltage dips below the limit acceptable to the rectifier charger to fall. But the input of the inverter cannot fall because the battery is across inverter input & it maintains the voltage. AC mains is interrupted, th e source of the inverter input current gets instantaneously transferred from the rectifier charger to the battery when the output voltage generated by the rectif ier charger falls below the battery voltage. The battery which was earlier on float (charged) instantaneously goes into discharge & then supplies power to the inver ter till the AC mains resumes or the battery gets fully discharged. During this mode current cannot flow back from the battery into the AC mains because the voltage reverse biases the diodes or THYRISTORS in the rectifier charger. III.RECOVERY MODE: The recovery mode commences when the AC mains resumes after the interruption. When the generated voltage of the rectifier exceed the battery voltage. The input current of the inverter gets instantaneously transferred from the battery to the rectifier charger. During this mode the rectifier charger not onl y supplies power to the inverter but also supplies charging current to the battery to restore the charge lost by the battery during the emergency mode. When the 23
battery gets fully charged, the charging current decreases progressively and the battery reverts to the float mode and the UPS to the normal mode. The duration of the recovery mode depends on the extent of battery discharged, approximately 10 to 20 hours depending on the battery specifications and the design of the rectifier charger. 3. AC PLANT (CENTRAL AIR CONDITIONER) for the function of electrical equipment, cooling system is basic requirement. The basic advantages of cooling systems are followingIt provides the thermal stability so that the temperature does not reach the tolerance limit of electronic equipment. It saves equipment from dust so to avoid malfunction of equipment s. It protects equipment from excess humidity which can caused rusting of equipment . The basic unit of measurement used in the industry is known as ton of refrigeration (TR) which is equivalent to the heat extracted in 24 hours for converting thousands kg of liquid to ice at zero degree. The compressor is the heart of the AC system and the costliest. It increases the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant gas coming from the evaporator coils by compressing it. Compressor comes in various types. The most widely used is simple reciprocal typ e a cylinder and piston arrangement. For capacity more than 120 TR, centrifugal compressors are used. The condenser liquefies the refrigerant gas by a heat exchange process. The capillary tube or the expansion valve pressurizes liquid refrigerant and meters it flows to the evaporator. The refrigerant then passes through the evaporator coils, which extract heat out of the ambience. 24
4. MAIN DISTRIBUTION FRAME The primary function of MDF is: The fault of telephone number is removed in the MDF; it is called as Fault Remove Section. For removing the fault of telephone number, we use the testing these testing are T.T.Y. testing, Group testing, etc. For any type of testing firstly we need the vertical no. or the live tester, printer and computer test N.E. number of that particular telephone number. The telephone numbers are also disconnected in the MDF because of some specific reason. . ORGANISATION OF THE MDF PARTS OF THE MDF Horizontal side Vertical side a. HORIZONTAL SIDE: It is again subdivided in to two parts Exchange side Line side Description of the horizontal side: RACK: - On the rack, the tags are situated. One rack is having eight tags. The courting is done from up (0) to down (7). TAG: - Each rack consists of eight tags. 1 tag = 4 core 1 core = 4 bunch 1 bunch = 2 line N.E.:- The word NE stands for the NUMBER OF EQUIPMENT . It is a 128 pair cable. The EWSD and MDF connected by NE. 25
WEDGE:-If we want to disconnect any two numbers then we insert a wedge between subscriber side and exchange side. Here wedge works as insulator made of plastic. a. VERTICAL SIDE: The vertical aside connected to the underground cable. This cable is having 100 pairs. These pair is distributed when we allot the telephone number to the subscriber. Vertical side is again subdivided in two parts: One part is connected with the horizontal side and another with the subscriber line by using 100 pair underground cable. This is how the present day telephone system works. Different exchanges have different architectures of switching call routing and other features. FUNCTION OF MDF: A fixed means of terminating the external cables. A means for mounting the protective devices for incoming circuits. A convenient point of interception for locating of faults. A means for cross connecting the external circuits to the appropriateInternal ci rcuits. The MDF is properly earthed for the protection of the equipment. The external pairs are area wise terminated on the line side of the frame, while connection f romthe equipment is done on the exchange side in a numerical order. By interconnections at this frame with the help of jumper wires, any subscriber in any area can be given any exchange number. This MDF mounts Delay Fuses only. PROTECTIVE DEVICES : Comprehensive protection against effects of lightningand power line contacts, is achieved in practice by fuses, arresters and heat coils. They are not affected by normal speech and signaling voltage and current but operates when the foreign voltage or current on the line is excessive. The line isthen disconnected automatically from the equipment or a connection to earth is For safety precautions fuses are used. Every subscriber line has individual fuse . These fuses are made of GD (gas discharge) tube, which are connected in parallel .
These fuses have two sides, one is exchange side and other is subscriber side. Connections between the different tag blocks are made using the jumper wires of red and white colors. GD tubes are connected in parallel while electrical fuses are connected in series. 26
In electrical fuse, when high voltage appears across it, then it will break up t he Connection and thus safeguard the system. If GD tube is connected in series, the n due to high voltage across any line, the whole exchange will be disconnected. Thus when GD tubes are connected in parallel, it will provide the required facility. GASE DISCHARGE PROCTECTORS: In case of heavy lightning discharges, gas discharge protectors are used and more consistent voltage is obtained. The g as discharge protector essentially consists of two tungsten electrodes sealed in a special glass envelope containing a mixture of inert gases, mainly neon. One oft he electrodes are for connections to the lines and the other is the earth electr ode. If the potential difference across the electrodes rises to a certain critical va lue (the Striking value) the gas is ionized and becomes conducting. This condition will Continue till the potential difference across the electrodes falls to the extinc tionvoltage value. For voltages less than striking value it will not conduct. Fo r normal operating voltages on the lines, it offers extremely high impedance and thus doe s not introduce any transmission loss. For equipment side: MDF has many tag blocks of 100 and that numbered from 1 to 100. In a tag block, there are 128 pair wire theoretically. Therefore, total number o f Connecting wires are 1024 theoretically. But in practical, there are only 1000 p airs. For equipment side: From ground, a single pair of 400 wires originates, which is divided In 4 pairs of 100 wires. Practically, each pair is provided with 102 wires. Thes eExact 2 wires are used in case of any manufacturing defect. For broadband connections, different colored tag blocks are provided. Broadband is used to provide different facilities on land-line phones with highS peed to access them. A grey colored tag block is used for line side while yellow Colored tag block is used on equipment side. These tag blocks has 0 to 47 pairs.
