CTIA N

GING POLTTICAL REPRESENTATION IN INDIA

]1

I l

CHANGN*C 'POLTNCAL REPRESENTATION IN INDfA

V. A. Pri Pananitiker Arun Sud

Under the Auspices

of

CENTRE FOR POLICY RESEARCH

UPPAL PUBI.,;ISHINC HOUSE

New Delhi

UPPAL,PUBt,ISHIN.G HOUSE
3,
Ansari. Ro4d, Daryaganj, New D:lhi--:110002 8, Yashwant Placo; Chasakyepuri, Nsw Delhi"- 110021

.O CENTRE FOR POLICY RESEARCH NEW DELHI

1983

&

PRINTED IN INDIA by B.S. Uppal; Uppal Publishing House' Publisbed New Delhi.l10002 aud'SriuFd by Kamla Printers' 397'D, Bhajan Pura, Delbi-ll0l53'

FOREWORD

'The political institutions in the country have cvoked a great ,,ileal of interest in recent years because of their cruciality to the "success of the Iodian democratic proccsses' It is of equal impordimensions "tance to understand about the sociological and other In particular whom do the kcy political ins' these institutions.

'of 'titutions represent? Wbat kind of changes are taking place tn thc configuiation of political powcr in India? The quest is enorif partially mous but would undoubtedly be vcry rewarding even
.answered.

The prcscnt study is a focus on the vital political institution' ''viz., the Lok Sabha. No single formal institution is, as crucial 'for the evolution of the Indian polity as the Lok Sabha' Many and important changes have taken placc in the composition to it since .character of the Lok Sabha over the sevcn elcctions interIndependencc. A study of thesc developments and their

oi irntnroru value to the understanding of 'thc changing sociology of Indian politics'

pr.o,ioo would

be

The study of the Changing Political Representation io Jndia is an effort in that direction.
V.A. Pai Panandiker Director
Centre for Policy Rcsearch New Delhi
December, 1982.

':

"..,";,1;. I;'r '

. i i,l;_

: ,i,j' r; .r 1,,

:1.11i;1

,,,.
'll!' '

':

,,

j! i
t

:',

g,11, 1.;,,t1,

,)

.:.i:
.ir ijr".,
.. ..

..,1:,, i t:,

1r.I!ii 'J
l

r:,,.1

',;
!.ri
. ii.,::'

..i I :,

J ,,:

.r I ', t

t1,).:t, ' f.

.. t.\'.

PREFACE
:

*xamine the broad direction of changes taking place in the ..composition of the Lok Sabba, the directly clected Lower

In

undertaking the prcsent study, our attempt was to

House of the Indian Parliament. Perhaps no other institution {epresents the changcs taking place io the Indian body polity -as much as tDe Lok Sabha does.

For pursuing our study, we had to rcly entirely on thc data released by the Lok Sabha Secretariat. We haYe not bcen able ,{o recheck the data for a variety of reasong. We do believe that the data is reasonably reliable and adequate for the limited
,

purposes of thc present studY.

While we have broadly interpreted the emerging changes in representation according to our own assessment of them, we ,.realize that the significance of the changes taking place may be . enormously greater. The relationship between the emerging pattern ol representation and the political direction of the country perhaps deserve a closer look and certainly greater analysis. Hopefully more researcb studies in the area will . emerge in the near future.
We are greatly indcbted to Sbri P.K. Saini for putting together the initial data for the study. At the Centre for policy Research, Shri Y.L. Nangia, Chief, Administrative Services, Shri 'Trimbak Rao are amongst the several persons who helped a

(ii) grcat deal iu seeing thc publication througb, We acknorlcdga our gratcful thanks to thcm.
Tbc findings and thc conclusions arc catircly of thc eulhors and they do not Daccsrarily rcprcsetrt tbc viewr of tbe Ccntrc

for Policy

Rcscarch.

; - , :t,i
New Delhi,

V.A. Pai Palaodikcr Arun Sud

Deceober, 1982.

LIsr oh''iii'Ailrvrs

't'

24

in tbe first,

),
4T'

,5E

8L

r::

:.n.

fr9$$TNTS

Pages

(v) (vtt) ,,(rr)

I
4

2l
JJ

53

/o
92

l0l
tBibliogrlpby

.. i ,...,.:l dndex ' i

:

139

.,!r,'9,tt",

:i,

.;.:

". i:1*'t ,l,r

'

CHAPTER I

INTNODUCTION

conposi' The qucction of parliamentary representation an-d of political isport' ttu ia a fudamontal and perennial problem

Srdcalty political tePresentstion detcrmincs the firnetional J"r".*t of tUe potity- and in that sense becotles one of ttie cctrtftl irso6$ of tbc political ptocesses in tbo eountry'
&cccpfd psflance, reprcsentation meatrs lolpltrr of rercpresentation'and hirtorically speaking the gntire ^theory prteltar;on has besir li*ed with tbe basic idea of self'govern' what bappons L*,* of evety ,man's right to bave a say inof govrsnegt to him. The grdyfth of the reptessntative system althouSh testides to an txtent this will towards self-governance political systcms not bascd on many parts qf the lYortd havc repres(ntatife institutiors as we understand tbm'

In

\\

de, ho*crer, many crilics of the representativg tfteo-ry arquins tbat' no governrncat really refeescats; that q' t6u!! rei.r"-/*d"e go\Fnment si*ply does not eristl' Even se' it ha$ #o urosCly aeeprcd thal despite all its inadeqqecie* the
Thcre

i&md'"l*n
1.
Scc

is ths bcst iatitptiooal mo& of

The Coneept of

dtreldb"ststto

arai&l&lc todaY.
$9pres.fitati'.tr

Calif., Uliversity of Cilifornia prss, 196?' p.

Pittin; Iiesn$ Feniclcl,

tL

fl{.f'dt

CHANGINC POI,ITICAL REPRESENTATION IN TNDIA

Central

to

the

especially the Lok Sabha

vibrancy

configuration of the country. Siqce the first elections to the Lok Sabha in l95I-52, the Indian parliament bas become the corne{stone of the political processes reflecting both the continuance and change taking place in the Indian body polity. Nothing is more symptomatic of tlis process than the Lok Sabha elections of 1977 and 1980. Ttiese elections testiry to the processes

political svstem in India is the parliament nhich heralds tbe real political power

questronS.

of the Parliamentary insritutions and rhe politicat in the country. They also raise a whole hoet of

Hsve suqcesrive thirty yer.rs brought about any significant changc iqr the representatjon pattern, or are thc same.class Ef people bcing thrown up after, evcry election f Wf,at sociaj ^ come. f*T r1,0 more imporranr, wbat are :::ir_:::-1::.t!.r associated with'and lrhose rne groups they ar interests do fhey
electlon3. over the past

What pattern of leadersbip and rcpresenlatjon is emerging out of this coalescence of tradition and change in such a fluid situation ? Who dre rhe people being elected by the Indien electorate to preside.,orer, tbeif destinies ?

arliculare ?,.Hale.th.irty yeqrs

any chn$ge iu

dl,.bo: well,,is it
set befote .it

the socro.ecoxorDjc base gf the new teadcrs.hip? yqluop and ideologie.s does it proplgare anO aUevp Y_hT

of

modernisation brcgght: about

?r

eguipped

to fulfil

tho..-

..

challenging - tasks

Sabhas so far, has locn.1hat .u.f oi ttr".ei preceoed qr followeiJ, thodgh not in a very stlict seqs.e, an a brupi'or.,.sudddn .ro.t. disconrinuance,' in the biief a rlii :

Lok

lative. expqrieqcp of .rhe mesbeis question. Our criteria for tho selectiqn

to detineate 11j:1r,* at{omptemerging in broaAfv ,f,. p",t.Jr- of partia.leadership India. ff,ls ni, U.eo d"": ;;;l l:lluty to the age, occupation, rererencc
sex, educatiq.n and past legisf

foilowing p,g., un uri,,ip,"i, no*.uor, I" lT:"^ made to trace ll. Delng the socio.economic backgrourfs of the rul_ inqlartymembers,in the First, riftfr, Sixtl'aiJ levenb rok

:.. \ ,r .- ,]l.if Dot tbe intention of this sludy to attempt to arower all

L::!:l'l

"l;;;#;;;sabhasir of only four.r,i rtre sevra

i;i;,:i ;i

inelr,,*1,

r,

{STRODUCTION

{ndia. The First Lok Sabha has been selected because it was -after the first general elections in the country ; constituted br""rrt" it followed a major realignment of political the Ffth, forces in the:forho of tbe Congress split in" 1969; the Sixth' be' cairse, for thc frst tiind in the parliamentary hirtory of India' a {lon-Consfess goverment was yoted to power and securely lodged atthi Centre; and finally.thg Seventh br,the current !.oi Sabba.wh*c. the Congress Party of Mrs' Gandhi in ite qrew ,incariatioo got back into power.r ri

i.

ra

o a

't

v) rl o
i.l -l
.F
)

lf i*il{ d+H;$ ts tl
i
I

al .\ilE .o

Ft\O./r $ |.t rat <l

F
t

q'

lu tl

v)
E I I

c/

op

did= { 'l*
qj
1;rr

'lE RSgE ,s .t pspa

.sil-q,

'!. ,iE

.,\
I

6 g l8 t9 l|r

Itlrlol

e
.tt F
lt)

.:ie r* | .ei | .(, r+ Ixlt 8! i> I s.! tu a la'r

Zr(
VFI
i

ra

a e
^o 1!, A

qa ,]e r

,l

I^O

O.\F6l(n *=6,.)

