PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT Volume 36, Issue 5, October 2009 Online English edition of the Chinese language

journal Cite this article as: PETROL. EXPLOR. DEVELOP., 2009, 36 (5): 658663. RESEARCH PAPER

Pilot test of horizontal drilling and completion techniques in Nanpu Oilfield

Zhu Kuanliang1,2,*, Feng Jinghai2, Han Fei2, Li Nan2
1. Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China; 2. PetroChina Jidong Oilfield Company, Tangshan 063000, China

Abstract: The main reservoir of Nanpu Oilfield has considerable lateral variation and uncertain stratigraphic dip and faults making its geological tracking difficult. Because of the environmental constraints, few wells were drilled and the implementation of efficient development level is difficult. After analyzing the stability of the well bores, pore pressure, fracture pressure, collapse pressure, drill ability of basalt, reservoir characteristics and physical properties, reservoir structure, characteristics of oil and gas shows, reservoir damage, and reservoir sand, optimization research and pilot applications of extended-reach horizontal drilling, including optimal design of well profile and structure, well path control, individualized design of bit, optimization of drilling fluid system, reservoir protection, and screen completion, were carried out. All the three horizontal wells tested were successful in oil production. The early daily oil production in the three wells is 505, 736, and 1 058 t, respectively. The production was normal and no sand was produced in the case of high production. The main drilling and completion techniques established in this study proved to be efficient. Key words: Nanpu Oilfield; pilot test; horizontal well; drilling and completion techniques

Introduction
Jidong Nanpu Oilfield is situated in the southwest beach of Huanghua Depression in Bohai Bay Basin. In recent years, significant amount of oil and gas reserves are found in this region. To achieve fast, high-efficiency development and improve the general production level of this oilfield, several extended-reach horizontal wells were built in the bank of the north block of Nanpu Structure No. 1 for this pilot test. The aims of this pilot study were to test the highest production and production stability of the No. 4 reservoir group of the Guantao Formation and the No. 2 reservoir group of Member I of the Dongying Formation under the condition of optimized well type, drilling and completion techniques, and oil recovery method, to verify the development technical policy and indices presented in the conceptual design phase of the Nanpu Oilfield development, and to provide the scientific basis for the preparation of overall development plan for Nanpu Oilfield and large-scale development implementation of the Nanpu Oilfield. Some advanced drilling and completion techniques are studied and applied, and the daily oil production of the first three horizontal wells at early production stage were more than 500 t, significantly exceeding the expectation. The optimized technology and tools used in this study all reached international advancing

level, providing technical support and reference for the future large-scale development of Nanpu Oilfield and new blocks of the surrounding oilfields.

1
1.1

Well bore profile and borehole structure design

Well bore profile design

Horizontal well bore profile design is the first step in horizontal well drilling. Limited by the surface conditions of the oilfield, the horizontal displacements of all the wells in this pilot test are more than 1500 m, resulting in many disadvantages, such as high-friction torque during drilling, tough well bore cleaning, and high requirement for well path control precision. Therefore, profile optimization is required to effectively reduce the drilling difficulty and achieve successful landing. On the basis of the drilling experiences of the horizontal wells and extended-reach well in the Jidong Oilfield and after comprehensive study, such as friction torque prediction, the horizontal well with long radius of curvature is selected. The profile is three-buildup profile including two holding intervals (vertical build up holding build up holding [oil reservoir top identification] build up [landing interval] horizontal interval)[1-3]. The buildup rate of the first buildup interval is 2.1-2.4/30 m, and the inclination angle of the first holding interval is 40-45, in which the well path and

Received date: 08 April 2008; Revised date: 18 June 2009. * Corresponding author. E-mail: zkl@petrochina.com.cn Foundation item: Supported by CNPC Research Project Research of efficient development technology and its field test in Nanpu Oilfield (2008B-0805) Copyright 2009, Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, PetroChina. Published by Elsevier BV. All rights reserved.