In order to know the centre load point.: Cabinet and pillar are provided with capacity as per requirement. The D.P. box i sProvided with 10 or 20 or 5 pairs. Now a days, a D.P. box of 5 pairs is used wh ich is wall mount instead of being mounted on pole. To identify any telephone, we require the following two addresses: 1. Exchange/line address 2. Equipment address Exchange address is written in given manner: 27
Vertical number-tag block number-pair number For example 7-5-15 Here, vertical no.=7 Tag block no.=5 Pair no.=15 This gives the address of a telephone in the exchange. Equipment address is given as: Rack number-tag block number-pair number For example7-6-87Here,rack no.=7 Tag block no.=6 Pair no.=87 This gives the information about the actual location of telephone equipment. Thi s address is provided to lineman for repairing, in case of any fault. There is a section of fault repairing located in MDF section. Whensubscriber s pho ne is not working, then subscriber call to exchange. For this he dial,198. CONNECTING SYSTEM Exchange Side Line Side Cables from all the Exchanges reach the MDF From the MDF Underground Jumper Cables go to the Cabinets * The Capacity of the Cabinets is large around 2000 pairs * If the number of subscribers is small then there is no need for the Cabinets From the Cabinets the cables go to the Pillars *the position of the pillars is chosen such that the length of the wires going t o the DPs is equal in all directions 28
From the Pillars the wires go to the DPs * the capacity of each of the Pillars is about 10 or 15 From the DPs the wires go to the subscribers homes When a fault like Phone dead is reported then first check is made at the MDF (i) a Phone Set is inserted on the Line Side, some number is dialed and it is checked if the conversation takes place properly (ii) if the conversation takes place properly then the fault is said to be on the Line Side (Outdoors) (iii) But if there is no Dial Tone then the fault is said to be on the Exchange side (Indoors) . The fault in the Outdoors is checked first of all at the DP If there is dial tone at the Pillar but not in the subscribers home then the fault is in between the DP and the subscribers phone set. . Otherwise at the Pillar If there is dial tone at the Pillar but not at the DP then the fault is in between the DP and the Pillar . Otherwise the phone is checked at the Cabinet If there is dial tone at the Cabinet but not at the Pillar then the fault is in between the Cabinet and the Pillar . Otherwise the only option left is that the fault is in between the MDF and the Cabinet 29
EWSD
EWSD and Office Switch 1.General Overview EWSD (Elektronisches Whlsystem Digital in German, Electronic Digital Switching System/Electronic World Switch Digital in English) is one of the most widely installed telephone exchange systems in the world. EWSD can work as aloca l or tandem switch or combined local/tandem, and for landline or mobile phones. It is manufactured by Siemens AG, who claims that EWSD switches perform switching for over 160 million subscriber lines in more than 100 countries. DeTeWe bought its first EWSD under license in 1985 for remote switching. Bosch built its first EWSD as a local exchange in 1986. Deutsche Telekom, former lyDeutsche Bundespost, the largest German telephone company, uses EWSD and System 12 (Alcatel), the former more than the latter. In 2007, Nokia Corporation and Siemens AG formed the new company Nokia Siemens Networks, and responsibility of further development and shipments of the EWSD system is dependent on this new company. Contents 1 Hardware 30
2 Software 3 Technical data Hardware Main subsystems are: CP (Central Processor) MB (Message Buffer) CCNC (Common Channel Network Control) LINE (Analog Line Group) LTG (Line Trunk Group) DLU (Digital Line Unit) SN (Switching Network) All system units are redundant so the inactive side can take over immediately in case of an error. DLU handles analog and ISDN lines and includes codec s for analog lines, one of the BORSCHT functions for subscriber lines. Digital signals are assigned a ti me slot. DLU concentrates traffic onto a Line B unit, as well as Primary ISDN and V 5.2connections. Supervision and address signaling (dial pulse, DTMF) are also integrated in the DLU. For PCM-30 (E-1) connections to other exchanges, Line C Units are used, which also handle signaling including SS7, MFC R2 signaling, IKZ (dial pulse), and E&M. he Switching Network consists of 4 space division stages of 16x16 switches, and a time division section with 16 stages of 4x4 switches. Control is provided by the CP Co-ordination Processor. There are the following kinds of Co-ordination Processors: CP103 with max 22,000 call attempts in the busy hour CP112 with max 60,000 call attempts in the busy hour CP113D with max one million call attempts in the busy hour CP113C with max six million call attempts in the busy hour CP113E with max ten million call attempts in the busy hour Software The software of EWSD is called APS (Automatic Program System). The APS ison a ha rd drive and includes the operating system, developed by Siemens in cooperation with Bosch. It is predominantly written in the CHILL language. Application software is switch specific and serves among other things traffic 31
management, path search, and call charging. Support software serves translating programs, binding modules as well as administration of libraries for generating data. Operating and data communication software serve for co-operation of maintenance centers and switching centers. Technical data Number of access lines: to 250,000 Number of feeder lines: 240,000 Traffic connection: 25,200 Call attempts in busy hour: 10 million Operating voltages: -48V -60V -90V Rate zones: 127, for each zone of 6 tariffs Tariff change-over at 15 minute intervals Space requirement with 10,000 access lines: 35 square meters 15-25 *C Temperature EWSD EXCHANGE KOTA EQUIPPED CAPACITY 60K DATE OF COMISSION 32
MAIN (NAYAPURA) -6K 16.12.96 IST EXP -4K 10.02.97 IIND EXP -4.4K 18.03.97 3RD EXP -2K 08.06.99 RSU NGM -5.0 K 06-.11.97 RSUJN -5.0K 26.03.98 RSUANP -1K 20.10.98 RSUDDB -5.5K 16.11.98 EQUIPMENT DETAILS DLU -11 RSU DLU -65 LTG B -132 LTG C -57 CP 113A -1 CCNP -1 SNB -2 MBICCG -1 DEVO -1 OOF -1 WRKING CONNECTIONS 43753 PBX LN 328 33
STD PCO 1212 ISDNBRA 197 Sr.NO. Exchange Capacity Number DLU Name Scheme 1 Main 10000 232,2330, 10,150, (Nayapura) 2331, 160,170, 2332, 180,,190, 2333, 200,210, 2340, 220,230 2341, 2342, 2450,2451 34
2 NGM (New Grain Mandi) 6000 2360,2366 90-130, 250 650 260 3 JN (Junction) 5000 2460,2464 270-290, 440-460. 4 RLY colony (Railway Colony) 2000 2465-2466 900-920 5 E-10B (Road No. 2) 700 2410-2412 300 380-420 6 DDB (Dadbari) 6000 2500-2505 530-540 7. KUNHARI 2500 2370-2372 350-370 800-820 8. Ballabh Bari 3000 2390-2392 730 750-770 9. Kaithuni Pole 2800 2385-2387 700 620-640 10. RAMPURA 4500 2380-2384 1150 35
