ISLANDS An area within a road way or between road ways from which vehicular traffic is intended to be excluded

CHANNELIZATION is the introduction of elongated and triangular islands at intersections for purposes of indicating the proper paths to be followed

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Conditions of installing islands:

a. b. c. d. e. f. Highway accident frequency Vehicular traffic density Volume of high speed vehicular traffic Complex intersection Wide roadway Difficulty in providing control standard signs and margins.
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Channelization - the separation or regulation of conflicting traffic movements into definite paths by means of traffic islands or pavement markings to facilitate the safe and orderly movements of both vehicles and pedestrians
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Functions of channelization:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Vehicles can be confined to definite paths. The angle between intersecting streams of traffic can be made more favorable. Drivers can be forced to merge into moving traffic streams at flat angles and proper speeds. Speed control can be established over vehicles entering an intersection. Points of conflict may be separated in such a way that the driver faces only one decision at a time. Refuge may be provided for turning or crossing vehicles and for pedestrians. Points of conflict may be separated in such a way that the driver faces only one decision at a time. Channelizing devices provide protected locations for essential trafficcontrol devices such as signs and signals.
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Functions of channelization:
1. Vehicles can be confined to definite paths. Free choice of routes of drivers or pedestrians = actions cannot be predicted. Vehicles are exposed for longer distances to others making conflicting movements more accidents

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Functions of channelization:
2. The angle between intersecting streams of traffic can be made more favorable. When cross traffic meets at flat angles (dashed lines), the accidents are more serious. Intersection of traffic streams at about right angles(75 to 105) is most favorable decreases accident severity, reduces accident opportunity, most favorable condition for judging relative speed and position of approaching vehicle.
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Functions of channelization:
3. Drivers can be forced to merge into moving traffic streams at flat angles ( 10 to 15 ) and proper speeds.

Cause little disruption to traffic or decrease in capacity on the main thoroughfare. Fewer vehicles are accommodated since the gap in the moving stream must be longer before entry can be made.
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Functions of channelization:
4. Speed control can be established over vehicles entering an intersection.

Can be accomplished by bending traffic stream

Can be accomplished by funneling vehicles into narrow opening - Drivers react by reducing speed - Prevents overtaking and passing in a conflict area

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Functions of channelization:
5. Prohibited turns can be prevented. 6. Refuge may be provided for turning or crossing vehicles and for pedestrians.

Provision of turning lanes and of protected areas for cross traffic and pedestrians at the center of the street

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Functions of channelization:
7. Points of conflict may be separated in such a way that the driver faces only one decision at a time. 8. Channelizing devices provide protected locations for essential traffic-control devices such as signs and signals.

Reduces confusion and accidents because the driver can reach the proper decision in a shorter period of time.

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Sample designs to restrict or prevent undesirable or wrong movements

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Sample designs to restrict or prevent undesirable or wrong movements

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Sample designs to restrict or prevent undesirable or wrong movements

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Sample designs to restrict or prevent undesirable or wrong movements

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Intersections a general term denoting the area where two or more highways join or cross, including all of the roadway provided for accommodation of through, cross and turning movements together with grades separation and ramps.

At-grade intersections the crossing or junction of two or more highway at a common level; includes the whole of the pavement provided for the accommodation of through, cross and turning movements.

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Intersections may be:

Unchannelized these intersections are the cheapest and least elaborate. Intersecting roadways have been joined by circular arcs in order to provide pavement under vehicles turning to the right. Flared intersection in which the number of traffic lanes or the pavement width of lane exceed the normal width. Widening of entering traffic lanes in order to permit deceleration clear of through traffic and exit lanes to provide for acceleration and merging. Channelized design intended to direct approaching drivers to the correct paths by employing the principles of channelization.
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General types of at-grade intersections:

1. 3 - leg intersection Y or T

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General types of at-grade intersections:

1. 3 - leg intersection Y or T

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General types of at-grade intersections:

2. Four-leg intersection normal crossing, oblique, or skewed/staggered

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General types of at-grade intersections:

3. Multi-leg intersections with more than 4 legs

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General types of at-grade intersections:

4. Rotary intersection

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Different Elements of an intersection

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Interchange a system of interconnecting roadway in conjunction with one or more highway separations providing for the interchange of traffic between two or more intersecting highways, usually without atgrade crossings of through and major turning movements.

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Types of interchanges:
1. Diamond interchange an interchange which provides easy exit from and entrance to the major highway and to confine necessary left turns atgrade to the minor highway or crossroad.

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Types of interchanges:
2. Cloverleaf an interchange with inner loops and outer connections. A full cloverleaf has an inner loop and outer connection in each quadrant.

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Types of interchanges:
2. Cloverleaf an interchange with inner loops and outer connections. A full cloverleaf has an inner loop and outer connection in each quadrant.

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Types of interchanges:
3. Directional interchange an interchange with one or more highway separations and direct connections for the major turning movements.

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Types of interchanges:
3. Directional interchange an interchange with one or more highway separations and direct connections for the major turning movements.

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Types of interchanges:
4. Y, T or branch interchange an interchange with three approach roadways.

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Types of interchanges:
4. Y, T or branch interchange an interchange with three approach roadways.

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Types of interchanges:
5. Rotary Interchange an interchange operating with one way traffic counterclockwise around a central area, circular in shape

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