5

1. ТНЕ VЕRB

1.1 Общие сведения

К глаголу как части речи относятся слова, которые обозначают действия

(to go - идти; to build – строить), состояния (to sleep - спать; to rest– отдыхать),
чувства (to hear - слышать; to love - любить), процессы мышления (to think -
думать; to understand – понимать). По форме глаголы отличаются от других
частей речи тем, что они могут выражать грамматические категории времени,
вида, залога, наклонения, лица и числа. Например:
Miss Johnson learns Russian. - Мисс Джонсон учит русский язык,
где глагол to lеаrn употреблен в форме настоящего времени, неопределенного
вида, действительного залога, изъявительного наклонения, 3-го лица,
единственного числа.
Тремя основными формами глагола в английском языке являются: I
форма - инфинитив; II форма - прошедшее неопределенное время; III форма -
причастие II (страдательное). Формы инфинитива и причастия II принимают
участие в образовании сложных глагольных форм (с вспомогательными
глаголами).
По составу исходной формы (форма I) английские глаголы делятся на:
 простые, не имеющие в своем составе префиксов и суффиксов: to read -
читать; tо work - работaть; to run - бежать и т.д.;
 производные, в состав которых входят префиксы и суффиксы: to idealise -
идеализировать; to magnify - увеличивать; to strengthen - усиливать; to
foresee - предвидеть; to surpass - превосходить и т.д.;
 сложные, состоящие из двух основ, но выражающие одно понятие: to
whitewash - белить; to sightsee - осматривать достопримечательности; to
fulfill - выполнять и т.д.;
 составные, состоящие из двух частей - глагольной основы и отделенного
суффикса (послелога), которые пишутся раздельно и могут отделяться друг
от друга зависимыми словами: to get up- вставать; to go away - уходить; to
put (the meeting) off - откладывать и т.д. Сочетание глагола с послелогом
представляет собой единое смысловое целое. По своей функции и значению
послелог приближается к префиксу/суффиксу и часто соответствует
русским приставкам: to go in - входить; to go out - выходить; to go by -
прoходить и т.п. Иногда в сочетании глагола с послелогом сама глагольная
основа приобретает новое значение, отличное от значения того же глагола
без послелога: to take – брать, tо take in - обмануть; to carry - нести, tо carry
out - выполнять , осуществлять.
Единое смысловое целое, передающее одно понятие, представляют собой
также некоторые устойчивые словосочетания, образованные из глагола и
существительного и соответствующие по значению глаголам: take care -
заботиться; take notice - замечать; take part - участвовать и т.п. Единое
 6

смысловое целое представляют собой и сочетания глагола to have – иметь - с

существительными, обозначающими однократные действия: to have a smoke –
покypить; to have a look - взглянуть; to have a wash - умыться и т.д.,
переводящиеся на русский язык, как правило, глаголом с приставкой.
По способу образования II и III форм глагола (формы прошедшего
неопределенного времени и формы страдательного причастия) английские
глаголы делятся на правильные и неправильные.
Правильные глаголы (Regular Verbs) - это такие глаголы, которые
образуют II и III формы путем добавления суффикса -ed к основе глагола (I
форме без частицы tо). При этом на письме происходят следующие изменения:
1) если основа глагола заканчивается на -у с предшествующей согласной, то -у
меняется на -i: to саrry - carried – carried;
2) если основа заканчивается на непроизносимое -е, то при прибавлении
суффикса -еd буква -е выпадает:to translate – translated - translated; to free –
freed – freed;
З) удваивается конечная согласная:
а) у односложных глаголов с кратким гласным, оканчивающихся в основе
на одну согласную: to stоp – stopped - stopped;
б) у многосложных глаголов, оканчивающихся в основе на одну согласную
с предшествующим ударным гласным: tо admit – admitted - admitted; to prefer –
preferred - preferred;
в) если последней согласной буквой в основе является –l независимо от
ударения: to travel – travelled - travelled.
Суффикс -еd произносится:
 как [t] после глухих согласных звуков, кроме -t: tо work - worked [w:kt]; tо
jump - jumped [d3mpt];
 как [d] после звонких согласных звуков, кроме -t, и гласных:
tо stay – stayed [steid]; to train – trained [treind];
 как [id] после конечных -t и –d: - tо want - wanted [`w‫כ‬ntid]; to
end – ended [`endid].
Формы прошедшего неопределенного времени и причастия III у
правильных глаголов полностью совпадают. К правильным относятся
большинство английских глаголов, в том числе все вновь образуемые.
Неправильные глаголы (The Irregular Verbs) образуют свои формы
прошедшего неопределенного времени и причастия II различными
синтетическими способами соответственно исторически сложившейся
языковой традиции. По сходству способа образования II и III формы можно
выделить такие группы неправильных глаголов:
Способ образования Simple Past Participl
Tense e II
1. Изменение корневой гласной начинать to begin began begun
встречать to meet met met
петь to sing sang sung
2. Изменение корневой приносить to bring brought brought
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гласной и конечной согласной слышать to hear heard heard

инфинитива + окончание –d/ -t думать to think thought thought
иметь to have had had
3.Чередование коренной гласной давать to give gave given
и добавление окончания –еn в видеть to see saw seen
III форме кушать to eat ate eaten
4. Повторение основы класть to put put put
инфинитива резать to cut cut cut
стоить to cost cost cost
5. Изменение корня быть to be was, were been
идти to go went gone
6.Различные смешанные способы делать to do did done
Общее число употребительных неправильных глаголов в современном
английском языке составляет около трехсот.

1.2 Лицо (The Person) и Число (The Number)

Глагол в английском языке имеет три лица и два числа: единственное и

множественное. Лицо и число выражаются непосредственно в глагольных
формах только в следующих случаях:
1. в 3-ем лице единственного числа настоящего неопределенного времени
посредством окончания –s/ -еs, кроме модальных глаголов и глаголов to have
и to be. Модальные глаголы сохраняют одну и ту же форму для всех лиц в
обоих числах. Глагол tо have имеет форму has в настоящем неопределенном
времени в 3-ем лице единственного числа;
2. в формах глагола tо be в 1-м и в 3-м лицах единственного числа настоящего
времени в отличие от форм to be во всех лицах множественного числа
настоящего времени: I am; he/ she/ it is; we/ you/ they are. Кроме того, глагол
to be имеет в прошедшем времени форму was для 1-го и 3-го лица в
единственном числе и форму were для всех лиц во множественном числе;
3. во всех сложных глагольных формах, образуемых при помощи глагола to be
или to have. В остальных случаях лицо и число глагола определяется не по
форме глагола, а по лицу и числу местоимения, выполняющего функцию
подлежащего или соответствующего подлежащему в данном предложении.
Например:
Лицо Число
I wrote a letter. Я написал письмо. 1 Един.
He wrote a letter. Он написал письмо. 3 Един.
They wrote a letter. Они написали письма. 3 Множ.
По значению и синтаксической роли в предложении различаются глаголы
знаменательные (полнозначные, смысловые, самостоятельные – Notional Verbs,
глаголы-связки – Link-Verbs, вспомогательные глаголы – Auxiliary Verbs и
модальные – Modal Verbs.
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Полнозначные глаголы полностью сохраняют свое лексическое значение

и употребляются в предложении в качестве простого глагольного сказуемого:
He does his homework regularly. – Он регулярно делает домашнее
задание.
We live in Russia. – Мы живем в России.
Служебные глаголы частично или полностью утрачивают свое значение.
Полная утрата значения наблюдается у вспомогательных глаголов, которые
используются для образования сложных аналитических форм времени, вида,
наклонения, залога. Число вспомогательных глаголов в английском языке
невелико:
My mother is cooking dinner. – Мама готовит обед.
I have written a letter to Joe. – Я написал письмо Джо.
Do you know him? – Вы его знаете?
Sorry, but I don’t know him. – К сожалению, я его не знаю.
The matter was soon forgotten. – Об этом деле вскоре забыли.
You’ll have my answer tomorrow. – Вы получите моей ответ завтра.
Значение сложной глагольной формы формируется взаимодействием
лексического значения неличной формы основного глагола и грамматического
значения вспомогательного глагола.
Частичная утрата значения наблюдается у связочных глаголов, служащих
для образования составного именного сказуемого и выражения в нем времени,
наклонения и других глагольных категорий. В английском языке, в отличие от
русского, именное сказуемое во всех временах обязательно должно иметь
глагольную связку. Основным глаголом, выполняющим функцию связки,
является глагол to be. В функции связки могут выступать также глаголы to
become, tо get, to grow, to turn, to seem, to look и др.:
Не is an engineer. - Он инженер.
Betty has grown a pretty girl. - Бетти превратилась в хорошенькую
девушку.
It was getting lighter every - Становилось светлее с каждой
minute. минутой.
Тhe town looked deserted. - Город казался брошенным.
It grew cold towards evening. - К вечеру похолодало.
Такая же частичная утрата значения наблюдается и у модальных глаголов
can, may, must, ought tо, need, dare, shall, should, will, would, что не позволяет им
выполнить самостоятельную роль в предложении. Они употребляются в
составе составного глагольного сказуемого в сочетании с инфинитивом
смыслового глагола (как правило, без частицы to). Модальные глаголы
выражают возможность, вероятность, необходимость, желательность
совершения действия, выраженного смысловым глаголом. Например:
I сan speak English. - Я умею говорить по-английски.
We must go now. - Теперь мы должны идти.
К этой категории относятся и так называемые модально обусловленные
конструкции tо bе to, to have to.
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1.3 Залог (The Voice)

Залог показывает, является ли лицо или предмет, выраженный

существительным или местоимением в функции подлежащего, производителем
действия или сам испытывает на себе чье-то действие. Это значение залога
выражается в форме глагола.
Действительный залог (Тhe Active Vоicе) показывает, что действие
производится лицом или предметом, выраженным в предложении подлежащим:
Columbus discovered America in 1492.- Колумб открыл Америку в 1492 г.
Страдательный залог (The Passive Voice) показывает, что действие
глагола-сказуемого направлено на лицо или предмет, выраженный в
предложении подлежащим:
America was discovered by Columbus - Америка была открыта
in 1492. Колумбом в 1492 году.

1.4 Вид (The Аspect)

В русском языке глаголы бывают двух видов: несовершенного (читать,

садиться, вставать и т.п.) и совершенного (прочесть, сесть, встать). Благодаря
синтетическому характеру русского языка, совершенный /несовершенный вид
глагола является его постоянным признаком. Например: глаголы видеть -
увидеть - два отдельных глагола, а не две формы одного глагола видеть. Т.о.,
категория вида в русском языке не входит в систему изменения глагола по
временам, то есть система изменения глагола по временам в русском языке
является чисто временной.
В английском же языке слова see - вижу и have sеen - увидел являются
формами одного и того же глагола to sее, а система изменений глагола является
видо-временной. Более того, английский глагол может выступать не в двух
видах (совершенный/несовершенный), а в четырех: общем, или
неопределенном, (the Indefinite, или Simple Аsресt), совершенном (thе Perfеct
Аspесt), длительном, или продолжительном (thе Соntinuous Aspеct) и
совершенном длительном (Тhе Perfect Continuous Aspect).
Значение совершенного вида английского глагола в целом совпадает со
значением глаголов совершенного вида в русском языке:
I have read this book. - Я уже прочел эту книгу.
Длительный вид глагола в английском языке отражает действие в его
развитии в определенный момент или отрезок времени. В русском языке это
значение сиюминутности действия передается либо отдельным глаголом, либо
обстоятельствами времени, либо контекстом:
Where are you going? Куда ты идешь? Но не «ходишь»
What are you doing now? Что ты сейчас делаешь? Обстоятельство
времени
Take the kettle off the stove, Сними чайник с Контекст
the water is boiling. плиты, вода кипит.
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Английский глагол может передавать значение двух видов

(совершенного и длительного) одновременно. Такой смешанный вид глагола
называется совершенно-длительный и обозначает действие, которое
продолжалось некоторый период времени до наступления данного момента и,
возможно, продолжается и после него. Например:
I have been waiting for you for two hours. - Я жду тебя уже 2 часа.
The firemen have been trying to put out a - Пожарные пытаются пога-
big forest fire in California. сить большой лесной пожар
в Калифорнии.
В русском языке подобный оттенок значения может передаваться
наречиями/прилагательными-усилителями: уже, целых, добрых, аж и т.п.
Общий вид глагола в английском языке по контрасту с совершенным
видом обозначает действие несовершенного вида; по контрасту с длительным
видом - действие, точное время протекания которого не определено. Например:
Do you read books like these?Ты читаешь такие книги? Общий вид
Have you read the book? Ты прочел эту книгу? Совершенный вид
Are you reading a book? Ты читаешь книгу сейчас? Длительный вид
Следовательно, отвечая на вопрос, в каком времени стоит тот или иной
глагол английского языка, недостаточно указать, что он стоит в настоящем
(Рrеsent), прошедшем (Раst) или будущем (Future) времени. Необходимо также
указать видовую окраску этого глагола. Другими словами, грамматическое
понятие времени (Теnse) складывается из времени совершения действия (Тime)
и вида, характера совершаемого действия (Aspeсt). Таким образом, в
английском языке имеется 16 грамматических времен:
Time Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect
Aspect Continuous
write am writing have written have been writing
Present пишу пишу написали писали и еще
writes is/are writing has written пишут
пишет пишет/пишут написал has been writing
писал и пишет
wrote was/were had written had been writing
Past писал(и) writing написал(и) писал(и)
писал/писали
shall write shall be writing shall have shall have been
напишу буду писать written writing буду
Future will write will be writing допишу писать
напишет будет писать will have will have been
written writing будет
допишет писать
should write should be writing should have should have been
напишу буду писать written writing буду
Future in the would write would be writing допишу писать
Past напишет будет писать would have would have been
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written writing будет

допишет писать

1.5 Образование и употребление видо-временных форм

(The Verb Tenses)

1.5.1 Неопределенные времена (The Simple Tеnsеs)

Неопределенные времена употребляются для выражения действий или

состояний в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем, не указывая при этом на
характер протекания действия (длительность, завершенность, предшествование
по отношению к другому действию и т.п.).

1.5.1.1 Настоящее неопределенное время (Тhe Present Simple Tense)

Утвердительная форма Рrеsent Simple образуется без вспомогательного

глагола. Во всех лицах единственного и множественного числа, кроме 3-го
лица единственного числа, формы Рrеsent Simple совпадают с основой
инфинитива как для правильных, так и неправильных глаголов. В 3-м лице
единственного числа глагол в Рrеsent Simple принимает окончание -s или -еs.
Правила произношения и написания этого окончания те же, что и для
окончания множественного числа существительных (см. пункт 1.2.).
Спряжение глаголов в Presеnt Simple:
число лицо утвердительная отрицательная форма вопросительная
форма форма
1 I ask I do not ask Do I ask?
2 You ask You do not ask Do you ask?
един. He He he
3 She asks She does not ask Does she ask?
It It it
1 We ask We do not ask Do we ask?
множ. 2 You ask You do not ask Do you ask?
3 They ask They do not ask Do they ask?

Следующие группы глаголов образуют форму 3-го лица единственного

числа Рrеsent Simple не по общему правилу:
1) у глаголов to do, to say присоединение окончания сопровождается
изменением произношения гласной корня:
do [du:] – does [dΛz]; say [sei] – says [sez];
2) у модальных глаголов эта форма не имеет окончания:
I can – he can I ought – she ought
I may – he may I should – she should
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I must – he must I would - she would

З) глагол tо be образует формы Рresеnt Simple не по общим правилам.
Спряжение глагола tо be:
числолицо утвердитель- отрицательная вопроситель- утвердительно-
ная форма форма ная форма усилительная
един. 1 I am I am not Am I? I am
2 You are You are not Are you? You are
3 He He he? He
She is She is not Is she? She is
It It it? It
множ 1 We are We are not Are we? We are
2 You are You are not Are you? You are
3 They are They are not Are they? They are
В разговорной речи следующие элементы форм Рrеsent Simple могут
сокращаться:
do not = don’t I have = I’ve I am = I’m
does not = doesn’t you have = you’ve you are = you’re
have not = haven’t we have = we’ve we are = we’re
has not = hasn’t they have = they’ve they are = they’re
is not = isn’t he has = he’s he is = he’s
are not = aren’t she has = she’s she is = she’s
it has = it’s he is = he’s

Значение и употребление Рrеsent Simple

Рrеsent Simple выражает действия, относящиеся к настоящему времени,
но обычно не происходящие в момент речи. Рrеsent Simple употребляется:
1) для выражения обычных, повторяющихся или поcтоянных действий в
настоящем времени; в этом случае употребляются обстоятельства времени,
выражающие частоту и повторяемость действия и др.:
I usually get up at 6 sharp. - Я обычно встаю ровно в 6.
We go to school every day. - Мы ходим в школу каждый день.
She often writes letters to him. - Она часто пишет ему письма.
Отрицательная форма Prеsent Simple с наречиями, перечисленными
выше, или утвердительная форма с наречиями never, sеldom, rarely, sometimes
выражает редкую повторяемость или отсутствие повторяемости действия:
I never go to bed before ten. - Я никогда не ложусь спать раньше 10.
We seldom meet. - Мы редко видимся.
Тhe tеаcher doesn’t often give - Учитель не часто задает нам много
us much homework. на дом.
I sometimes go for a swim in - Я иногда хожу поплавать в наш
our swimming pool. бассейн.
Значение обычности, повторяемости действия может быть выражено не
только наречиями повторяемости, но и самой формой Рrеsent Simple, например,
 13

когда указано время или место обычного действия или при перечислении
последовательных действий:
We have our dinner at 5 o’clock. - Мы (обычно) обедаем в 3 часа.
I get up, wash and dress, have - Я встаю, умываюсь и одеваюсь,
my breakfast and go to school. завтракаю и иду в школу.
2) для выражения общих положений безотносительно времени:
The earth goes round the sun in - Земля совершает оборот вокруг
24 hours. солнца за 24 часа.
Rockets fly faster than airplanes. - Ракеты летают быстрее, чем
самолеты.
3) для выражения действия или свойства, характеризующего подлежащее
постоянно или в настоящий период времени:
Тоm speaks English very well. - Том очень хорошо говорит
по-английски.
Нis sister plays the piano. - Его сестра играет на пианино.
Jane’s mother works on a farm. - Мама Джейн работает на ферме.
Where do you live? - Где ты живешь?
4) для обозначения действия или состояния, имеющих место в момент речи,
если они выражены глаголами, которые, как правило, не употребляются в
формах длительного времени. Это глаголы, которые по своему лексическому
значению обозначают не действия, а состояния, восприятия, отношения, не
поддающиеся непосредственному наблюдению, в отличие от действий,
выраженных динамическими глаголами - действий, которые можно видеть,
слышать, наблюдать и т.п. Основные из них предназначены для обозначения:
а) физических восприятий: tо see - видеть, to hear - слышать, to notice -
замечать;
б) эмоций: tо love - любить, to like - нравиться, to dislike - не нравиться,
не любить, tо respect - уважать, to hate - ненавидеть, to adore - обожать, to care
for - любить, to detest - питать отвращение и т.п.;
в) желаний: to want - хотеть, to wish - желать;
г) умений, умозаключений, мысленных представлений и суждений: to
appreciate - ценить, to suppose - предполагать, допускать, to believe - верить,
полагать, tо doubt - сомневаться, to consider - считать, tо assume – полагать, to
imagine - воображать, представлять, to fancy - воображать, to perceive -
воспринимать, to presume - предполагать, допускать, считать, to recognise -
узнавать, to regard - считать, рассматривать, to remember - помнить, to expect -
полагать; to think – считать, tо trust – доверять, to understand - понимать, to know
- знать;
д) выражения отношений: to be - быть, to belong to - принадлежать, to
concern - касаться, to consist of - состоять из, to contain - содержать, to depend on
- зависеть от, to deserve - заслуживать, to differ from - отличаться, to equal -
равняться, to have - иметь, to include - включать, to involve - вовлекать, to lack -
недоставать, to matter - иметь значение, to own - владеть, to owe - быть
должным, to possess - обладать, to remain - оставаться, to demand - требовать, to
resemble - напоминать, tо result - приводить к, to suit - подходить, устраивать, to
 14

mean - обозначать и т.п.;

е) глаголы, выступающие в роли связок в составе именного сказуемого:
to appear - оказаться, to feel - чувствовать, to seem - казаться, to smell - пахнуть,
to sound - звучать и др.;
ж) некоторые отдельные глаголы: to agree - соглашаться, to allow -
позволять, to astonish - изумлять, to claim - утверждать, to consent - давать
согласие, to envy - завидовать, to fail - потерпеть не удачу, to prevent -
предотвратить, to forbid - запрещать, to forgive - прощать, tо object – возражать,
to prefer - предпочитать, to puzzle - озадачить, to refuse - отказать, to remind (of) -
напоминать, to tend - иметь склонность.
Например:
I don’t see him here. - Я не вижу его здесь.
I respect my mother very much - Я очень уважаю свою мать.
What do you want? - Чего вы хотите?
I don’t understand you. - Я вас не понимаю.
It doesn’t belong to me. - Это мне не принадлежит.
She looks tired. - Она выглядит усталой.
I don’t allow you to go there. - Я не разрешаю тебе туда ходить.
Помимо перечисленных выше основных значений, Рrеsent Simple
употребляется также в следующих функциях:
1) для выражения будущих (предполагаемых) действий или состояний в
придаточных предложениях времени и условия после союзов if - если, unless -
если не, till, until - пока (не), when - когда, аs sооn as - как только, before - до
того как. При этом в соответствующих русских предложениях употребляется
будущее время:
I’ll wait till you finish your - Я подожду, пока ты кончишь
breakfast. завтрак.
What shall we do if it rains - Что мы будем делать, если завтра
tomorrow? пойдет дождь?
Подобные предложения не следует путать с придаточными
изъяснительными, вводимыми союзами if, when, в которых употребляется
Future Simple:
Ask him if he will go with us. - Спроси его, пойдет ли он с нами.
I don’t know when he will return. - Я не знаю, когда он вернется.
2) для выражения заранее намеченных действий в ближайшем будущем
(главным образом с глаголами to leave – уезжать, to start - отправляться, to come
- приходить, приезжать, to return - возвращаться, to go - уходить, уезжать,
отходить, to arrive - прибывать.
Например:
We leave next Saturday. - Мы уезжаем в следующую субботу.
He comes back tomorrow, - Он ведь возвращается завтра?
doesn’t he?
The train starts at 3.45 a.m. - Поезд отправляется в 3.45 ночи.
З) в рассказах о произошедших событиях, где эмоциональное повествование
идет в настоящем времени, а также в комментариях, например, футбольных
 15

матчей:
So I open the door, and I look out - И вот я открываю дверь, и я выгля-
into the garden and what do I see? дываю в сад, и что же я вижу?
Harrison shoots, but the ball hits - Гаррисон бьет по мячу, но мяч
the post. ударяется о штангу.
4) в выражениях типа I hear – я слышал, I gather - как я понял, I see - насколько
я понял, а также в словах автора перед прямой речью, являющейся цитатой:
I hear you’re getting married. - Я слышал, ты женишься.
I gather, Pete’s looking for a job. - Насколько я понимаю, Пит ищет
работу.
No doubt you remember what - Вы, несомненно, помните, что гово-
Wittgenstein says about the рит Витгейштейн о разнице
difference between… между...

