Satellite Image Contrast Enhancement Using Discrete Wavelet Transform and Singular Value Decomposition

Abstract : Satellite image contrast enhancement technique based on the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and singular value decomposition has been proposed. The technique decomposes the input image into the four frequency sub bands by using DWT and estimates the singular value matrix of the low-low sub band image, and, then, it reconstructs the enhanced image by applying inverse DWT. The technique is compared with conventional image equalization techniques such as standard general histogram equalization and local histogram equalization, as well as state-of-the-art techniques such as brightness preserving dynamic histogram equalization and singular value equalization. The experimental results show the superiority of the proposed method over conventional and state-ofthe-art techniques. Introduction: Satellite images are used in many applications such as geosciences studies, astronomy, and geographical information systems.

One of the most important quality factors in satellite images

comes from its contrast.

Contrast enhancement is frequently referred to as one of the

most important issues in image processing.

Contrast is created by the difference in luminance reflected

from two adjacent surfaces.

In visual perception, contrast is determined by the difference in

the color and brightness of an object with other objects.

Our visual system is more sensitive to contrast than absolute

luminance; therefore, we can perceive the world similarly regardless of the considerable changes in illumination conditions.

If the contrast of an image is highly concentrated on a specific

range, the information may be lost in those areas which are excessively and uniformly concentrated.

 The problem is to optimize the contrast of an image in order to

represent all the information in the input image IMAGE ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUES: 1.Spatial Domain Based Technique 2.Frequency Domain Based technique 3. Wavelet Domain Technique Spatial Domain Based Technique 1. General Histogram equalization (GHE) 2. Local histogram equalization (LHE). 3. Brightness preserving dynamic histogram equalization (BPDHE) 1. General Histogram equalization (GHE)

The GHE technique is one of the simplest and most effective

primitives for contrast enhancement.

It attempts to produce an output histogram that is uniform. Histogram is defined as the statistic probability distribution of
each gray level in a digital image.

Histogram equalization (HE) is one of the well-known methods for enhancing the contrast of given images.

Making the result image have a uniform distribution of the gray

levels.

It flattens and stretches the dynamic range of the images histogram and results in overall contrast improvement.

Disadvantage:

One of the disadvantages of GHE is that the information laid on

the histogram or probability distribution function (PDF) of the image will be lost.

 Preserving the shape of the PDF of an image is of vital

importance.

2. Local histogram equalization (LHE). A local histogram filter used enhancing the contrast in an image. Histogram equalization is used for enhancing the contrast in an intensity image .this normally works quite well for smaller image or images or images where almost all of the different intensity levels are represented.

2. Brightness preserving dynamic histogram equalization (BPDHE) Brightness preserving dynamic histogram equalization (BPDHE) which is an extension of (HE) that can produce the output image with the mean intensity almost equal to the input intensity of the image, thus fulfill requirement of the input image maintaining the brightness of the image.

BPDHE preserves the general pattern of the PDF of an image. BPDHE is obtained from dynamic histogram specification which
generates the specified histogram dynamically from the input image. Frequency Domain Based technique 1. Fourier series 2. Fourier Transform 3. Discrete Fourier Transform 4. Fast Fourier Transform

Wavelet Domain Technique: 1. Continuous wavelet Transform 2. Discrete wavelet Transform

In this method we are using DWT

Discrete Wavelet Transformation Nowadays, wavelets have been used quite frequently Used in image processing. They have been used for feature extraction, denoising , compression , face recognition , and satellite image super-resolution. The decomposition of images into different frequency ranges permits the isolation of the frequency components introduced by intrinsic deformations or extrinsic factors into certain subbands . This process results in isolating small changes in an image mainly in high frequency subband images. Hence, discrete wavelet transform (DWT) is a suitable tool to be used for designing a pose invariant face recognition system.

The 2-D wavelet decomposition of an image is performed by

applying 1-D DWT along the rows of the image first, and, then, the results are decomposed along the columns. This operation results in four decomposed subband images referred to as

LowLow (LL), LowHigh (LH), HighLow (HL), and HighHigh (HH). The frequency components of those subband images cover the
frequency components of the original image.