#. F'
F.

=V)P

iiE
9

?a

s' .:,'

.el tlR .Oltl al | $l

:

*a

.E

,t,l

*H tr\J= \,,

&4.= '1|
rh v<.=

a'<
oa

!O!

o \] II

.i
.= (A

r.
.s
.a

rd

tl

Ibl Itl c'{hO!i sl el r-l

l-l

lr, l lfE{J l^Fl F\oait.i

{\ca

c\t l5o * 1.9r, o 'EQ .9o ttr | >.= I ,.: F !o !cr ' tr
| -P

|H t.: l5E o, or I .g;

t-

iFt ls='2o o
A

loE {t4

f5

rog lY)t) i:6 rag v

s; ls;
oi r-o otr
!t<!'

o
o\

=>r

lsl *ri Iq)I F{: F lr-l t\$Fr\' Itil \ I\I II

,ra F.l

:* tl
,c
(|<
q,,

iJ

l9

Irl cooo\o I'O r.r$Odl

tsl
I

6B rg 3q >. ox

oO.

\o
a4

'el
()

xg n.E e{2 N2
SU !qu jj9 59 trg (tt .i =g
!.i

q)

q .)

El

s
qr

r.rO

grr. 33d: >,h>,.8

O 6
lr. r,o'

xo rli l:

F i.-

3!
FF

B
c,.

o\

6(;
:cl
.

6a

.) tlE F

ahl

oo

oooS
ct ."1 i|'t

'(l gH !E F tr l'.{

| + *

: q/

.r*

fr.t * +
't.

AcE

CO!,f

FOSrrroN

'four

An analysis of the age composition of the'tuling elite in the Lok Sabhrs revells that the age-gcoups 36-50 and 5l'60 have, by and large, remained dominant and succeeded. in maindaining their share in all the four Lok Sabhas under study. However, it i$ an important finding that the percentage of the younger age-group (25-35) has been gradualty displaced by the older age-group (61 and above) between the First and SeveDtb l-ok Sabha. The percentage share of membetship of the former deoreased from 17.26 per cent in the First to 6.73 per cent il 4he Sixth Lok Slbha, and 8.47 per ceot in the Seventb LoE
Sabha.

can hardly be overlooked by any serious observer oflndian politics. As regards the older age politicians, it may be partly a bis-. torica'l process especially as the persons entering the First Lok Sabha were a product of the struggle for independence. Evea eo,

The oscillating shares of the two groupr arc showo in Diagram I. The salience of the trends portrayed in this diagrao

the question which inevitably arises is whether the political pro."*r., are moving away from the young or whetber the

'young are less involved

in

these processcs.

said about the evsr dwindling fortunes of the youngest (25-35) age group' but thc first evEr increase in the repersentation of this group in tbc Seveqtb Lok Sabha over its preiecessor just might be the avant'garde of a -oew age compositiotr patteln in Indian politics.
Nothing rnuch ctn as yet
.Age Composition of thE Ruling Party in tbe First

b:

Lot Srbhr

A review of the age compositioa of the Indiar Nrtioaal cngrets which en:rged as thl ruling p:trty after the gonerat cleotions of 1952 shows thlt out of a total of 336 perty meqberc in the Lok Sabha, 58 b:longed to the 25'35 group; 148 to tbe 36-50 group; 105 to th3 5l'60 gro'rp; anl 24 to ths'61 aod above'group (sel Table 2).

b: se:n thrt a mrjrrity of the m:mbers (appro' .ximrtely 76 prr cent) b:longed to thc two midJle'age groutt,
Thus, it can

6-

CHANCING POLITTCAL NTIITSTTTATICN

tN INDIA"

-- - - 25-15 YEA|E -6rY!lRS

;
AtsoVE

At{o

t. c a r, E

z
E'

<f

RFlt{' gXTD SEVt|rTrr to( s AEttA ' Rtpffst{?A?tolv oF ?9-39 YEARS AGE GROUP ArO T.hE 6t YE.AnS t" .".ir0 l*th rat 6n0up oF r$ tur-irtc pAnry t{ T}tr FnsI , flFn+. tnlr AI0 tHE stytilTit. I or seaxrs

FrI}sT

t.

'

Di4ron Nr. t

AFP coMPoslrloN

Table 2
.9r.

No,

Age GrouP

^*rt
Nunber

,",;Io*;#otrs

in the First

Percentuge
17.26

l.
t,

25 to 35 years 36 to 50 years

58
148

44.0s
31.54 7.15 100.00

5l

to 60 years

106 24 336

6'i years and above Tota!

3G50 end
r

rsc troupr, *ith their precentage shares the younger and 31.54 ru*o.cliuoty. Oqt ofa total 336 seats' them izi-lsi ""oit urO"tior and above) groups had between two these ;; rn;" theq. ?t mei* or jW 2a per cen!' -!,etween more than yourgpr gipup (25'35) was groups the sharp of thE Ioubl. thut of thp older (6 t lsl gbovp) group'

tt{0

of 44 05

ooposition The general impreseion ar rcgardt agc'vf saltta-it thlt tbe. people of trr, ,otio'g pu.tv il the Fir;; mf

of

y;;t;;;;".

constitutec the bulkof the ruling elitc not so well re' country. The older group (61 and abow) was p,"s"ntedinthehouseeitherbecausefewerseniorpeoplewere favotu *ith ensased in oolitics at that time or they did not:Sod bven the vodnger group il;i;;;,ui. io,l*ttu,.u.' reasons' reeresetrled..gr::l-{: iis-ls) .uooot be safelv counted as a well its numb-ers'rvhich ls itt "uirr it had 58 legislators from amongst .r ' the rulruq" ., i': iU^^ l? per cent of the total grsmbership of i.r.1,,' ,party in the First Lok Sabha.
the Age Composltion of the Roling Party in

ia

,.

tle Fifth Lok

Sabha

In the Mid'Term polls of l9?l

congr"ss:

also the Indian National

as

Pa*y cnerged victorious and returned

m8 y

&9

cgANGrNc por.trtcAt. RBpRE:BNraNtoN

INDIA

340 oembers to tbe Lok Sabta. Age Composirion of tho of th ruling party in tha Fifih fot Sapla can b .f,tnters seet fro m Trble 3.
Trble 3

Sr.
No.

Age Gloap

Ruling porty hlembers

Lok Sabha
Number

in thc Fifth

Perceatcge 7.94
46.47
29.71

I.
2. 3.

to 35 pcars 36 to 50 years
25

27

r58 10t
54

5l to 60 years

6l

yearr and

ab ove

'

15.88 10u.00

Total

Aa o*lysis of the age group composition of the Indian Natipr*l Cogress pany in rhe Fifrb Lok Sebha, once again 6hows ! similar trend as in the First Lok $*bha, More lhan 76 per cent of the totsl ruling party mcmbers were from the two middle age groups (36-50 and jl-60) with 46.47 and
29.71

pr

cent as thir reipective shsrcs.

" ''

The combined share of the youngcr (25-35) and the older and above) groups, once again, *as less than 24 per cent of toral Congress alembers in the Lok Sabha. Bui this time, 1te there ,ryas a marled diference as regards their relative shates. Thc,ruder of the youiiger age gr0up had corne down to onebalf of that of the older group. Interestingly, thc older age group ltom a positidn of being one-tbird of the younger group in tbs Firet Lok SaUha, had becomc cxaclly its aouble in tnl Fifth l"o* Sabha. lt is thus significent to note lhal the expansion of tbia age-lroup had been efeeted purety at the cost aF-gloup. In coqtro$t, tle niAAlc' greup, 3f :h.*ryetr bad sucoeadcd in mlintaining tbcif iharc. Thits, if is clcar "g" that dutiag r gnn of neatly two dccadas bctwcen the Fir*t Gcoercal Hllcf,il |&d thc MiC-Tcnn poll of l9?l no considcrable changc liad *cn lacc in th6 Agc composition of tbe ruling elite in the

ql

*
*Acl col,t PsrTIol{

.Lok $abta, cxeept tbat t! strcagth oftbc se8ior nad dldcr politicians had swelled mainly at the cost of the youngpr ooes.