1.5.1.2 Прошедшее неопределенное время (Тhе Past Simple Tense)

Образование Раst Simple

Раst Indefinite в утвердительной форме является простой формой и
образуется без вспомогательного глагола.
Утвердительная форма Раst Simple правильных глаголов для всех лиц
единственного и множественного числа образуется прибавлением окончания -
еd к основе инфинитива без частицы to. У неправильных глаголов для
образования формы Раst Simple используется II основная форма, одинаковая
для всех лиц единственного и множественного числа, кроме глагола tо be.
Спряжение правильных глаголов в Pаst Simple:
для всех утвердитель- отрицательная вопроситель- утвердительно-
лиц и ная форма форма ная форма усилительная
чисел
She looked She did not look Did she look? She did look

Спряжение неправильных глаголов в Pаst Simple

для всех утвердитель- отрицательная вопроситель- утвердительно-
лиц и ная форма форма ная форма усилительная
чисел
He saw He did not see Did he see? He did see

Спряжение глагола to be в Pаst Simple

число лицо утвердите- отрицательная вопросите- утвердительно-
льная форма форма льная форма усилительная
1 I was I was not Was I? I was
един. 2 You were You were not Were you? You were
He He he? He
3 She was She was not Was she? She was
It It it? It
 16

1 We were We were not Were we? We were

множ. 2 You were You were not Were you You were
3 They were They were not Were they? They were
Возможные сокращения элементов форм Рast Simple: did not = didn’t;
was not =wasn’t; were not = weren’t.
Значение и употребление Past Simple
Pаst Simple обозначает действия или состояния, происходившие в какой-
то период или отрезок времени в прошлом и не связанные с моментом речи.
При этом действие отражается как факт, без указания на характер его
протекания.
Раst Simple - временная форма, типичная для повествования, рассказа о
прошедших событиях. Это время xapaктepно для письменного языка, но
употребляется и в устной речи.
Раst Simple употребляется:
1) для выражения отдельных фактов (действий, состояний), имевших место в
прошлом и не связанных с настоящим; их приуроченность к определенному
периоду или моменту прошедшего времени осуществляется чаще всего при
помощи контекста:
I bought this book in Moscow. – Я купил эту книгу в Mocкве.
Обстоятельство in Moscow косвенно указывает на время совершения действия.

I knocked an the door but - Я постучал в дверь, но никто не

nobody answered. открыл.
Глаголы knocked, answer выражают последовательность событий.
How did уои sleер? - I sleрt like - Как тебе спалось? - Я спал
a dog. как убитый.
Время действия подразумевается - прошедшая ночь.

Sorry, I wasn’t in when you called. - Извини, меня не было дома,

когда ты звонил.
Время действия указано придаточным предложением whеn yоu cаlled.

В предложениях с Past Simple время действия часто уточняется

обстоятельствами времени: yesterdау, last week, last moth, the other dау, in 1983,
а также словосочетаниями с наречием agо (тому назад): a weеk agо, five days
ago. Например:
Where were уou уеsterdау? - Где вы были вчера?
Рushkin was born in 1799. - Пушкин родился в 1799 году.
He was here 5 minutes аgо. - Он был здесь 5 минут назад.
Роль указателя прошедшего времени также могут выполнять
вопросительные наречии when и how:
When did you begin to study - Когда вы начали изучать
English? английский?
How did it happen? - Как это случилось?
2) для выражения повторных или обычных действий в прошлом, не связанных с
 17

настоящим:
Last summer I often played chess. - Прошлым летом я часто играл в
шахматы.
When he was ill wе went to see him - Когда он болел, мы навещали его
every other day. через день.
Для выражения повторяющихся, привычных или длительных действий,
состояний или ситуаций в прошлом (обычно далеком) также употребляется
конструкция used to + инфинитив:
He used to play cards а lot. - Он часто играл в карты (раньше).
Did you used to play cricket at - Ты играл в крикет в школе?
school? = Used you to play cricket?
I didn’t use to like opera. - Я раньше не любил оперу.
Или: I usedn’t to like opera.
Для выражения повторяющихся действий в прошлом также может
использоваться конструкция wоuld + инфинитив без tо , но, в отличие от used to
+ инфинитив, эта конструкция не может обозначать состояния и ситуации:
When we were children we would - Когда мы были детьми, мы
go skating every winter. катались на коньках каждую зиму.
3) для выражения действия или свойства, характеризовавшего подлежащее в
прошлом:
Jack played chess very well when - Джек очень хорошо играл в
hе was а small bоу. шахматы когда был маленьким.
4) в дополнительных придаточных предложениях в косвенной речи, когда
глагол в главном предложении стоит в Past Indefinite:
He said he lived in the country. - Он сказал, что живет за городом.
I said to him I didn’t like fishing. - Я сказал ему, что не люблю рыбалку.
Обратите внимание на настoящee время в русских придаточных предложениях.
5) в придаточных времени и условиях, относящихся к будущему времени, если
в главном предложении глагол стоит в прошедшем времени:
He said he would tell about this - Он сказал, что расскажет об этом,
when he returned. когда вернется.
She asked what I should do if I - Она спросила, что я буду делать,
missed the train. если опоздаю на поезд.

1.5.1.3 Будущее неопределенное время (The Future Simple Tense)

Образование Future Simple

Future Simple является cложным временем. Оно образуется при помощи
вспомогательных глаголов shall и will и основы инфинитива основного глагола.
Спряжение глаголов в Future Simple:
число лицо утвердительная вопроситель- отрицательная форма
форма ная форма
1 I shall (I’ll) ask Shall I ask? I shall not (shan’t) ask
един. 2 You will (you’ll) ask Will you ask? You will not (won’t) ask
 18

3 He he He
She will (‘ll) ask Will she ask? She will not (won’t) ask
It it It
1 We shall (we’ll) ask Shall we ask? We shall not (shan’t) ask
множ. 2 You will (you’ll) ask Will you ask? You will not (won’t) ask
3 They will (they’ll) ask Will they ask? They will not (won’t) ask
Утвердительно-усилительная форма совпадает с утвердительной и
образуется за счет эмфатического ударения вспомогательного глагола.
Значение и употребление Future Indefinite
Future Indefinite обозначает однократные, повторяющиеся или
постоянные действия и состояния, относящиеся к будущему времени:
What will you do after the - Что ты будешь делать после
lessons? уроков?
I shall write to you every week. - Я буду писать тебе каждую неделю.
В вопросительной форме 1-го лица единственного числа глагол shall
обычно имеет модальное значение: спрашивающий осведомляется о желании
собеседника:
Shall I reаd оn? - Мне читать дальше?
Глаголы shall, will имеют модальный оттенок обещания, твердого
намерения, если они употребляются вместо друг друга:
He says he shall do it. - Он говорит, что обязательно
это сделает.
I won’t forget whаt уou’ve done - Я не забуду того, что вы для меня
for me. сделали.
I want to stay here and I will - Я хочу здесь остаться, и я останусь.
Если глагол will употреблен в придаточном условия, он имеет значение
вежливой просьбы:
If you’ll wait a minute, I’ll come - Если вы минуточку подождете, я
back in no time. вернусь очень быстро.
В отрицательной форме глагол will иногда принимает модальный
оттенок нежелания совершения или трудности совершения действия:
The door won’t open. - Дверь никак не открывается.
Не won’t answer this question. - Он нe хочет отвечать на этот вопpoc.
В разговорной речи для выражения предполагаемых будущих действий
вместо Future Indefinite часто употребляются следующие конструкции:
1) to be going to + инфинитив для выражения намерения (о лицах) или
вероятности (о событиях) в будущем:
I’m going to write him a letter. - Я собираюсь написать ему письмо.
It’s going to rain. - Скоро пойдет дождь.
2) tо bе sure (certain) + инфинитив для выражения уверенности в совершении
будущего действия:
Ann is sure to be there. - Анна наверняка будет там.
He’s certain tо come. – Он обязательно придет.
 19

1.5.1.4 Будущее неoпределеннoe с точки зрения прошедшего

(The Future Indefinite in the Past Tensе)

Образование Future Indefinite in the Past

Future Indefinite in the Past - сложное время, образующееся при помощи
вспомогательных глаголов should, would и основы инфинитива основного
глагола.
Cпряжениe Future Indefinite in the Past

число лицо утвердительная вопросительная

отрицательная
форма форма форма
1 I should (I’d) ask Should I ask? I should not
(shouldn’t) ask
един. 2 You would Would you ask? You would not
(you’d) ask (wouldn’t) ask
3 He he He would not
She would (‘d) Would she ask? She (wouldn’t)
It ask it It ask
множ. 1 We should (We’d) Should we ask? We should not
ask (shouldn’t) ask
2 You would Would you ask? You would not
(you’d) ask (wouldn’t) ask
3 They would Would they ask? They would not
(they’d) ask (wouldn’t) ask

Значение и употребление Future Indefinite in the Past

Future Indefinite in the Past редко употребляется в разговорной речи. Это
время встречается в повествованиях о прошедших событиях при передаче в
косвенной речи слов или мыслей какого-либо лица, относящихся к будущему.
Соответственно Future Indefinite in the Pаst употребляется в дополнительных
придаточных предложениях после глаголов say, tell, write, think, know и
некоторых других в формах Past Indefinite (said, told, wrote, taught, knew и т.п.).
He told me he would never repeat - Oн сказал мне, что больше ни-
the same mistake. когда не повторит ту же ошибку.
I was sure she’d be late as usual. – Я был уверен, что она, как обычно,
опоздает.
В отрицательной форме глагол would иногда принимает модальный
оттенок нежелания совершения или трудности совершения действия:
The tape-recorder wouldn’t work. – Магнитофон все не работал.
He wouldn’t answer her letters. – Он ни за что не xoтeл отвечать на
 20

ее письма.

1.5.2 Длительные времена (The Continuous Tenses)

The Continuous Tenses – времена cложные. Они образуются при помощи

вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени (Present Indefinite,
Past Indefinite, Future Indefinite) и причастия настоящего времени (Present
Participle (Participle I)) основного глагола. Особенностью длительных времен
является то, что они выражают действие как протекающее (длящееся) в момент
речи или в период настоящего времени (Present Continuous), в какой-либо
момент (период) пpошедшего времени (Past Continuous) или будущего
времени (Future Continuous).
В связи с этим формы Continuous Tenses употребительны
преимущественно для глаголов, обозначающих действие - динамических
глаголов. Статальные глаголы, как правило, в формах длительных времен нe
употребляютcя. Однако глагол to have употребляетcя в формах Continuous,
когда он входит в сложное фразовое сказуемоe. Haпример:
We are having guests tonight. - У нас сегодня гости.
When I came in he was having dinner. - Когда я вошел, он обедал.
Глаголы to listen, to feel, to think и некоторые другие употребляются в
формах Continuous, несмотря на то, что они относятcя к группе глаголов
чувства и мысли:
Are you listening? - Ты cлyшаешь?
I am feeling fine! - Я чувствую себя хорошо!
What are you thinking of? - О чем ты думaeшь?
2.2.1. Hacтoящee длитeльное время (The Present Continuous Tense)
Oбрaзoвaние Present Continuous
Спряжение глаголов в Present Continuous
число лицо утвердительная вопросительная отрицательная форма
форма форма
1 I am asking Am I asking? I am not asking
един. 2 You are asking Are you asking? You are not asking
3 He,she,it is asking Is he,she,it asking? He,she,it is not asking
1 We are asking Are we asking? We are not asking
множ. 2 You are asking Are you asking? You are not asking
3 They are asking Are they asking? They are not asking
При присоединении окончания –ing к основе инфинитива на письме
происходят следующие изменения
1) непроизносимая –е, на которую оканчивается инфинитив, выпадает:
to take – taking; to make – making;
2) если односложный инфинитив оканчивается на одну согласную после
краткого слога, согласная удваивается:
 21

to stop – stopping; to hit – hitting;

3) если многосложный инфинитив оканчивается на одну согласную после
ударного слога, эта согласная удваивается:
to occur – occurring; to forget – forgetting;
4) если инфинитив оканчивается на -l, она удваивается независимо от
ударности/ безударности слога:
to travel – travelling; to fulfil – fulfilling;
5) в отличие от случая с окончанием –еd, конечная –у не претерпевает никаких
изменений:
to stay – staying; to carry – carrying;
6) в инфинитивах на –iе -iе меняется на –у:
to lie – lying; to die – dying.
Значение и употребление Present Continuous
Рresent Continuous описывает действие или состояние, длящееся в момент
речи или в настоящий период времени. Этим данное время отличается от
Рresent Indefinite, выражающего действие или состояние как обычное или
характерное для субъекта. В русском языке оба оттенка настоящего времени
передаются одной формой глагола. Сравните:
I usually do homework in the evening. - Я обычно делаю уроки вечером.
I’m doing homework now. - Я делаю уроки сейчас.
Present Continuous употребляется:
1) для выражения действия, совершающегося в момент речи:
Don’t you see I am writing a letter? - Paзве ты не видишь, что я пишу
письмо?
2) для выражения действия или состояния, длящегося в течение настоящего
периода времени, но не обязательно относящегося к моменту речи:
Could you lend me the book you - Ты не мог бы одолжить мне книгу,
bought yesterday? – Sorry, I которую купил вчера? - К сожале-
can’t, I’m reading it myself. нию, не могу, я сам ее читаю.
Where are you staying? – I’m - Где вы остановились? - Я остано-
staying at my friends’. вился у своих друзей.
3) в разговорной речи Рresent Cоntinuous часто употребляется для выражения
отдельных, намеченных на ближайшее будущее действий (в особенности с
глаголами to come, to leave, to stay, to call и выражениями to have guests, to give a
party и т.п.):
When are you coming to see us? - Когда вы нас навестите?
We’re going to the cinema this - Mы идем в кино сегодня днем.
afternoon.
4) Рresent Continuous употребляется также для выражения постоянной
привычки или наклонности; в этом случае глагол сопровождается наречиями
always, constantly, all the time и т.п. и выражает неодобрение, нетерпение:
Уоu’re always coming late! - Ты вечно опаздываешь!
He’s constantly getting into - Он вечно попадает в
trouble. неприятности.
5) сочетание Рrеsеnt Continuous глагола to go c инфинитивом другого глагола
 22

употребляется для выражения намерения совершить действие в ближайшем

будущем:
I’m going to visit him tomorrow. - Я собираюсь навестить его завтра.
Are you going to learn French or - Вы собираетесь изучать немецкий
German? или французский?
6) для описания ситуации при изложении повествования в настоящем времени:
Аnd so I аm standing there and - И вот я стою там, никого не тро-
minding my own business when гаю, когда этот полицейский
this policeman comes up to me. подходит ко мне.
2.2.2. Прошедшее длительное вpемя (Тhе Past Continuous Tense)
Образование Past Соntinuous Tense
Спряжение глаголов в Past Continuous
числоли- утвердительная вопросительная отрицательная форма
цо форма форма
един 1 I was asking Was I asking? I was not asking
2 You were asking Were you asking? You were not asking
3 He he He
She was asking Was she asking? She was not asking
It it It
множ 1 We were asking Were we asking? We were not asking
2 You were asking Were you asking? You were not asking
3 They were asking Were they asking? They were not asking
Значение и yпотребление Past Соntinuous
Past Continuous сравнительно редко употребляется как в диалогической
речи, так и в повествовании. Это время выражает действие, протекавшее в
течение какого-либо момента или периода прошедшего времени. Время
действия обычно укaзывается обстоятельствами времени или придаточными
предложениями. Напримep:
It was snowing the whole day - Вчера весь день шeл снег.
yesterday.
What were уoи doing when I phoned - Что ты делaл, когда я тебе поз-
yои? вонил?
Past Continuous употребляется для:
1) вырaжения действия, протекавшего в определенный момент прошлого:
What were you doing аt 7 p.m. - Что ты делал вчера в 7 часов
yesterday? вeчера?
2) выpaжения более длительного фонового действия или ситуации в прошлом
по сравнению с другим, более кратковременным действием, которое
происходит после начала первого действия и/или перебивает его. Для
обозначения кратковременного, перебивающего действия используется Past
Indefinite. Напримep:
Hilda was dancing but when she - Xильда танцевала, но когда она
saw me she stopped. увидела меня, она остановилась.
З) выражения одновременно протекавших в прошлом длительных действий.
 23

Hапримep:
While I was taking a shower - Пока я принимала дyш, мама
Mother was соoking breakfast. готовила завтрак.
4) выражения oписaния в повествовании в прошедшем времени:
The bride was wearing a white dress - Heвecтa была одета в белое
and carrying a bouquet of lilies. платье и держала букет лилий.
The bridegroom was trembling and Жeних дрожал и бледнел.
looking pale.
5) выражения действия, которое было в прошлом намечено на ближайшее с
точки зрения прошлого будущее. Hапримep:
At the end of the week she wired - В конце недели она прислала
that she was returning. телеграмму, что возвращаетcя.
6) выражения имевшейся в прошлом привычки или наклонности с оттенком
неодобрения, нетерпения. Hапримep:
She wаs constantly trying to - Она постоянно старалась при-
attract attention. влечь к себе внимание.
7) выражения вежливых просьб и предположений с глаголами to wonder, to
hope, to think:
I was wondering if you’d like to - Я думaл, не захотите ли вы пойти
come out with me one evening. кудa-нибудь со мной однажды вечером.
Хотя статальные глаголы в Pаst Continuous вообще не употребляютcя, это
правило нарушается в двух случаях:
a) если статальный глагол меняет свое значение. Hапримep:
I was seeing Tom regularly now. – Я теперь часто встречался с
Tомом.
б) если необходимо показать, что состояние, обозначенное статальным
глаголом, характеризуетcя очень высокой степенью интенсивности:
Hеr faсe had gone pale which - Ee лицo побледнело, что
meant she wasn’t liking it very означало, что все это ей совсем
much. не нрaвится.
Глаголы to feel, to look, to hurt, to ache, to itch, to wear и некоторые другие
могут употребляться как в Past Continuous, так и в Past Indefinite для выражeния
действий, происходящих в указанный момент в прошлом. Напр.:
I saw that he was feeling/ felt upset. - Я видел, что он чем-то расстроен.
I met her in the street. She was - Я встретил ee на улице. Ha ней
wearing/ wore a warm coat. было теплое пальто.
2.2.3. Будущее длительное время (The Future Continuous Tense)
Образование Future Continuous
Спряжение глаголов в Future Continuous
Чис- лицо утвердительная вопросительная отрицательная форма
ло форма форма
1 I shall be working Shall I be working? I shall not be working
Ед. 2 You will be working Will you be working? You will not be working
 24

3 He he He
She will be Will she be She will not be
It working it working? It working
1 We shall be working Shall we be working? We shall not be working
Мн. 2 You will be working Will you be working? You will not be working
3 They will be working Will they be working? They will not be working
Возможные сокращения форм Future Continuous:
shall nоt = shan’t [∫α:nt]; will nоt = wоn't [ w∂υnt];
shall not, will not = ‘ll not
Значение и употребление Future Cоntinuous
Future Cоntinuous обозначает действие, протекающее в какой-то момент
или отрезок будущего времени. Время действия может быть указано
обстоятельством времени или контекстом. За исключением некоторых
устойчивых выражений с глаголами to expect, to stay, to see и др., это время
употребляется весьма редко как в разговорной речи, так и в письменном
повествовании.
I’ll be expecting you at 4 sharp. - Я буду ждать тебя ровно в 4.
Will you be staying for dinner? - Вы останетесь на обед?
I’ll be seeing him this afternoon. - Я увижу его сегодня днем.
When mу train arrives my parents - Когда придет мой поезд,
will be waiting on the platform. мои родители будут ждать на
платформе.
Futurе Continuous часто предполагает, что какое-либо будущее действие
является запланированным, решенным, назначенным на определенное время:
Рrоfessor Gorb will be giving another - Профессор Горб даст еще одну
talk on this subject at the same time лекцию по этой теме в это же
next week. время на следующей неделе.
They will be arriving here tomorrow. - Они прибывают сюда завтра.
The police will be trying to keep - Полиция будет пытаться под-
order. держивать порядок.
Future Continuous используется для того, чтобы вежливо расспросить
собеседника о его планах:
Will you be having dinner at home? - Вы сегодня обедаете дома?
Will you be going abroad this - Едете ли вы за границу этим
summer? летом?
Will you be staying in England? - Вы останетесь в Англии?
2.2.4. Будущее длительное с точки зрения прошедшего (Тhe Future
Continuous in the Past Tense)
Образование Future Continuous in the Past
Cпpяжениe глаголов в Future Continuous in the Past
число лицо утвердительная вопросительная отрицательная форма
форма форма
1 I should be working Should I be working? I should not be working
 25

