c



 


O ,
( )
2
, ( , )
3  , , , ,
,

4
, ,
,
5  , : -,
-, -, -
6
7
: - ( ), - ( ), -
( )  , :
-, -, -
8
9
, ,

O ,

  


[ 4
[ 2 6
[ 3 8
[ 4 O
[ 5 O2
[ 6 O4
[ 7 O6 -
[ 8 O8
[ 9 2
[ O 22 -

:
O) [ 3 [ 2 [
[ 2
-O
2) [ 3 [
[ [ 3
-2
3) [ 2
[ [
[ 2
-O,3
4) [ 3 [ [ [ 2 - [ 3
[ 3 [2 5
2--3-




[ 3
[2 5
[ 3-[ 2-[ 2
[ 3-[
[ 3
[ 2
[
[6 5 -
[6 5 - [ 2 -
Cl
Br
-NO2
-
5)

[ 3[ 3
[[[ 2[ 3
[ 3[ 3
2,2,3,3-
6) [ 3 [ [ 2
[ 3
2--O
[

 
 

-
-
-[
-
-[

-
-[
-
-NH2
-

7) [

[ [

[ 3
2-
8) [ 2
[ [ 2 [ [

-4--2
3


 


  

()


()

[ 22
CH2
CH2-2
C6H2-6

([ 6

-
-
5)

[2 6

[2 4
[2 2
[6 5[


    !


-[

[ 3
[ 3 [

-[

-[

--

--

-[

-

3[


"#

-NH2
-NH2
-COOH

[2 5

[- [

[ 3[
3

[

2- -

-2

  !

-
CH3NH2



 H2N-CH2-COOH

()

 


 


CuCl
CuO ( )
Cu(OH)2

FeCl3
Cu(OH)2
Ag2O

Na2CO3


Cu(OH)2
HNO3

$ 


 

, :

[ 2[[[[[

%  [ 2 [ [ 2

: [ 2 [ [
[ [ [  
[ 2 [ [ 
$ - - - - ,
N C
H O
c 
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,

"


 
 
 


"

"

O - (Cl 2, Br2 t, h;
HNO3 t)
CH4  Cl 2 O CH3Cl  HCl
2 f
CH4  2 O2 O CO2  2 H2O
3
( ,
- t)
2 CH4 OC2H2  3 H2
C2H6 O C 2H4  H2
4 } ( )
O

" 

O - (Cl 2, Br2 ;
HNO3 - H2SO4)
C6H6  Br2 O C6H5Br  HBr
C6H6  HNO3 O C6H5NO2  H2O
2
( 2 , [l2
h; CH2
CH2, C2H5Cl )
C6H6  3 H2 O C 6HO2
3 f

 

O
( 2, 2
; Cl 2, Br2, HCl, HBr)
C2H4  Cl2 O C 2H4Cl 2
( !)
2 f
C2H4  3 O2 O 2 CO2  2 H2O
3
(KMO4)

C2H4  [O] O C2H4(OH)2

4
( )
 CH2
CH2 O (CH2-CH2 )

[ 

[ !
& 

l  

 

O -
O - (
(Na, K)
)
2 C 2H5OH  2 Na O 2 C 2H5ONa  H2 2 Cu(OH)2
2 - - -Cl, -Br
2 CH2OH  Cu(OH)2 O
(HCl, HBr)
CH2OH
C2H5OH  HCl O C2H5Cl  H2O
O CH2O
HOCH 2
3 (CuO - t)
Cu
 2 H 2O
C2H5OH  CuO O CH3CHO  Cu 
CH2OH
OCH2
H2O
4 f
5 H2SO4, t
(
O;
O )
C2H5OH OC 2H4  H2O

"

O : O
Na, NaOH
(H2 )
2 C 6H5OH  2 Na O 2 C 6H5ONa 
CH3CHO  H 2 O C2H5OH
H2
2
C6H5OH  NaOH O C 6H5ONa 
(Cu(OH)2 t;
H2O

2
Ag2O

)

CH3CHO  2 Cu(OH)2 O
- Br2, HNO3
CH3COOH  2 CuOH  H 2O
H2SO4)
CH3CHO  Ag2O O CH3COOH 
OH
OH
2 Ag
 3 HNO3 O
 3 H2O 3

NO 2

O f (,
,
)
CH3COOC 2H5  H2O O
CH3COOH  HOC2H5

O
( 2, 2
; Br2, Cl 2, I 2, HCl, HBr, HI)
C 2H2  2 Br2 O C 2H2Br4
C 2H2  H2O O CH3CHO
2 - (Na, Ag2O, CuCl
)
[ [  2 [uCl O CuCCCu  2
HCl
3 f
2 C 2H2  5 O2 O 4 CO2  2 H2O
4 ()
3 [ 2 2 O [6 6

"


O
[ 3NH2  H2O O [ 3NH3OH
2
[ 3NH2  HCl O [ 3NH3Cl
3 f
4 [ 3NH2  9 O2 O 4 CO2  O
H2O  2 N2

 

O

2
3
4 [ ( )
5
(

H2SO4)
CH3COOH  HOC2H5 O
CH3COOC 2H5  H2O

}



O 
    ( )
C2H6  HNO3 O C2H5NO2  H2O
2 
  ( )
3 [2 2 O [6 6
3 
   ( )
C2H2  H2O O CH3CHO
4 
'(  ( )
CH3Cl  2 Na  ClCH 3 O C2H6  2 NaCl
5 [  )
*) ( )

2 C 2H5OH O CH2
CH-CH
CH2  2 H2O  H2
6 
 ( ) -
(Fe  HCl)
C6H5NO2  3 H2 O C 6H5NH2  2H2O
7 
 +  ( )
AlCl 3
C6H6  C 2H5Cl O C6H5C 2H5  HCl
C6H6  C 2H4 O C6H5C 2H5

'!,
 )  
 

[
[ 3[
[2 5[
[3 7[
[4 9[
[5 OO[
[O5 3O[
[O7 35[
[ 2
[ -[
[ 2
[([ 3)-[
[O7 33[
[6 5[
[-[
[-[ 2-[
[-([ 2)2-[

2-
-9-

c  

  

NH2-CH2-COOH
NH2-CH-COOH
CH3
NH2-CH-COOH
CH2 -OH
NH2-CH-COOH
CH2 -SH

f
( -)

NH2-CH2-COOH
[ 2 -[6 5
NH2-CH2-COOH
[ 2 -[
NH2-CH2-COOH
([ 2)4-NH2
NH2-CH2-COOH
([ 2)2 -[