11 Keshv Pura 2800 2400-2403 930-940 780,710. 12. 13. BSM (Bhama Shah Mandi) DCM 1000 2000 2490-2492 2480-2481 330-340 590-610 14 SNP (Shrinath Puram) 3000 2470-2473 470-490 500-510 15 Mahaveer Nagar 2000 2475-2476 1050-1070 140 16 Talwandi 2850 2405-2407 1000-1020 720 17 Vigyan Nagar 1000 2410-2412 1100-1110 18. Kaithun 2844 740 36
19. Veer Sawarkar Nagar 456 2477 6002/456-798 20. Borkheda A(1)&(2) 912 LEVEL OF MAINS 6001/00-356 6001/12001656 21. Kherali Phayak 456 LEVEL OF MAINS 6001/456-798 22 Badgaon 456 LEVEL OF KUNHARI 6002/00-356 23. Borkhandi 500 28640-28643 6008/0/0,1,2,3, 4 24. Thathed 6005/0/0,1,2,3, 4 25. Alaniya 6006/0/0,1,2,3, 4 26. Rangpur 6007/0/0,1,2,3, 4 27. Arandkheda 37
28 Mandana 28126-28127 28128-28129 6011/0/0,1,2 6012/0,1,2 6015/0,1,2 29 Dara 28150-28151 6009/0,1,2,3 28152-28153 6004/0,1,2,3 30. WLL Jaipur 6000/0/0-9 CLOSED 31. Kota CORDACT 200 22010-22011 6003 2.INTROCDUCTION OF EWSD Switching network (SN) performs the switching function for speech as well as for messages in an EWSD exchange. For this purpose it is connected to LTGs and CCNC for speech/data and to CP (through MB) for exchange of control information. Switching network with ultimate capacity up to 63 LTGs is called SN DE4. For lar ger 38
exchanges SN DE5.1 is used which can connect up to 126 LTGs. Similarly SN DE5.2 can connect up to 252 and SN DE5.4 up to 504 LTGs. 39
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BSNL TRAINING REPORT 2009 Sumit Kumar SPN - EL2007461/10 Govt. Polytechnic College, Kota (Raj.) 3.BLOCK DIAGRAM OF EWSD EWSD switching system structure chart DLU Digital line unit SLM(A,D,X,I) subscriber line modules DLUC - Digital line unit controller LTG Line trunk group SN Switching network SSNC Signaling system network control CCNC Common channel network control MB Message buffer CP Coordinating processor BAP -base processor CAP -call processor CMY - common memory IOC- I/O controller AMP - ATM bridge processor B:CMY0(1) common memoryaccess bus CCG Central clock generator Net Manager Network management system 41
4.GENERAL FEATURES Switching network is provided in capacity stages SN: 63LTG to SN: 504LTG, i.e. up to 63 LTGs can be connected or, via other intermediate capacity stages, up to 504 LTGs can be connected. The modularly expandable SN has negligibly small internal blocking andcan be used in EWSD exchanges of all types and sizes. The self monitoring switching network uses a uniform through connection format. Octets (8 bit speech samples) from the incoming time slots are switched to the outgoing time slots leading to the desired destination fully transparently. This means that each bit of all octets is transmitted to the output of the switching network in the way that it appears at the input (bit integrity). For each connec tion made via the switching network, the octets have the same sequence at the output as at the input (digit sequence integrity). The switching network s full availabil ity makes it possible for each incoming octet to be switched at any time to any outgoing highway at the output of the switching network. The time slots used in switching network for making through-connections make up a 64 Kbit/s connection path. All of the switching network s internal highways have a bit rate of 8192 bits/s (Secondary Digital Carriers, SDCs). 128 time slots with a transmission capacity of 64 Kbits/s each (128x64 = 8192 Kbits/s) are available on each 8192 Kbits/s highway. Separate cables each containing several (eight or sixteen) such internal highway s, are used for each transmission direction. All externally connected highways also have the same uniform bit rate. The switching network combines the numerous switching network functions in a few module types. These modules work at very high through-connection bit rates; 8192 Kbits/s and some even at 32768 Kbit/s. For example 1024 connections can be switched simultaneously through a space stage with 16 inputs and 16 outputs. Although these highly integrated switching network modules switch a lar ge number of connections with a high degree of reliability, the EWSD switching networks are always duplicated. The amount of space needed for the switching network in the EWSD exchange is still very low despite this duplication. Two different switching network versions have been supplied in India:
* Switching network [SN] supplied with first 110K order. 42
* Switching network B [SN (B)] supplied with subsequent orders. 5.Position and Functional Structure Switching network is connected to LTGs and CCNC for speech/data and to CP (through MB) for exchange of control information. Figure 1 shows the position of switching network in EWSD exchange with reference to other equipments. For security reasons, entire SN is duplicated. The two sides of SN (SN0 and SN1) are called planes. The external highways for both transmission directions i .e. between the switching network and one LTG or between the switching network and one Message Buffer Unit (MBU) are identified as follows as shown in figure 2. * SDC: LTGinterface between SN and LTG: time slot 0 for message exchange between the LTG and coordination processor (CP) as well as between two LTGs, time slot 1 to 127 for subscriber connections. * SDC: CCNC interface between the SN and the common channel signaling network (CCNC): for common channel signaling. * SDC: TSG interface between SN and a message buffer unit assigned to CP (MBU: LTG) for message exchange between the CP and the LTGs as well as between the LTGs. * SDC: SGC between the SN and an MBU: SGC of the CP for setting up and clearing connections. Switching network in EWSD exchanges uses time and space switching and therefore it is functionally divided into Time Stage Group (TSG) and Space Stage Group (SSG). SN DE4 with capacity stage SN: 63LTG has a TST structure and TSG/SSG division is not applicable in this case. TSGs and SSGs are interconnected through internal 8 Mb/s interfaces called SDC:SSG. TSGs of both planes are connected to SSGs of both planes, and thus thes e provide further security. Each TSG and SSG have its own Switch Group Control(SGC) that is connected to CP via MB through interfaces SDC:SGC. 43
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BSNL TRAINING REPORT 2009 Sumit Kumar SPN - EL2007461/10 Govt. Polytechnic College, Kota (Raj.) TABLE 1: SN Capacity Stages Capacity stages of switching network SN:63LT G (DE 4) SN:126LT G (DE 5.1) SN:252LT G (DE 5.2) SN:504LT G (DE 5.4) Switchable traffic(E) 3150 6300 12600 25200 Local Exchanges No. of lines 30000 60000 125000 250000 Transit Exchanges No. of trunks 7500 15000 30000 60000 Structure TST TSSST TSSST TSSST Connectable no. of LTGs or LTG+CCNC 63 or 62+1 126 or 125+1 252 or 251+1 504 or 503+1 6.Capacity Stages The present version of SN is available in capacity stages SN:63LTG, SN:126LTG, SN:252LTG and SN:504LTG. Modular structure permits partially equipped SN. Up gradation from DE5.1 to DE5.2 and from DE5.2 to DE5.4 is possible with th e help of supplier. SN DE4 is not upgradable to DE5.1 as TSG and SSG are not separately identified in SN DE4. The traffic handling capacity, connect ability for various capacity stages of SN are shown in Table 1.