2 You would be Would you be You would not be

един. working working? working
3 He he He
She would be Would she be She would not be
It working it working? It working
1 We should be Should we be We should not be
working working? working
множ 2 You would be Would you be You would not be
working working? working
3 They would be Would they be They would not be
working working working
Значение и употребление Future Соntinuous in the Past
Future Сопtinuоus in thе Past употребляется в тех же значениях, что и
Future Соntinиоus, но лишь в дополнительных придаточных предложениях
после глаголов to say, to tell, to think и др. в прошедшем времени. Данная
временная форма малоупотребительна. Например:
Don’t trouble him now. He said - Нe беспокой его сейчас. Он сказал,
he’d be writing an article all day что будет писать статью целый
long. день.
2.3. Совершенные времена (Perfect Tenses)
Perfect Tenses - совершенные, или перфектные, времена (Present Perfect,
Past Perfect, Future Perfect) - образуются при помощи вспомогательного глагола
to have в соответствующем времени (Present Indefinite, Past Indefinite, Future
Indefinite) и причастия прошедшего времени, или причастия II (Participle II)
основного глагола.
Основное значение совершенных времен - это выражение связи
прошедшего действия с настоящим временем (Рresent Реrfect) или
предшествования дейcтвия какомy-либо моменту или периоду прошедшего или
будущего времени (Past Perfect и Future Perfect).
Совеpшенные времена обычно выражают наличие кaкoгo-либо
результата действия, который может наблюдаться в настоящем, прошедшем
или будущем времени. Например:
I have just received a letter from - Я только что получила письмо от
my brother Tim. Here it is. своего брата Тима. Вот оно.
Business was very bad. Twenty - Дела шли очень плохо. Двадцать
people had already left the firm. человек уже уволились из фирмы.
I’ll have done it by 5, I promise. – Я закончу к 5, обещаю.
2.3.1. Настоящее совершенное время (The Present Perfect Tense)
Образование Present Perfect
Спряжение глаголов в Present Perfect
число лицо утвердительная вопросительная отрицательная
форма форма форма
1 I have asked Have I asked I have not asked
един 2 You have asked Have you asked? You have not asked
 26

3 He he He
She has asked Has she asked? She has not asked
It it It
1 We have asked Have we asked? We have not asked
множ 2 You have asked Have you asked? You have not asked
3 They have asked Have they asked? They have not asked
Значениe и употребление Present Perfect
Present Perfect укaзывaет на связь действия, которое произошло в
прошлом, с настоящим, т.е. с моментом речи. Эта связь обычно выражается в
том, что прошлое действие имеет какой-то результат в настоящем. Эту связь
легко показать, перефразирoвав предложение, содержащее Present Perfect, в
предложение, выражающее ту же мысль в Present Indefinite. Hапримep:
Some fооl has let the cat in. - Какой-то дурак впустил кота в дом.
(The cat is in.) (Кот в доме.)
I’ve heard the doctor’s opinion. - Я слышал мнение врача.
(I know the doctor’s opinion.) (Я знаю мнение врача.)
При употреблении Present Perfect в центре внимания находится само
свершившееся действие, сам факт и результат его свершения. Обстоятельства,
при которых оно свершилось (время, место и образ дeйствия и пр.), неважны и
несущественны. Hапримep:
We have bought a new TV-set. - Мы кyпили новый телевизор.
The students have left the room. - Студенты вышли из комнаты.
Употребление Present Perfect
1) Поскольку Рresent Perfect выделяет именно действие, a нe подробности его
свершения, это время чаще всего употребляется в начале pазговора или
сообщения или при переходе на новую тему беседы, когда возникает
необходимость сообщить собеседнику какую-то новую информaцию. Пpи этoм
в предложeнии обстоятельства времeни и мeстa действия отсутствуют. Eсли
рaзговор продолжается о том же самом cобытии, выясняются различные
обстоятельства и подробности его свершения, это действие будет выражено
уже в Past Indefinite:
- Have a cup of coffee with us. - Выпей с нами кофе.
- I’ve had a cup, thank you. – Я уже пил, большoе спасибо.
I had one after lunch. - Я выпил чашку после обеда.
I have seen this play. - Я уже видел эту пьесу.
I saw it at the Globe. - Я видел ее в «Глобусе».
Аналогичным образом, Present Perfect не употребляетcя в
вопросительных предложениях, начинающихся со слов when, where, how, тaк
как в центре внимания говорящих находятся обстоятельства свершения
действия. Hапримep:
How did it become known? - Как это стало известно?
When did you read this book? - Когда ты читал эту книгу?
2) Present Perfect может также выражать действие, суммирующее на момент
речи сделанное ранее или дающее оценку свершившимся событиям. Hапримep:
 27

You must be tired. I’m afraid I’ve - Вы, должно быть, устали. Боюсь,
talked too much. что я заговорил вас.
I‘ve been a fool. - Я вел себя глупо.
3) так как Present Perfect является настоящим временем и всегда соотносится с
моментом речи, эта форма не может быть употреблена, если в предложении
указано точное время (или место) свершения действия, относящееся к
прoшедшему вpемени. Cpaвнитe:
The weather has changed for the worse. - Погода испортилась.
The weather changed for the worse - Вчера погода испортилась.
yesterday.
Однако с такими выражениями, как today, this morning, this month, this
year т.п., обозначающими пеpиод времени, близко подходящий к моменту речи,
возможно употребление как Present Perfect, тaк и Past Indefinite. Выбор
определяетcя следующими условиями:
a) если указанный период времени yжe закончился, то употребляется Past
Indefinite. Hапримep:
I didn’t read the paper this - Я нe читал газету сегодня утpoм
morning. (сейчас день или вечер).
б) если весь указанный период времени еще не закончился, но закончилcя четко
очерченный контекстом его фрагмент, в течение которoго совершалось
действие, это действие так же обозначается Past Indefinite:
I met him in the library tonight. – Я встретил его в библиотеке
сегодня вечером (я уже не в биб-
лиотеке).
в) если указанный период времени не закончилcя и место действия не
изменилось, то употребляется Present Perfect:
This year we’ve taken only one - В этoм году мы приняли на работу
assistant. только одного ассистента (год еще
не закончилcя, место действия то
же).
4) с наречиями неопределеннoго времени always, never, ever, already, not … yet,
before и др. употребляетcя Present Perfect при условии отсутствия указания на
прошедшее время. Hапримep:
I have already washed up. - Я уже помыла посуду.
Нo: I already washed up after dinner. - Я уже помыла посуду после обеда.
5) с наречием just - только что - употребляется Present Perfect, но с наречием
just now - только что - Past Indefinite:
He has just come back. – Oн только что вернулся.
He came back just now.
6) Present Perfect употребляется для обозначения действий, начавшихся в
прошлом и продолжающихся до момента речи, если действие выражено
статaльным глаголом. Динамические глаголы выражают такое значение при
помощи Present Perfect Continuous:
I have known him for ages. - Я знаю его очень давно.
I’ve been all over Africa. - Я oбъездил всю Африку.
 28

В этом значении Present Perfect употребляется также с глаголами to live и

to study. С глаголом to work возможны две формы: Present Perfect и Present
Perfect Continuous.
I’ve lived in Kiev for three years. - Я живу в Киеве три года.
He has studied English since childhood. - Oн изучaет английский с детства
I have worked at my report since - Я работаю над докладом с утра.
morning. = I have been working at my report since morning.
При этом нaчaло действия в прoшлoм пеpедается словом since,
выступающим в функции предлога, подчинительного союза или наречия:
We’ve lived in Moscow since 1970.Мы живем в Москве с 1970 года. предлог
I’ve lived in Moscow since my Я живу в Москве с тех пор как союз
family moved there in 1970. моя семья переехала сюда в 1970.
We’ve lived here since. С тех пор мы живем здесь. наречие
Весь период времени, охватываемый действием глагола, при этом
передается предлогом for :
He hasn’t worked for years. - Он не работал многие годы.
7) Present Perfect употребляется в придаточных времени, в которых речь идет о
некотором будущем действии, какое будет совершено до нaчала действия,
выраженного сказуемым главного предложения. Напримep:
You’ll think otherwise after you - Ваше мнение изменитcя, когда вы
have seen this film yourself. сaми посмотрите этот фильм.
Present Perfect не употребляетcя с глаголами to hear, to say, to forget, to
understand и др. при передаче ситуаций, в которых соответствующие русские
глаголы должны быть употреблены в прошедшем времени. В этих случаях
употребляетcя Past Indefinite, реже Present Indefinite:
I didn’t hear your question. – Я не слышал вашего вопроса.
What did you say? - Что вы сказали?
Now I understand. - Теперь я понял.
Did you sleep well? - Вы спали хорошо?
I hear Mike is in Moscow. - Я слышaл, Maйк в Moскве.
I forget where he lives. - Я забыл, где он живет (в значении:
нe пoмню).
Ho: I’ve forgotten to ring her up. Я забыл позвонить ей (в значении:
не сделал).
2.3.2. Прошедшее совершенное время (The Past Perfect Tense)
Образование Раst Perfect
Глаголы в Раst Perfeсt имеют одну и ту же форму для всех лиц
единственного и множественного числа.
Спряжение глаголов в Pаst Реrfесt.
утвердительная форма вопросительная форма отрицательная форма
He had asked Had he asked He had not (hadn’t) asked
Значение и употребление Pаst Perfect
Pаst Pеrfeсt часто называют «предпрошедшим» временем. Оно выражает
 29

действие в прошлом, которое происходило и закончилось до начала другого

прошедшего действия или до какого-либо момента/ периода в прошлом.
Формы Раst Реrfесt малоупотребительны в устной речи. Несколько чаще
они встречаются в повествовании. В русском языке различия между
прошедшим и «предпрошедшим» нет. Сравните: Он достал эту книгу вчера. -
Он сказал мне, что достал эту книгу вчера. В английском языке в подобных
предложениях будут употребляться разные глагольные времена: He got this
book yesterday. – He told me he had got this book yesterday.
Pаst Pеrfеct употребляется:
1) для выражения действия, которое уже совершилось до определенного
момента в прошлом, который либо указан обстоятельством времени, либо
контекстом:
She had left before June 1. - Она уехала еще до первого июня.
Outside the hotel I met Max who - Около гостиницы я встретил
had gone to the same school. Макса. Мы с ним вместе учились
в школе.
2) для выражения действия, которое завершилось до начала другого,
произошедшего в прошлом, действия. В таком значении глагол в Раst Pеrfect
может находиться как в главном, так и в придаточном предложении:
I had done the flat before Mother – Я уже убрала квартиру до того,
came home. как мама пришла домой.
After she had cried, she felt better. - После того как она поплакала,
ей стало легче на душе.
3) для обозначения действий, начавшихся до указанного момента в прошлом и
продолжающихся до этого момента. Обычно такие действия выражаются с
помощью Раst Pеrfесt Cоntinuous, но со статальными глаголами употребляется
Раst Perfесt. При этом обязательно указывается период времени, в течение
которого происходило действие:
I felt as if I had known her all my - У меня было такое чувство, как
life. будто я знал ее всю свою жизнь.
We went to see Mr Fennel who - Мы пошли навестить г-на Феннела,
had been a widower for two years. который был вдовцом два года.
4) для выражения не осуществившейся надежды, желания и т.п., относящихся
как к прошедшему, так и к настоящему и даже будущему времени:
I had hoped we could leave - Я надеялся, что мы сможем уехать
tomorrow but it’s beginning to завтра, но, кажется, это становится
look difficult. нелегко (о будущем событии).
I had intended to make a cake but - Я собиралась приготовить торт, но
I ran out of time. не успела (о прошедшем событии).
5) в придаточных времени для выражения действия, которое является будущим
по отношению к прошлым событиям и должно произойти до начала события,
выраженного главным предложением:
Не decided he wouldn’t look at - Он решил, что не будет смотреть
his watch till he had read 30 pages. на часы, пока не прочтет 30
страниц.
 30

Pаst Perfect не употребляется:

1) когда речь идет о немедленной последовательности событий в прошлом,
особенно о непосредственной реакции людей:
I got a real shock when I opened – Я по-настоящему испугался, когда
the box. открыл коробку.
2) при описании коротких последовательных действий, совершаемых разными
лицами:
When I put the cat out he ran - Когда я выставил кота, он убежал
away to the bushes. в кусты.
3) в придаточных предложениях, относящихся к предложениям, где сказуемое
выражено глаголом в Pаst Perfect:
He told me that someone had - Он сказал мне, что кто-то звонил,
phoned when I was out. когда меня не было.
2.3.3. Будущее совершенное время (Thе Futurе Реrfесt)
Образование Fиtиrе Perfect
Спряжение глаголов в Future Perfect
числолицо утвердительная вопросительная отрицательная форма
форма форма
1 I shall have done Shall I have done? I shall not have done
един 2 You will have done Will you have done? You will not have done
3 He he He
She will have Will she have She will not have
He done it done? He done
1 We shall have done Shall we have done? We shall not have done
множ 2 You will have done Will you have done? You will not have done
3 They will have done Will they have They will not have done
done?
Отрицательная форма может иметь три сокращения:
I shall not have = I shan’t have = I’ll not have = I shan’t’ve
В утвердительной форме в разговорной речи возможно сокращение обоих
вспомогательных глаголов одновременно: He’ll’ve done.
Значение и употребление Future Perfect
Future Perfect обозначает действие, которое будет закончено до
oпределенного момента или действия в будущем. Это время употребляется
редко. Future Perfect употребляется в простых предложениях с
обстоятельствами, указывающими на время, к которому действие будет
закончено.
The painters say they will have - Маляры говорят, что закончат
finished the downstairs room by комнаты на первом этаже к
Tuesday. вторнику.
I’ll have done my work by that time. - K тому времени я закончу
работу.
2.3.4. Будущее совершенное время с точки зрения прошедшего (Тhe
Future Perfect in the Past)
 31

Future Perfect in the Past образуется так же, как и Future Perfect, с той
разницей, что вместо вспомогательных глаголов shall и will здесь
употребляются вспомогательные глаголы should и would. Это время встречается
весьма редко. Оно имеет то же значение, что и Future Perfect и употребляется в
косвенной речи после глаголов tо say, to tell, to think и др. в прошедшем
времени:
He said he would have translated the - Oн сказал, что переведет статью
article by two o’clock. к двум часам.
She thought she would have made a - Она думала, что успеет испечь
cake by the time her husband came пирог к тому времени, когда ее
from work. муж придет с работы.
2.4. Совершенные длительные времена (Perfect Continuous Tenses)
Perfect Continuous Tenses (Present Perfect Continuous, Past Perfect
Continuous, and Future Perfect Continuous) - вpемена слoжные. Они образуютcя
при помощи вспомогательного глаголa to be в соответствующем совершенном
времени (настоящем, прошедшем или будущем) и причастия I основного
глагола.
Perfect Continuous Tenses обозначают действия, начавшиеся до момента
речи (Рresent Perfect Continuous) или до какого-момента в прошедшем или
будущем (Past Perfect Continuous, Future Perfect Continuous) и продолжающиеся
вплоть до этого момента или после него. Например:
I have been working hard all - Я усердно трудился все утро. Я
morning. I have been trying to пытался привести в порядок свою
get my new room in order. новую комнату.
By the lunchtime I had been - К обеду я уже проработал в течение
working for three hours. трех часов.
By 7 o’clock this evening he - К семи часам вечера он уже будет
will have been flying in the находиться на орбите 36 часов.
orbit for 36 hours.
Рerfect Continuous упoтребляются редко кaк в устной, так и в письменной
форме.
2.4.1. Настоящее совершенное длительное время (Тhe Present Perfect
Continuous Tense)
Образование Present Perfect Continuous
Спряжение Present Perfect Continuous
Число лицо утвердительная вопросительная отрицательная
форма форма форма
1 I have (I’ve) been Have I been working? I have (I’ve) not
working been working
2 You (You’ve) have Have you been You (You’ve) have
един. been working working? not been working
3 He has been Has he been He has not been
She (‘s been) she working? She (‘s not)working
It working it It
 32

1 We have (We’ve) Have we been We have (We’ve)

been working working? not been working
множ 2 You (You’ve) have Have you been You (You’ve) have
been working working? not been working
3 They have (They’ve) Have they been They have (They’ve)
been working working? not been working
В утвердительной форме возмoжно coкpaщениe вcпoмoгaтeльного
глагола have/ has до ‘ve или ‘s, в отрицaтeльнoй - либo coкpащение ‘ve/’s
вспомогательного have/ has, либо сокращение отрицательной частицы not –
haven’t, hasn’t и прибавление к вспомогательному глаголу.
Значение и употpебление Present Perfect Continuous
Present Perfect Continuous употребляется для выражения действия,
начавшегося в прошлом и продолжающегося:
а) до настоящего момента речи;
б) в момент речи.
Рresent Perfect Continuous обычно yпoтребляется только с
динамическими глаголами. Со cтатальными глаголами значение Рrеsent Perfect
Continuous передается глаголом в Рrеsent Perfect.
В зависимости от того, завершилось ли начатое в прошлом действие к
моменту речи или все еще продолжается, глагол в Рresent Perfect Continuous
переводится на русский язык настоящим или прошедшим временем:
I have been waiting for you for - Я жду тебя уже двадцать минут!
twenty minutes! (действие продолжается)
I have been writing this letter the - Я писал это письмо все утро
whole morning. (действие закончено).
В отрицательных предложениях Prеsеnt Pеrfесt Continuous употребляется
только в том случае, если имеется частичное отрицание действия. Например:
I hope you’ve not been standing - Надеюсь, что ты не очень долго
here long. здесь стоишь (отрицание отно-
сится к «долго», а не к «стоишь»).
The boys have not been sleeping - Мальчики не очень хорошо спят в
at all well lately. последнее время.
При полном отрицании действия употребляется Рrеsent Perfect:
He lost his job two years ago. - Он потерял работу два года назад.
Не hasn’t worked since. - С тех пор он не работает (совсем).
Ann hasn’t slept fоr two daуs. - Анна уже два дня (совсем) не спит.
В предложениях с Рresent Perfеct Соntinuous, как правило, указывается
период времени, в течение которого происходит действие. Он может быть
обозначен тремя способами:
а) с помощью обстоятельственных выражений типа аll my 1ifе, these three years,
all this week, а1all this year, lately и др. Например:
We have been staying here all - Мы здесь гостим всю эту неделю.
this week.
б) с помощью предложных словосочетаний, обычно с предлогом for:
They’ve been writing a composi- - Они пишут сочинение уже два часа.
 33

tion for two hours.