3. Singular Value Equalization The singular value matrix represents the intensity information of the given image and any change on the singular values change the intensity of the input image.

The proposed technique converts the image in to SVD domain and after normalizing the singular value matrix it reconstructs the image in the spatial domain by using the updated singular value matrix .the technique is called Singular Value Equalization (SVE).

The singular-value-based image equalization (SVE) technique

is based on equalizing the singular value matrix obtained by singular value decomposition (SVD). SVD of an image, which can be interpreted as a matrix, is written as Follows: A = UAAVA
T

where UA and VA are orthogonal square matrices known as

Hanger and aligner, respectively. The A matrix contains the sorted singular values on its main diagonal. The idea of using SVD for image equalization comes from this fact that A contains the intensity information of a given image. SVD was used to deal with an illumination problem. The method uses the ratio of the largest singular value of the generated normalized matrix, with mean zero and variance of one, over a normalized image which can be calculated according to =max _N(=0,var=1)_ Max (A)

where N(=0,var=1) is the singular value matrix of the synthetic intensity matrix. This coefficient can be used to regenerate an equalized image using
T

equalizedA = UA(A)VA where equalizedA is representing the equalized image A. This task is eliminating the illumination problem. Disadvantage: singular value matrix obtained by SVD contains the illumination information. Therefore, changing the singular values will directly affect the illumination of the image.hence, the other information in the image will not be changed.

Proposed method:

Satellite image equalization which is an extension of SVE, and

it is based on the SVD of an LL sub band image obtained by DWT.

DWT is used to separate the input low contrast satellite image

into different frequency sub bands, where the LL sub band concentrates the illumination information.

That is why only the LL sub band goes through the SVE process,
which preserves the high-frequency components (i.e., edges).

Hence, after inverse DWT (IDWT), the resultant image will be

sharper with good contrast.

In this letter, the proposed method has been compared with the conventional GHE technique as well as LHE and some stateof-the-art techniques such as BPDHE and SVE.

Software used : MATLAB 1. The proposed method is implementing using MATLAB software. 2. Mat lab is a high performance language for technical computing 3. it integrates computation, visualization, and programming in easy to use environment where problems and solutions are expressed in familiar mathematical notation . Typical uses include Mathematical Algorithm development an

Modeling, simulation, and Visualization

 Scientific and engineering graphics Application development ,including graphical user interface building.

Work so far done: 1. The proposed method is implementing using matlab software .

2. satellite low contrast image are uploaded into the matlab

software using mat lab command such as, imread.and resizing the image according mat lab format. functions of the mat lab ,the original image histogram is obtained.(comparable methods such as GHE,BPDHE (histogram representations are obtained using matlab commands )

3. by using histogram commands which are already in the library

4. the singular value matrix is calculated by using the following

equation . Z = max (max(s_A))/max(max(l_A))Where max(max(s_A)) is the value of input image And max(max(l_A)) is the value of the out image.

5. the Wavelet Decomposition of Low Contrast Image ,the image

is transformed in to four sub-bands l_cA,l_cH,l_cV,l_cD as

LowLow (LL), LowHigh (LH), HighLow (HL), and HighHigh (HH). 6. Wavelet
decomposition s_cA,s_cH,s_cV,s_cD. of Synthetic Image

7. Singular value Decomposition SVD of an image, which can be

interpreted as a matrix, is written as follows: A = UAAV T (or) l_U*Z*l_A*l_D
A

where UA and VA are orthogonal square matrices known as hanger and aligner, respectively, and the A matrix contains

the sorted singular values on its main diagonal. 8.The idea of SVD for image equalization comes from this fact that Acontains the intensity information of a given image l_U l_A l_D 9.the singular s_U s_A s_D. value matrix of the synthetic intensity matrix.

10. This coefficient can be used to regenerate an equalized image using equalizedA = l_U*Z*l_A*l_D'.(where Z singular value matrix) 11.db.9/7 wavelet function as the mother function of the DWT is used. 12.Sub band images of the original image is obtained by applying inverse dwt that is IDWT. 13. The technique was compared with the GHE, LHE, BPDHE, and SVE techniques. 14.The visual results on the final image quality show the superiority of the proposed method over the conventional and the state-of-theart techniques.