3ge ComporitloB of the Rutiq Plrty in the Sixth Lok Sabh:.

The Sixth Lok Sabha elections are by far thc most impor'tant eveot in the hisiory of independent Itidia for they also marked the cnd of an era of Congress Party's dominaince at'thc 'Centre as well as in most of the States. For thc frrst time a nonCongress goveranent was formcd by the Janata Party which was itself constiiuted by tbe merger of. four parties* -the Congrcss (0), Jan Sangh, Bhartiya Lok Dal and tbe Socialist Party, just a few weeks before the commeuccment of the Lok Sabha
elections.

The composition of :is shown in Table 4'

the Sixth Lok

Tabre: 4

Sabha according

to

ag

^Sr. No.

.,Age Group

Ruling PartY Membets in

the Sixth

Lok

Sabha

25 to 35 Years
'7
J.

l9

6.75

tt7 to 50 ycars 92 51 to 60 years 6l years and Above 51

36

4r.63
32.75 18.87 100.00

Total

281

Since for rha 6rst time a non-Congress Party came to power at tbe Centre which was itself formed at a very shoit notice' it -was erpected that the respective shares of the four age'groups

rrliet trcnd, both in tesplct of tha combiited share of the * Tht Congress for Democracy (CFD) joined th Janata amdlgam
efrectod bbfore 1n'fay

might change consideiably. However, as Table 4 indioates, the

late in February, 197?. Since formal merger of thesc partis could not be l, tyn, they contest&l the March 1977 elections on

BLD chctton symbol.

"trt
io

5l'60);.snd'the.decline in the younger Sreup : contlnqed in thepercentag sha{e of tbe: Srrth Lok Sabba. Once asain the 36'50 and 5l-60 age groups-ctnt of tbs total between themr'accounted fir nearly 2,3 pet Jbnata Party . members, .while the combihed shsres of thc !ounger (25-35) and the older (61 and above) $roups corilinue lo be the same what it was in the First Lok Sabha. As regards the proportionate shares of these two groops, the sharc of^ the younger group from being exactly 50 per cent of that of thc olJer group in the Fifth Lok Sabha has further slumped to' nearly one-third of tbat of the older group, aiddle age grE.ups (36'50

t cttlwclxc

pot ITICAL RBPsE$EtltATIoN IN INDIA

ad

is thus clear that the change bf the party ruling at thc' national level after tlrirty years has not necessarily brought about aay change in the age composition of. the rlling elite in the country. The middle age groups (36-50 and 5l'6C) stilL dominate the scene with nearly ?5 per cent of the memberpshiP between tbem and continue to be the most favoured age'groups' rhite the younger rnembers (25-35) are still gtadualtry being.
replaced by the older (61 and above) ones.

It

Age Codpositirn of the rnlin3

Prrty ln the

Seventh Lok Sabhrr

' The January 1980 Mid-Term Polls to the Lok Sabha once again brought the Congress Party as the majority party in the

Lok Sabha in the lorm of Congress (l). From a purely research point of view it would be interesting to. probe whether the Congrese Party High Command did feel the oeqessity of fielding a younger set of candidates after its 6rst..evr experience ofoccupying the back benches in the House duting the Janata regime. The distribution of the members of tlie ruling party in the Severlth Lok Sabha by their age-groups is shown in table 5-

Table 5 thus indicates that thc combined sbare of the young* cst (25 to 35 years) and tbQ. oldest (61 years and above) regis* t:red an increase to becom aearly 28 per cent compared lo 2t per cent or less in all thc other Lok Sabhas under examination. A comparative apalysis shgws that from the Fifth to the-Sixth Lok Sabbs. the share-of thcsc groups incicascd by lbou! 7.5 pcr cot ; aod from tbc Sixth to thc Scveath by neatly 10 pr cFnt.

ACD CoMPOSITION

ll
Table 5

Sr. No.

Age-Group

Ruling Porty Members in 'Lok " Sabha Number

the

Sevcnth

Percentagt
8.47

'

I.
2."

25
36

to 35 years

29 143
105

J.

to 50 years 5l to 60 years

41.54
30.56 19.43 100.00

4.

6l

years and Above

67

Total

344

groups (36 to 50 years, and 5l to 60 years) did decrease margi' nally, that of the oldest group continued the upward ascent aa' in all the previous Lok Sabhas. The signi6cance of tbis pheno* menon needs to be undcrlitled in thc scn$e that no matter what happcns to thc relativc sbares of the other age'groups'. the oldest group (61 years qn4 above) continues to grow with each succcssive election to the Lok Sabha. Fluctuations in tbe relativo sh*res of are shown in Diagram IL

note that in the Seventh Lok Sabha' the youngest group (25 to 35 years) looked rclalive share of thc up foJ thc first time since the inceplion of this House, registering an increase of nearly 26 per ccnt over its predecessor. On the other hand, while the combined share of thc middle age

It

is interesting

to

tbe four

age'groups'

the representation of the youtrgas! downbilt ever sinpe'the First Lok age-group had bcel on the Sabha. It is only in the Seventh Lok Sabha that it has slightly moved upwards. The share of the 36 to 50 ycars gro-up' dcclined sbosiderably ffpsr the Fifth to the $ixth lok Sebha' and has rernained at about the samc level in thc Sownth. It may bs intcresting to note that there was app(oxigratGly an cqual grin of rcpresantation from the Fifth to the $it(th Lok. Sabbrbythe 5t-60 yar group' as thc loss suffercd by the 36-5Q year group ovcr tbc same period of time. In the

As shown in Diagram

II,

CHANCING POLTTICAL RSPRESBNTATION

IN INDIA

--r-.-'-61 YTARS ANO ABOvt

?5'$ rt'rn: r-'10 wans it-co velrs

,v!

{,

z
I ,4

t---g- -'& -- -o
\. d'

{
I

XO 'L-o.--a
rlrtn
L0x

p"'-

,+-___-.-a

ffi. .tg
A6t

ilRS1
C0t{PostTt0N
(AN0

stxlll
sA&rA

sEvtilTtf

OF IH' RUIING PARTY

IN

IHE

-FtRg.T'

ftFlH stxTH

IHE SEVENTH
Dltrrm
Nc.

LOK

SAEHAS

II'

AGg

C8trtldlt?l0tl

13.'

Sevcnth Lok Sabba honlcwr thc sbfc of this group declioed to-appflorima*cly th .sarle le$61 s* iu thc Fiftb Lok Sabha. As rogards the oldeCl (61 ycare aad above) group, tbc diagrem, rpeakr forritsclf.

Reprorcrtrtiot of &e Strtes by Agr-Group in the First, Fifih" Sixth, lnd Seventh Lok Srbha.
cnt statcar
As rcgards tho break-up of ruliog party mc'mbers from differ* by agc.gtoup, in tbc four Lok Srbhas urtdcr consi-

dcration {ree Appcndiccs I (r), I (rl), I (iii), and I (ir,)l thc

statcs o{rn bo groupod in three distinct categories, viz:

(c) those which fotlow the overall national pattern with. 65 to 75 per cont of the seats among the 36-50 and 5l-60 age grorps; (b) thosc rdrich have shown '61 and abovc' group; and

clear prefercnce for the.

(c) thosc which have 90 per cent or more of tbeir membership from the middle age groups (36-50 and 5l-60) at the cost eithcr of thc younger (25-35) orofthe older' (61 and above) age group.
The states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar" Madhya Pradesh, West category.

Bengal and Haryatra may be said to be falling in tbe first, Thc represeatation of vdiious age groups ffom thd states metrtioned abovo is shown in Tables 6(D, (t;), (ft]), (iy), and (r) below. Trble

6(i)-Uttrr PtlH

, *,
7.

Lok sabhq First

,
3. 4,"

Flfrh
Rirth

'

lr(r5.5)
r|i,

s.7} ?( 9.0)
4{

2(3E.0) 23{32.4) 1004.1) 29(41.4) 2?(38.6) 10(14.3)

27(34.6) 28(35.e) 16(20.5)

14':

CHANCING POLITICAL REPRESEI'ITATTON TN IHPIA

Table
Sr.. No,

6(ii)-Bibrr

Ipk
Sabha

l. 2.
3.
.i

First

12(21.3) 19(43.2)'10(2:.7) . 3('6.E)

Fiflh
Sixth
'

4(10.2) l8(46.2) e(23.1)

,.,

8(20.5)
.i

3( 6.0) 2l(42.0) 10(32"0) 10(20.0)

'

4.' " $eventh. l( i 3.7) i0(37.1) ll(40.?) t i;1t4.5; ::' ''!! . t i ! r |

'i 'l

: I

: ,'

Trbls 6(iii)r-=Madha FnGe.sh l.' ,

l
,

n=rr##f,trffi
1. 2: 3. 4.
first
Fifth
$ixth,^
.
,

8(30,8)

s(1e,?) 7(31.e)
2r

r2\46.2)
9(40.e) .a 4(10.8) ,1,.. . ,',
8(22.E)

,:.

r'

'

(.

r.s)

l(

4.5)

s(22.7)

6(r 6.2)

(56.8)

aie.z).
7(20.0)

Seventh.