7.Functional Units of SN 46
7.1Switching path The switching network is subdivided into time stage groups (TSG) and space stage groups (SSG). Due to its modular structure, the EWSD switching network can be partially equipped as needed and expanded step by step. The switching network uses the following switching stages: one time stage incoming (TSI) three space stages (SS) and One time stage outgoing (TSO). These time and space stages (functional units), shown in figure 3, are located in the following module types: Link interface module between TSM and LTG (LIL) time stage module (TSM) link interface module between TSG and SSG (LIS) space stage module 8 15 (SSM8 15) space stage module 16 16 (SSM16 16) The switching network capacity stage SN:63LTG, however has a TST structure with only one space stage as shown in figure 4. Module types LIS and SSM 8 15 ar e not there in SN:63 LTG. Further, the modules and the TSGs/SSGs are interconnecte d A list of the various modules used in SN is given in Table 2. 47
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Sumit Kumar SPN - EL2007461/10 Govt. Polytechnic College, Kota (Raj. ) BSNL TRAINING REPORT 2009 7.1.1 LIL & LIS: The receiver components of the LIL and LIS compensate for differences in propagation times via connected highways. Thus, they produce phas e synchronization between the incoming information on the highways. These differences in propagation times occur because an exchange s racks are set up at varying distances to each other. Module LIL is connected on the interface to LTG s and has 4 inputs and 4 outputs while module LIS is connected on the interface to SSG and has 8 inputs and 8 outputs. 7.1.2. TSM: The number of TSMs in a switching network is always equal to the number of LILs. Each TSM contains one time stage incoming (TSI) and one time stage outgoing (TSO) (Figure 5). The TSI and the TSO handle the incoming or outgoing information in the switching network. Between input and output, octets canchange their time slot and highway via time Stages. Octets on four incoming highways are cyclically written into the speech memory of a TSI or TSO (4x128 = 512 locations corresponding to 512 different time slots). The speech memory areas 0 and 1 are used alternately in consecutive 125-microseconds periods for writing the octets. The connections to be made determine the octet sequence during read-out. The stored octets are read-out to any one of 512 time slots and then transferred via four outgoing highways. 49
7.1.3. SSM8 15 and SSM 16 16: The SSM 8 15 contains two space stages as shown in figure 6. One space stage is used for transmission direction LIS . SSM 8 15 . SSM 16 16 and has 8 inlets and 15 outlets while a second space stage is used for transmission direct ion SSM 16 16 . SSM 8 15 .LIS and has 15 inlets and 8 outlets. Via space stages, octets can change their highways between input and output, but they retain the same time slot. Space stages 8 15, 16 16 and 15 8 switch the received octets synchronously with the time slots and the 125-microsecond periods. The connections to be switched change in consecutive time slots. In this process, th e octets arriving on incoming highways are spatially distributed to outgoing highways . In capacity stages with a TST structure, the SSM 16 16 Switches the octets received from the TSIs directly to the TSOs. 50
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BSNL TRAINING REPORT 2009 Sumit Kumar SPN - EL2007461/10 Govt. Polytechnic College, Kota (Raj.) TABLE 2: List of Modules used in SN PCB No. of cards in SN:63 LTG No. of cards in TSG of SN:DE5 No. of cards in SSG of SN:DE5 Remarks LIL 16 16 -One LIL can connect up to 4 LTGs. The cards LIL and TSM are always used in pairs TSM 16 16 LIS -8 16 This PCB has 8 inlets and 8 outlets. LIS and SSM8 15 are always used in pairs SSM8 15 --16 SSM16 16 4 -15 Used to cross connect outlets of 16 SSM8/15 to inlets of SSM15/8 LIM 1 1 1 These two PCBs are used in the SGC SGC 1 1 1 DCC(B) 2 2 2 Separate shelf is provided for the DCC(B)s in the rack 52
7.2Control section: Each TSG, each SSG, and with SN: 63LTG, each switching network side has its own control. These controls each consist of two modules viz. switch group contro l (SGC) and link interface module between SGC and MBU: SGC (LIM) An SGC consists of a microprocessor with accompanying memory and peripheral components. The main tasks of an SGC are to handle CP commands (such as connection setup and clear down), message generation and routine test execution. Apart from the interface to the message buffer unit (MBU: SGC), an LI M has a hardware controller (HWC) and a clock generator for clock distribution. 7.3Firmware The firmware for the switching network is permanently stored in the program memory of each SGC. For this reason, it does not have to be loaded or initialize d by the coordination processor (CP). SN firmware is organized in the following manne r: executive control programs call processing programs maintenance programs startup and safeguarding programs 53
8. Switching network (B) Switching network (B) is a special compact version of switching network wherein a number of functional units are integrated over a single module. This arrangement has the following advantages: * Reduction in shelf space * Reduction in number of PCB types * Utilization of available space in SN rack for accommodating LTGs Functionally SN(B) is entirely similar to SN. However, only the following five types of modules are used in SN(B) as shown in table 3. TSMB: Two LILs and two time stage modules TSMs are combined to form one TSMB. LISB: This is formed by combining two LIS functional units in a TSG. SSM8B: Two LIS and two SSM8 15 functional units in a SSG are combined to form one SSM8B. SSM16B: This is formed by combining eight SSM16 16 functional units. SGCB: Functional units LIM and SGC are combined to form one SGCB. TABLE 3: SN(B) Modules 54
PCB No. of cards in SN(B) :63LTG No. of cards in TSG of SN(B):DE 5 No. of cards in SSG of SN(B):DE 5 Equivalent modules in SN TSMB 8 8 -2 X TSM + 2 X LIL LIS -4 -2 X LIS of TSG SSM8B --8 2 X LIS of SSG + 2 X SSM8 15 SSM16B 1 -2 8 X SSM16 16 SGCB 1 1 1 LIM + SGC DCCMS 1 1 1 Provided in same shelf containing SN/TSG/SSG 9.Rack Assignment 55
BSNL TRAINING REPORT 2009 Sumit Kumar SPN - EL2007461/10 Govt. Polytechnic College, Kota (Raj.) Both planes of SN: 63LTG are accommodated in two frames of a single SN rack. In case of SN: 126 LTG, both planes of TSG or SSG occupy one rack each. Thus there are two racks for 2 TSGs and one rack for one SSG. SN: 252LTG and SN: 504LTG have rack assignment similar to SN: 126 LTG and occupy 6 and 12 racks respectively. Rack assignment for SN is shown in figure 7. In case of SN (B) both planes of SN (B) of SN DE4 and both planes of TSG or SSG of SN DE5 are accommodated in two frames of a single SN rack. However since each such frame consists of one shelf only, the balance space in the rack is utilized for accommodating LTGs. The SSG shelf can accommodate two SSGs. The composite rack is called rack for SN (B)/LTG. Rack assignment for SN (B)/LTG is shown in figure 8. 56
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10.Module Frame Layout 10.1SN:63LTG One plane of SN:63LTG is accommodated in one frame consisting of two shelves. The arrangement of modules in module frame for SN:63LTG is shown in figure 9. 58
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BSNL TRAINING REPORT 2009 Sumit Kumar SPN - EL2007461/10 Govt. Polytechnic College, Kota (Raj.) 10.2SN:126LTG and higher capacity stages One TSG or one SSG of SN: 126LTG or above occupies one frame consisting of two shelves. The arrangement of modules in module frame for SN: 126LTG or above is shown in figure 10 (a) and (b). 60
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BSNL TRAINING REPORT 2009 Sumit Kumar SPN - EL2007461/10 Govt. Polytechnic College, Kota (Raj.) 62