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Table 1 Basic data of well profile design for the three pilot wells
First Kick A point B point C point Inclination angle build up Drilled First off of horizontal depth/ holding rate point/ Vertical Displace Vertical Displace Vertical displace/ interval/() m (()(30 angle/() m depth /m /m depth /m /m depth /m m m)1) 750 700 850 3 489 3 360 3 572 2 162.2 2 164.2 2 177.5 1 399 1 495 1 087 2 164.2 2 162.2 2 176.5 1 605 1 642 1 182 2 176.2 2 166.2 2 180.5 1 998 1 898 1 971 89.44 90.78 92.34 2.4 2.4 2.4 43.0 45.0 39.4 Second build up Angle of top Build up rate of of reservoir landing interval/ rate/ () (()(30 m) 1) (()(30 1 m) ) 2.33 4.00 4.00 84.4 85.8 86.0 3 4 3

Well name

NP1-P1 NP1-P2 NP1-P4

the operational difficulty for this interval is equivalent to the conventional directional wells. For the second buildup interval, the buildup rate is 2.1-5.0/30 m, and its lithology is mainly basalt and pebbled sandstone with low drillability, low drilling speed, and low rate of build up. For the selection of buildup rate, the relationship between the drilling speed and the well path control is considered. The inclination angle of the top of the reservoir is determined in accordance with the inclination angle of the horizontal interval landing point design, reservoir structural feature, true vertical depth difference between the landing point and the top of reservoir, reservoir thickness, and the rate of buildup required by landing. It is usually 3-5 less than that of the landing point at the horizontal interval. Table 1 shows the profile design results of three pilot test horizontal wells. These profiles have following advantages (1) possessing profile design characters of extended-reach wells, can effectively reduce the drilling friction, decrease the forming of cutting bed, and improve the borehole cleaning; (2) eliminating the difference between the actual borehole path and the designed path, to improve the borehole path control precision; (3) overcoming uncertain geologic factors, to increase the success ratio; and (4) meeting on-site geosteering requirements. 1.2 Borehole structure design

of old well by side-drilling. The drilling difficulties mainly include (1) neighboring drilled well data show that there is a set of thick basalt at the bottom of the Guantao Formation in the Nanpu Structure No. 1. During drilling, it is easy to collapse and leak and the borehole wall is very unstable, hence the pilot test operation in this interval is the most complicated; (2) extended-reach horizontal well for offshore oil-land production has large horizontal displace and long horizontal interval, so drilling operation has difficulty and high risk. According to the prediction results of formation pore pressure, collapse pressure, and fracture pressure and considering the requirements of geology and oil recovery for drilling operation and horizontal well drilling difficulty, four-spud hole configuration is designed (Fig. 1). f508 mm surface casing is run to 200 m depth to seal sand in the Pingyuan Formation; f339.7 mm intermediate casing is run to 1200-1500 m depth to seal the intervals easy to slurry and hydrated expansion in the Minghuazhen Formation and the first buildup interval, so as to prevent key seating sticking and meet the requirement of well control; f244.5 mm intermediate casing is run to the top of oil layer to seal basalt, so as to provide conditions for reducing drilling fluid density in the horizontal interval, using solid-free drilling fluid and protect reservoir effectively; four-spud design is that f139.7 mm liner + screen for completion (Fig. 1).

Borehole structure design is the key to the success of extended-reach wells. It is closely related to the formation pressure, hole stability, borehole profile, operation difficulty of the whole well, completion program, and production method. Reasonability of the design directly affects the fast, safe, and optimized drilling, reservoir protection, economic drilling, and follow-up oil production. On the basis of normal drilling, it is required to apply the simplest casing program with minimized intermediate casing depth. The Guan IV reservoir group in the Nanpu Oilfield is the target bed of this pilot test wells which has the following characteristics of high-energy reservoir, high production from single well, easy to produce sand, high sensitivity and easy to be damaged. To protect the reservoir, increase the single well production, and achieve the sand control and high production, solid-free drilling fluid is used for the horizontal interval and screen completion and natural flow + electric pump pipe string production are applied [4,5]. In addition, screen size should be at least not less than f139.7 mm and production casing should be not less than f177.8 mm. It should also consider the re-use
.