7(20.0)

t'i]'t)"

Table 6(iv)aYur1

""*",

Sr. No.

Ink
SaMa

f,PE COMPOSITION

':i

"

l5
-:

Table 6(v)-Haryana

'sl.
No.

Lok

Sabha

'""''

"'.-''

25-35 36-50 5r-60

l(14.3)

Age", .":Gy4_

6l

and above

1. 2. 3.

Fifih Sixth Sbventh

--

:--

2(28.6) 3(33.3)

3(42.8) 1(14.3) 4(44.4) 2(22,.4*"'

4(80.0)

l(20.0)

Fimt

Fifth -

'

Six[h. Sixth.
sgybpth

t6

CHANGING POLITICAL REPRESEiOI*IiiN{

;f{ itSI,L

T*ue ?(r'-O.qFrrt
Sr.
Alo,

Lok tubhd Fifttr Sitsit

Seventh

25-35
2(20 0) 2(?o.0)
3{30.O}

'2.
3.

l.

{s-0)
{35"*)
41r6.0)

4i49.2)

s(35,4)

r(

4.0)

l0(40.0)

l(4o.0)

t.
3.

Fifth
Sixth
Seventh

{a3,t)

?dJ3.e)

2(15J)

l(?.?) J'2)

(53.8) 3(?3.1)

3(23.1)

l(5.2) S(41.2) 9{4?.4) I(

paronthoree

Note:

Figlrer in

&r

percubgcs'

ttB aex*. tra the case sf ,A.ssanr it incropsed frcm 1l'l pr ceot in &c First Lok $abha to 23'l per qent iE' thc-Second and to 56.6,per cent in the Sirth' ln tho Scwnth Lok Sabha' hosever'' out oi thc two seats for which elections cot*d be hell both went to the 36-50 year age group. A similar tecd can be seen as" Fifth, Sixth and . regards the representatioo of this group in thc thi Sevcnth Lok Sabhas in the casc'of Gujarat and Orissa' Here aggin, as ia the c.ase of the gfoup bf states discussed carlier' ili'c niildle a8 grttups (36'50 and (51-60) htvc tot *rcd group' any loos.dsc to tlib expanlior-of the oldet tgc

Tbus it can be spen io all tbe three cases of Assam, !1jara! qnd Orisss that thc percestagc share of tbe older group (61 and &ve) haf beea co*staatly increasingfroa *t *Y Sebha t1

In fact, thc siddlc q$e Sroups (3650) aud-(51'60) rcorr ls'#li#;rn;irudci#; -*uti t"* of tbe su$natiosr'io

l7
tbe fortruncs of bott 'the 'youiger' (25"35) as well as the 'older' {61 aOd abQve) age groups. Some of tbe states show cent per aent representation of the former groups as can be seen from the Tablcs 8(t), (r'i), (rii), and (ir) below. Table 8(i)-Himachal Pradesh

_ -

*. tto'

Lok

Age Sobha 25-35 36-50 Group 51-60 6l and abote

.l

l. 2.
3.

Fifth Sixth
Seventh
Table

3( 75.0) l(2s.0) 2( 50.0) 2(s0.0)

3(100.0)

8(il)-Delhi

t. 2. 3. 4.

First l(33.3) 2(66.6) Fifth 4(66.6) 2(33.3) Sixth 3(42.8) 4(s7.2) Seventh 2(50.0) t(25.0) I(?5.gI
Teble 8(iii)-Rajastban

f,. Lok sabha -l-.sr*#stPof-n *aa;

l. First 2. Fifrh 3. Sixth
l(11.1) 7(77.7)
10(76.9)
2( 8.?)
t(11.1)
3(23.1)

ll(47.e) e(3e.1)

l{1.3),

l8

CHANGING POLTTICAL REPRESTNTATIoN IN TNDIA.

Table Sr. No.

8(lv)-Mahara$trt
Age

Lok Sabha Fifth

Sixth
Seventh

-A-'s

Grurp

l.
,,.

t4(41.7) 1s(l9.4)

?(38.9) s.e)

e62.e) 7(4r.2) l(

L
Note

3(8.r) 13(35.1) l5(40.6) 6(t6'2)

Figures in prrentheses show percentages'

show age'wise distribution of First, Fifth Sixth and Sevcnth the ruling paiiy iegislators in the Lok Sabhas of such states which have returned 90 per cent or more of their members from amongst the middle age groups (SO-jO aoa 5l-60). Legislative representrtion of Himachal Pradesh and Delhi for instance, is conspicuous by the absence of both the 25:45 as also the '61 and above' agp groups in the fittn. Si*tir as well as the Seventh Lok Sabhas' Delhi. however' returned one representative from ths old:st group in-the Seventh Lok Sabha ' Tables 8

(t, (ti), (itt) and (ir)

from the 25-35 age group. Maharashtra likewise had never had anyof its members from the 25'35 age group except in the . Seventh Lok Sabha. Rajasthan has also shown a similar tendenqy as fat as the representa tion.of various age groups is cortcerned' In the fust Lok Sabha it had only one member from the 25'35 age groug and in the Second, none, both from the jounger as well ' is thi older group. In the Sixth Lok Sabha, howevet' it had two *hile members.from tire former and one from the latter group' drawn from the middle nearly.87 per cent of its membership was ug. (:e-S': and 5l-60) groups. In fact, a distinct change seems to hive' taken.place.in the age rpresentation pattern of Rajasthaq since the Sixtn mt Sabha. As in thE Sixth so in the Seventb

trn fact. Himachal and Delbi always had their mcmbers frorn amg{gst the two middle age groups in all thc,four Lok Sabhas under consideration, cxcept in the First Lok Sabha in the cdse of Oetni when nearly one-thiid of its mem.bershifi fuas diawn

AGE COMPOSITION

l;

{-ok Sabha, the stste.rturned no tess then 25 psr cent of its total. mernbers from amongrt the oldest group, and at least 6.25 per cent from thc youngxt lgroup.
the. brcak-up of the ruling party four Lok Sabhas under scrutiny, in teras of age-grouos, app:ars to b3 that olr an averag:,. threc.fourths of ^ them are drawn from t[e age groups 36-50 and 5l-60, whilc the remaining one-fourth is shared between the younger (25-35) and the older (61 and above) age groups in uorying prop )rtiong from one Lok Sabha to the other. The stiltes of Him rchal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra anC Delhi are molt noticeable in respect of returning more than three-fourths of their members from amongst the middle-age groups. The states of Uttaf Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Bihar, on the other hand, account for most of the 25.35 age group m:mbers in the Lok Sabha with their respective prrcentage shrres varying between 15 to 35 per cert.

_ Thc genqral pettrn of legislbtors in the

older (61 and above) group, Assam shows a pronounced bias in favour of the older group in all the Lok Sabhas excepf the Seventh. In the Sixth Lok Sabha in parricular, it returned as many as 67 per cent of its legislators from amongst this group. Gujarat, likewrse, on an average, returned more than 30 percent ofits members from the'61 and above'group,
age

As regards the representatio n of the

A review of the age structures of the ruling party legislators in the Lok Sabha from different states thus does not allow any
specific conclusions except that nearly three-fourths or more of the members are drawn from the middle age groups. The fbrtuneJ of the younger and the older groups vary from one state to thq other aud keep fluctuating from one Lok Sabha to the other. As a general concJusion, it can however be safely stated that with the passage of years the younger (25.35) group ,is gradually yielCing place to the olJer (61 and above) group.

fact that the share of the younger group from a position of being two-and.a-half times more than that of the older group in the first Lok Sabha came down to just one-half of that of the Iatter in the Fifth and to nearly one-third in the Sixth Lok

.The

20

CHANGING POLITICAL RIPRESENTATION IN IT\D''"

WOMEN IN LOK SABHA

Women in politics are statistical rarities, which can in one part be explained in terms of the specialisation that assigng household chorcs to the ibmale, and in the other because of tbe 'hazard* of politics, Even so, a smalt number of'women of xceptiotral ability do find their way ioto active politics, though their entfy in this neld is a fairly reoent phenomenon. In India, 'evcr since the first General Elections women have taken active intoiest,in politics aod a good number of them bave succeedcd

'

in finding their way 1o high party omces, legislaturel and ministerial positions. Table 9 shows the positioa of rvomeo
members elected in all the seven Lok Sabhas so far.