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BSNL TRAINING REPORT 2009 Sumit Kumar SPN - EL2007461/10 Govt. Polytechnic College, Kota (Raj.) 10.3SN (B):126LTG and higher capacity stages One TSG or two SSGs of SN(B):DE5 (126LTG or higher capacity) occupy one frame consisting of one shelf only. The arrangement of modules in module frame for SN:126LTG or above is shown in figure11 (a) and (b). 10.4SN (B):63LTG: -One plane of SN(B):63LTG requires one frame consisting of only one shelf. The arrangement of modules in the module frame for SN(B):63LTG is shown in figure 12. 66
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11.Interconnection of Switching Modules Switching modules in EWSD switching network are connected in a manner so as to ensure nearly full availability. One module LIL, which can handle highways coming from 4 LTGs is connected to 4 inlets of a module TSM on one-to-one basis. Thus these 4 highways coming from 4 LTGs undergo a T-switching function and are then connected to inlets of 4 different LIS modules. The 8 inlets of a LIS module are connected to outlets of 8 different TSMs. Two such groups form a Time Stage Group wherein 63 LTGs can be connected. The TSG has 64 outlets coming out of 8 LIS modules. The interconnection arrangement is shown in figure 13. Eight outlets of LIS modules in TSG modules in SSG on one-to-one basis. therefore two TSGs can be connected connection between 8 outlets of LIS modules. Fifteen outlets of SSM8 15 connected. SSM15 8 are Fig. Time Stage group internal cross connected. hown in connections figure 14. All the TSGs of SN are connected to all the SSGs in such a manner as to ensure nearly full availability. The interconnection of TSGs with SSGs in case of SN:504 LTG is shown in figure 15, and that for SN:252 LTG and SN:126 LTG are shown in figure 16. Interconnection of the modules in SN DE4 is simpler as there are no TSG or SSG. The TSMs are directly connected to SSM16 16 as shown in figure 17. 69 are connected to 8 inlets of LIS One SSG consists of 16 LIS modules and to one SSG. There is again one-to-one modules and 8 inlets of SSM8 15 and 16 inlets of SSM16 16 are cross
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BSNL TRAINING REPORT 2009 Sumit Kumar SPN - EL2007461/10 Govt. Polytechnic College, Kota (Raj.) 12.Functions Three essential functions of switching network namely speech path switching, message path switching and changeover to standby are described below: 12.1Speech path switching The switching network switches single channel and broadcast connections with a bit rate of 64 Kbit/s and multichannel connection with nx64 Kbits/s. Two connection paths are necessary per single channel connection (e.g. from calling to called party and from called to calling party). For a multichannel connection, nx2 connection paths are necessary. In broadcast connections, the information is passed from one signal source to a number of signal sinks (no opposing direction). The coordination processor (CP) searches for free paths through the switching network according to the busy status of connection paths stored at that moment in the switching network s memory. The path selection procedure is always the same and is independent of the capacity stage of the switching network. During path selection, the two connection paths of a call are always chosen so that they will be switched via the same space stage section. A space stage section is a quarter of the space stage arrangement; with an SN: 252 LTG, for example, this corresponds to half a space stage group SSG. After path selection, the CP causes the same connection paths to be switched through in both switching network sides of an SN. The SGCs are responsible for switching the connection paths. In a capacity stage with 63 LTGs, one switch group control participates in switching a connection path; however in a capacity stage with 504, 252, or 126 LTGs, two or three switch group controls are involved. This depends on whether or not the subscribers are connected to the same TSG. The CP gives every involved switch group control setting instructions necessary for the through-connection. These setting instructions always have the same data format. An SGC receives the setting instruction from the CP via the message buffer unit MBU: SGC, the secondary digital carrier SDC: SGC, n an SGC and the CP are exchanged via an LIM. The SGC calculates the setting data using the call processing programs and service routines. The SGC loads the data 78
into registers in the hardware controller (HWC) of the LIM and, via the HWC, controls the setting of desired connection paths in 79
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BSNL TRAINING REPORT 2009 Sumit Kumar SPN - EL2007461/10 Govt. Polytechnic College, Kota (Raj.) 12.2Message path switching. Apart from the connections determined by subscribers by inputting dialing information, the switching network also makes connections between the LTG and the CP. These connections are used to exchange control information; they are setup only once, and then they are always available. For this reason, they are called semi permanent connections. Via these same connections, the LTGs also interchange message without having to burden the CP s processing unit. In this manner, a separate line network for the exchange of messages within an exchange is not necessary. Nailed-up connections and connections for common channel signaling are made on a semi permanent basis as well. 12.3Changeover to standby All connection paths are duplicated, i.e. switched through in SN0 and SN1. This provides an alternative route for each connection in case of failure. Figure 19 provides a simplified illustration of the various alternative routes possible in capacity stages with 504, 252, and 126 LTGs. The connection paths ar e switched in the same manner over both switching network sides (SN0 and SN1). The LTGs accept the incoming octets of the effective connections (subscriber/ subscr iber connections) from only one switching network side. In figure 19, the effective connections lead over SN0. Of note is the duplicated routing between the time stage groups (TSG) and space stage group (SSG). This makes it possible for the TSGs and SSGs to be individually switched over to standby. Switching over to standby is implemented only if errors occur simultaneously in both switching network sides. The effective connections are then lead over routed TSGs and SSGs of both switching network sides 0 and 1. In the switching network capacity stage with 63 LTGs, it is only possible to route the connections over SN0 or SN1. If an error occurs in the switching network, the CP initiates corresponding measures for switching over to standby and issues the corresponding messages. Changeover to standby do not interrupt existing connections. Thanks to this 81
duplication principle, all operational measures are easily carried out without impairing traffic (e.g. adding new modules or replacing defective modules). 13.O&M Aspects The following MML commands are used during operation and maintenance of switching network. Display and Modification in number of TSMs. DISP TSG MOD TSG Status display and Configuration commands STAT SN CONF SN CONF TSG CONF SSG Diagnosis and Test commands - SN DE4 and DE5 DIAG SN TEST SN Diagnosis and Test commands - SN DE5 only DIAG TSG DIAG SSG TEST TSG TEST SSG 13.1Safeguarding Concept The switching network (SN) is duplicated. Normally one SN side is active (the SSG and both TSGs in ACT), and the other SN side is standby (the SSG and the TSG s in STB). In the event of a malfunction in a switch group (SSG or TSG) in the active SN, the affected switch group is configured to UNA and the other switch groups in th e previously standby SN are configured to ACT. N the event of a malfunction in a switch group in the standby SN, only the affected switch group is configured to UNA. None of these reconfigurations affect switching traffic. 13.2Fault Printouts 82