2 Well path control and rotary geosteering technology

The Nanpu Oilfield is in the process of prospecting; the difficulties of well path control include that only a few wells were drilled, reservoir changes considerably in horizontal direction, dip and faults are uncertain, and geologic tracking is difficult. It is required that the well path control has high adaptability, high control accuracy, and prediction accuracy, so as to ensure timely reservoir identification, accurate landing and drilling along the reservoir, thus increasing the oil layer drilling ratio. In the three horizontal wells, MWD + steering drilling tool were applied for well path monitoring and control after second-spud, LWD was applied since the inclination angle reached 60 to detect the top of target reservoir[6], and rotary geosteering technology was used to monitor, predict, adjust, and control the well path in real time to find accurate well path control[4,7]. In wells NP1-P1 and NP1-P2, PDX5 rotary geosteering system was selected for well path control in horizontal

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Fig. 1

Schematic of well bore structure

interval. The system has no static contact point with the borehole wall. It controls the well path by the directional force produced by palm beating borehole wall during rotary drilling. The parameters measured by the system include near bit inclination, azimuth, and azimuth gamma. LWD data include inclination, azimuth, natural gamma, density, and deep/shallow lateral resistivity. The maximum build up rate of the tool is 5/30 m. The combination of string is as follows: 8 in (215.9 mm) bit + rotary geosteering tool + ARC675 + MWD + AND675 + 6 in (171.5 mm) nonmagnetic drill collar 1 joint + 5 in (127.0 mm) drill pipe 30 joints + 5 in (139.7 mm) drill pipe + 5 in (127.0 mm) HWDP 24 joints + 6 in jar + 5 in (127.0 mm) HWDP 6 joints + 5 in (139.7 mm) drill pipe. The AutoTrakG 3 (rotary geosteering system) was applied for path control of horizontal interval of well NP1-P4. The outer cylinder of the system does not rotate and three retractable edges are laid in it. Driven by three independent hydraulic pistons, retractable edges extend out selectively by control of hydraulic valve and push against the wall to produce combined oriented force required by well path control. The geosteering system generates a closed-loop automatic control system underground, which could control the well deviation and azimuth automatically. The system could provide near bit inclination data. Ontrack data include inclination, azimuth, natural gamma, and deep/shallow lateral resistivity. The maximum buildup rate of the tool is 6.5/30 m. The combination of string is 8 in (215.9 mm) bit + 6 in (171.5 mm) RSMS + 6 in (171.5 mm) flex sub + 6 in (171.5 mm) Ontrack LWD + 6 in (171.5 mm) both-way communication and power generation sub + 6 in (171.5 mm) flex sub + 6 in (171.5 mm) protection sub + 6 in (165.1 mm) nonmagnetic float valve + 8 in (209.6 mm) nonmagnetic stabilizer + 5 in (127.0 mm) nonmagnetic HWDP 1 joint + 5 in (127.0 mm) HWDP 3 joints + 6 in (165.1 mm) jar + 5 in (127.0 mm) HWDP 5 joints + 5 in (139.7 mm) drill pipe. The measurement points of inclination, azimuth, natural gamma, and resistivity on rotary geosteering system are close to the bit, so it could measure and predict the inclination and azimuth at the bit more accurately, identify the downhole lithology change in time, judge whether the bit is in the reservoir and learn about the bit location, ensuring the well
.

path control to meet geologic requirement[8]. In the process of well path control of the three wells, first, well logging and seismic data of neighboring wells were collected carefully to learn about the regional stratigraphy, lithology and electrical characteristics, oil and water production records, and structural features and SG & O of target bed. On the basis of the stratigraphic correlation, vertical distribution of reservoir and change in oil-water interface were analyzed; related geosteering model was built to analyze the reservoir characteristics and the difference between upper and lower layers, so as to instruct actual geosteering drilling. Second, the model was updated according to the measured data of the landing section. On the basis of the sandstone top comparison of target bed, structural map, seismic profile, and model simulation, apparent dip angle was predicted, enabling the model to guide production better. Third, the lithology and characteristics of strata drilled were determined in time according to the changes of natural gamma and resistivity while drilling. Combining with density imaging and geological model, reservoir strike was determined and accordingly well path was adjusted timely to achieve drilling along the reservoir. At the same time, the model was amended by logging data to be closer to the actuality and provide decision-making basis for real-time geosteering[9]. Finally, completely based on the logging data, such as gas log, cutting, drilling time and lithology, and logging data from neighboring wells, the reservoir strike was determined accurately, and the geological model and well path were amended timely to ensure the well path along the target horizon to the maximum extent ( Fig. 2). Because of a few drilled wells, reservoir prediction was not accurate with significant lateral variation. Therefore, as for drilling in reservoir, the designed well path was worse than the actual well path controlled by rotary steering. Among the three wells, the maximum drilled depth is 3 585 m, the maximum horizontal displacement is 2 158.31 m, the maximum length of the horizontal interval is 900 m, and drilling rate of oil reservoir is up to 100%. The geological goals are well achieved. The detailed data are shown in Table 2.