в) с помощью since, которое может быть наречием, предлогом или союзом:
Не returned аt 3 and has been Он вернулся в три часа и с тех наречие
reading since. пор читает.
He’s been reading since 3. Он читает с трех часов. предлог
He’s been reading since he Он читает с тех пор, как вернулся. союз
returned.
Необходимо обратить внимание на то, что в придаточном предложении,
вводимом союзом since, обычно употребляется Рast Indefinite, так как действие
в нем указывает только на момент в прошлом, с которого началось более
длительное действие. Однако если действие в придаточном предложении не
является кратким, а представляет собой процесс, происходящий
одновременно/параллельно с действием главного предложения, то в обеих
частях предложения употребляется Рresent Perfect Continuous:
I have been meeting your friend every - Я вижусь с твоим приятелем
day since we have been working on каждый день, с тех пор как мы
the report. работаем с отчетом.
Если период времени, в течение которого происходит действие, не связан
с моментом речи, а относится к прошедшему времени, то употребляется Раst
Indefinite. Сравните:
I have been playing for the school – Я играю за школьную футболь-
football team for two years ную команду уже два года.
I played for the school football team - Я играл за школьную футболь-
for two years at school. ную команду два года, когда
учился в школе.
Иногда Рrеsеnt Perfect Cоntinuous употребляется без указания на период
времени, в который происходит действие. Сама форма дает тогда понять, что
действие происходило в недавнем прошлом и служит объяснению положения
вещей в момент речи. Например:
It’s wet in the street. – It’s been - На улице сыро. - Недавно был
raining. дождь.
I’m not hot. I’ve just been running. - Мне не жарко. Я просто бегал.
Такое употребление Рrеsent Perfeсt Continuous обладает большой
выразительностью и часто используется для усиления действия, придачи ему
большей эмоциональной окраски. В этом случае Prеsеnt Perfect Continuous
встречается даже со статальными глаголами. Например:
I’ve been wanting to talk to you. - Я уже давно хочу с тобой
поговорить.
2.4.2. Прошедшее совершенное длительное время (The Pаst Perfect
Continuous Теnsе)
Образование Pаst Реrfect Continuous
Глагол в Past Perfect Cоntinuоus имеет одну и ту же форму для всех лиц
единственного и множественного числа.
утвердительная форма вопросительная форма отрицательная форма
 34

She had (She’d) been Had she been cooking? She had not (hadn’t)
cooking been cooking
Значение и употребление Раst Perfect Continuous
Раst Perfect Continuous употребляется для выражения действий,
начавшихся до указанного момента в прошлом и продолжавшихся до этого
момента, как бы подводя итог их длительности. Например:
I realised I’d been overworking - Я понял, что я слишком много
работал.
When at last she appeared I had - Когда она, наконец, появилась,
been waiting for three hours. я прождал уже три часа.
Как и Present Pеrfеct Cоntinuous, Pаst Perfect Continuous обычно
употребляется в предложениях, в которых период совершения действия указан
либо с помощью обстоятельственных выражений, либо с помощью
предложных словосочетаний с fоr, since, либо контекстом.
Jim said he’d been reading all day. - Джим сказал, что он весь день читал.
I knew they had been correspond- - Я знал, что они переписываются
ing for many years. уже много лет.
He said he’d been working in a - Он сказал, что работает в одной
newspaper since the war. газете с войны.
She saw from their wet costumes - Она видела по их мокрым костю-
that they had been swimming. мам, что они только что купались.
Как и Prеsеnt Perfect Continuous, Past Perfect Continuous не может
употребляться в предложениях с полным отрицанием и со статальными
глаголами. В таких случаях употребляется Раst Perfect:
I was told that the sisters hadn’t - Мне сказали, что сестры не встреча-
met since their mother’s death. лись со смерти их матери.
She said she had been there all - Она сказала, что просидела там все
morning. утро.
2.4.3. Будущее совершенное длительное время (The Future Perfect
Continuous Tense)
Обрaзование Future Perfect Continuous
число лицо утвердительная вопросительная отрицательная
форма форма форма
1 I shall (I’ll) have Shall I have (‘ve) I shall not (shan’t)
(‘ve) been running been running? have (‘ve) been running
2 You will (you’ll) Will you have (‘ve) You will not (won’t)
have (‘ve) been been running? have (‘ve)been
един. running running
3 He will (‘ll) he have(‘ve) He will (‘ll) not
She have (‘ve) been Will she been She (won’t) have (‘ve)
It running it running? It been running
1 We shall (We’ll) Shall we have (‘ve) We shall not (shan’t)
have (‘ve) been been running? have (‘ve) been
running running
 35

2 You will (you’ll) Will you have (‘ve) You will not (won’t)
множ. have (‘ve) been been running? have (‘ve) been
running running
3 They will (they’ll) Will they have They will not (won/t)
have (‘ve) been (‘ve) been have (‘ve) been
running running? running
Значение и употребление Future Perfect Continuous
Future Perfect Continuous обозначает длящееся действие в будущем,
которое начнется до какого-либо момента/периода будущего времени и будет
продолжаться вплоть до этого момента/периода. Наличие трех
вспомогательных глаголов в форме Future Pеrfесt Continuous и сложное
значение этой глагольной формы делают ее неудобоваримой даже для
английского уха и языка, а следовательно - крайне редко употребляемой как в
устной, так и в письменной речи. Многие грамматисты считают эту форму
теоретически возможной, практически неупотребимой. Употребление
ограничено книжным стилем либо - в устной речи - усиленной эмоциональной
окраской действия:
Next year our Institute will have been - В следующем году исполнится
working at this problem for five пять лет с того времени, как наш
years. институт начал работать над
этой проблемой.
Yes, but by that time I’ll have been - Да, но к тому времени я прожду
waiting for half a year! уже полгода!
2.4.4. Будущее совершенное длительное время с точки зрения
прошедшего (The Future Perfect Continuous in the Past)
Образование и употребление Future Perfect Continuous in the Past
Future Perfect Continuous in the Past образуется так же, как Future Perfect
Continuous, с той разницей, что вместо вспомогательных глаголов shall, will
здесь употребляются вспомогательные глаголы should и would. Оно имеет то же
значение, что и Future Perfect Continuous, и употребляется в косвенной речи
после глаголов to tell, to say, to think и др. в прошедшем времени.
She exclaimed that by that time she - Она воскликнула, что к тому
would have been waiting for him for времени прождет его уже
half a year. полгода.
Future Perfect Continuous in the Past употребляется еще более редко, чем
Future Perfect Continuous
3. Страдательный залог (Тhe Passive Voice)
3.1. Образование страдательного залога
Тhe Passive Voice представляет собой аналитическую форму, которая
образуется с помощью глагола to be в соответствующем времени и причастия II
(Participle II) смыслового глагола.
Тhe Passive Voice существует в следующих видовременных формах:
Инфинитив to be done (быть сделанным)
 36

Time
Aspect Present Past Future Future in the Past
am was shall should
Indefinite is done were done be done be
are will would done
am being was being
Continuous is done were done - -
are
Perfect have been had been shall have been should have
has done done will done would been done
Как видно из таблицы, в страдательном залоге нет времен Perfect
Continuous, Future Continuous, Future Continuous in the Past.
Отрицательная и вопросительная формы страдательного залога
образуются по тем же правилам, что и соответствующе формы действительного
залога, а именно:
1) в отрицательной форме частица not ставится после первого
вспомогательного глагола - The bоok hаs not been written;
2) в вопросительной форме первый вспомогательный глагол ставится
перед подлежащим – Has the book been written?
Значение и употребление времен глагола в страдательном залоге такое
же, как и времен глагола в действительном залоге.
3.2. Значение и употребление страдательного залога
The Passive Voice устанавливает, что лица или предмет, обозначенные
подлежащим, являются объектами действия, выраженного сказуемым. В силу
своего значения пассивный залог может употребляться только с переходными
глаголами. Переходными называются глаголы (Тrаnsitive Verbs), которые
выражают действие, переходящее (непосредственно направленное) на какой-
либо предмет, лицо или явление. Они имеют при себе прямое дополнение,
соответствующее в русском языке дополнению в винительном падеже без
предлога, без которого значение самого глагола остается незавершенным.
Например: to tell (a story, the truth); to see (a dog, the sun); to show (a room, a
picture); to give (something, advice); to buy (things, goods) и т.п.
К непереходным относятся глаголы (Intransitive Verbs), выражающие
действие, которое не переходит непосредственно на предмет или лицо, которые
не могут иметь при себе прямое дополнение: to shine, to go, to walk, to sleep, to
remain, to live, to smile и т.д.
Многие английские глаголы могут использоваться как в переходном, так
и в непереходном значении без изменения формы. Такие глаголы
соответствуют в русском языке двум разным глаголам. Например:
He walked in the park every evening. - Он гулял по парку каждый вечер.
The parents walked him into his room. - Родители провели его в его
комнату.
He ran down the road towards the car.- Он бежал по дороге к машине.
We ran our boat into some quiet - Мы направили нашу лодку в
 37

little nook. спокойную маленькую бухту.

Страдательный залог широко употребляется в английском языке, что
объясняется несколькими причинами:
1) в английском языке практически нет других средств, кроме страдательного
залога, которые позволили бы, в случае необходимости, не называть
производителя действия. Сравните с русским языком, где таких средств
несколько:
а) неопределенно-личные предложения, например:
I don’t like when I’m ordered about. - Hе люблю, когда мной командуют.
б) безличные предложения:
He was told to stay at home. - Ему велено было сидеть дома.
в) инфинитивные предложения:
He hasn’t been heard from for two - От него ничего не слыхать уже два
days. дня.
2) в английском языке у существительных нет падежных окончаний, что в
значительной мере увеличивает, по сравнению с русским, количество
переходных глаголов, с которыми возможно употребление страдательного
залога. Например:
русские непереходные глаголы Английские переходные глаголы
помогать to help
управлять to manage
звонить to ring
отвечать to answer
следовать за to follow
присутствовать на to attend
влиять на to influence
воздействовать на to affect
Ему помогли открыть дверь. He was helped to open the door.
З) в английском языке употребление страдательного залога возможно не
только с глаголами, требующими прямого дополнении, но и с глаголами, после
которых встречаются косвенные и предложные дополнения, если значение этих
глаголов соответствует значению переходных глаголов - направленности на
предмет/лицо. К таким глаголам относятся: to listen to, to look after, to wait for,
to call upon, to search for и др.:
The young trees were properly - За молодыми деревьями хорошо
looked after. присматривали.
В зависимости от характера дополнения английские глаголы могут
употребляться в страдательном залоге в следующих конструкциях:
1) прямой страдательный залог (the Direct Passive), в котором
подлежащее соответствует прямому дополнению действительного залога.
Например:
Wе speak English here.  English is - Здесь говорят по-английски.
spoken here.
I knew why they’d chosen me.  I knew - Я знал, почему выбрали
 38

why I had been chosen. меня.

2) косвенный страдательный залог (The Indirect Passive), в котором
подлежащее соответствует косвенному дополнению действительного залога.
Косвенный страдательный залог встречается только с глаголами типа to tell, to
give, to show, to pay, to leave, to promise, to lend, to send и др., которые
сочетаются с двумя дополнениями - прямым и косвенным, и поэтому с ними
возможны две страдательные конструкции: прямая страдательная конструкция,
описанная выше, и косвенная. Например:
She gave her sister a car.  - Она подарила своей сестре машину.
Her sister was given a car. - Ее сестре подарили машину.
A car was given to her sister.
Однако чаще подлежащим в страдательной конструкции становится
дополнение, обозначающее лицо:
You were lent ten thousands - В прошлом году вам одолжили pounds
last year. десять тысяч фунтов.
З) предложный страдательный залог (The Prepositional Passive), в
котором подлежащее соответствует предложному дополнению действительного
залога. Предлог в этой конструкции сохраняет свое место после глагола.
Например:
They have sent for the doctor.
Тhe doctor has been sent for. - За доктором послали.
She hated when somebody was - Она терпеть не могла, когда над ней
laughing at her. She hated смеялись.
when she was being laughed at.
Как видно из приведенных примеров, ни одна конструкция не нуждается
в назывании производителя действия. Однако если высказывание требует этого,
то слово, обозначающее деятеля, вводится предлогом bу. Например:
Many valuable pictures were - В огне погибли многие ценные
destroyed by the fire. картины.
The theatre was closed by the - Театр был закрыт полицией.
police.
Несмотря нa то, что страдательный залог часто встречается в английском
языке, его употребление имеет некоторые ограничения:
1) страдательный залог невозможен, если в действительном залоге
прямое дополнение является инфинитивом. Например:
We arranged to meet at 5 o’clock. - Мы договорились встретиться в 5
часов.
2) если после глаголов, обозначающих мыслительные процессы,
физические ощущения, предложения, просьбы, решения и т.п., дополнение
выражено придаточным предложением, то подлежащим в страдательной
конструкции становится формальное местоимение, а придаточное
предложение, как и раньше, следует за глаголом сказуемым. Например:
We knew that he wouldn’t accept - Мы знали, что он не примет
the offer. It was known that предложение. Было известно, что he
 39

wouldn’t accept the offer. он не примет этого предложения.

З) в английском языке есть ряд переходных глаголов (to resemble, to suit,
to fit, to have, to possess, to lack), с которыми страдательный залог невозможен.
Например:
The boy resembles his father. - Мальчик похож на своего отца.
Но не: The father is resembled by the boy.
4) с глаголами tо say, to explain, to announce, to point out, to devote, to
suggest, to propose и т.п., которые встречаются с двумя дополнениями,
возможна только одна страдательная конструкция - прямая. Например:
Then the difficulty was explained - Затем им объяснили эту трудность.
to them.
4. Повелительное наклонение (Тhе Imperative Mood)
Утвердительная форма повелительного наклонения для 2-го лица
единственного и множественного числа совпадает с основой инфинитива:
Write! - Пишите! Come - Войдите!
Отрицательная форма повелительного наклонения образуется при
помощи вспомогательного глагола do и отрицательной частицы nоt и основы
инфинитива основного глагола. В разговорной речи употребляется
сокращенная форма отрицания don’t.
Do not be 1ate. = Don’t be late. - He опаздывайте.
Do not do it! = Don’t do it! - He делай этого!
В предложениях с глаголом в повелительном наклонении подлежащее,
как правило, отсутствует. Часто при глаголе употребляется прямое обращение:
Come along, Nick! - Пойдем, Ник!
Подлежащее you иногда употребляется для придания высказыванию
эмоциональной окраски (раздражение, нетерпение, строгое предупреждение и
т.п.):
Уоu mind your own business! - А ты не лезь не в свое дело!
В отрицательной форме подлежащее обычно стоит после don’t:
And don’t you forget it! - И смотри не забудь этого!
В утвердительной форме для выражения настойчивой просьбы может
употребляться вспомогательный глагол do, который ставится перед основным
глаголом:
Do come tomorrow! - Обязательно приходи завтра!
Для смягчения приказания, для выражения вежливой просьбы или
приглашения с повелительным наклонением употребляются слово рleаsе (в
начале или конце предложения) или краткие вопросы will you, won’t you в конце
предложения:
Open the window, please. - Откройте окно, пожалуйста.
Help me with this task, will you? - Помоги мне с этим заданием, a?
Have a cup of tea, won’t you? - Выпей чашечку чая, xoрошо?
Для этой же цели употребляется частица just в начале предложения, часто
в сочетании с will you в конце предложения:
Just come here for a moment, will - Подойдите сюда на минутку,
 40

you? хорошo?
Иногда just в начале повелительного предложения употребляется для
того, чтобы обратить особое внимание на что-либо:
Just look at him! - Вы только на него посмотрите!
Повелительное наклонение в 1-м и 3-м лице имеет значение побуждения;
формы его образуются при помощи глагола lеt и основы инфинитива
смыслового глагола. Лицо/лица, к которому обращено побуждение к действию,
в этом случае выражается личным местоимением в объектном падеже (реже -
существительным в общем падеже), которое ставится между lеt и основным
глаголом.
Let her go home at once. - Пусть она сейчас же идет домой.
Let me think. - Дай подумать.
В 1-м лице множественного числа вместо let us обычно употребляется
сокращение let’s:
Let’s go to the cinema. - Давай пойдем в кино.
Для придания подобной просьбе или приглашению более вежливого, но и
более настойчивого характера в 1-м лице употребляется краткий вопрос shall
we, который ставится в конце предложения:
Let’s go to the cinema, shall we? - Давай пойдем в кино, хорошо?
Отрицательная форма повелительного наклонения в 1-м и 3-м лице
образуется путем постановки dо nоt (dоn’t) перед let или при помощи not без
вспомогательного глагола do, которое ставится перед смысловым глаголом:
Don’t let us argue about it. = - Давайте не будем об этом
= Let us not argue about it. спорить.
 41

TO BE
Exercise 1.
Choose the correct form of the verb to be.
We (am, is, are) happy.
1. Mary (am, is, are) busy.
2. They (am, is, are) hungry.
3. The students (am, is, are) in class.
4. You (am, is, are) from South America.
5. Mr. Lee and Mr. Wong (am, is, are) Chinese.
6. The teacher (am, is, are) busy.
7. Jane and John (am, is, are) sick today.
8. I (am, is, are) sleepy.
9. You and I (am, is, are) friends.
10.The girls (am, is, are) tired.

Exercise 2.
Write the correct form of the verb to be.
We are happy.
1. You _____tired now.
2. It _____ 10 a.m.
3. I _____fifteen years old.
4. Pedro _____ form Mexico.
5. Pedro _____ Mexican.
6. The watch _____ on the table.
7. John and I _____ students.
8. Pam _____ thirsty.
9. Mark _____ a student.
10.Paul and Mark _____ in class.

Exercise 3.
Write the correct form of the verb to be.
Are we happy?
1. _____ the boys sick?
2. _____ the pencil long?
3. _____ I wrong?
4. _____ you thirsty now?
5. _____ he cold?
6. _____ the grammar book green?
7. _____ Pat in class?
8. _____ Pat and Matt in class?
9. _____ the keys on the table?
10._____ you tired?

Exercise 4.
Correct the sentences.
 42

Venice is in Greece. (Italy)

Venice isn’t in Greece. It’s in Italy.
1. Sean Connery is Irish. (Scottish)-____________________ .
2. I’m American (British) - ____________________.
3. Osaka and Kyoto are in China. (Japan) - ____________________ .
4. We’re in room 104. (room 105) - ____________________ .
5. Champagne is from Italy. (France) - ____________________ .
6. You are Russian. (Polish) - ____________________ .
7. Cameron Diaz is Spanish. (American) - ____________________ .

PRESENT SIMPLE

Exercise 1.
Underline the correct form of the verb.
We (study, studies) in the library.
1. He (begin, begins) class at 8 o’clock.
2. They (drink, drinks) orange juice for breakfast.
3. You (have, has) two books and three pencils.
4. She (pronounce, pronounces) English well.
5. I (work, works) in writing class.
6. The bus (arrive, arrives) at 10.
7. The student (come, comes) late every morning.
8. Mary (eat, eats) soup for lunch.
9. Mary and Mark (leave, leaves) in the morning.
10.You and I (sing, sings) well.
11.The book (is, are) in the table.
12.The boys (go, goes) to school in the morning.
13.You and I (are, is) friends.
14.Mr. Lee (speak, speaks) Chinese.
15.The teacher (arrive, arrives) late every day.

Exercise 2.
Write the correct form of the verb.
(practice) He practices in the morning.
1. (arrive) I _________ late every day.
2. (begin) The students _________ their homework after dinner.
3. (come) Mary and Bill _________ to class at 8.
4. (drink) Mark _________ milk for lunch.
5. (eat) You _________ eggs and toasts for breakfast.
6. (have) Bill _________ three books for grammar class.
7. (leave) He _________ school at 3.30.
8. (pronounce) We _________ words in pronunciation class.
9. (sing) The girls _________ very well.
10.(work) The doctor _________ every day.
 43

Exercise 3.
Circle the correct answer.
1. A lot of British people go/goes to the cinema.
2. They don’t smoke/doesn’t smoke in coffee bars.
3. We read/reads the newspaper on the train.
4. They doesn’t like/don’t like children in restaurants.
5. You live/lives in a house with a garden.
6. My father don’t/doesn’t cook.
7. In Britain, cars stop/stops at zebra crossings.
8. the women do/does the housework in my family.
9. My mother watch/watches a lot of TV.
10.Your children eat/eats a lot of chips.
Exercise 4.
Look at the chart and complete the YOU column.
Tom Susan You
drink tea no yes
eat curries yes no
watch TV in the evening yes yes
play the piano no no

Now complete the sentences.

1. Tom _________ curries.
2. Tom _________ tea.
3. Susan and Tom _________ TV in the evening.
4. I _________ the piano.
5. Susan _________ tea.
6. I _________ television in the evening.
7. Tom and Susan _________ the piano.
8. I _________ curries.
9. I _________ tea.
10.Susan __________ curries.

Exercise 5.
Change the statements into questions.
We study English. Do we study English?
1. They sing well.
2. She comes late every evening.
3. They have a lot of books.
4. Paul has a new watch.
5. Mary arrives at 9 every morning.
6. He works for this company.
7. I drink ten cups of tea every day.
8. He usually watches horror films
9. They teach Spanish.
10.Bill eats a lot of apples.
 44

Exercise 6.
Complete the questions with Do or Does.
1. Do you live in a flat?
2. _____ your parents work in an office?
3. _____ your sister have a dog?
4. _____ you speak Japanese?
5. _____ your mother drive a Mini?
6. _____ James play the piano?
7. _____ your father smoke?
8. _____ they have lunch at home?
9. _____ Ann do exercise at the weekend?
10._____ you go on holiday every year?

Exercise 7.
Order the words to make questions.
1. with / Do / live / your / you /mother – Do you live with your mother?
2. Where / have/ does / lunch / Kate - ____________________ ?
3. go / do / to / cinema / When / you / the - ____________________ ?
4. listen /you/ in/ the/ the/ Do/ to / radio/morning -____________________ ?
5. they / Where / football / do / play - ____________________ ?
6. she / Does / French / study - ____________________ ?
7. brother / the / work / his / Does / city / in / centre- ____________________?
8. friends / When / do / play / your / tennis - ____________________ ?
9. have / do / When / lunch / you - ____________________ ?
10.work / in / office / Do / an / they - ____________________ ?

Exercise 8.
Underline the correct form.
Mary ( usually comes, comes usually) to classes.
1. Mark (never is, is never) sad.
2. They (always eat, eat always) in the kitchen.
3. We (never study, study never) in the morning.
4. He (sometimes is, is sometimes) late.
5. Maria (seldom drinks, drinks seldom) coffee.
6. You (always arrive, arrive always) late for lunch.
7. My teacher (always is, is always) correct.
8. We (seldom speak, speak seldom) Spanish in class.
9. You and I (never go, go never) to the bookstore.
10.They (seldom are, are seldom) hungry at night.

Exercise 9.
Write the correct adverb of frequency.
1. Always – all of the time.
2. ______ - most of the time.
 45

3. ______ - much of the time.

4. ______ - some of the time.
5. ______ - almost never.
6. ______ not at any time.

Exercise 10.
Write a new sentence. Use a word like always for the group of words that expresses
the same idea.
Mary is tired some of the time. Mary is sometimes tired.
1. The class is at 8 all of the time.
2. The letters are almost never long.
3. He is hungry most of the time.
4. We are almost never at home in the morning.
5. Bill is not absent at any time.
6. They almost never in class.
7. I’m busy all of the time.
8. Marry is happy much of the time.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Exercise 1.
Write the verbs in the present continuous tense.
(read) Mary is reading now.
1. (study) She _________ English now.
2. (teach) Mr. Miller _________ Spanish now.
3. (write) I _________ a letter right now.
4. (watch) We _________ TV now.
5. (eat) They _________ hamburgers now.
6. (use) I _________ his computer at the moment.
7. (walk) John _________ home now.
8. (build) They _________ a new house this year.
9. (cry) Listen! Somebody _________.
10. (rain) Look! It _________.

Exercise 2.
Write the expression in the present continuous tense. Put an X by the verbs that
cannot be changed.
I eat I am eating
You go You are going
I know X

1. you read _________

2. he works _________
3. I study _________
4. I see _________
 46

5. he likes _________
6. you walk _________
7. they want _________
8. we need _________
9. we write _________
10. we hear _________
11.they understand __________
12.we believe _________
13.I drink __________
14.he has _________
15.she teaches _________.

Exercise 3.
Read the sentence and write the verb in the correct tense.
(read) He is reading a book now.
(read) He reads every day.
1. (have) They _________ lunch now.
2. (like) Mary _________ her new dress.
3. (have) We _________ a new house now.
4. (be) I _________ very sick today.
5. (understand) I _________ you now.
6. (write) She _________ a letter now.
7. (watch) They _________ TV now.
8. (go) He _________ to the cinema at the moment.
9. (use) He _________ my pen now.
10.(listen) I _________ to the radio now.