Tablc 9
sr{;.
.

rot, sabha

:f!,X{*, *,iti:;d ,;,:";:::,",

Members

l. First 2, Second 3. Third 4. Fourtb 5. Fifrh 6. Sixth 7. Seventh

499 500 503 523 521 544 524

22 27 34 31 22 19 28

4.4 5.4 6.7 5.9 4.2

3.4

5.3

22

CHANGING POLITICAL REPRESEN'ATTON IN INTiTA

A review of Table 9 shows tbat, on. an average, womcn members have succecded in getting only about fivc per cent of' the total number of seats in all the seven Lok Sabhis. As can be seen from Table 9, numerically as well as proportionately minimum women membcrs were returned to the Sixth Lok Sabha as compared to the previous five, and also its successor.
The representation
Sixth Lok Sabha was the lowest. OnIl eight women legislators, of the ruling party were elected to the Sixth Lok Sabha comparcd to fifteen each in the First and the Fifth, and nineteen in the Seventh Lo&. Sabba. Table l0 gives separatc-g lhe number of women Members of rhe ruling party as well as bf the other . parties and their percntage representation in each of the four

of women in the ruling party in the

Lok Sabhas under scrutiny.

Table l0 i, : .. Number of \[smen Members Elected in the tr'irst Fifth. Sixth and the Seventh Lok Sabhas
First Lok
Sabha

Fifth

Lok Sabha
Mge

Sixth Lak Sabha

Seventh Lok
Sabhq.

Number Males 479

Females

tage

Percen- Num- Percen- Num- Percen- Num- Pereen-ber

ber

96.00

499 95.7d 525 8

ber 96.50 498

tage

tage
94.65

of the
Ruling

Party 15 3.00 15
Females

2.88

1.48

19

3.63

o[Other
than Ruting

Patty 5

1.00 7

1.34 ll

2.02 I

t.72

Total 499 100.00 521 100.00 544 100.00 r,524 100.00 * Of the total 544 seats, elections took place for 524
on January 3-6, 1980.

.J

1VOMN

IN LOK $ABIiA

23

As would bc seen from Table 10, the representation of the women Members from the ruling party was the lowest during thc Janata regime and the highest in the Seventh Lok Sabha' Therc were merely 1.48 per cent ruling party women legislators in tbe Sixth Lok Sabha compared to 3'00 p:r cent in the First" and 2.88 per cent in the Fifth, and 3.63 per cent in the Seventb'

Lok Lok Sabha. Another characteristic feature of the Sixth representation of, Sabha was that for the first time percentage the women Metnbers of other parties was greater than that of per cent ruling partv.. The non-Janata parties returned -2'02 womlniegisFators crbmpared to 1'4E per cent of the Janata Party, wbile in the First and the Fifth Lok Sabhas a mere 1.00 per cent and 1.34 per cent non-Congress women legislatore were elected compared to 3.00 per cent and 2'88 per cetrt returncd by the Congress PartY. The Seventh Lok Sabha has by far the highest number of women l:gislators-nearly 53 per cent more than the Sixth Lok Sabh-a. As regards the increase in the percentage shdre of women Members belonging to the ruling party' their share is higher by no less than 146 per cent in the S:venth Lok Sabha is ov-er itr- predecessor. It appears that the Congress Parti more supportive of the representation of women as compared to any oiher national politicat party (sec Diagram ItI)' No speciflc reasons can be assigred for the lcwer representation of women from non-Congress parties in Lok Sabha except perhaps that fewer women are involved in the non-Congress parties. It alor appears to be a continuation of the earlier trend which shows that the Congress Party which even when it was in Opposition, returned more female members than ttre ruling party as in the Sixth Lok Sabha'
State-wise Distribution of the Female Members Fifth, Sixth and the Seventh Lok Sabhas

;,

in the First'

Our examination of tbe State-wise break'up (see Appendices II(i), II(rr), It(iif) and ll(irr) of the female members returned to the four Lok Sabhas under scrutiny, facilitates the placement of different slates of the Indian Union in five broad categories, viz :

24

I'TIANCtr}IO TIOI.ITICAL RBP*ESBNTATION

IN I$IDII.

-. - i
'l

RUUIG P{ftrY
OTHfR

T}iAX RI'TDIC PABff

w
T9

z
., aL
CT

o
j"!;
a.

J.

r nFlH'glX
LOT SABHA

FtPRf S$tranoil lXg gf,gtrrlTH

0F t0,(

t4r0l'lf

N lN THF
Jlt

FTRST, FtF

rl{

SlXr$

SASHAS
Dinglam Ne,

riiolreN rN LoK

sArHA
in all

2t
the

(a)

those which refurn'ed femlle representativcs

foltt Lok Sabhas ; * ,(b) those which returned femalc representatives in the First and. Fifth but not in tbe Sixth Lok Sabha, or both in the Sixth as well as thc Sevcnth ; '(c) those which refurned female reploscntatives only ic tbe Fiftb, $ixth, and Seventh Lok Sabhas ; .(d) those which returned female representatives only in one Lok Sabha ; and

(e)

those which returned female representatives onty Sixth Lok Sabha.

in

thc

Uttar Pradesh is the only state in the country which has returncd-female rrcmbers'in all the four Lok $abhas undsr ' scrutiny. Uttar Pradesh bas always accounted for the maximum numbejr of female members returned from d singie state. Of thc tatal female memblrship in thc First, Fifth' Sixth and ths Severth Lok Sabhas, the perceritagC sharc of Uttar Pradesh .alone was 20;0, 33.33, 37.50, and 21.05 pdr ceDt respectively {seeTable ll(i)], Assam, on the other hand, had invariably rcturned at le-ast one member in each Lok Sabha but failed to do so in the Sevelth [see Table 1l(fi)]'
Teble

ll(i)-Uttar
gumber

Pradcsb

. Total
-.9r.

Lok
Sabha

.No.

of MemW-omen hers of the Ruling Party

15 15

Number
bers

of

Percentage

Women Mem'

from

Uttar Pradesh

1. First 2. Fifth 3. Sixth 4. Seventh

lg

3 5 3 4

20.00 33.33
37.5A

2t.O5

26

CHANGINC POLITICAL REPRESENTATION tN. INDI.A,

Table ll(ii)"--Ass?m

of emSr. Lok Sabha bers of the No. Ruling Party

Total number
Women lV

Number

of

llomen Mem- percentage

bers from
Assam

I. ?. 3. 4.

First Fifth Sixth Sevcnth

15 15 8 19

1 | I

6.66 6.66
12.50

0.00

Three states and one Union Territorv, namely Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu. and Delhi fall under the sceond. category. They had returned at least one or two members in. each of the carlier Lok Sdbhas but in the Sixth Lok Sabha not
a sinqle woman reoresentative was returned. [See (it), (i,1), and (ir)1.

Tablcs t2(i),..

Table
Total

l2(i)-Bihar

Sr.
No.

Nnmbii Numbir of Perceitof Women Mem- Women Mem- age

Lok Sabha bers of
Ruling

the Party t5 15 I 19

bers

from Bihar

* 1.

2. 3. 4.

First Fifth Sixth Seventh

2 | 3

I3.33i 6.66,

15.78

WOMSN IN.I"0K

SABTTA
Table 12(ti)-MadlYa Pradesh
?iotal

2T-

:: ,
,5r.

af

No.
I

Lok Sabha Members

PartY

Women of the Ruling

15

Number Ntmber'of
kadesh

lVo-

Percentage

wen Members from Madhya

. First 2. Filth
3. Sixth 4. ,sevcirth

15 8 19

I 2

6.66 13.33

Table I 2(ilD-Mrdras/Tamil Nailu

of

llomen

llomen Membets

Ruling PartY No. 15 l. First .Fifth 1.5 -4. 8 3. Sixtb 19 4, Seventh

Sr. Lok Sabha Members of

the

from Tamil
Nadu

2
I

13'33 6,66

Toble 12(iv)-Delhi
Nurhber of WoMem- men Members of Wamen ftom Delhi Sr. Lok Sabha bers of the

"

Total

Number

Peraentage

Ruling PartY No. 15 1. First 15 2. Fifth 8 3. Sixth 19 4. Seventh

6.66 13'33

2 -

28

CHANGINC POLIIICAL REPRI$ENTATION TN INDIA

The tables 12(i) ta l2(t1,) cleady sho* that thcse states sbich had persistently been returniog fcnale mcmbers to ,the .," carlier Lok Sabhas failcd to, returtr ovea a $ilgle woman member in the Sixth Lok Sabha, In the case of Tanil Nadu and Delbi, in particular, even in the Seventh Lok Sabha no womea Member belonging to the ruling party could be elected. The trend of decline in the number of womin . members had how. ever started even earlier in the case of some states like punjab, , Himachal Pradesh and Bombay/Maharashtra till the January 1980 Mid-Term Polls. In these states no woman member was elected to the Lok Sabha after thc first General Eleetioas. Maharashtra, however, succeeded in returning at least orrc woiban Meinber in the Sixth and two in th Sv;th Lok -ffita:;" . Punjab also succeeded in returning two women Members in the Seventh Lok $abha. 'Himachal Fradesh, .however. stands out ar an exception in the sense that after the first Ggneral not even once a. woman Member gould be elected Plections from this sratc. [See Tables l3(D, (ii), and (iti)].