Customized bit design

For pilot test wells in Structure No. 1 of Nanpu Oilfield, the main drilled layers are Minghuazhen Formation, Guantao Formation, and Member I of Dongying Formation. The lithology is mainly interbedded sandstone and mudstone, with good drillability. There are a thick bed of basalt and pebbled sandstone at the bottom of the Guantao Formation. The vertical thickness is about 200-300 m. The traversing thickness was about 400-800 m when horizontal well was drilled. It is a medium hard rock and has low penetration rate which is a bottleneck to constrain fast drilling of the pilot test wells. The analysis of stratigraphic drillability based on microbit drillability test and log data shows that the compressive strength of the basalt is up to 75 MPa, the average drillability grade is 4.0-5.5; the angle of internal

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Top of oil layer

Fig. 2 Well path control by rotary geosteering system in Well NP1-P4 (Logging curves are corrected, the upper graph and lower graph are corresponding) Table 2!!Actual drilling data of three pilot test wells for well path control
Maximum Maximum Well Drilled displacem deviation/ name depth/m () ent/m NP1-P1 3 323 NP1-P2 3 585 NP1-P4 3 460 1 861.72 2 158.31 1 889.10 93.46 92.81 94.89 Drilling Reservoir ratio of drilled/m reservoir/ % design actual 400 500 883 486 703 900 403.8 626.0 900.0 83.1 89.0 100.0 Length of horizontal interval/m

Table 3 Statistics of the effect of customized PDC bit in basalt

Well name NP1-P1 NP1-P4 NP1-29 Cone bit NP1-15 2 411-2 550 139 2.75 Bit type 12 in FM2653Z Interval/m 2 535-2 830 2 275-2 566 2 008-2 137 Footage/m 295 291 129 AVROP/(mh1) 6.14 4.84 3.20

friction reaches 38-40. In theory, PDC bit is not suitable for this formation which has high heterogeneity, poor drillability, and high abrasive property. Therefore, we cooperated with Xinjiang DBS Bit Factory to develop the customized bit design for basalt. By studying the cutting mechanism of PDC teeth on rock, through PDC tooth design, wearing analysis, diamond amount analysis at different radial locations, force balance and energy balance design, PDC tooth cutting structure, bit crown shape, blade contour, tooth number and diameter were optimized and 12 in (311.2 mm) PDC bit of model FM2653Z with spiral blade Z3 tooth which is aggressive, wear resistant, and balanced is developed. It showed a higher penetration rate and footage while drilling in the basalt formation (Table 3). Compared with the cone bit, the penetration rate and the single bit footage increased by more than 50%. This proves that PDC can be used in the basalt. Guan IV reservoir is more pebbly and strongly abrasive. As
.

a result, two PDC bits used in the first pilot well NP1-1 were worn considerably. So that it can only select cone bit. While drilling in horizontal section, the deadweight of the drilling assembly pushed the bit to lie on the wall. As a result, the rotation and the slipping ability of the bit were reduced, side pressure on the wall increased, resulting in larger force on the back cone, outer tooth, back palm, and palm tip, so that the bit is easily worn. The 8 in (215.9 mm) HJT517GL cone bit applied in well NP1-P1 had early higher ROP, but later, it declined sharply, resulting in short pure drilling time, serious abrasion of bit palm tip, palm back, shell, and the teeth. When palm tip is worn to certain degree, the bit sealing protection ability is also declined, eventually leading to sealing failure, early damage of bearings, and lost cone accident. To overcome these technical difficulties, spreading and reinforcing welding were applied, gauge teeth was installed on the back palm of the bit, low stress convex chisel teeth was selected, diamond teeth was inserted, abrasion-proof vice-cone teeth was added, floating bearing structure and metal sealing bearings were used to design two types of cone bit with high resistance to wear, i.e. 8 in (215.9 mm) MD517GL and 8 in (215.9 mm) MD517GHL. This bit considerably enhanced the wear resistance of the bit shell, effectively extended the bit life, increased the footage of single bit in pebbled sandstone whereas high ROP drilling in horizontal wells (Table 4) reduced the trips and shortened the drilling cycle.