Exercise 4.
Complete the dialogue.
A What are you doing (you/do), Granny?
B I _________(look) at the neighbours.
A What _________ (they/do)? __________ (Mrs. Smith/watch TV)?
B No, she _________ (move) the furniture.
A And _________ (Mr. Smith/play) the piano?
B Yes, he is. Oh look! Some people _________ (arrive). I think they want to have a
party. Mr. Smith _________ (open) the door.

Exercise 5.
Put the verbs in brackets in the present continuous.
- Hello!
- Oh, hi Dad! Where are you?
- I’m in my hotel. I’m having a drink in the bar. It _________ a lot here. (rain) Is
Mum there?
- Yes, but she _________ to somebody on the mobile just now. (talk)
- Oh. What _____ you _____?(do)
 47

- My friend Matt is here.

- Matt? Why _____ you _____ your homework? (not do)
- Don’t worry. We _________ together. (study)
- Where’s Jenny?
- She _________ for Kevin to come. (wait) They _________ a party tonight.
(have)
- Oh. What _____ she _____? (wear)
- Nothing special. OK Dad, here’s Mum. Bye!

Exercise 6.
Correct sentences if they are wrong.
It rains at the moment. It is raining at the moment.
1. Listen! The baby is crying.
2. My neighbours often argue.
3. John is on holiday. He has a great time.
4. My brother stays with us at the moment.
5. I am normally going to the gym after work.
6. Where are you going? – To the shops.
7. What are you doing? – I am a teacher.
8. He is usually being late.
9. Mary never studies hard
10. John talks to Kevin right now.

Exercise 7.
Underline the correct form
1. What do you do/ What are you doing here? – I’m waiting for a friend.
2. Do you walk/ Are you walking to work every day?
3. Jane isn’t here. She buys/’s buying a present for her daughter.
4. I go/ ‘m going to work now. See you later.
5. It rains/ ‘s raining a lot in this part of the country.
6. Where’s Laura? - She’s on the phone. She talks/ ‘s talking to Paul.
7. Does your baby cry/ Is your baby crying at night?
8. My husband watches/ ‘s watching football three times a week.

Exercise 8.
Put the verbs in brackets in the present simple or continuous.
Where are you going? (go) – To play football!
1. Hi, Sarah! What _____ you _____ here? (do) – I _____ for my boyfriend.
(wait)
2. What _____ your mother _____? (do) – She’s a nurse. She _____ at the local
hospital.
3. Listen! They _____ a party upstairs again. (have) They _____ a party at least
once a month!
4. I _____ to the supermarket. (go) _____ you _____ anything? (want)
 48

Exercise 9.
Complete the sentences. Use the present continuous or present simple.
1. What time does he start (he/start)work every day?
2. David is in the bathroom. He _________ (have) a shower.
3. Where is Sally? – She _________ (do) her homework.
4. Peter and Clare _________ (not/like) their neighbours.
5. My parents _________ (look) for a new house at the moment.
6. Lisa usually _________ (cook) the dinner during the week.
7. I _________ (watch) a programme on TV. Can you phone me later?
8. My husband _________ (go) to bed very late – usually at midnight.
9. We _________ (not/want) to drive to Scotland. It’s 500 km!
10.Where _________ (you/go)?- To the bank - see you later.

Exercise 10.
Complete the dialogues with the verbs in the present continuous (note: in this
exercise the present continuous is used for future arrangements)
- _____ you _____ anything on Friday night?
- Yes, I __________ dinner with some friends and then we _________ to the
cinema.
- What about Saturday?
- I’m busy, I’m afraid. I _________ Jack at 6.00 and we _________ tennis from
7.00 to 9.00

- I won’t be here tomorrow. I _________ on holiday.

- Where _____ you _____ ?
- To Paris.
- What time _____ you _____?
- Early in the morning. At 6.00 a.m.
- When _____ you _____ back?
- Next Friday. I _________ for a week.

PRESENT PERFECT

Exercise 1.
Write the correct form of the verbs. Use the present perfect tense.
1. Bob and Jane are old friends. They (know) _____ each other for a long time.
2. I don’t like this weather. It (be cold and windy for the last three days).
3. Paul (learn) _____ a lot since he came here.
4. She can go to bed now, she (finish) _____ her homework.
5. My brother is at home in bed. He (be) _____ sick for a week.
6. I (not/write) _____ to my sister for a long time.
7. We (meet) ____ never _____ famous people.
8. He (visit) _____ never _____ England.
9. We (not, hear) _____ from them lately.
10.My little cousin already _____(learn) to read.
 49

Exercise 2.
Complete the dialogue.
A Have you ever been to the USA?
B No, _____ , but my wife has.
A Where_____ she been to in the USA?
B Only New York.
A Has she _____ to Canada?
B No, she _____. But we'd like to go there for a holiday.
A And _____ you been to Australia?
B No, _____ . Have you _____?
A Yes, I've been to Sydney and Canberra.

Exercise 3.
Write sentences with already or yet in the correct place.
1. I’ve washed the floor. I’ve already washed the floor.
2. Have you seen this film? yet
3. Daniel has made his bed. already
4. My parents haven’t learnt to use the Internet. yet
5. You’ve made a mistake. already
6. We’ve been to New York. already
7. Has the film started? yet
8. Edward has found a new job. already

Exercise 4.
Answer the questions.
1. Have you ever pretended to be ill to get off university or school?
2. Have you ever cheated in an exam?
3. Have you ever ridden a camel or an elephant?
4. Have you ever read your brother’s, sister’s or friend/s letters?
5. Have you ever travelled without a ticket on public transport?
6. Have you ever told lies or invented stories about yourself to impress other
people?
7. Have you ever visited foreign countries?
8. Have you ever won money in a lottery?
9. Have you ever found any money in the street?
10.Have you answered all the questions honestly?

Exercise 5.
a. Write past participles of these irregular verbs.
infinitive Past simple Past
participle
Break broke broken
buy bought
drive drove
 50

find found
give gave
lose lost
make made
run ran
write wrote

b. Use past participles from the chart to complete the sentences.

1. Debbie and Fernando have bought a new house.
2. I've never _____ a marathon.
3. Daniel has _____his girlfriend some flowers.
4. John Grisham has _____ many bestsellers.
5. Have you ever _____ your leg?
6. I'm going to be late. I've _____ the car keys.
7. You've _____ a lot of mistakes.
8. She _____some money in the street.
9. I've never _____a Ferrari.

Exercise 6.
Underline the correct form.
1. I didn’t meet/ have never met anyone nice at the party.
2. Miko went / has been to the cinema last weekend.
3. Did you read / Have you read any books by John Irving?
4. Lucy's a journalist. She met / has met a lot of interesting people.
5. They started / have started to watch the film, but they fell asleep before the
end.
6. We didn't see / haven't seen the film yesterday because the cinema was full.
7. I didn't read / haven't read any Terry Pratchett books. I don't like science
fiction.
8. Did you go / Have you been to that new restaurant in the city centre last
Saturday?

Exercise 7.
Complete the dialogues with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
A Have you read (read) any of the Harry Potter books?
B Yes, I have. My brother __________(give) them to me for my last birthday.
A Which one __________ you (like) best?
B The first one. I __________ (read) it five times.
A __________ you (see) the new Almodovar film?
B Yes, I have. I__________ (take) my boyfriend to see it last night.
A __________ (be) it good?
B No, I __________(not / enjoy) it.

Exercise 8.
Circle the correct verb forms in this letter.
 51

I knew/ have known Teresa for ages, almost since we were/have been born. We
met/have met at the same nursery school when we were/have been only four years
old and we were/have been friends since then. We went/have been at the same class
at secondary school, and now we are at the same university.
At least we do not study the same subjects. She is doing Geography and I
chose/have chosen History. But I have always wanted to be a teacher, and yesterday
Teresa told/has told me that she wants to do the same thing!
We have been/were together for a long time, and we shared/ have shared a lot
of great experiences – maybe teaching together will be next!

Exercise 9.
Interview your partner beginning your questions with ‘Have you ever…?’. Use the
phrases below.
1. sit on a cactus
2. meet a famous person
3. win a lot of money
4. spend the whole day doing nothing
5. build sand castles
6. fly in a private plane
7. visit the Hawaii
8. sleep in a tent
9. catch a fish
10. lose the key.

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Exercise 1.
Complete these sentences using you own ideas.
1. Little Mike is dirty as he _______________.
2. The sportsman is breathing hard, he ________________.
3. He can’t speak English, though he _______________.
4. Julia looks tired as _______________.
5. They are silent because ________________.

Exercise 2.
Write the present perfect continuous tense of the verbs in brackets.
1. She (study) English for two years. _____
2. We (live) in this house since last March. _____
3. I (try) to reach you by phone for the last hour. _____
4. He (drive) that same old car for at least ten years. _____
5. He (sit) on the bench for several hours. _____
6. Rose (work) on that same problem for several days. _____
7. He (work) in that office since I first met him. _____
8. They (talk) on the phone for over an hour. _____
9. She (study) music since she was a child. _____
 52

10.They (work) there for a long time. _____

Exercise 3.
Read the first sentence. Change the verb from the first sentence to Present Perfect
Continuous tense in the second sentence.
She is studying grammar now. She has been studying grammar for an hour.
The boys are playing tennis right now. They have been playing since noon.
1. Joe is reading a book now. He _______________ a book since last week.
2. We are eating lunch. We _______________ lunch since noon.
3. Our class is studying the history of Greece. Our class _______________ the
history of Greece for two weeks.
4. That cat is making a lot of noise. That cat _______________ a lot of noise for
more than an hour.
5. Mike and Sue are writing letters. They ________________ letters every day
this week.
6. Jane is talking to her mother. Jane _______________ to her mother for a long
time now.
7. We aren’t studying now. We _______________ this semester.
8. My television is working very well. It _______________ very well since I
bought it.
9. The water is boiling. The water _______________ for almost five minutes.
10.Somebody is knocking on the door. Somebody _______________ on the door
for two minutes.

PRESENT TENSES

Exercise 1.
Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Perfect or Present Perfect Continuous.
Tim Bryant, a magazine journalist, is interviewing Margaret Rodwell, the founder of
a successful company.
ТВ: So why do you think your company has been (be) so successful?
MR: Well, our products _________ (fill) a large gap in the market and I think one of
the most important things is that we _________ (always /listen) to our clients and we
_________ (act) on their comments and suggestions.
ТВ: And what's a typical day for you?
MR: Well, take today for example. I _________ (interview) candidates for a
marketing executive post.
ТВ: And how many _________ (you/interview)?
MR: Er, I _________ (interview) four so far. And I _________ (talk) to clients on the
phone on and off all day. I seem to spend a lot of time on the phone. I _________
(discuss) some new ideas with them for the transportation and delivery of our
products.
ТВ: Mm, it sounds like a very busy day.
MR: Oh, that's only part of it. I _________ (have) two meetings, one with Union
representatives and one with departmental heads. And I _________ (also/work) on a
 53

proposal for a new marketing strategy.

ТВ: And it's not two o'clock yet!
MR: No, but of course I _________ (be) here since seven o'clock this morning.
ТВ: Gosh. And, I hope you don't mind my mentioning this Ms. Rodwell, but some
rumours _________ (circulate) about your possible engagement to Mr. Grimaldi, the
banker.
MR: No, there will be no engagement, though it's true that Mr. Grimaldi and I
_________ (see) each other. That's no secret.
ТВ: When you get the time, I suppose. And is it also true that you _________(learn)
Russian with a view to introducing your products there?
MR: Yes, I have, but I _________ (not /learn) much yet; there's still a long way for
me to go.

Exercise 2.
Write the sentences below, putting the verbs into the Present Simple, Present
Continuous, Present Perfect, and Present Perfect Continuous.
He is running (run) now. He has been running (run) for ten minutes without any rest.
1. What they ____________ (do) now? — They ____________ (work) in the
reading-room. They ____________ (work) there for already three hours.
2. Where he ____________ (be) now? — He ____________ (be) in the garden.
He ____________ (play) volley-ball with his friends. They ____________
(play) since breakfast time.
3. I ____________ (live) in St. Petersburg. I ____________ (live) in St.
Petersburg since 1990.
4. She already ____________ (do) her homework for two hours; but she
____________ (not yet /do) half of it.
5. I ____________ (wait) for you since two o'clock.
6. What you ____________ (do)? — I ____________ (read). I ____________
(read) for already two hours. I already ____________ (read) sixty pages.
7. This man ____________ (be) a writer. He ____________ (write) books. He
____________ (write) books since he was a young man. He already
____________ (write) eight books.
8. What you ____________ (do) here since morning?
9. Lena is a very good girl. She always ____________ (help) her mother about
the house. Today she ____________ (help) her mother since morning.
10.They already ____________ (wash) the floor and ____________ (dust) the
furniture. Now they ____________ (cook) dinner together.
11.This is the factory where my father ____________ (work). He ____________
(work) here for fifteen years.
12.You ____________ (find) your note-book? — No! I still ____________ (look)
for it. I already ____________ (look) for it for two hours, but ____________
(not yet /find) it.
13.You ____________ (play) with a ball for already three hours. Go home and do
your homework. Wake up! You ____________ (sleep) for ten hours already.
 54

14.I ____________ (wait) for a letter from my cousin for a month already, but
____________ (not yet /receive) it. It is difficult for me to speak about this
opera as I ____________ (not /hear) it.
15.I just ____________ (receive) a letter from my granny, but I ____________
(not yet/ receive) any letters from my parents.
16.The weather ____________ (be) fine today. The sun ____________ (shine)
ever since we got up.
17.Every day I ____________ (wind) up my watch at 10 o'clock in the evening.
18.Come along, Henry, what you ____________ (do) now? – I ____________
(wait) for you a long time.
19.Where your gloves ____________ (be)? — I ____________ (put) them into
my pocket.

PAST SIMPLE

Exercise 1.
Write the forms of the verb to be in the past.
1. I _____ a student in 1970.
2. You _____ in class yesterday.
3. He _____ here last night.
4. She _____ sick last week.
5. It _____ cold yesterday.
6. We _____ students two years ago.
7. They _____ at home last night.

Exercise 2.
Complete the sentences with was, were, wasn’t, weren’t.
A Who’s that?
B It’s William Shakespeare.
A Why _____ he famous?
B He _____ a writer.
A _____ he Scottish?
B No, He _____. He _____ English. He _____ born in Stratford-upon-Avon.
A And _____ he married?
B Yes, he _____. His wife/s name _____ Anne.
A And _____ they happy?
B I don’t know.

Exercise 3.
Complete with present or past form of be
1. Today ___ Monday, so yesterday ___ Sunday.
2. Hi! ___ your sister at home? - No, she ___. She ___ here this morning, but
now she ___ at work.
3. My books ___ here on my desk this morning. Where ___ they now?
4. James ___ born in England, but his parents ___ born in the USA.
 55

5. My boss ___ angry today because I ___ very late for work yesterday, and this
morning too.

Exercise 4.
Make these sentences negative and interrogative (Past Simple).
Jane went to London.
Jane didn’t go to London. Did Jane go to London?
1. I found something in my pocket.
__________________________
2. Vince was ill yesterday.
__________________________
3. Terry forgot his homework.
__________________________
4. I could do the homework easily.
__________________________
5. I had a salad for lunch.
__________________________
6. We were late for the train.
__________________________
7. Casey and Terry went to the cinema.
__________________________
8. He put his passport in his pocket.
__________________________
9. Vince broke his watch.
__________________________
10.We went to the cinema yesterday.
__________________________

Exercise 5 .
Here is some information about Buddy Holly. Complete the sentences with the verbs
in brackets.
Buddy Holly was (be) a famous British singer.
1. Buddy Holly _________ (play) with a group called the Crickets.
2. The first Crickets _________ (be) his school friends.
3. They _________ (play) for a local radio station.
4. They _________ (make) their first record in Nashville, Tennessee.
5. Buddy Holly _________ (ride) a motorbike.
6. In November 1958 he _________ (leave) the Crickets.
7. He _________ (meet) his wife in New York.
8. She _________ (work) at a recording studio.
9. Buddy _________ (marry) Maria Elena in Lubbock.
10.They _________ (die) in the plane crash.

Exercise 6.
Complete the sentences with a verb, first in the positive and then in the negative.
 56

book show help play paint study work

1. Yesterday Sam walked to work, but he didn’t walk home.

2. I _____ French at school, but I _________ German and Spanish.
3. The teacher _____ with the exercise, but she _________ my friend.
4. Bill _____ basketball when he was young, but he _________ football.
5. The secretary _____ a table for lunch, but she _________ a taxi.
6. We _____ the living room, but we _________ the bedroom.
7. The shop assistant _____ last Saturday, but she _________ on Sunday.
8. I _____ the photos to my sister, but I _________ them to my brother.

Exercise 7.
Complete the questions and answers.
1975 1985 2001 1969 1925 1945
1. When/Wall Street Crash/happen – When did the Wall Street Crash happen?- It
happened in 1929.
2. When/the Second World War/finish - ________________________________?
It finished in _____.
3. When/Neil Armstrong/land/on the moon -
_____________________________? He landed on the moon in _____.
4. When/mobile phones/first/appear - ______________________________?
They first appeared in _____.
5. When/John Logie Baird/invent the television -
_______________________________? He invented the television in _____.
6. When/George Harrison/die - ____________________________? He died in
_____.
7. When/Bill Gates/start Microsoft - ___________________________? He
started Microsoft in _____.

Exercise 8.
Write sentences in the past.
1. Robert wears a tie to work. (yesterday) – Robert wore a tie to work yesterday.
2. They do their homework together. (last night) ____________________ .
3. Helen doesn’t go to the shops. (last week) ____________________ .
4. We meet in the bar. (last night) ____________________ .
5. We don’t have dinner at home. (yesterday) ____________________ .
6. Jane gets up early. (yesterday morning) ____________________ .
7. He buys a newspaper at the station. (yesterday) ____________________ .
8. I leave home at 7.00 (yesterday morning) ____________________.
9. She sees her friends after work. (last night) ____________________ .
10. Bob can’t come to dinner. (last week) ____________________ .

Exercise 9.
Complete the text with the correct form of the verbs.
argue rent have not drive fly be get
 57

know married

Best Holiday.
Ten years ago, I went to the United States with my partner. We _____ to San
Francisco, _____ a car, and then _____ to Arizona to visit the Grand Canyon, and
then Las Vegas and Los Angeles. We_____ a fantastic time! We _____ each other
very well at the time, but we got on very well. We _____ together for 24 hours a day
for ten days, but we only _____ once – when we got lost! We _____ after that, and
still together!

Exercise 10.
Interview your partner using phrases below.
Did you clean your teeth yesterday? – Yes, I did. As usual, I cleaned my teeth
yesterday.
1. listen to music
2. go to the cinema
3. get an e-mail
4. vacuum your room
5. do morning exercises
6. get up early
7. water the flowers
8. eat some chocolate
9. have your hair cut
10.have a date
11.cook something delicious
12.have a shower
13.call your best friend
14.watch TV
15.buy something nice for yourself

Exercise 11.
Read the police report. Complete the sentences with the past simple form of the verbs in the box.
be (x2) arrive leave not want see can’t
go not run look open find take

Police report: Bank robbery

We arrived at the bank at 9.36 in the evening, and we _____ our police car
outside. The bank _____ closed and all the lights _____ off, but we _____ through
the window. We _____ a person inside the bank. At first we _____ wee who it was,
but then he _____ the door and came out – it was Steven Potter. He _____ away – he
just walked slowly to his car, and then drove away. The next morning, we _____ to
his house at 6.00 a.m. We _____ him in bed. He _____ to speak to us, so we _____
him to the police station.

Exercise 12.
 58

Underline the correct verb forms.

John and Mary (study, studies, studied) vocabulary yesterday.
1. They always (come, came, comes) in time.
2. She (is, was, were) tired yesterday.
3. We (do, are, were) not want to go for a walk now.
4. (Do, Does, Did) John come to class yesterday?
5. (Was, Were, Is) he ten last year?
6. (Do, Did, Was) you do the homework last night?
7. You and Mary never (listened, asks, speaks) to the teacher.
8. She (is, was, does) not speak English.
9. These students (was, did, were) here last month.
10. I (did, was, were) in the library yesterday morning.

PAST CONTINUOUS

Exercise 1.
Write the past continuous form of the verbs in brackets.
1. I (sleep) _________ when you phoned.
2. We (sit) _________ in the park when it began to rain
3. The sun (shine) _________ brightly when I got up this morning.
4. I (walk) _________ down Broadway when I met him.
5. We (have) _________ lunch when she called.
6. Bruce (study) _________ when I went to see him last night.
7. He fell while he (play) _________ in the park.
8. They (drive) _________ to Chicago when the accident happened.
9. The teacher (write) _________ on the board when we entered the classroom.
10.She fell while she (get) _________ off the bus.
11.My mother (prepare) _________ dinner when I got home.
12.I (have) _________ lunch when I first felt sick.
13.It (rain) _________ hard when I left home.
14.But when I arrived at school, the sun (shine) _________ .
15.Molly (talk) with Jack when I passed them in the hall.

Exercise 2.
Complete the sentences. Use the past continuous.
1. I was sleeping (sleep) on my friend’s sofa when his mother came in.
2. What __________ (you/talk) about when I came in?
3. He didn’t call you because his mobile phone __________ (not/work).
4. They __________ (live) in Sydney when their first child was born.
5. I’m sorry, __________ (you/watch) that programme?
6. We __________ (walk) along the beach when we saw a snake.
7. She __________ (not/drive) when the car hit the tree. I was.
8. It __________ (snow) when they arrived in New York.

Exercise 3.
 59

Write sentences with when. Use the past simple and past continuous.
1. They/play tennis/start/rain. They were playing tennis when it started to rain.
2. He/break/his leg/ski. _________________________.
3. The boys/fight/their father/come home. _________________________.
4. A dog/eat/my sandwich/I/sleep/in the park.________________________.
5. We/study/in the library/the fire/start._________________________.