Table l3(l)-ps5156

Sr. No.

Total Number of Women Members Sabha of the Ruling

Lok

Nunber of Wo. Percentdge

man Members from Panjah

Party

t.

First

15

6.66

Fifth
Sixth

I5

1,

Seventh

l9

I0.52

.2y

Tsbl+

l{ii)

--Hlmlcbal hadcsh
Number of
man

, Total Numbdr of ,Sr. Lok Wdtnen Members No. Sabha of the Raling PdttY
l.

Wo' Membets

Percent
age

from Himachal
Pradash

First

15 15 8

6.66

)
4.

Fifth
Sixth
Seventh

t9

Tabl t3(iii)-Bombry/Mahrrashtra
Total Number
lVomen

.iVo. Sabha
l.
First

Sr. Lok

of

Number
men

of t$e
PartY

Ruling
l5 l5
8
19

Met4be$

of Wo' Percent' Members age

from Bombay
20.00

,
J,

Fifrh
Sixlh
Seventh

I
2

12.50

4.

10.s2

In the fourth category fall thosc statcs which bave rcturned Seventh Lok Sabha. Karnataka, for instance, had women representation only in the" Fifth Lok Sabha viitb iis percentage share being 6.66 per cent" As against tbis, Andhra Pradesh returned 13,33 per cent of the women Membersin the Fifth.Lok Sabha, and was responsiblc' for returning no less than 15.78 per cent of the total ruling party womn legislators in thc Seventb Lok Sabba. [See Tabled 14(t), and la(tr).
a

*ooan member:only once until the

30

CHANGING POLITICAL RBPRESENTATION IN INDIA

Tabto

lr(l)-Aadln lhdest

,Sr.

Total Number

No. Lok Sabha

Wo- percenWomen.Mem- men Mcnbcrs tage bers of the from Andhra Rukng Party Pradesh
Number

of

of

l.
2.
J.

First

l5 l5
8

Fifrh
- Sixth

13.33

4.

Seventh

t9

15.78

Tabte
,Sr.

l4 (ii)-Mysore/Krrnaleka
Number.

No.

Lok

Sabha of

Total Number lltomen Members of the

of Wo- percentage

men

Members

from Mysorel
Karnataka

Ruling Party

l.
2.

First

t5

Fifth
Sixth

l5
8

6.66

4.

Sevcnth

,.

19

f"r fi.SO per cent . the ruling pariy iq thc qir.th.Lok Sabha, fall in rhis caiegrry. [See rahes'lS (r), (,i), and (tit)l.

of the total female m:mbership of

Bengal, each of whom individually accounted

Finally, we bave those .three stltes which had no female representation both in the First and the Fifth as also the Seventh Lok Satrha, but returned at least one member each to the Sixth Lok Sabha. The states of Haryana, Gujarai and West

1VO},IEN IN'LOK SABIIA

3t

Tablc l5(t) -Haryana

Sr.

Total
Sabha

No, Lok

of

Members of the from Haryana Ruling PartY

15

l4lomen

Number

Number
men

Mernberg

of

Wo-

Percen-

tate

t.
n

Fifth
Sixth
Seventb

8 19

12.50

Table

15(ii)- Gujarat
Number of
men

Sr. Lok

Total Numbet o-f

Wotmen Members

No, Sabha

WoMembers
Guiarat

Percen'
tage

of the .Rtling
PortY

from

l. 2. 3" 4.

First

Fifth
Sixth
Seventh

l5 l5
8
1

12.50

l9
Tabh f S(iii)-West Bengal

Sr.

Total

No, Lok Sabha

of

Women
l5
15 8

Number

Number
men

of Wo' Percen'
tdge

Members

lv[embers of Ruling

Party

the from West

Bengal

. 2. 3. 4.
I

First Fifrh
Sixth
Scventh

12.50

l9

An examination of the female representation in the ruling party in the Lok Sabha thus does not indicate any positive trend. Contrary to all expectations, despite thirty years of

:??

modemisation, universal adult franchise, thc rigbt to equality of sexes, and spread of education among the female population '.of tbc country, fenoale representation among the ruling elite of the courtry, is on a continuous dcciine. Co*pared both to the First and the Fifth Lok Sabhas, tbe number of female members in the Sixth Lok Sabha came down by aliriost 50 per cent. An unprecedented_ increase in the representation.of this group.by. more than 145 per cent in the Seventh Lok Sabha ovei 'iis" predecessor is a welcome sign.

The behaviour pattern of different states of the Indiaa. Union, as regards returning female mcmbers to the Indian
Parliament does not, howevsr, permit even broad generalisation. Most of the states have, by'and large, retuined female memberg to the Lok Sabha, at one tim or tha other. But, of all of them, Uttar Pradesh and Assam are the only two ststes in the country which have had thcir female reprcsintativer among thc ruling clite of India in all the four Lok Sabhas undcr study.

CHAPTER IV

EDUCATIONAL LEVEL

Thc Constitution of India does not lay down any educational qtralifications for contesting a seat to eitber llousp of the ludian Parliamcnt. But it has to be conceded that the educetional

accomplishments, \ryithout being equated with political perspica' city, have a great bcaring on lhe manner in which a person coa* dutts himsclf in a public office. Even allowing for the rigid Partv discipline, which to a great cxtent wrcst$ the initiatiraE from individuat members and precludes thc possibility of a truly frca expression of one's opionion thc ncessity- of a certain' minimum level of educational training for the legislators cannot standing and knowledge he brings to beat upon public affairs' Educational tevels of

be uaderstimated. More importantly, educatiqn profoundly affects the behaviour pattern of a person as well as-the underthe
members

in this regard, have remained reasonatly high through the ]ats. The co:lparative figures of educational standards , :.of the Medrbers of the ruling party in the First, Fifth, Sixth
tion
and the Seventh Lok Sabhas are shown iq Table
16.

Indian Parliarnent, despite absence

of the Lok Sabha in the of a constitutional pre'scrip'

In all the four Lok

membcrs

of

Sabhas utrder study, at least 60 per cetrt the ruling party had done graduation and above

34

CHANGING POLITTCAL REPRBSENIATION tN INDIA

la)
tq)

l()

st b s14-a
l-t S h,*llR

qlrav)t vl-V

v
c.r

tri

.ta L/ct6

-rH

rl{
\ .l
I

t: t:
s

x + .d e.i ..i H 38F3 A ..r

a.t
c{

6i

iEr Ad
le

.E

S3floo.+H
\o

e
_; -j

E
lFt

\e.

lLr ol 9
3 >r

rlt
'<ll
.l

t:

Xctxnrq;c. ":fYconrrd co
co

:? oi ,-i

o C4F =ra

FFI: \'4iE
lE

s
E
q.)

ttt 4 q):

l*
IF

rA

.:
:

gE { ol{ \ EIT Efi ,E ald E:

2e
E lll

-Ia t.

Vqo9\es..r\o -:(".lToai..i6l e.r!?ecnr-;ad

ao c\

E kx
.2o

IE
I

eEgh
>,o e 'tl .oi s !:.1 { I rl()
c:

ra{

o 3 (l
bo

E]

'

::.
et

3*sEx#s;
-:c.i.d+d\oF

:5! <6 ?, = E 1'A >,b : :>! (| rrt !.r l!|^ ?E k .,'v.=O !.:

<t 53 ;g eE 3.E

Eg :6' :.t

*
I

(r.l

>, -\ \

{VOMEN.IN LOK SABT{4

35

'v

gEisg$Es
sd.;3'.E.E g;fr"q g sS
cB

":

'i c'E'c E E >r J4 c

+n'+'E E. - F :- "s E? a#i "uEr..A;;-E

qr jj

s,ig..:lei
.d r-.1

n'e;;E
'-E<1;5 ''"' 5.!
k '- 3;
4=':-aJ.-

EqEE9.-*s
o.r

,.E 3:fscQE.^-r

*E::Ee 'Y S* $3s =;

>,.: cs E . :

q
F

Ebi*E;eE
s?: E B:
E
4 95.3*c*orF
E
"Jcd.qq<O 'tJ 3 ..C Ct rn .d .-'=
zr

r-r g t-'' =oJ 3

E'I:F3$d P i:5!ti<
E: E.g': E
zr

E *F ji;;:o:!! E h{ E 5 i k ! i- .o 5 E9<
qc

i:J*;'.* :oo 'i'.:;i65 t"'.9o * Ft.a o.5 cd

.E ' F E s Es.g !E

ier; F

c Ef ;ErF!?
@t

36

crrANcrNc pouflcAI, REp*i{t}rrrtrca

tlrffglA

courses. The percentage of under-Matriculitc ligislators has elso remained relatively low considcring thc geDer*l lcrel of cducation in tbe country at large.