4 Hole wall stability assessment and optimization of drilling fluid system

4.1 Hole wall unstability assessment

By analyzing the hole wall instability, the most complex interval of Nanpu Structure No. 1 was found to be basalt at the bottom of the Guantao Formation. The basalt is volcanic clastic rock eroding considerably, with high heterogeneity, well-developed fractures, and high opal content (average content is 10-15%) which swells more in water. The analysis

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Table 4 Statistics of the effect of customized PDC bit in pebbled sandstone

Well name NP1-P1 NP1-P2 NP1-P4 Bit type 81/2 in HJT517GL 8 /2 in MD517GL 8 /2 in MD517GHL
1 1

Interval/m 3 102.6-3 228.0 3 251.0-3 392.0 2 817.0-3 009.0

Footage/m 125.4 141.0 192.0

AVROP/(mh1) 6.81 6.87 11.16

of pore pressure, collapse pressure, and fracture pressure of this formation based on logging data[10] shows that the maximum collapse pressure gradient is up to 12.6 kPa/m and the minimum fracture pressure gradient is about 15.0 kPa/m. By testing the Kaiser effect of acoustic emission of earth stress and statistical regression analysis of wall stability, the maximum horizontal principal stress direction (the direction of borehole mostly unstable) of the Nanpu Structure No. 1 is NE 260-270, which is close to the pilot well azimuth and cannot be changed. The formation is easy to collapse and leak while drilling, so the problem of hole wall stability is very prominent. 4.2 Optimization of the drilling fluid system and the reservoir protection technology With regard to the formation characteristics and the reservoir physical properties, collapse-proof and loss-proof fluid systems in basalt and solid-free reservoir protection fluid system in horizontal interval were assessed and optimized. Film forming, sealing, and low invasion drilling fluid was selected in the basalt interval in all the three wells[11]. In the drilling fluid, about 2% film-forming agent, 1% special block agent, and 2-4% HTHP fluid loss agent are added. Special block agent and HTHP fluid loss agent block the pore throat of near well bore cake, film-forming agent films on wall to block the remaining space which are not blocked by bridging particles, filling particles, and fluid loss agent. Thereby, in a very short time after drilling, a film-forming sealing ring with fluid dynamic filtration rate of 0 and thickness less than 1 cm forms near well bore in reservoir, which effectively prevents the solid and liquid phases of the drilling fluid from invading into the reservoir. Laboratory test indicates that its bearing pressure is more than 3.5 MPa, improving the capability of sloughing proof and formation bearing pressure of basalt formation, and it solves the technical problem of safe drilling in a large section of basalt. The film sealing ring forms within a short time, and dynamic filtration rate tends to be zero. Therefore, in rocks with different permeability, the direct flowback permeability or flowback permeability after the ring is cut by 1 cm is greater than 90% (Table 5). Because of the low breakthrough pressure, it may be unblocked automatically under pressure difference or easily unblocked using cake removal fluid during production, realizing reservoir protection accordingly. According to the Guan IV reservoir characteristics,
.

Magcobar FLOPRO NT solid-free fluid system is selected while drilling in the horizontal interval. Field application shows that the mud system has following advantages (1) no fluorescence, in favor of cutting logging; (2) good lubrication, the friction torque is small during drilling, good effect of carrying cuttings, tripping, and screening to the bottom at one trip. High viscosity of low shear rate can control the damage depth effectively, prevent solid and liquid invading into formation and avoid the reservoir pore throat blocking and wall erosion, which plays a role in reservoir protection and borehole stability; (3) low thixotropy, easy to operate pump, return permeability is greater than 80% (Table 6), protecting the reservoir effectively; (4) strong rejection characteristic, little fluid infiltrates into clay when drilling in shale, and PST results show that fluid particles do not plug the screen pipe.