An SN fault printout is the result report of the fault analysis program for the SN or for a switch group (SSG or TSG). It complements the more general alarm signaling with SYP etc. i.e. whenever the safeguarding system detects a malfunct ion in the SN, an appropriate fault printout is formulated, typically as follows: SN FAILURE WITH CONFIGURATION MMN:SN0xx-000 SGC DEFECT FAULT LOCATION : TSG-side-tsg SGC CONFIGURATION : TSG-side-tsg FROM : zzz TO : UNA SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION : H zzzzzzzz zzzzzzzz zzzzzzzz zzzzzzzz H zzzzzzzz zzzzzzzz zzzzzzzz zzzzzzzz Faults affecting the SN can be divided into two groups which are clearly distinguishable in terms of the system response: * Unconditional fault These are serious faults. The switch group in which such a fault occurs is always reconfigured to UNA. With unconditional faults, the following codeword s may be output : -SGC/SGC FAILURE -SGC/HWC FAILURE -PATH SET/HWC-FAILURE -CYCLE DEFEKT -NO CYCLE -SGC CHANNEL ERROR * Conditional faults These are not serious. If such a fault occurs in a switch group with no redundancy (i.e. where the partner switch group is in NAC, UNA or MBL), then the affected switch group is not configured to UNA. If the switch group is duplicate d, then it is configured to UNA, even for a conditional fault. Codeword s for conditi onal faults are : -SGC/PLLU-FAILURE 83
-SN-PLL FAILURE -PATH SET/TSM-FAILURE -PATH SET/SSM8-FAILURE -PATH SET/SSM16-FAILURE -SGC-DEFECT -All COC-FAILURE -All MCH-FAILURE -All MUX-FAILURE 13.3Diagnostics Explanation: * DIAG TSG This command starts a test program, to be specified under parameter TA, for a time stage group (TSG). * DIAG SSG This command starts a test program, to be specified under parameter TA, for a space stage group (SSG). * side SN plane, either 0 or 1 * tsg Number of TSG, 0 to 7 * TA (test area = test program) 84
* Area The identifier entered for the parameter TA specifies the test program to be called up. The following test programs are possible: CHALL, ALL, HWC, TSM, SSM, CSM, PLL In test program TSM, SSM and CSM, in the diagnostic command, a subunit must also be specified. -CHALL (check all) - For TSG, tests central sections, CPU with program and data memory PLL supervision circuit hardware controller tests decentralize sections : control memory of TSM modules - For SSG, tests central sections : CPU with program and data memory PLL supervision circuit hardware controller tests decentralize sections : control memory of SSM16 16 and SSM8 15 -ALL (check all control memories) - For TSG, The control memories of modules TSM are tested. Each bit in a control memory is checked for 1 and 0. 85
The addressing of each Ram chip in a control memory is also checked. - For SSG The control memories of modules SSM16 16 and SSM8 15 are tested. Each bit in a control memory is checked for 1 and 0. The addressing of each RAM chip in a control memory is also checked. Whereas modules SSM8 15 are only tested according to the SN capacity stage specified in the CP command, all 15 SSM16 16 modules are tested. -HWC (HWC test) - for TSG and SSG The HWC registers are checked. A good or bad message gives the states of the HWC registers and the interface between SGC and HWC. The HWC interface to the switching modules is not tested. -TSM (TSM test) The addressing and functioning of each bit in the control memory of a TSM module are tested. -CSM (SSM16 16 test) The addressing and functioning of each bit in the control memory of an SSM16 16 module are tested. -SSM (SSM8 15 test) 86
The addressing and functioning of each bit in the control memory of an SSM8 15 are tested. -PLL (PLL supervision circuit test) * SUBUNT For diagnostic identifiers TSM, CSM & SSM, the subunit must be specified. Possible subunits are: TSM = functional unit TSM/LIL SSM = functional unit LIS/SSM8 15 CSM = SSM16 16 * X TSM number (0 to 15) SSM8 15 number (0 to 15) SSM16 16 number (0 to 14) 13.4Test The SN speech path test makes a cross-office check per SN side, switch group or subunit, depending on the command. This involves setting up connections via SN, which are then tested with a test pattern. If the SN speech path detects a COC error in such a connection path, th e test is repeated with a new path setup attempt (with the same parameters). If th e test again detects a COC error, it is terminated with FAILURE DETECTED. The MML command used is as follows, where symbols/parameters are same as in DIAG SN. 87
14.Exercises 1. Interrogate and find out the capacity stage of SN in your exchange. Identify its racks, frames and modules. 2. Find out the number of LTGs and TSMs in your exchange and correlate. How many additional LTGs can be provided with the existing SN configuration? 3. Change status of both planes of SNs, one by one, using all possible combinations of OST and tabulate the results. 4. A fault in SN plane 0 has affected the third LTG connected to TSG1. What functional unit in SN could be faulty? Write MML commands to configure and diagnose the faulty unit. 88
SWITCHING TECHNIQUES SPACE DIVISION SWITCHING MULTIPLE STAGE SWITCHING TIME DIVISION SWITCHING TWO-DIMENSIONAL SWITCHING MULTI STAGE TIME AND SPACE SWITCHING 89
INTERNET Introduction: The Internet is not a program, not software, not hardware or a big system. It is a group of various co-operating computers worldwide interconnected by computer based on TCP\IP communication protocols. People use it to get information over a standard communication link. The hundreds or thousands or millions of computer network are connected to each other for exchanging the information which is base d on the unique identity and set of procedures. Internet is a series of interconne cted networks providing global link to information. GIAS: BSNL launched the Gateway Internet Access Service (GAIS) through dial up/leased/ISDN network. Users can access GAIS from 99 cities in India by this means. INTERNET CONNECTIVITY INTERNET TECHNOLOGY The basic function of Internet can be summarized as underInterconnecting of computers to form a network. Interconnecting of computers to form a network of networks. To establish a communication link between two computers within as network. To provide alternate communication link among the networks, even if one network is not working. These are based on TCP/IP communications protocol. 90
Transfer of a file through Internet: Suppose a file is to be transmitted on Internet from one computer to other ones Break the file in to small packets Attached destination and source address in o packets Multiplexed and transmit these packets At destination de-multiplex the packets Remove address bits from the packets and assemble the data in to the original fi le Make source bits as destination address and send the acknowledgement in to the source Therefore, it is clear that network hardware sends the packets to specified destination and network software reassembles of communications, the computer network performs the following functionsAddressing and routing Fragmentation and error correction Data error checking Connectivity control Multiplexing and de-multiplexing Data flow control End users interface etc. The data handling A single module cannot handle the entire process. One that adopted as a standard is an open system interconnection (OSI) model. COMMON TERMINOLOGY USED IN INTERNET: 91
WWW: World Wide Web (WWW) is a wide area hypermedia information retrieval aiming to give universal access to a large universe of documents. HTTP: Hyper text transmission Protocol (HTTP) is the communication protocol used to transfer documents from the server to client over the WWW (http:// www). HTML: Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) is a system of marking or tagging the various parts of web documents to tell the browser software how to display the document text, link graphics and link media. ISDN: Integrated Service Digital Network (ISDN) is a digital phone connection technology that provides both voice and data services over the same connection. ISP: Internet Service Provider (ISP) is an agency that provides Internet access and other net related services. NATIONAL INTERNET BACKBONE (NIB) Networking is a key component of any Internet Services Provider (ISP) operations . The networking equipments like access servers, routers and modems are critical t o 92