(Table 16). Of the remaining zl0 pcr ccot, betwcen lO to 20 pcr cont had attcndcd College or University withsut obtatnin! a degrce, and nearly l0 pr cent bad'itone. othcr rpecialircd

in sequel to thirty years of all round progress in, thr. coustry, tbcre has not been a corresponding iucrease ia tbq educational levcls of the Indian legisletors. If anything, there has only been a slight decline in the eduqatiocal standbrds of' thc ruling party members especially in the Sirth Lok Sabha. For instance, the percentage of Graduatcs fell dosrn from 39.42. pcr cent in the Fifth Lok Sabha to 34.02 psr cent in the Sixth Lok Sabha; that of Postgraduates from 26.04 por cent in thc, Fifth Lok Sabba to 25.00 per cent in thc Sixth Lok Sabha; and that of Doctorates from 2.85 pcr cent to 2.77 per cetrt. From tbc Sixth to Sevcoth Lok Sabha, thcugh the prcentag share of* the Graduates increased from 34.02 to 41.2j (an all time record in tbe Lok Sabha), that of Graduatcs fell from 25 per cenl to 21,30 per cetrt, and that of Doctorates from 2,7g per cent. to 1.45 per cent. The percentage of under-Matriculates in* creased from 6.34 in rhe Fifrh to 13.54 in the Sixth Lok Ssbha, and to 18.89 in the Seventh Lok Sabha. This is indced intrigurng
!

rrVhat is striking is tbat contrary to all cxpectations gen3fated

It may be of interest to note that of the four Lok Sabhas under examination, educational level of thc ruling party legislators was the lowest in the Sixth Lok Sabha. Such a phcnomnon may in part be ascribed to thc cxtraordinary circumrtances at the time of the formation of Janata Party and also during tbe Sixth Lok Sabha elections.
the nurnber of under-Matriculates increased by more than 110 per cent in the Sixth Lok Sabha, and by nearly 40 per cent in the Seventh Lok As can be seen

from curve in Diagram IV,

their respective

result the

Sabha as compared to

predecessors, with the graduate, post-graduatc, doctorate, college educated, and university educatcd legisfatorr

percentage shares

ol

a9PCAlIoNAf

r"BvEL

t# ...J*-r-

i; 'tlF[lnrlFE.
ftnA0Utl5

'.

FO5T6RAOUATE5

IX'CIORATIS

UNIYiRSIIY
PlngP5

OUIATION

cottE 6t

,\'

5,t
-1>',
I

F-

0J RSt
I
1

r0

5A8lrA --

SXIft'

;tol

Cstrlrtoxlr ttvtls u{ ii.{

SAblt AS

FrRSr FfTH sJxlx Ato lflE

Diagrasl No. lY

cHANcrtic poI,trlcAt. REpnEsENTAiIoN rN rNDla

felt by ll per cent,4 per cent, ll per centand 7g per cent rspectively in rhe Sixrh Lok Sabha. Similarly, from the Sixth lo the Seventh Lok Sabha the percentage representation of the ruling party Post Graduates and Doctorates fell by l5 per ceng and nearly 92 per cent respectively There was, however, an increase of slightly more than 9 per cent in the.share of legislators holding professional and other miscellaneous qualificalions in the Sixth Lok Sibha, but once again it took a down" hill plunge by nearly 38.0 per cent in the Seventh Lok Sabha.
We shall dwell upon the factors responsible for these phenothe subsequent pages, but the point utorth noticing: at this stage is rhat the cducational level of the Indian parlid. mcnt took a steep plunge in the Sixth Lok Sabha, and ths Sevcnth Lok Sabha saw lhe highcst percentage of under.matriculates.
mena in

Educational Standards

Strte-nisc Brtal-up of the Ruling party Legislaiors in the First, Fifth, Sixth end lhe Serenth Lok Sabhas by Thcir

corresponding variance in the educational levels of their res* pective leadersbip. An analysis of the data relating to the educational lev,els of thc ruling party legislators returnJd from vari. ous stats to the four Lok Sabhas under examination, does not itsetf to any righr ctassjficarion. [See Appendices T::.""r_ l:r9

dimensions such as India rhere by virtue of diversity of cultures, languages, and historical circumstances, the different units have utt"in"d varying: degrces of_ development, it is natural to expect by and large a,

In a country of ncar continental

ilt(t), III(,,), Ill(iri), ard III(ir)1. Even so, an artempt has been made to analyse the fiuctuating trends in the educational leveh of tbe members of lhe rulir:g party by grouping the various. states in the following broad categories:_
(a)
States lrhich tave consistenlly returred

more

of itt representatiles from

:0 Fer ccnt or amongst graduatcs;

(D) States wbicb have been relu,nirg at leasr 25 per c!t of tbeir representatives witb post-graduate and higher
qualifications;

FDUCATTOI'L\L

LEVEL

39

(c) States which have 25 per cent or morc of their repre' such sentatives to the four Lok Sabhas from amongst persons uho havc attended -a colJege o!.-unive'rsity without obitaining anY degree; and (d) Such states uhich have invariably returned a !a199 perceniage of their legislators from amongst unoerMatriculate/Matriculate/Higher Secondary category' and from amongst professionals and holtliis of various diplomas/cert ifiCatei in humanities and other miscellanJous subjects (as listed in the footnole of Table 16)'
The slates of Assam, Gujarat, Haryana, Madhya of their rcpre' have all invariably returned 30 per cent or more
Pradesh

seiitativestothefourLokSabhaswithgraduatequalifications. the Of the total I 19 graduaies belonging to the ruling party io for more frfin Lot< Sabhaithese four states together accounted irt"" ri fer cent of thcm with their respcctive shares as 4'13 Per cent,4.li per cent, 3.30 per cent and 5'?i3 per cent respectively Similarly, of the total 98 graduates of the ruling partyjn were from the Sixth Lok Sabha, 24, i.e.' nearly 25 p-'r cent sbare being 1'02 per cent' these states with lheir percentage In the 6.12 per cent, 4.08 per cint, 13'26 per cent respecdvely' graduates in tbe ...Eeventh Lok Sabha also,of the total 142 House, the combined share of these four states was lmorc "than 21 p:r cent' Representation o[ the graduate legislators. of 'the rulingparty in the four Lok Sabhas under- examinatiol is being shcwn separately for each of the four states in Tables l7 (,), (tt), (ttt). and (ir)'
ISee ApPendix

III

(iD].

Table 17(i)-Assam

Sr. 'No.

Lok
Sabha

Educational l.eYel
U

Gradu- Post DoctoMstric I ates Gradu' rates Univer' sity Eduates Matricl caIiOn Iligher
nder 5(38.4
38.4 2(r 5.s)

1.

rrst

Fifth
Sixth

r(33.3
1(50.0

1( 7.7) l(33.3)

4.

50.0

40

cHANcrNc pot,trrcAL

REpRBsENTATToN

IN rNDrA

Tablo 17({i)*Gujarat

Sr.
No.

Lok

Educotional

Sabha Under- Gradu-

post Docto- Collegel Others Matfiil ates Grailu- rates (InivJMatric 1 atcs sity EduHighercation
Secon-

--.-----.----...

Level

dary

First -: 2. Fifrh
1.

5(s0.00) l(10.00) l(10.00) 2(20.00) l(10.0)

3) 4. Seventh s(32.00) 14(56.00) 2( s.00)

3,
3(2t.
6(42.

Sixth

4\

s, 2(t4.

3(21.4)

l(4.m)

Table

l?(ill)-H*yena

Sr.':Lok
No. Ssbhq

Educational Level

Under- Gradu.Matricl ares

Matricl
'I{igher
Secondary

Past
Gradutes

Doctot- Callcge I Othets

ates

University Education

l. First 2. Fifrh 3. Sixth i*. $eventh

4( 57.1)

2(28.6)

l(14.3)

4( 44.4) 5(s5.6)
5(100.0)

,Eo6ntrONAL; LTVEL

'

{t

Tabb 1?(iv)-MadhYa Pradesh

SL

Lok

Educational

Level
College

No. Sabha Under Gruduates Posl Eoctor' Gradu'ates Matrlcl ates Matricl
High.r
Secgn-

Athers

Universitl
Edacation

dary

l.