Exercise 4.
Write the correct form of the verb in the past simple or the past continuous for each
sentence below.
1. I (sleep) well last night. slept
2. I (sleep) when the fire started. _____
3. When I got up this morning, the wind (blow) hard. _____
4. It (rain) hard last night. _____
5. It (rain) cats and dogs when I left home. _____
6. The child fell while she (play) in the park. _____
7. We (have) dinner when she came. _____
8. I (read) two new books last week. _____
9. When we got there, Keith (read) the newspaper. _____
10.I (write) several letters last night. _____
11.I (write) a letter when you called me. _____
12.The sun (shine) brightly when I got up this morning. _____
13.Mr. Ryan (drive) to Chicago in his new car. _____
14.The accident happened while he (drive) to Chicago._____
15.The boys (play) baseball all afternoon yesterday. _____
16.We (see) Josie at the movie theater last night. _____
17.We met him just as he (leave) school._____
18.We (wait) an hour for you after class yesterday. _____
19.I broke the plate while I (wash) it. _____
20.While we (wait) for a taxi, Martha came along and took us home. _____

Exercise 5.
Complete the text with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
Last summer I went (go) to Los Angeles to stay with my cousin for a few weeks.
One afternoon we _____ (have) lunch in a nice restaurant in the centre of town when
my cousin _____ (get) a call on her mobile phone and _____ (go) outside to talk.
While she _____ (speak) to her friend, I suddenly _____ (notice) a man in a black hat
who _____ (sit) at the next table. It was the actor Johnny Depp! He was alone, and I
_____ (decide) to take my chance. So I _____ (get up) and _____ (go) to his table.
‘Excuse me, could I have my photo taken with you?’ I asked. He _____ (say) yes, so
I _____ (stop) a waitress who _____ (pass) by and _____ (give) her my camera. She
_____ (take) the photo of me and Johnny, I _____ (thank) them both, and then I
_____ (return) to my table. When my cousin _____ (come) back, I _____ (smile).
‘Why are you looking so pleased with yourself?’ she asked. ‘I had my photo taken
with Johnny Depp’. ‘Johnny Depp? Where is he?’ she asked. ‘He’s sitting over there.
 60

Look!’ She _____ (turn) around to look and then _____ (start) to laugh. ‘That’s not
Johnny Depp!’ I _____ (look) at the man in the black hat – he _____ (laugh) too.

Exercise 6.
Put the verbs in the brackets into the Past Continuous.
He was writing (write) a letter.
1. I __________ (walk) along the street.
2. A man __________ (rob) a shop.
3. We __________ (come) home from school.
4. Vince and Terry __________ (play) football.
5. Sue __________ (wash) her hair.
6. I __________ (have) bath.
7. It __________(rain).
8. You __________ (wait) for a bus.
9. The woman in a coat__________ (take) the dog for a walk.
10.The two policemen __________ (cross) the street.

Exercise 7.
Disagree with the statement and ask questions (Past Continuous).
They were baking a cake.
They were not baking a cake. Were they baking a cake?
1. Terry was writing a letter at 6 o’clock.
__________________________
2. It was raining when we returned home.
__________________________
3. The wind was blowing from the west.
__________________________
4. We were sitting on the grass when they came up to us.
__________________________
5. They were playing football from 2 till 4 o’clock.
__________________________
6. It was snowing the whole day yesterday.
__________________________
7. The boys were fighting when we came up to them.
__________________________
8. Ann was waiting for Nick when we saw her.
__________________________
9. The rain was beating against the window when I shut the door.
__________________________
10.The trams were running along the street when we saw a child.
__________________________

Exercise 8.
Put the verbs in the brackets in the Past Simple or Past Continuous.
While I was flying (fly) to Spain, I talked (talk) to the pilot.
 61

1. While we _________ (drive) to Carmen’s uncle’s house, we _________ at an

old castle. (stop)
2. I _________ (meet) someone from my school, when I _________ on the
beach. (sunbathe)
3. While I _________ (stay) with Carmen, I _________ some Spanish words.
(learn)
4. While I _________ (stay) with Carmen, I _________ a lot of photographs.
(take)
5. When I _________ (come) home, I _________ my purse. (lose)
6. I _________ (see) Jackie and Terry, when I _________ back from the airport.
(come)
7. As I _________ (go) to school, I _________ my friends. (see)
8. While I _________ (watch) television, the telephone _________. (ring)
9. When the telephone _________( ring), I _________ off the television. (switch)

PAST PERFECT

Exercise 1.
Write the verb forms that are not given.
Go Went Gone
Say Said Said
1. Read _____ _____
2. ______ _____ Slept
3. ______ Chose _____
4. ______ Left _____
5. Lend _____ _____
6. Speak _____ _____
7. Build _____ _____
8. Know _____ _____
9. ______ Sang _____
10. ______ _____ Flown
11. ______ _____ Made
12. ______ Understood _____
13. Give _____ _____
14. Come _____ _____
15. Fall _____ _____
16. ______ Met _____
17. ______ _____ Lost
18. Cost _____ _____
19. Drink _____ _____
20. ______ Took _____
21. ______ Cut _____
22. Begin _____ _____
23. ______ _____ Written
 62

24. ______ Found _____

25. Run _____ _____
26. Win _____ _____
27. ______ Got _____
28. ______ _____ Thought
29. ______ Forgot _____
30. Buy _____ _____

Exercise 2.
Use the past perfect in the sentences below.
1. The builders _________ (finish) the work by the end of the day.
2. The train _________ (leave) by the time we reached the station.
3. She _________ (type) the text and was looking through files.
4. When the postman came, I _________ (not, finish) my lunch yet.
5. Mother _________ (cook) dinner and was watching TV.
6. The policeman asked me if I _________ (see) the accident.
7. The rain _________ (stop) and the sun was shining.
8. He explained that he couldn’t pay as he _________ (spend) all his money.
9. The teacher asked if we _________ (understand) everything.
10.The work was much difficult than we _________ (expect).

Exercise 3.
Make these two sentences into one according to the example.
Example: Helen finished the work. Then she went out. – Helen went out after she had
finished her work.
1. Mother did all the housework. Then she sat down.
2. The bell rang. Then the students entered the classroom.
3. Sally spent all her money. Then she left the shop.
4. The clock struck nine. Then Jack woke up.
5. Andrew saved some money. Then he got married.
6. He lost all his money. Then he stopped playing cards.
7. He read the newspaper. Then he went to bed.
8. The sun set. The farmers stopped working.
9. We answered all the questions. Then we left the examination room.
10.We discussed the programme. Then they left.

Exercise 4.
Complete the sentences with the past perfect form of the verbs in brackets.
1. My plants were dead because my neighbour _________ (not, water) them.
2. I couldn’t get into my flat because I _________ (forget) my key.
3. The teacher was angry because we _________ (not do) our homework.
4. The man lent me his newspaper after he _________ (read) it.
5. They got to the cinema after the film _________ (start).

Exercise 5.
 63

Underline the correct verb.

1. When I introduced Sue and Tim at my party, they were sure they met/had met
before. They finally discovered/had discovered they were/had been on the
same holiday the year before.
2. I was looking for my mobile yesterday morning, but I couldn’t find it. I was
sure I didn’t lose/hadn’t lost it, because I saw/had seen it twenty minutes
before. Then I realized that I left/had left it in my trouser pocket, and I
put/had put my trousers in the washing machine!
3. Last week my neighbour was on holiday. One night I heard/had heard a
strange noise in his house. I went/ had gone to have a look, and I found that
someone broke/had broken into the house. Luckily, he (or she!) already
left/had already left when I got there, and they didn’t steal/hadn’t stolen
much – just the TV.

Exercise 6.
Match the two part of the sentences.
1. When the police stopped her, she realized _____
2. When James got back to his room, he saw that someone _____
3. Paula was surprised to see Oliver because nobody _____
4. While Pattie was looking for her old tennis racket she _____
5. Bill didn’t know what to do because it _____
6. Liz didn’t come with us to the restaurant because _____
7. We weren’t allowed in because _____
8. The restaurant was full, but luckily _____

a) was the first time he had had a puncture.

b) had stolen all his money.
c) we had booked a table.
d) she had left her driving license at home.
e) the concert had already started.
f) had told her he was going to be there.
g) she had already eaten.
h) remembered she had lent it to her niece.

Exercise 7.
Write the verb (work) in Past Perfect tense.
(work) Before I started to work here, I had worked in Miami.
1. You got more money because you ____________ many extra hours.
2. He was tired at noon because he ____________ all morning.
3. Before Ann went to college she ____________ in a grocery store.
4. John told me that his old stereo ____________ perfectly at his party.
5. I didn’t meet the man that they ____________ with.

Exercise 8.
Underline the correct tense – Past Simple or Past Perfect.
 64

John (did, had done) well on the test because he (studied, had studied) very hard.
1. We (worked, had worked) for two hours before John (called, had called).
2. John (called, had called) after we (worked, had worked) for two hours.
3. My friend (arrived, had arrived) late because he (had, had had) problems with
his car.
4. I (lived, had lived) in New York before I (moved, had moved) here.
5. Because George (saved, had saved) his money, he (was, had been) able to go to
South America.
6. The telephone (was, had been) ringing for two minutes before I (answered, had
answered) it.
7. The new student (understood, had understood) the lesson yesterday because the
teacher (explained, had explained) it to him two days ago.
8. Because it (was, had been) raining very hard all night, we (weren’t, hadn’t
been) able to go on our trip today.
9. Peter (said, had said) that his vacation (was, had been) very bad.
10.James (knew, had known) the answer because he (was, had been) studying.

PAST TENSES

Exercise 1.
Write the sentences below, putting the verbs into the Past Simple, Past Continuous
and Past Perfect.
By eight o'clock yesterday I had done (do) my homework and at eight I was playing
(play) the piano.
1. By six o'clock father _________ (come) home and at six he _________ (have)
dinner.
2. By nine o'clock yesterday grandmother _________ (wash) the dishes and at
nine she _________ (watch) TV.
3. When I _________ (meet) Tom, he _________ (eat) an ice-cream which he
_________ (buy) at the corner of the street.
4. When I _________ (come) home, my sister _________ (read) a book which
she _________ (bring) from the library.
5. When mother _________ (come) home, the children _________ (eat) the soup
which she _________ (cook) in the morning.
6. When I _________ (ring) up Mike, he still _________ (learn) the poem which
he _________ (begin) learning at school.
7. When I _________ (look) out of the window, the children _________ (play)
with a ball which Pete _________ (bring) from home.
8. By ten o'clock the children (settle) comfortably on the sofa and at ten they
_________ (watch) a TV film.
9. When father _________ (come) home, we _________ (cook) the mushrooms
which we _________ (gather) in the wood.
10.When I _________ (see) Ann, she _________ (sort) the flowers which she
_________ (pick) in the field.
 65

11.When I _________ (come) home yesterday, I _________ (see) that my little

brother _________ (break) my pen and _________ (play) with its pieces.
12.When I _________ (open) the door of the classroom, I _________ (see) that
the teacher already _________ (come) and the pupils _________ (write) a
dictation.

Exercise 2.
Supply the correct verb form.( Past Simple, Past Continuous, Past Perfect)
When I arrived (arrive) at the party, everybody was dancing (dance).
1. They were good friends. They _________ (know) each other for a long time.
2. While they _________ (start) work, they _________ (hear) a thunderstorm.
3. After the referee _________ (whistle) the players _________ (begin) playing.
4. He _________ (stand) in a queue when the robbers _________ (rush) in.
5. Before he _________ (polish) his shoes he _________ (clean) them thoroughly.
6. While the teacher _________ (dictate) the questions, the principal _________
(open) the class door.
7. After the orchestra _________ (finish) the concert, they _________ (get) a
standing ovation.
8. _________ (she/look) at you when I _________ (phone)?
9. There _________ (be) an accident before we _________ (get) there.
10.He _________ (weed) in the garden all day yesterday.
11.She _________ (press) while I _________ (sew).
12.His letter _________ (come) a few minutes after you _________ (leave).
13.Before we _________ (play) in the playground we _________ (do) our
homework.
14.When my sister _________ (call) _________ (do) my chores.
15.He _________ (rest) all day yesterday.
16.The mountaineers _________ (sleep) in the tent when their guide _________
(get) back.
17.The shepherd _________ (watch) the sheep when a wolf _________ (turn up).

18.The maid _________ (burst) into tears after she _________ (hear) bad news.
19.After the visitors _________ (eat) lunch, they _________ (get) ready to
start
20.travelling.
21.All the journalists _________ (read) newspapers when I _________ (enter).
22.She _________ (walk) along the bank when they _________ (see) her.
23.I _________ (can/ not) open the door because I _________ (forget) the keys.
24.By the time I _________ (meet) him he _________ (already/ finish) his
studies.

FUTURE SIMPLE

Exercise 1.
 66

Put the verb in the brackets into the Future Simple.

We shall have the meeting tomorrow. (have)
1. I _________ my holidays with Ann this year. (spend)
2. We _________ at the hotel. (stay)
3. Terry _________ with my luggage. (not help)
4. She _________ at the seaside on Sunday. (be)
5. They _________ to the seaside. (not go)
6. You _________ three days in Athens. (spend)
7. I _________ some Spanish money. (need)
8. He _________ presents back for everyone. (bring)
9. They _________ in the Hotel Grande Bretagne. (stay)
10.It _________ great. (be)

Exercise 2.
Choose the correct helping verb.
We shall/will go swimming tomorrow.
1. I shall/will get up at 7 o’clock tomorrow.
2. The mechanic shall/will be back from town in the afternoon.
3. It shall/will rain at night.
4. I shall/will be in the 10th form next year.
5. All of us shall/will go to the theatre.
6. Pupils shall/will have holidays next month.
7. Shall/Will the doctor come to the farm?
8. Shall/Will our parents watch TV?
9. The driver shall/will take the boys.
10.We shall/will go to the cinema.

Exercise 3.
Disagree with the statement and ask questions.
He will read a book. Will he read a book? – He won’t read a book.
1. We shall have the meeting tomorrow.
2. The nurse will come at 2 o’clock.
3. Ann will sing an English song.
4. They will speak only Spanish at their Spanish lessons.
5. We shall be back at 5 o’clock.
6. The workers will finish this house next Friday.
7. The boys will go there by lorry.
8. We shall be late for the bus.
9. The girls will wear white dresses.
10.We shall travel next summer.

Exercise 4.
Write these sentences, putting the verbs into the Future Simple.
I'm sure he (not be) late. I'm sure he won't be late.
(I /open) the window for you? Shall I open the window for you?
 67

1. How long _________ (the journey/ take?)

2. I suppose _________ (she /be) in London next week.
3. John _________ (phone) your office for you.
4. (There /be) _________ a lot of people at the meeting?
5. What time _________ (the race/ start?)
6. He _________ (never/ agree) to your idea.
7. You _________ (never/ see) your money again.
8. What's the matter? _________ (I /phone) the doctor?
9. Don't worry. I _________ (pay) for the damage to your car.
10._________ (You /be) at home tomorrow?
11.The company _________ (not /give) you an extra day's holiday.
12.Don't touch that! You _________ (hurt) yourself!
13.There _________ (not/ be) any newspapers tomorrow.
14.He _________ (come) tomorrow.
15.I _________ (bake) an apple pie.

FUTURE CONTINUOUS

Exercise 1.
Write the verbs below as Future Continuous or Future Simple.
I (see) them tomorrow. – I (tell) them what you said.
I’ll be seeing them tomorrow. – I’ll tell them what you said.
1. ____________ (you /work) all tomorrow evening?
2. She ____________ (stay) in Leeds all weekend.
3. She ____________ (visit) our office next week. – I ___________ (ask) her
then.
4. I ____________ (see) the sales manager at the marketing meeting on Monday
and I'm sure she ____________ (give) me the figures then.
5. I ____________ (not be able) to lend you the car. – I _________ (use) it all
night.
6. Next year they ___________ (live) in Spain.
7. This time next week we ____________ (sit) on the beach.
8. The children ____________ (stay) with their grandparents for the summer
holidays.
9. At four o'clock on Tuesday afternoon we ____________ (fly) over Paris.
10.What ____________ (you do) early on Monday night?
11.They____________ (come) round for dinner tomorrow evening. – I
____________ (show) them the photographs then.
12. We ____________ (not hear) from him for some time. – He ____________
(be) in Panama.

FUTURE PERFECT

Exercise 1.
 68

Supply the correct verb form: Future Perfect or Future Continuous.

At this time next month we’ll be lying (lie) on a beach in Spain.
1. By the end of 2004 the rate of unemployment _________ (rise) by 10%.
2. Tomorrow at 7 a.m. I _________ (see) my boss.
3. By next morning we _________ (clean) our room.
4. This time next week we _________ (drive) to Acapulco.
5. I _________ (wait) for you at the usual time.
6. At about 7 o'clock they _________ (cross) the Russian border.
7. At that time your son _________ (learn) to speak.
8. By that time next month all the daffodils _________ (die).
9. When you come she _________ (write) an article.
10.Before the youngsters grow up they _________ (learn) a lot of things.
11.By ten o'clock we _________ (cross) the Himalayas.
12.She _________ (wash) all day tomorrow.
13.This time next summer my uncle _________ (sail).
14.By two o'clock the math’s teacher _________ (come).
15.If you come in the evening we _________ (finish) our work.
16.At about eleven o'clock the exam _________ (come) to an end.
17.Where_________ (they/spend) their holiday?
18.This time tomorrow they _________ (do) the shopping.
19.When you are my age you _________ (know) all about this.
20.This time next Monday they _________ (take) a difficult exam.
21.By dawn they _________ (make) this sketch.
22.On 3 May the expedition_________ (cover) about 400 km.
23.Tomorrow at 6 p.m. I _________ (drive) him to the airport.
24.We _________ (finish) the project by then.
25.The day after tomorrow I _________ (have) a rest, too.
26._________ (you/do) this job by lunch?
27.Where _________ (they/fly) at 10.00 tomorrow?
28.Don't call me tomorrow afternoon. I _________ (have) lunch then.
29.You can contact me at noon. I _________ (finish) lunch by then.
30._________ (they/use) their car this evening?
31.She won't be at home in the morning. She _________ (go) to work by then.
32.Next year they _________ (be married) for 20 years.
33.Next week he _________ (have) a driving license for 5 years.
34.By the end of the trip he _________ (travel) about 300 miles.
35.This time next Sunday we _________ (tour) of Europe.
36.By the end of the holiday they _________ (learn) to swim.
37.On Monday he _________ (be) in Britain for ten years.
38.Before the end of the holiday the boy _________ (spend) all his money.
39.Don't phone Peter after supper. He _________ (watch) football then.
40.This time next month our manager _________ (dive) in the Mediterranean.
41.By the end of the period of time we _________ (study) the problem.
42.Next Monday we _________ (work) on the newspaper.
43.By this summer we _________ (prepare) our equipment.
 69

44.Tomorrow at 3 a.m. I _________ (sleep).

45.By the end of the lesson the teacher _________ (finish) explaining the topic.
46.In two days' time I _________ (paint) the fence.
47.By seven o'clock they _________ (not /draw) the picture.
48.This time next week I _________ (ride) a bike.

FUTURE TENSES

Exercise 1.
Write the verbs below in the Future Simple, Future Continuous or Future Perfect.
I’ll do (do) my homework tomorrow. I’ll be doing (do) my homework at six o'clock
tomorrow. I’ll have done (do) my homework by six o'clock tomorrow.
1. When I come home tomorrow, my family _________ (have) supper.
2. When you come to my place tomorrow, I _________ (read) your book.
3. I _________ (do) my homework by the time you come.
4. Don't come to my place tomorrow. I _________ (write) a composition the
whole evening.
5. I _________ (not/ go) to the cinema tomorrow. I _________ (watch) TV the
whole evening.
6. What you _________ (do) tomorrow?
7. What you _________ (do) at eight o'clock tomorrow?
8. You _________ (play) volley-ball tomorrow?
9. You _________ (do) this work by next Sunday?
10.When you _________ (go) to see your friend next time?
11.How many pages you _________ (read) by five o'clock tomorrow?
12.Tomorrow I _________ (begin) doing my homework as soon as I come from
school. I _________ (do) my homework from three till six.
13.My father _________ (come) home at seven o'clock tomorrow. I _________
(do) all my homework by the time he comes, and we _________ (go) for a
walk together.