the successful functioning of ISP. An ISP node where subscribers enter internet, consists of a set of equipments as given below. Access server Router Modem bank LAN (Local Area Network) components Security server Rack, console & power supply Network management agent. Help desk CELLULAR MOBILE SERVICES: Cellular is one of the fastest growing and most demanding telecommunication applications. Today, it represents a continuously increasing percentage of all n ew telephone subscriptions around the world. Currently there are more than 45 milli on subscribers in worldwide and nearly 50% of those subscribers are located in USA. It is forecasted that cellular system using a digital technology will become the universal method of telecommunications. By the year 2005, forecasters predict th at there will be more than 100 million cellular subscribers worldwide. 93
1. WIRELESS IN LOCAL LOOP (WLL) MOBILE WLL is a communication system that connects customers to the Public Switch Telephone Network (PSTN) using radio frequency signals as substitutes of conventional wires for all part of connection between the subscribers and the telephone exchange. It works on CDMA technique. The local loop is access part of telecommunication network i.e. the part between PSTN switch and subscribers. WLL network application involves uses of radio to replace of the wire link between PSTN switch and subscriber. The radio technology is able to provide same quality of services as that provided by the wires line. Application of wireless loop technology has just been started in the worldwide. There is no standard for this so far. However, a number of national and international air interface standards for digital cellular mobile telephone system are available. TECHNICAL ASPECTS: WLL is based on CDMA technique and is entirely different from GSM. The system for WLL services can be divided in two following parts: BSC (Base Switching Centre):- It provides links between BTS & BSM; it consists of different processors, in BSNL it is of SUN Polaris of LG Company. In LG 1 BSC can have 48 BTS? In BSNL we have two types of BSC: I. V-5.2:-This type of BSC cannot switch by itself so it is dependent on local exchange / PSTN for switching and keeping records of billing etc. BSNL uses this type of BSC for rural areas. ii. CCS-7 / R2:-These types of BSC are totally automatic it doesn t depend on local exchange for its functions, it is complete in itself. BSNL uses this type of BSC for urban areas. 94
BTS (Base Transreceiver System):-As it is clear from its name it transmits as well as receive signal, it works as an amplifier (router) to overcome the loss in signal in transmission. BSM (Base Station Management):- It controls and manages the WLL services. It can troubleshoot the problem; add new users as well as capable to block service given to user. It is basically a computer system, which manages the whole process of WLL service. In BSNL BSM are two UNIX based computer system. ADVANTAGES OF WLL: Country wide induction of WLL underway of areas than are non-feasible for the normal network Helping relieves congestion of connections in the normal cable / wire based network in urban areas Limited the mobility without any airtime charges It has improved signal and reducing the interference Greater capacity than mobile Provides ease of operation, administration & maintenance at lower cost. The telecommunication is the biggest factor in influencing the speed of life in the modern age. Today we can get connection with any corner of world through the push button of computer; with the small mobile phone we can send not only the messages but also the secret document. As we know that there is positive view behind any mention that it should be helpful in the development of society. But humans have diverted mentality some of them of positive view and some of them of negative view. Where use any invention for the welfare of society but some uses for the satisfaction their disturbed mentality and to earn more and more money whether it may be harmful for the society. They infringe the norms of society and their behavior is condemned as antisocial, immoral and sinful. 95
2. CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (CDMA): CONCEPT OF MULTIPLE ACCESSES: Multiple access system allows a large number of users to share a common pool of radio telephone circuits, like sharing of trunked radio facility. Multip le access radio has similarity to the LAN in which the common channel is available to all users. The circuits are demands assigned i.e. assigned on demand first-cum-first-served basis. The provision of access to the radio circuits methods of multiple accesses are: CDMA: -Where large number of transmission are combined on the same channel at the same time and separated by the codes. WHAT IS CDMA? CDMA, a cellular technology originally known as IS-95, competes with GSM technology for dominance in the cellular world. There are now different variations, but the original CDMA is known as CdmaOne. Latest CDMA global subscriber & operator s numbers As of December 2002, there were 120 million users worldwide, with 55 million of these in the USA. See other cellular technology in the world. We now have CDMA2000 and its variant like 1X EV, 1XEV-DO and MC 3X. The refer of variant of usage of a 1.25 MHz channel. 3X uses a 5 MHz channel. Wide band CDMA forms that the basis of UMTS 3G networks, developed originally by Qualcomm, high capacity and small cell radius, employing spread-spectrum technology and special coding scheme characterized by CDMA. The Telecommunication Industry Association (TIA) in 1993 adopted CDMA. May 2001 there were 35 million subscribers on cdmaOne system worldwide. 96
Over 35 countries have either commercial or trial activity ongoing. There were already 43 WLL systems in 22 countries using cdmaOne technology. Enhancing today s data capabilities is the 1XRTT CDMA standard this next evolutionary step for cdmaOne operators will provide data rates up to 300 kbps, significant capacity increases as well as extended batteries life for handsets. Worldwide resources are being devoted to roll out third generation CDMA technology, including multi-carrier (cdmaOne2000 1xMC and HDR in 1.25 MHz bandwidth and 3xMC in 5 MHz bandwidth) and direct spread (WCDMA in 5 MHz bandwidth). This first phase of cdmaOne2000 variously called 1XRTT, 3G1X or just plain 1X is designed to double current voce capacity and support always on data transmission speed 10 times faster than typically available today, some 153.6 kbps on both the forward and reverse links. 3. GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION (GSM): The GSM Association is a unique organization, with a truly global reach, offering a full range of business and technical services to its members. Now as the wireless family unfolds the association is deriving forward its vision of seamless, limitless, world of wireless communication. Throughout the evolution of cellular telecommunications, various systems have been developed without the benefit of standardized specifications. This presented many problems directly related to compatibility, especially with the development of digital radio technology. The GSM standard is intended to address these problems. Global system for mobile communication (GSM) is a globally accepted standard for digital cellular communication. GSM is the name of a standardization group established in 1982 to create a common European mobile telephone standard that would formulae the specifications for a panEuropean mobile cellular radio system operating at 900 MHz it is estimated
that many countries outside of Europe will join the GSM partnership. 97