5
5.1

High-efficiency completion of horizontal wells

Completion method

Lithologic and physical properties analysis shows that the reservoir rock in Guan IV reservoir is loose with high gas/oil ratio. Sand-production prediction shows that the formation is prone to sand production. To expand the oil drainage area, reduce the oil flow resistance, decrease the pressure differential, reduce the damage of produced sand on lifting equipment, and extend the life of equipment. Liner hanger completion equipped with 139.7 mm microporous filter sand screen + oil swelling packer was applied in the three wells. Screen size was determined based on the analysis results of cutting particle size in each well to ensure sand production prevention. 5.2 Completion fluids and operations

Optimization of operating fluid: After the evaluation, sodium hypochlorite and recessive acid gel breaking and unblocking fluid are selected to easily eliminate the damage of drilling fluid on reservoir in horizontal interval during drilling. Quality control is strengthened to minimize the secondary damage of the equipments and adverse factors of fluid on the formation. First, before running screen, 0.075-mm-screen cloth is used to treat the drilling fluid and clear up the well, 20 m3 freshly prepared solid-free drilling fluid is injected into the borehole, and the flowback effect is tested through PST to ensure that the solid phase does not plug the screen. Second, before the operation, all equipments, such as tanks, pipelines, and hoppers, are completely cleaned. During operation, the turbidity of all the brine is required to be less than 30 NTU. The returned brine must be rejected if its turbidity is more than or equal to 300 NTU during well cleanup; if the turbidity is less than 300 NTU, it must be re-filtered until it meets the requirement for reuse. Much attention should be paid on the operation process to ensure the production effect. First, KOH, D-D, and MC-VIS flushing fluid were injected, followed by filtered brine (18 NTU) with density of 1.05 g/cm3 for inverse flushing until there is no polymer drilling fluid return. The next step is

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Table 5 Evaluation on reservoir protection effect of film forming, sealing, and low invasion drilling fluid
SN 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Follow-up evaluation on field application NP1-P2 Fluid sample Core No. A-16 A-48 Lab SN-150 research Lab and configuration SN-104 evaluation SN-78 SL-59 SN-139 47 NP1-P4 153 1 583.46 621.32 618.46 99.54 Gas permeability/(10/3 m2) 169.06 483.75 1 131.86 1 505.19 1 103.51 2 070.00 1 314.28 385.69 Oil permeability/(10/3 m2) 39.33 41.18 438.25 153.54 258.16 304.37 298.58 100.87 Oil permeability in damaged formation/(10/3 m2) 38.99 39.07 118.63 83.03 81.53 280.02 286.88 100.87 Return Return value after cut value/% by 1 cm/% 99.13 94.88 27.07 54.08 31.58 92.00 96.08 100.00 103.90 98.86 95.72

Table 6 Evaluation on reservoir protection effect of FLOPRO NT solid-free fluid system in field application
Return Permeability in value Original Return damaged /3 Depth/m permeability/(10 after cut formation/(10/3 value/% 2 by 1 m) m2) cm/% 2 992 3 358 3 592 302.46 624.05 280.06 201.64 624.05 45.30 66.67 100.00 16.18 81.19 96.53

Well name

NP1-P1 NP1-P2 NP1-P4

offshore reservoir in pilot test block of the Nanpu Structure No. 1, where horizontal distribution and physical properties significantly change. Customized bit fits for the formation, and drilling technique contributes to the safe, high-efficiency, and excellent drilling. Research, design and implementation of the reservoir protection in the entire process from drilling to production and the application of solid-free drilling fluid are effective to improve the production level of the horizontal wells.

References
tripping out, running in unblocking and expansion sealing pipes, injecting sodium hypochlorite into borehole by reverse circulation; soaking for 6 hours, reverse circulation, observing the brine return. If the loss does not meet the requirement (2 m3/h generally), recessive acid is injected by reverse circulation for unblocking. Observing the loss and trip out until the loss meets the designed requirements. Finally, electric pump and flow string are run into the hole for production. For the first time, all the three wells were put into production successfully. Early daily production was 505, 736, and 1 058 t, respectively. No sand was produced in the case of high production, achieving the test purpose of fast and high production development.
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Conclusions

On the basis of the optimization of well profile and hole structure of the extended-reach horizontal wells, well path control, customized bit design, optimization of drilling fluid system, reservoir protection, and high-efficiency screen completion technology, the three wells in the Nanpu Structure No. 1 were successful in oil production. This indicates that the optimization design of the well profile and the well path control and monitoring by the rotary geosteering system are key technologies for high-efficiency drilling of horizontal wells in complex geological structure and thin bed reservoir with poor well control. These technologies are suitable for high-efficiency development of
.

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