Exercise 2.
Write the verbs below in the Future Perfect or Future Perfect Continuous.
They'll probably be hungry because they won’t have eaten. (not/eat)
1. I'll be tired tonight because __________ all day. (work)
2. I _________ the entire committee by the time I leave England. (meet)
3. I _________ for seven years when I get my degree.(study)
4. We _________ here for six months by the time they find us a new flat. (live)
5. I _________ for forty-five years by 2005. (work)
6. They _________ in the cold for six hours by the time we pick them up. (stand)
7. Another million people _________ unemployed by this time next year.
(become)
8. She _________ Prime Minister for ten years by next year. (be)
9. They _________ for five hours by eight o'clock. (play)
10. We _________ for two days by the time we get there. (drive)
 70

11.They _________ for twenty-four hours by twelve o'clock tomorrow. (not eat)
12.She _________ a member of the committee for twenty-five years by the time
she retires. (be)

Exercise 3.
Write the following sentences in the correct form (Present Simple, Future
Continuous, Future Perfect or Future Perfect Continuous).
Next November we’ll have been married for fifteen years. (be)
1. What time ____________ (train/leave)
2. Just think! This time next week we ____________ on the beach! (lie)
3. I ____________ at the airport when your plane lands. (wait)
4. In two weeks' time she ____________ her exams. (finish)
5. ____________ Brian at the meeting? (you/see)
6. At ten o'clock I ____________ for sixteen hours. (drive)
7. Hurry up! The lecture ____________ in five minutes. (start)
8. By the end of the week we ____________ ten applicants for the job.
(interview)
9. Next time I write to you, I____________ in Australia. (live)

ALL TENSES ACTIVE

Exercise 1.
Choose between the simple and continuous aspects in the following sentences.
'Where's Stella?' - 'She is playing (play) tennis in the park.' (present)
1. They _________ (go) abroad three times last year. (past)
2. I _________ (see) you outside the cinema at eight o'clock. (future)
3. The telephone _________ (ring) but I _________ (watch) my favorite program
so I _________ (not answer) it. (past)
4. Simon _________ (work) really hard for his exams next month. (present)
5. He _________ (live) away from home when he starts college. (future)
6. Cats _________ (not like) water. (present)
7. I _________ (not understand) what she _________ (mean) at first, but then she
_________ (explain) more clearly. (past)
8. I think I _________ (make) a cup of tea. (future)
9. The bottle _________ (roll) off the table and _________ (smash) when it
_________ (hit) the floor. (past)
10.I _________ (call) at the office but they _________ (all work) so I _________
(not stay) long. (past)
11.I _________ (see) my parents tonight so I _________ (give) them your
message then. (future)
12.I _________ (not understand) a single word he _________ (say). (present)
13.Five or six people _________ (wait) to see Mrs. Blackstone. (present)
14.The bottle _________ (roll) off the table, but I _________ (catch) it before it
_________ (go) over the edge. (past)
 71

Exercise 2.
Read the sentence and then use the correct verb tense. Make the verb negative when
necessary.
(go) I went to class yesterday.
(make) She made some cookies last month, but she hasn’t made any since.
1. (work) They ____________ here since 1969.
2. (do) She ____________ the homework last night.
3. (write) He ____________ a letter last week, but he ___________ any this
week.
4. (watch) I ____________ some movies on television yesterday.
5. (move) We heard that the Smiths _____________ to another state.
6. (lose) She ____________ her keys a month ago, but she ____________ them
since then.
7. (eat) They ____________ all the hamburgers before we arrived.
8. (have) The student ____________ any more colds or fever since last month
when he ______________ to go to the doctor.
9. (tell) The teacher ____________ them to do their homework many times this
semester.
10.(begin) Our class ______________ late yesterday. It _____________ late
several times in this course.
11.(buy) I ______________ a new shirt last week, but it _____________ any
since.
12.(give) Susan ____________ me some paper a few minutes ago.
13.(speak) Paul ____________ to me several times this week.
14.(drink) He _____________ any tea at the meeting because he doesn’t like it.
15.(study) Brian passed all his exams this week because _____________ every
night last week.

Exercise 3.
Underline the correct verb form: Past Simple, Present Perfect, Past Perfect.
He (arrived, has arrived, had arrived) at night.
1. We ate the cake that she (baked, has baked, had baked).
2. Paul (lived, has lived, had lived) there since 1970.
3. Paul (lived, has lived, had lived) there in 1970.
4. Paul (lived, has lived, had lived) there before he came here.
5. She (told, has told, had told) me today that she wasn’t going to be in class
tomorrow.
6. This letter (came, has come, had come) for you yesterday.
7. Pat (wrote, has written, had written) me a letter a few days ago.
8. I (had, has had, had had) a cold since yesterday.
9. She (was, has been, had been) in Europe a few weeks ago.
10.They (saw, has seen, had seen) that movie twice so far.

Exercise 4.
 72

Write the sentences below, putting the verbs into the Present Perfect, Past Perfect or
Future Perfect, and using the simple or continuous forms.
(You/ see) that film yet? – Have you seen that film yet?
I (write) letters all day, and I'm tired. – I've been writing letters all day, and I'm
tired.
1. I _________ (not play) football since I was at school.
2. How long _________ (you wait) to see the doctor?
3. They _________ (talk) but they stopped when I came into the room.
4. By the end of this month, I _________ (work) here for ten years.
5. When I arrived, the party _________ (finish).
6. We've got two more hours. We _________ (do) all the housework by the time
your parents arrive.
7. I _________ (read) that book for two months but I _________ (not finish) it
yet.
8. They _________ (wait) for me for two hours when I finally arrived.
9. We _________ (know) each other since we were at school together.
10.They _________ (try) to solve the problem for some time now.
11.The machines _________ (work) continuously for two years when they get
their first service next month.
12.We _________ (work) on the car for two hours before it finally started.
13.By tomorrow, they _________ (get) permission to have the meeting at the
town hall, I'm sure.
14._________ (anyone /arrive) when you got to the office?
15.She looks very tired. – I think she _________ (do) too much overtime.
16.I _________ (not see) her for the last five years.
17._________ (you /say) goodnight to the children yet?
18.When I got there, I could see that they _________ (not expect) me.

Exercise 5.
Write the sentences below, putting the verbs into the necessary tense.
When I came (come) to Pete's house last Sunday, he was reading (read) a new book.
Today I have taken (take) it from him. Now I am reading (read) it. I shall have
finished (finish) it by Friday. If you like, I shall give (give) it to you on Saturday
when you come (come) to see me.
1. Where is your luggage? — I _________ (leave) it at the station. I _________
(take) it tomorrow when Nick _________ (come) to help me.
2. I _________ (read) about an hour when he _________ (come).
3. The play _________ (not yet/begin) and the people _________ (talk) in the
hall.
4. Yesterday I _________ (buy) a new pair of gloves, as I _________ (lose) the
old ones.
5. We _________ (walk) in silence. He already _________ (tell) me all that
_________ (be) interesting about himself, and I _________ (have) nothing to
tell him.
 73

6. The moon _________ (not/ rise) yet, and only two stars, like two distant
lighthouses, _________ (shine) in the dark blue sky.
7. One night a little swallow _________ (fly) over the city. His friends
_________ (fly) away to Egypt six weeks before, but he _________ (stay)
behind.
8. What you _________ (do) these three months?
9. Our train starts late in the evening, so if you _________ (come) at seven
o'clock, we still _________ (pack) our luggage.
10.When you _________ (see) him last?
11.I _________ (meet) him when he _________ (walk) across the park.
12.You ever _________ (act) on the stage? — Why, yes, that's what I _________
(do) for the last six years. Don't enter the bedroom! The child _________
(sleep) there, and he always _________ (wake) up when somebody _________
(open) the door.
13.What you (do) when I _________ (come) in?
14.When I _________ (come) to his house, they _________ (tell) me that he
_________ (leave) an hour before.
15.On checking up his answers he _________ (find) out that he _________
(make) several mistakes.
16.When I _________ (leave) home, the snow already _________ (stop), but a
strong wind _________ (blow).
17._________ (you/read) this book? — Yes, I _________ (read) it. I _________
(think) it _________ (be) very interesting.
18.What the children _________ (do) now? — Oh, they _________ (play) the
new table game which I _________ (buy) for them the day before yesterday.
19.They _________ (reach) the corner of the street by now and _________ (stand)
at the bus stop.
20.After we _________ (walk) about two hours, we arrived at a picturesque glade
covered with fresh grass.
21.We could not go out because it _________ (rain) hard since early morning.
22.She _________ (teach) at our school for twenty years now.
23.Ring me up as soon as you _________ (come) home.
24.He _________ (begin) to write his composition at three o'clock. It is already
eleven, and he still _________ (write) it. He says he _________ (finish) it by
twelve.
25.We _________ (help) our librarian to put the books in the right order for
already three days, but we _________ (arrange) only half the books.
26.The first person whom Andrew (see) as he _________ (enter) was his old
nurse. She _________ (sit) on the sofa. During the last five years she greatly
_________ (change) and now _________ (look) a very old woman.
27.She is going to read the letter she just _________ (receive).
28.How long you _________ (wait) for me? – I am really very sorry.
29.Yesterday I _________ (meet) a friend of mine whom I _________ (not/ see)
for a long time.
30.Ring me up at eleven o'clock, I _________ (not yet /sleep).
 74

31.You _________ (be) late for the concert if you _________ (not /take) a taxi.
32.The sun _________ (set) a long time ago, and it _________ (begin) to get
really cold.
33.When I _________ (come) home yesterday, my sister already _________ (re-
turn) and _________ (sit) at the fireplace looking through some old
photographs.
34.He _________ (smoke) three cigarettes and _________ (look) through all the
books on the shelf, when at last he _________ (hear) his friend's steps
approaching the door.
35.He just _________ (approach) the door, when she _________ (enter).
36.He _________ (write) the composition for three hours and he _________ (say)
he soon _________ (finish) it as he _________ (think) over the conclusion
now.
37.Hardly I _________ (go) out when I _________ (remember) that I _________
(forget) to take my umbrella.
38.Where is the baby? — The nurse _________ (put) it to bed.
39.He said he _________ (work) for a long time without achieving good results.
40.When will he come? We _________ (wait) for him for already half an hour.
41.On leaving the hall the students _________ (thank) the professor who
_________ (deliver) the lecture.
42.We already _________ (cover) about ten miles when Peter, who _________
(look) out of the window for the last five or ten minutes, suddenly exclaimed:
"Here is the station!"
43.When morning came, the storm already _________ (stop), but the snow still
_________ (fall).
44.Yesterday by eight o'clock he _________ (finish) all his homework, and when
I _________ (come) to his place at nine, he _________ (read).
45.I _________ (wait) for permission to go abroad for already three weeks, but I
_________ (not/ receive) the visa yet.
46.Everybody _________ (be) at the door of the museum, but my friend
_________ (not yet/come).
47.We _________ (drink) tea when the telephone _________ (ring).
48.Johnny noticed that everybody _________ (look) at him, and he _________
(feel) shy.
49.Light _________ (travel) more quickly than sound.
50.The day _________ (be) cold and it (rain). When I _________ (reach) home,
my raincoat _________ (be) all wet. I _________ (take) it off, _________
(shake) the water off it, _________ (hang) it up and _________ (go) into the
living-room.

PASSIVE VOICE

Exercise 1.
 75

Write the correct form of write. Follow the examples.

Present tense, Active voice (verb)
I write business letters every day.
1. You _____ long letters at night.
2. He _____ a few letters every week.
3. She _____ a business letter every day.
4. We _____ polite letters every day.
5. They _____ a short letter every day.

Present tense, Passive voice (be + past participle)

Business letters are written every day.
1. Long letters _____ at night.
2. A few letters _____ every week.
3. A business letter _____ every day.
4. Polite letters _____ every day.
5. A short letter ____ every day.

Past tense, Active voice (verb)

I wrote business letters yesterday.
1. You ______ long letters last night.
2. He _____ a few letters last week.
3. She _____ a business letter last Monday.
4. We _____ polite letters two days ago.
5. They _____ a short letter yesterday.

Past tense, Passive voice (be + past participle)

Business letters were written yesterday.
1. Long letters _____ last night.
2. A few letters _____ last week.
3. A business letter ____ last Monday.
4. Polite letters _____ two days ago.
5. A short letter _____ yesterday.

Present Continuous tense, Active voice (be + verb + ing)

I amwriting business letters now.
1. You _____ long letters this week.
2. He _____ a few letters today.
3. She _____ a business letter right now.
4. We _____ polite letters now.
5. They _____ a short letter right now.

Present Continuous tense, passive voice (be + being + past participle)

Business letters are being written now.
1. Long letters _____ this week.
2. A few letters _____ today.
 76

3. A business letter _____ right now.

4. Polite letters _____ now.
5. A short letter ______ right now.

Present Perfect tense, Active voice (have + past participle)

I have written business letters this week.
1. You _____ long letters many times.
2. He _____ a few letters since yesterday.
3. She _____ a business letter every day.
4. We _____ two polite letters so far.
5. They _____ a short letter every day this week.

Present Perfect tense, Passive voice (have + been + past participle)

Business letters have been written this week.
1. Long letters _____ many times.
2. A few letters _____ since yesterday.
3. A business letter _____ every day.
4. Two polite letters _____ so far.
5. A short letter _____ every day this week.

Exercise 2.
Order the words to make sentences.
1. relieve pain/used/is/Aspirin/to. ___________________.
2. named/The sandwich/after/was/the Earl of Sandwich. _________________.
3. designed/Christopher Wren/St Paul’s cathedral/was/by. ________________.
4. based/The film/a true story/is/on.___________________.
5. published/The first crossword puzzle/in 1913/was.__________________.

Exercise 3.
Write sentences in the present or past passive.
1. President Kennedy/assassinate/1963.- President Kennedy was assassinated in
1963.
2. Champagne/made/France.- ____________________.
3. What/your dog/call? - ___________________?
4. Television/invent/John Logie Baird. - ____________________.
5. This room/clean/every morning. - ___________________.
6. Her flat/design/a famous architect. - ___________________.
7. Stamps/only sell/in the Post Office. - ___________________.
8. Where/those shoes/make? - ____________________.

Exercise 4.
Rewrite these sentences in the passive.
1. The police stopped me last night. I was stopped by the police last night.
2. Elton John sang Crocodile Rock.
3. My cousin took all the photographs at our wedding.
 77

4. A computer controls heating.

5. Uruguay won the first World Cup.
6. Van Gogh didn’t paint this!
7. Did Edison invent the telephone?

Exercise 5.
Use the correct form of the verbs in passive in the sentences below.
1. Sniffer dogs (use) by police to detect drugs and explosives.
2. Huge pine trees (uproot) by the storm.
3. You (not allow) to buy cigarettes if you are under 16.
4. Toyotas (manufacture) in Japan.
5. This road never (clean).
6. Gold (discover) in Canada.
7. When I saw him he (chase) by a large dog.
8. Several towns (destroy) by the eruption of Vesuvius.
9. This coffee just (make). Help yourself!
10.You ever (cheat)?
11.The mirror (break) while it (move) into the hall.
12.How the word “society” (pronounce)?
13.For months, the baby kangaroo (protect), (feed) and (teach) to survive by its
mother.
14.I feel that I (follow) by somebody.
15.These shirts (iron, not) yet.
16.Love stories always (sell) well.
17.I just (tell) that my house (knock down) next month.
18.They left after the programme (discuss).
19.The house (build) at the moment.
20. Be careful! The wall just (paint).

Exercise 6.
Change these sentences according to the example.
A telephone call woke me up. – I was woken up by the telephone call.
1. My father built this cottage.
2. Beginners use this computer.
3. Somebody is opening the window now.
4. We sold our car last year.
5. People all over the world watch this programme.
6. Don’t worry, we’ll help you.
7. We have just sent for the doctor.
8. He has just repaired his car.
9. Somebody addressed the letter to the wrong person.
10.She is still writing the letter.

Exercise 7.
Write the verb in the passive voice.
 78

Mr. Brown wrote that book.

That book was written by Mr. Brown.
1. We are going to do all of the work tomorrow.
All of the work _________ tomorrow.
2. Martha has to write those letters.
Those letters _________ by Martha.
3. The maid cleans our rooms every day.
Our rooms _________ by the maid every day.
4. Everyone should eat more green vegetables.
More green vegetables _________ by everyone.
5. Mark has done most of the work this week.
Most of the work _________ by Mary this week.
6. All of the boys painted the kitchen.
The kitchen _________ by all of the boys.
7. We had called the police before Paul called them.
The police _________ by us before they _________ by Paul.
8. Mr. Todd will give the final exam.
The final exam _________ by Mr. Todd.
9. They found the keys last night.
The keys _________ last night.
10.The maid is cooking the potatoes now.
The potatoes _________ by the maid now.

Exercise 8.
Write these sentences in the correct passive form.
1. The pizza base _____ (make) of flour and water. (Present Simple Passive)
2. The telephone _____ (invent) by Alexander Graham Bell. (Past Simple
Passive)
3. A time _____ (arrange). (Future Simple Passive)
4. Lucy Loy _____ (interview). (Future Simple Passive)
5. The Mona Lisa _____ (paint) by Leonardo da Vinci. (Past Simple Passive)
6. Crisps _____ (make) from potatoes. (Present Simple Passive)
7. The pizza _____ (cook) in the oven. (Present Simple Passive)
8. America _____ (discover) by Christopher Columbus. (Past Simple Passive)
9. The magazine _____ (print). (Future Simple Passive)
10.Macbeth and Othello _____ (write) by William Shakespeare. (Past Simple
Passive)

Exercise 9.
Rewrite these sentences in the passive. Keep the same tense.
1. Gibson made the Les Paul guitar.
The Les Paul guitar was made by Gibson.
2. Keyboards won’t replace the electric guitar.
_________________________
3. Many famous guitarists have chosen the Stratocaster.
 79

________________________
4. Leo Fender created the Stratocaster.
_________________________
5. Madonna recorded “Material Girl”.
_________________________
6. The recording company will release our new single next week.
_________________________
7. Some boys have stolen Terry’s bike.
_________________________
8. Shakespeare wrote “Romeo and Juliet”.
_________________________
9. Children eat most crisps.
_________________________
10.Main computer receives the information.
_________________________

Exercise 10.
Write a sentence with a verb in the passive voice. Keep the same tense.
That student wrote the story.
The story was written by that student.
1. Mary is making tonight's dinner.
_________________________
2. Mr. Smith will give the grammar and vocabulary tests.
_________________________
3. The president made many new laws.
_________________________
4. Susan washes the dishes every night.
_________________________
5. My brother bought that car a long time ago.
_________________________
6. All of the people must do the work.
_________________________
7. Susan has telephoned Mrs. Smith.
_________________________
8. The grammar teacher will grade our test papers.
_________________________
9. The secretary should write those letters immediately.
_________________________
10.Someone has to call the police immediately.
_________________________

Exercise 11.
Underline the correct verb form (Active/Passive voice).
He (writes, is written) long letters most of the time.
Most small cars (make, are made) in Japan.
 80

1. All the letters (signed, were signed) yesterday.

2. They (watched, were watched) the movie.
3. John (has studied, has been studied) for the test.
4. Our car (shouldn't use, shouldn't be used) a lot of gasoline.
5. The people (saw, were seen) the president.
6. She (has sharpened, has been sharpened) the pencils.
7. The new hospital (is building, is being built) this year.
8. My friends (are going to bring, are going to be brought) their parents.
9. That letter (was writing, was written) several years ago.
10.She (is made, is making) a cake.

Exercise 12.
Write these sentences in the correct passive form. Present, Past or Future Simple
Passive.
Bread is eaten (eat) every day.
1. The letter ____________ (receive) yesterday.
2. Nick ____________ (send) to Moscow next week.
3. I ____________ (ask) at the lesson yesterday.
4. I ____________ (give) a very interesting book at the library last Friday.
5. Many houses ____________ (build) in our town every year.
6. This work ____________ (do) tomorrow.
7. This text ____________ (translate) at the last lesson.
8. These trees ____________ (plant) last autumn.
9. Many interesting games always ____________ (play) at our PT lessons.
10.This bone ____________ (give) to my dog tomorrow.
11.We ____________ (invite) to a concert last Saturday.
12.My question ____________ (answer) yesterday.
13.Hockey ____________ (play) in winter.
14.Mushrooms ____________ (gather) in autumn.
15.Many houses ____________ (burn) during the Great Fire of London.
16.His new book ____________ (finish) next year.
17.Flowers ____________ (sell) in shops and in the streets.
18.St. Petersburg ____________ (found) in 1703.

Exercise 13.
Rewrite the sentences, changing them into the Passive Voice (Present Simple Passive
or Past Simple Passive).
Not only English speaking countries celebrate Halloween.
Halloween is celebrated not only in English speaking countries
1. Frank Robinson gave the name Coca Cola to the drink.
The name Coca Cola ____________________ .
2. People eat thirty-five million hamburgers every day.
Thirty-five million hamburgers ____________________.
3. Previously women thought tobacco smelly.
Tobacco ___________________.
 81

4. Industrial revolution helped to develop new technologies.

New technologies ____________________.
5. Most young people like chewing gum.
Chewing gum ___________________.
6. Where did they invent gun-powder?
Where ____________________?
7. How do you make this delicious meal?
How ____________________?
8. Why does he water these plants so rarely?
Why ____________________?
9. Producers sell about 1.2 billion gallons of Sprite every day.
About 1.2 billion ____________________.
10.The police didn't find the missing girl last weekend.
The missing girl____________________.
11.A passer-by caught the shoplifter and took him to the local police station.
The shoplifter____________________.
12.The hotel management requests the guests to leave the rooms by midday.
The guests____________________.
13.Where did they hide all the sports equipment?
Where__________all the sports_________________?
14.Tourists don't visit this museum very often.
This museum____________________.
15.How often does he re-install his computer?
How often his computer____________________?
16.In the first stage of the process they roast and grind coffee beans.
Coffee beans____________________.
17.The Polish archaeologists were the first to excavate and describe this temple.
This temple ____________________.
18.The professor reminded the students about the due-date for handing essays.
The students____________________.
19.People speak English all over the world.
English____________________.
20.They do not permit smoking in the auditorium.
Smoking____________________.
21.Did they deliver your goods safely?
_____________your goods_______________?
22.People didn't forget his brave deeds.
His brave deeds____________________.
23.I could see nobody slept in this bed last night.
This bed____________________.
24.Did you hear that robbers broke into their house last weekend?
Did you hear that their house____________________.
25.Fortunately, they didn't pull down this old theatre.
Fortunately, this old theatre____________________.
26.Everybody knows it now that the Earth goes round the Sun.
 82

It____________________.
27.When did Mr. Ramsey translate this book into English?
When ______________this book________________?
28.The government lifted some of the restrictions last year.
Some of the restrictions ____________________.
29.People in our country know Mrs. J.K.Rowling's books very well.
Mrs. J.K.Rowling's books____________________.
30.They allow the pupils to speak their language only during Polish lessons.
The pupils____________________.
31.They never help their mother with the housework.
Their mother____________________.
32.The Robinsons keep their huge Rottweiler dogs in the garden.
Huge Rottweiler dogs____________________.
33.Who won this match?
Who____________this match ______________?
34.This company sell their products all over the world.
This company's products ____________________.
35.A Dutch scientist built the first pendulum clocks in 1656.
The first pendulum clocks____________________.
36.Maintenance engineers check regularly all the equipment.
All the equipment ____________________.
37.They awarded Mother Teresa the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979.
Mother Teresa____________________.
38.Women fans send thousands of letters to Antonio Banderas every month.
Thousands of letters____________________.
39.His elder brother taught him how to ride a bike.
He____________________.
40.The mechanic didn't repair my car on time.
My car____________________.
41.Sally brought me some fresh grapes. (2 versions)
I ____________________.
Fresh grapes____________________.
42.A paperboy delivers a daily paper to us every morning. (2 versions)
A daily paper____________________.
We____________________.
43.Do they produce wine in Portugal?
____________wine_____________?
44.Old Mrs Jenkins looks after our children while we are at work.
Our children____________________.
45.George told me about their suspects during supper.
I ____________________.
46.A sudden explosion of fireworks frightened my dog terribly.
My dog ____________________.
47.A thunder broke the towering oaks and tore them in halves.
The towering oaks ____________________.
 83

48.Nobody noticed any spaceships in spite of previous warnings. (2 versions)

Any spaceships______________in spite of_____________.
No spaceships_______________in spite of _____________.
49.Children waste a lot of time playing computer games and watching TV.
A lot of time____________________.