OBJECTIVES OF GSM SYSTEM: One of the important objectives of GSM group is to evolve a unified standard to provide seamless roaming across Europe. Another landmark decision taken by the group is to standardize a digital radio interface for the communication between the mobile handset and the radio transmitter / receiver. The design objectives of the GSM system can be briefly states as below: Excellent speech quality High security and privacy Low module terminal cost Low service and facilities cost Design of sleek and handled mobile terminals International roaming Wide range of services and facilities Ability to adopt to new and innovative features Narrowband ISDN compatibility Digital Radio High Spectral efficiency GSM NETWORK ELEMENTS AND ARCHITECTURE: 1. Mobile Station (MS) i. Mobile Terminal or Equipment (MT) ii. Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) Card 2. Base Station Subsystem (BSS) i. Base transceiver Station (BTS) ii. Base Station Controller (BSC) iii. Main Station Controller (MSC) iv. Transcoding and Rate Adoption Unit (XCDR/TRAU) 3. Network Switching Subsystem (NSS) i. Registration ii. Authentication and security iii. Location updating iv. Handovers and v. Routing to roaming subscribers 4. Operation and Maintenance Subsystem (OMS) i. Operation and Maintenance Centre Switch ii. Operation and Maintenance Centre Radio 5. Enhanced Services Subsystem (ESS) 6. Billing and Customer Care System (B&CCS) 98
4.THIRD GENERATION 3G TECHNOLOGY : Introduction: Third generation (3G) networks were conceived from the Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS) concept for high speed networks for enabling a variety of data intensive applications. 3G systems consist of the two main standards, CDMA2000 and W-CDMA, as well as other 3G variants such as NTT DoCoMo's Freedom of Mobile Multimedia Access (FOMA) 99
and Time Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access (TD-SCDMA) used primarily in China. Data Speed The data speed of 3G is determined based on a combination of factorsincluding th e chip rate, channel structure, power control, and synchronization. An example of calculating the theoretical 3G data speed is as follows: W-CDMA assigned code 400-500 Kbps/code. 6 codes X 400 > 2Mbps (UMTS target for 3G data speed in fixed location) Actual data speeds will vary in accordance with several factors including: Number of users in cell/sector Distance of user from cell User is moving or stationary Network operator capacity and network optimization requirements 1xEV-DO is a data-only solution, supporting a theoretical data speed ofup to 2.4 57 Mbps 1xEV-DV is a data and voice solution, supporting a theoretical dataspeed of up t o 3.072 Mbps FOMA has two operational modes, supporting a dedicated 64 Kbpsconnection or a 38 4 Kbps downlink/64 Kbps uplink best-effort connection. TD-SCDMA can operate in 1.6 MHz or 5 MHz mode for 2 Mbps or 6Mbps respectively 100
3G is the short form for third-generation technology. It is one of the popular mobile phone standards. The services utilizing 3G provide the ability to transmi t 101
both voice data such as calls and non-voice data such as instant messaging, emai l and video telephony at the same time. Japan was the first country to introduce 3 G on a wide scale commercially. In 2005, almost 40 per cent of the subscribers inJ apan used 3G services. On the technical front, 3G services are wide area cellula r telephone networks unlike IEEE 802.11 networks, which are short range networks meant for Internet access. Now, 3G is being used to provide various services. You have to plug in 3G Data Card into your laptop and can get the fastest available connection, with mobile broadband speeds of up to 1.8 Mbps. It s neat, compact design makes it easy to use; you can easily swap it between laptops for use at work, home or on the move. Laptops have a PC Card slot (also known as a PCMCIA slot), or an Express Card slot. There is PCMCIA to Express Card Converter for using 3G broadband; you need 3G Data card, network SIM card, software, user guide. BSNL s IPTV First started in Japan in 2002. Popular in France, South Korea, Germany, Hongkong etc. France is leading in IPTV having more than 1.7 million IPTV viewers Global IPTV subscriber s base will reach 14.5 million in 2007 and will be approximately 63 million by 2010. 102
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CONCLUSION: Hence in the last I can say that taking training in such an organization proved to be very beneficial for me. I learnt quite a lot about electronic exchange, Internet, Land line, WLL, Mobile GSM & 3G, and the basis of processing Exchange. I also got firsthand knowledge of how a Telephone Exchange works. The first phase of training has proved to be quite fruitful. It provides an opportunity to encounter with such huge machines. The architecture of company has various units. They are linked and working of whole plant is controlled make the student realized that engineering is not just learning the structure description and working of various machines. But the greater part is planning proper management. -----------105
GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ADM Add/Drop Multiplexers ANALOGUE An electrical signal which is analogous to changing physical quantity measured BSC Base Station Controller BTS Base Tran receiver Station C-DOT Centre for Telemetric Development of CD Cabinet Cable Distribution Cabinet CDMA Code Division Multiple Access CKM Cable conductor kilometer cable sheath kilometers multiplied by the number of conductor pairs in each cable CLIP Calling Line Identification Processing COAXIAL CABLE A cable with a single wire in the centre of cylindrical conductor forming a pair of carrying electrical signals CT BOXES Cable Termination Boxes DECT Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications DEL Direct exchange lines, one each for every telephone connection DIGITAL EXCHANGE The exchange having signals coded into binary pulses and having little or no moving parts DIU DECT interface unit DLC Digital Loop Carrier DWDM Dense Wavelength Multiplexing Terminal EDX Electronic Data Exchange EPABX Electronic Private Automatic Branch Exchange
ETRP Electronic Trunk Relay Plates EWSD TAX Electronic Wheeler System of Digital Trunk Automatic Exchange 106
GHz Giga Hertz GSM Global System for Mobile Communications HDPE High density polyethylene HDSL High bit rate Digital Subscriber Line Hertz or Hz Frequency (cycles per second), named after Heinrich Hertz usually in ranges of kilo 1000 KHz, mega 1,000,000 -MHz or giga 1,000,000,000 - GHz IDR Intermediate Data Rate ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network LDST Long Distance Satellite Telephone LOI Letter of Intent MARR Multi Access Rural Radio MBM Multi Base Module Mbps Mega bits per second denoting digital frequency
MCPC Multi Channel Per Carrier MDF Main Distribution Frame MUX Multiplex NIT Notice Inviting Tender NE Lines Non Exchange Lines OFC Optical Fiber Cable Optical Fiber (OF) Glass fibers using light waves for transmission of signals OLA Optical Line Amplifiers OYT Own your telephone PABX Private Automatic Branch exchange PBX Private branch exchange PCM Pulse Code Modulation PCO Public Call Offices PDH Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy PERT Chart Programmed Evaluation Review Technique Chart PIJF Cable Polyethylene Insulated Jelly Filled Cable PSPDN Packet Switch Public Data 107
Network PST Progressive Stock Taking PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network PVC Polyvinyl chloride PW Private Wires RLU Remote Line Unit RSU Remote Switching Unit SACFA Standing Advisory Committee on Radio Frequency Allocation SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SMPS Switch Mode Power Supply SRCs Subscriber Record Cards SSAs Secondary Switching Areas STD Subscriber trunk dialing STM Synchronous Transport Module TAX Trunk automatic exchange
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access A transmission technique used in digital radio transmission in which the use of a frequency is divided into time slots that are shared amongst several users. TELEX TelePrompTer exchange TTH Triangular Tubular Hybrid UHF Ultra high frequency (300 to 3000 MHz) VHF Very high frequency VPT Village Public Telephones VSAT Very small aperture terminal WLL Wireless-in-Local Loop --------108

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BSNL TRAINING REPORT 2009 Sumit Kumar SPN - EL2007461/10 Govt. Polytechnic College, Kota (Raj.

BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED 7

* Switching network [SN] supplied with first 110K order. 42

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