Exercise 14.
Rewrite the sentences, changing them into the Passive Voice (Present Continuous
Passive or Past Continuous Passive).
Don't disturb now! They're preparing some very important documents.
Some very important are being prepared now.
1. The workers are building a new fun-park in this area.
A new fun-park____________________.
2. We were watching the spectacular sunset with great admiration.
The spectacular sunset____________________.
3. Some dangerously looking men were following me all the way to the station.
I ____________________.
4. The delegation was still discussing the matter while they were serving starters.
The matter_______________while starters_______________.
5. While I was having a stroll I saw they were pulling the old cinema down.
I saw that the old cinema____________________.
6. The surgeons were operating on the patient when the lights suddenly failed.
The patient ____________________when the lights suddenly failed.
7. Were you really writing your composition for two hours?
_______________your composition really _______________?
8. Look! Our cat is chasing a rat!
Look! A rat____________________!
9. The students are listening to his lecture with great attention.
His lecture ____________________.
10.The gang of hooligans are damaging the benches and breaking lamp-bulbs in
the park.
The benches in the park _______________and the lamp bulbs _____________
hooligans.
11.The audience is not listening to the speaker.
The speaker ____________________.
12.They are showing the last part of "Lord of the Rings" in many cinemas now.
The last part of ____________________.
13.The coast guards were stopping and searching every car that left the ferry.
Every car that left____________________.
14.The butler was taking Lady Astrid's Dalmatians for a walk every day.
Lady Astrid's Dalmatians ____________________.
15.They are holding the elections next week.
The elections ____________________.
16.Three inspectors were investigating the crime when the criminal gave himself
to the police.
 84

The crime____________________when the criminal gave himself to the

police.
17.What skirts are girls wearing this spring?
What skirts____________________?
18.Don't lose this chance! They are offering you a really good job. (2 versions)
Don't lose this chance! You____________________.
Don't lose this chance! A really good job____________________.
19.I can assure you, sir that we are looking into your complaints very carefully.
I can assure you, sir that your complaints____________________.
20.You can't enter the kitchen now. They are preparing a surprise for you.
You can't enter the kitchen now. A surprise ____________________.
21.They were considering the possibility of further negotiations.
The possibility of further____________________.
22.An international team of scientists is doing a research on blood cancer.
A research on blood cancer____________________.
23.He is copying the best ideas from his work-mates.
The best ideas____________________.
24.Look! The conveyor belt isn't carrying our suitcases!
Look! Our suitcases____________________.
25.The landlady is removing snow from the pavement with a huge spade.
Snow ____________________.
26.The company is introducing their new products at the beginning of the year.
This company's new products ____________________.
27.After the accident the relatives were looking after her for a long time.
After the accident she____________________.
28.Murano in Italy is the place where they are still making glass in a traditional
way.
Murano in Italy is the place where glass____________________.
29.The fire fighters are putting the fire out in the western wing of the Town Hall.
The fire____________________.
30.The workshops around Venice are filling the water in surrounding canals with
poisonous chemicals.
The water in surrounding canals ____________________ around Venice.
31.The editor is selecting the news items at the moment.
The news items ____________________.
32.I'm sure she wasn't tidying my room when I entered.
I’m sure my room ____________________.
33.They are rehearsing a new play at the National Theatre presently.
A new play____________________.
34.Are you re-arranging your furniture again?
______________ your furniture _______________.
 85

TESTS
VERB TENSES ACTIVE

1. Choose the best alternative. ... the people friendly?

A) was
B) be
C) wasn't
D) were
E) is
2. Put the correct form of the verb. Why ... you absent yesterday?
A) were
B) did
C) was
D) are
E) is
3. Choose the right variant: I'm busy at the moment. ... on the computer.
А) I'm working
B) I work
C) I'm work
D) I working
E) I worked
4. Choose the correct answer: When I came home my parents ... .
A) watched TV
B) were watching TV
C) watch TV
D) will watch TV
E) are watching TV
5. Choose the right variant: Here's my report. ... it at last.
A) I'm finished
B) I finished
C) I finish
D) I'll finish
E) I've finished
6. Choose the correct answer: How many people ... there in the room.
A) do
B) have
C) is
D) does
E) are
7. Choose the right variant: ... I a doctor?
A) am
B) aren't
C) are
D) were
E)is
 86

8. Find the right form of verb....you ever ...abroad?

A) are, being
B) is, being
C) were, -
D) have, been
E) has, been
9. Complete the sentence: Karen ...want to go to the cinema with us because
she ...the film.
A) isn't / had seen
B) didn't / saw
C) don't / saw
D) doesn't / has seen
E) didn't / had seen
10.Choose the correct answer: She ... to the University yesterday when I saw her.
A) went
B) is going
C) go
D) was going
E) goes
11.Choose the best alternative. There ... someone at the door.
A) am
B) are
C) be
D) is
E) were
12.Find the right variant: ... your friend ... to see you every Sunday?
A) is ... comes
B) do ... comes
C) does ... comes
D) does ... come
E) do ... come
13.Choose the correct answer. I haven't got any money. Never mind. … some
from the bank.
A) I get
B) I'm getting
C) I'd get
D) I'll get
E) I'm going to get
14.Look! Somebody ... a hot kettle on the carpet.
A) have putted
B) has put
C) putted
D)put
E) would put
15.Choose the correct answer: There … two books on the table.
 87

A) have
B) is
C) do
D) are
E) does
16.Choose the best alternative. What... on the table? A course book or a
dictionary?
A) wasn't there
B) is there
C) are there
D) there are
E) there wasn't
17.Choose the right variant: Where is Ann? – She … tennis.
A) are playing
B) played
C) plays
D) has played
E) is playing
18.Find the right variant: I (to work) at the Ministry when I graduate from the
University.
A) shall to work
B) will be work
C) work
D) shall work
E) worked
19.Find the right variant: Your sister ... a pupil, she ... not a student.
A) am / am
B) is / am
C) am / is
D) is / are
E) is/ is
20.Put the correct form of the verb. What colour ...your new car?
A) am
B) is
C) have
D) has
E) are
21.Choose the correct answer: You don't need to vacuum the carpet. I've … done
it.
A) still
B) yet
C) already
D) rather
E) often
22.Complete the sentence. I...my home task and ... serious mistakes yesterday.
 88

A) done/made
B) will do/ will made
C) did / made
D) had done / had made
E) has been done / will have done
23.Find the right variant: Nobody knew where he ....
A) live
B) lived
C) living
D) lives
E) will live
24.Find the right variant: There .. .a large table in my room.
A) is
B) be
C) were
D) are
E) am
25.Find the right variant: My flat... very comfortable.
A) am
B) is
C)be
D) are
E) been
26.Complete the sentence: I ... not see Ann yesterday.
A) have
B) is
C) did
D) are
E) do
27.Complete the sentence: I … a new car. Do you want to see it?
A) bought
B) by
C) have bought
D) will be buying
E) has been buying
28.Complete the sentence: English and other subjects ... very important to me
A) does
B)be
C)do
D)am
E)are
29.Complete the sentence: How many books ... there on the table?
A) is
B) are
C) was
 89

D) shall be
E) be
30.Choose the right variant: Unfortunately the driver ... the red light.
A) didn't see
B) saw not
C) didn't saw
D) don't see
E) no saw
31.Choose the right variant. .You have to support your children ...?:
A) haven't you
B) did you
C) don't you
D) isn't you
E) have you
32.Choose the right variant: When I looked round the door, the baby ...quietly.
A) is sleeping
B) slept
C) was sleeping
D) were sleeping
E) are sleeping
33.Choose the right variant: Yesterday I ... to phone you, but I couldn't.
A) is going
B) was going
C) were going
D) am going
E) are going
34.Choose the best alternative. I... a lot of friends.
A) are
B) has
С) have
D) will
E) am
35.Choose the right variant: I... you for ages.
A) didn't see
B) had seen
C) haven't seen
D) saw
E) has seen
36.Fill in the suitable adverb in the sentence: I... sleep with my windows open.
A) always
B) a let
C) much
D) more
E) many
 90

37.Choose the right variant: The children were afraid of making any noise because
Mom ... .
A) slept
B) was sleeping
C) had slept
D) have been sleeping
E) sleep
38.Choose the right variant: There ... few things in our bedroom now.
A) am
B) is
C) were
D) was
E) are
39.Choose the right variant: He … at the theatre yesterday.
A) was
B)are
C)is
D) were
E) will be
40.Choose the right variant: He didn't bring a cup of tea, … ?
A) did he?
B) didn't he?
C) doesn't he?
D) does he?
E) won't he?
41.Find the right variant: Run downstairs. Your sister ... for you now.
A) wait
B) waited
C) has waited
D) is waiting
E) have waited
42.Choose the correct answer: I looked out and saw that… .
A) it was raining
B) it is raining
C) it rains
D) it will rain
E) it rained
43.Choose the right variant: I... in the 10th grade.
A) is
B) were
C)are
D)be
E) am
44.Choose the best alternative. This is an easy test,...?
A) wasn't it
 91

B) is it
C) yes, it is
D) isn't it
E) aren't they
45.Find the right variant: East or West home ... best.
A) are
B) am
C) was
D) were
E) is
46.Complete the sentence: She … in hospital since Monday.
A) were has been
B) would have been
C) was
D) has been
E) had been
47.Choose the correct answer: My friend … busy the whole day yesterday.
A) were
B) has been
C) was
D) is
E) are
48.Choose the correct answer: While I was on holiday, my camera … from my
hotel room
A) disappear
B) was disappeared
C) is disappeared
D) disappeared
E) has disappeared
49.Complete the sentence: They … when somebody opened the door.
A) did dance
B) were dancing
C) dancing
D) was dancing
E) danced
50.Choose the correct answer. Something extremely strange … .
A) had happened
B) has happened
C) has been happening
D) happened
E) was happened
51.Choose the right variant: They've … been to any foreign countries.
A) lately
B) yet
C) ever
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D) recently
E) never
52.Find the right variant: They ... on holiday in Spain and became good friends.
A) meet
B) see
C) found
D) knew
E) met
53.Complete the sentence. I didn't know the answer because I ... the book.
A) hadn't read
B) don't read
C) wouldn't read
D) didn't read
E) don't read to
54.Choose: Present Perfect Continuous:
A) I've been talking to Tom about your problem.
B) Don't forget to post that letter.
C) He has already started his work.
D) Jim has gone to Canada.
E) I've lost my key.
55.Choose the correct answer. Do you know it is my parents' wedding anniversary
next month? They ... married for thirty years.
A) have been
B) are
C) will have been
D) are going to be
E) will be
56.Choose the right variant: It was evening. My mother was reading a book and
I ... a letter.
A) were writing
B) have written
C) was writing
D) wrote
E) am writing
57.The house was very quiet when I ...home. Everybody ... to bed.
A) got/went
B) got/had gone
C) has got/has gone
D) had got/ had gone
E) will get/will go
58.Choose the right variant: They … learned the new rule.
A) did
B) is
C) was
D) have
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E) has

VERB TENSES PASSIVE

1. Write a passive sentence. How do people learn languages?

A) How was languages learnt?
B) How is languages learn?
C) How were languages learnt?
D) How do you learn languages?
E) How are languages learnt?
2. Write a passive sentence. Somebody cleans the room every day.
A) The room is not cleaned every day.
B) The room is cleaned every day.
C) The room will be cleaned every day.
D) Somebody doesn't clean the room every day.
E) The room was cleaned every day.
3. Choose the correct variant: With the support of James Madison, the first ten
amendments to the Constitution, ... in 1791.
A) approved
B) were approved
C) have approved
D) are approved
E) to be approved
4. Define the right form of Passive Voice. The table (to make) of wood.
A) was maked
B) were made
C) are maken
D) is made
E) was made
5. Choose the correct answer: This room ... only on special occasions.
A) uses
B) used
C) is used
D) are used
E) is using
6. Find Past Passive Voice:
A) will be published.
B) was publishing.
C) was published.
D) is publishing.
E) is published.
7. Fill in the gaps using the Passive Voice. Products … in the shops.
A) sell
B) are sold
C) is sold
 94

D) will sell
E) sold
8. Choose the correct answer: The window … by the boy who lives opposite.
A) breaking
B) breaks
C) was break
D) is broken
E) broken
9. Write a passive sentence: They have built a new hospital near the airport.
A) A new hospital hasn't been built near the airport.
B) A new hospital was built near the airport.
C) A new hospital will be built near the airport.
D) A new hospital has been built near the airport.
E) A new hospital is built near the airport.
10.Find the right variant: The doctor ... been sent for.
A) was
B) it
C) have
D) has
E) were
11.Complete the sentence in the passive voice. There's somebody walking behind
us. I think we … .
A) is being followed
B) are being followed
C) are following
D) follow
E) followed
12.Complete the sentence in the passive voice. "Are you going to the party?" "No,
I … ."
A) hasn't been invited
B) have been invited
C) hadn't been invited
D) haven't been invited
E) didn't invite
13.Complete the sentence: The exercises ... done well.
A) am
B) been
C) was
D) is
E) are
14.Complete the sentence. The car ... by Ned yesterday.
A) had been washed
B) has washed
C) is washed
D) was washed
 95

E) was being washed

15.Choose the correct answer:
A) This game can played by the people of all ages.
B) This game played by the people of all ages.
C) This game can be played by the people of all ages.
D) This game can to be played by the people of all ages.
E) This game can be play by the people of all ages.
16.Choose the correct answer:
A) Millions of Beatles records sold in the 1960s.
B) Millions of Beatles records was sold in the 1960s.
C) Millions of Beatles records had sold in the 1960s.
D) Millions of Beatles records were sold in the 1960s.
E) Millions of Beatles records are sold in the 1960s.
17.Choose the correct answer. Computers … more and more extensively in the
world today.
A) used
B) is being used
C) going to be used
D) were used
E) are being used
18.Find the right form of verb. New material ... by the teacher now.
A) will be explained
B) was being explained
C) is explaining
D) is being explained
E) is explained
19.Choose the correct variant. The newspaper ...to Scotland by train.
A) is sended
B) was send
C) will sent
D) sent
E) is sent
20.Complete the sentence. My shirt... in China.
A) made
B) had been
C) had been made
D) are made
E) was made
21.Find the right variant: The palace ... to public in 1990.
A) open
B) opened
C) has been opened
D) is opened
E) was opened
22.Complete the sentence. The speech ... by David yesterday.
 96

A) will be written
B) was written
C) will write
D) has been written
E) is written
23.Choose the right variant: A lot of rice … in Asia.
A) is eaten
B) were eaten
C) are eaten
D) am eaten
E) be eaten
24.Write the sentence in passive: They asked me some difficult questions at the
interview.
A) I am asked some difficult questions at the interview.
B) I asked some difficult questions at the interview.
C) I were asked some difficult questions at the interview.
D) I was asked some difficult questions at the interview.
E) I am being asked some difficult questions at the interview.
25.Put the right verb in the passive voice. A mystery is something that can't … .
A) be explained
B) will be explained
C) explains
D) to be explained
E) explain
26.Fill in the gap with the verb in passive voice. In the United States, elections for
President … every four years.
A) are being hold
B) are holding
C) is hold
D) hold
E) are hold
27.Fill in a suitable word: The May Spring Festival in Great Britain is … on the 1sl
of May.
A) played
B) got
C) received
D) celebrated
E) recommended
28.Write a passive sentence: Somebody is using the computer at the moment.
A) The computer is using at the moment.
B) Somebody uses the computer.
C) The computer is being used at the moment.
D) The computer was used.
E) The computer was being used.
29.Choose the right variant: These houses … about twenty-five years ago.
 97

A) was built
B) were built
C) be built
D) am built
E) is built
30.Find the right variant: Sergei Bezrukov (to recognize) as a talanted actor by all.
A) recognize
B) was recognize
C) were recognize
D) is recognize
E) is recognized
31.Complete the space with the right verb in the passive voice. There's no need to
leave a tip. Service … in the bill.
A) is included
B) doesn't include
C) includes
D) include
E) was included
32.Write a passive sentence: People advised us not to go out alone.
A) People are advising us not to go out alone.
B) We were not advised not to go out alone.
C) We are advised not to go out alone.
D) We advised people not to go out alone.
E) We were advised not to go out alone.
33.Choose the correct variant. The chair....:
A) was being moved.
B) was be moving.
C) have been moved.
D) has been moved.
E) have moved.
34.Choose the correct answer. Today, at least one American out of every three who
get married ... within ten years.
A) will have been divorced
B) divorce
C) will be divorced
D) are divorcing
E) have divorced
35.Complete with the verb in passive voice. The roof of the building … in a storm a
few days ago.
A) was damaged
B) were damaged
C) is damaged
D) are damaged
E) damaged
 98

36.Write the sentence in passive: They asked me some difficult questions at the
interview.
A) I am asked some difficult questions at the interview.
B) I asked some difficult questions at the interview.
C) I was asked some difficult questions at the interview.
D) I am being asked some difficult questions at the interview.
E) I were asked some difficult questions at the interview.
37.Complete the sentence. They... for 20 years.
A) would be married
B) would have been married
C) have been married
D) was married
E) has been married
38.Choose the correct variant: Many cameras … in Japan every year and they are
very expensive.
A) have been made
B) are being made
C) made
D) having been made
E) are made
39.Choose the right variant: I've just … about it.
A) were told
B) be told
C) been told
D) was told
E) am told
40.Find the right variant: The theatre ... be built here next year.
A) are
B) was
C) is
D) were
E) will
41.Choose the right variant: During the World Cup our streets … with football fans.
A) are filling
B) will be filling
C) fills
D) was filled
E) are filled
42.Choose the correct variant. Smoking ...this restaurant.
A) isn't alloweded
B) isn't allowed
C) hasn't allowed
D) is allowing
E) is alloweded
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43.Complete the sentence in the passive voice. Do you think that less money should
… on apartments?
A) have been spent
B) be spent
C) being spent
D) spend
E) spent
44.Choose the correct variant. Your car ...to Edinburgh next Monday.
A) would be drive.
B) was driven
C) will be driven
D) is being driven
E) were driven
45.Complete the sentence: Such interesting films ... on this channel.
A) shown
B) show
C) showed
D) is often shown
E) are often shown
46.Choose the right variant: The question can … tomorrow morning.
A) is discussed
B) are discussed
C) were discussed
D) was discussed
E) be discussed
47.Choose the right variant: John … on the phone now.
A) was wanted
B) am wanted
C) are wanted
D) is wanted
E) be wanted
48.Complete the space with the right verb in the passive voice. This cottage … of
wood.
A) build
B) was built
C) is built
D) are built
E) is build
49.Choose the correct variant. Mr.Snowdon ...at the moment.
A) was interviewed
B) is interviewed
C) to be interviewed
D) is being interviewed
E) has been interviewed
50.Complete with the verb in passive voice. Cheese … from milk.
 100

A) has been made

B) was made
C) made
D) makes
E) is made
51.Choose the correct answer: In the old days, bottles ... by hand.
A) ares made
B) is made
C) are make
D) were made
E) were making
52.Complete the sentence: These flowers ... three times a week.
A) are watering
B) are watered
C) water
D) is watered
E) is watering
53.Put the verb into the passive voice. Many accidents … by careless
driving.
A) will cause
B) are caused
C) cause
D) don't cause
E) is caused
 101

СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ

1. English Sentence Structure. Krohn R. – University of Michigan: 1971

2. Essential Grammar in Use. – Cambridge University Press, 1994
3. Essential Grammar in Use. Murphy R. - Cambridge University Press: 2002
4. Everyday Technical English. – Longman, 2003
5. Grammar Practice in Context. Bolton D., Goody N. – Richmond Publishing:
1997
6. Grammar Practice. Walker E., Elsworth S. – Longman: 2000
7. New English File. Oxenden C., Latham-Koenig C. – Oxford University
Press: 2005
8. New English File. Oxenden C., Latham-Koenig C. – Oxford University
Press: 2005
9. Oxford English for Computing. – Oxford University Press, 2000
10.Understanding and Using English Grammar, third edition. Betty Schrumpfer
Azar – Longman: 1999
11.Бонк Н.А., Левина И.И. Английский язык. Шаг за шагом, в двух томах. -
М.:1998
12.Ерохина Л.Н., Жамалиева А.А., Оспанова С.Б. : Сборник тестов по
подготовке к ПГК (английский язык) – Усть-Каменогорск, 2009
13.Полякова Т.Ю., Синявская Е.В. Английский язык для инженеров. - М.:
1998
14.Семенова С.Д., Балобанова А.Г.: English Grammar Lectures and Seminars:
Методические указания по английскому языку для студентов 2 курса
всех специальностей ВКГТУ дневной формы обучения. – Усть-
Каменогорск, 2004