First

4(20.0) 8(40.0) 2(10.0)

3(16.7) ?(39.0)

2f Fifth 3. Sixth

l(5.0) 3(15.0) 2(ll.l) l(s.5) l( 5's)

2(10'0)

4(22'2'

8(2r.6) 13(35.1) e(24.4)

tQ'I\ 3( 8.1)

3(8'l)

4.

Svcnth

8(22.8) 1q28.6) ?(20.1) 1(2'8) e(2s.7)

Xote: Figures in parentheses show percentagc rcpresent'rion of the given cducational level from the concere
ed statc.

can be seen from the tablcs abovc that these arc also thc :itritec tf,hich havo i,.eturned minimum number of legirlatorn belonging to thc undc r-Metric category. Thc only exception to tkis,p-"t6tn is thg state of Madhya Pfedcsb which has invarF ably returned nearly 20 per cent of its legislators from this atgory. No othcr commonality in the reprcsentatioo patterf,

It

of various cducational levels in these four states can be dis' celncd except thlt along with 30 per ceut or more graduate bgislatore, ihat" *t"t"t also return at least l0 per ceot of their
represeritatives

*ifh ?ost'Graduate

qualifications'

In thc second category' viz., those Statcs/Union Territories which have feturned to the four Lok . Sabhhs under cxemiaation, no less than 25 per ccnt of their legislators with Post.raduate or highcr qualifications, we have Assam' Bibar' Itar*ana, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Delhi' The bre4*'up oJ the ruling lparty legislators by 'tbeir .educational lcvJs ilthc four Lok-Sa-bhat it b.ing shown in Tables 18(i)' (ii) (iir), ard (r'r,) separately for each stote'

:12
I
.i'. |

CHANGING POLTTTCAL RBPnESENTATIO!-{: M. I{*DIA.

..

t
I

sl

\O-aO$ -i 6i 'd rt?^t q AO C'l

rttt trtl

.:' .:s
:a

'-- v .\ .s r-) r)i

;iX FX q \' XY ;, "'? ttr

t' ,.,
I

\O c'l oO t/-l -jd.aod

.E
I

qt

tf
ia 6
{)

3{ \cl
* r,'i
FE

-; d ,.; =Y;(F
,.i

\C 'an \o

O\

r vi,

A:;,a.)

K*

9cr9a
9Sre9{3 v qc c\.t o\

',|
oo
(u

,ta$ ' Ex.v.

| | e{ .nI I h.a

aqa

t'r

r-r t: i's '-I\

t.F .s

\O a.t t-- ra) v-l O aa

q"l

F9 l{ r-Y
",e

<d
i

d
"5e o

AE

{ .{

,\ tL o

.--c4F' g,=; I r/)

+,..6 5 F

,&'

itiiaS

- c'l .n r+

41

ii'Gr 6'6' c,iO*.a

XF.5:<
'.:

.r; \d' (\-r(tt

.ri

.1 \vl F ra) \O i.) ,r;

YY;<V
.:

.::

r\o$

ro

a?
I

+l6i
t
4' rl,

-.\

llll

.:
fc.l

6l

..i er .ri 3l a.r V) tI

'O c.l \O O ,r; o oo v;

..{ \l)

c)

;J
I
I

.AAAf;

X;c;si{. ea ..r ai_ EXF= t,

lt)

':
{

90
(,.)

b , -9 3 I HR ; vv i=.r(r C..t l.Q

i.-, l t- '-<

cv;5x

^^-G' ,d tc; o..=

l<ls i f h.l t{:9 Ir q

I
I I

l->d

^':

J. oi r.l sf

-14

CHANCING POLITICAL RSPRESENTATION TN INDA'

and bigher qualifications. Being the largest- Stats in the country, together the two of thcm accounted for 46.26 oer 'cent, 4A.23 per cent, 51.3g and 32 pcr ccnt of the total oo.L, of Post-Graduates in thc First, Fifth, Sixth and Seventh tok :Sabhas respectively. Similrrly, thcsc two crates accountd for 60 per gent, 50.per cent and 40 per cent of the totAl humber of doctorates in the First,, Sixth and the Seventh Lok Sabhas rcspecti\rcIy. [See Appendix III(t), (t,), (fi). and (iu)]. Howevcr, no .candidate bclonging to thc ruling party with doctofate 'qualifications was returned from eithcr of tb.r. two,tates to thc Fifth Lok Sabha. As regards Assam; Haryaoa, Himacbal, Pradesh, and Delhi, at least 25 per cent of the total number .of legislators of the ruling party from these states have invariably been holding post-graduat of highef qualifications.
A rather large numbcr of Lok Sabha Members of the ruling party in all the four Lok Sabhas uader cxrmination, claim. to have attcnded a Collegc or a Uniwrsity but with'no proof 'to support this. In almost alt of thosc cases, the most commonly msigned reason for having left the CollGge/univorsity without obtaining a dcgrce is given as, joining a political movemcnt or imprisonment as a consequence theriof.

It mty be of interest to notc frorF Tables l8(i) and,(rrr) rhat the States. of Bihar and Uttar pradejh, otr arr average, ,eturn more then 30 pcr cent of their legislatms havilg iost-CraCurnts

With tbc exception of just two states, viz., Haryana and __ Himachal Pradesh, a large aumber of legislators of the ruling party from all the states in all thc four Lok Sabhas undcr stuily, claim to have left their studies due to one reason or the oflrcr, Maximum number of such cases arc to be found from Orisra, W.est Bengal aod Assarn, followed by Uttar pradesh and Bihar. The perccntage reprcsentation of such legislators from i:ach of thcrc states in the First, Fifth, Sixth and the Seventh lgt.salt-r1 \ing 30.8 per ccnt in thc Fifth. CO p".."ni;o ii" Sirth and 15.78 per cent in the Seventh Lof Sabh; in the case ofl Orissa; 38.1 per cent in the Fiist,23.l per ccnt in the Fifth. 3J.3 per,cnt in thc Sixth, end 20 pcr ccnt in the Scventh Lok Sabtra in thc case of'Wcst Bengal ; li.2.pcr, ccfit i! the First aud 15.5

?DUEATTONA!

L!VfL
I

4' ,i

rtdt
aa

ti
ll
I I

l^-.
"s

I'EE
| | F-

,H9s

.6qQ'

I t..-, F la
l=. t:-:
I

s
.s.
rli

a,a z-. A e.l-O\Y

6(r.rtq-

'v6;;
llll
6a

gRXE\ivvrloril ll\-/l

l!a l$ trlo

rl

a t

td9R '
,.i\oal l=..t<l

a.q

v-;
6 q'a

at

a!
o)
(u

il it {l

I.L t^I

:J

6:qq

t\

?999
6'- 6'q
b& t.}

Y I
c}\

v
I

.: rl

:ttt

a.)

,VY;

.)
-G

t.

ils &t DI
I

::tr-

pgg9
Eh' "1 rll :t cr\
|

t()

r
>.
@

cqq IF'og
r.,vY

tr- .:y

l: 'iF ts lD S*
I

c.l

r 3
o
bI!

*<

f.'l

'<' ,a ql
v1

(!

E#E iiilad;
J
ei.

;i r.- :; :i t" x !? t(D i: t6 ghoa lE

-o ,:>

t'i +

ci*

46

CHANOING POLITICAL RBPRESBNTATION IN'1ITDIA

per cent in thc Fifth Lok Sabha, in the case of Assam; 15,3 per ccnt in the First, 16.?-per cent ia the Fi_fth, ls.j per cent in tbe lSixth, and, 15.7 pcr cent io the Seventh Lok Sabba, in the case of Uttar Pradesh ; and ll.6 per cent in the First, 15.2 per rent in the Fifih, 13.7 per cent in the Sixth and lB.5 per cert

of Bihar. The break-up of category frorn the .states of Orissa and West Bengal can be seen from Tabtes t9(t) and (tr). (Fqr Assam, Bihar and Uttar pradesh, see Tablec 1(t), 18(,) and l9(i/i) respecrively).
case

the ruiing party legislators falliog in this

in thE Seventh Lok Sabha in the

The three states, viz, Orissa, West Bengal, and Asiam constituting the Eastern Region of the country hav; among themselves highest p:rcentage of such Lok Sabha members who fleft their College/University studies unfinished due to one reason or the other and joined politics. In the abtence ofadequate oate, tltough.no conclusions can.be. drawn as to the greater degrec of politicisation/active participation in politics of the student. corumunity at the College/University stage, it has dennitely 'pointed.to an area which needs an inelepth examination. A thorough investigation ofthe question as to why the incidence of College/University dropours entering into active politics is extremely high in Eastern India as compared to the rest of thri:l o_untry, may unearth important information about the pattcrn of students' involvement in politics in various parts of the country. A graphical representation of College/University .drop outs of the ruiing pirrty from the Eastern india states and from the rest of the country in ihe First, Fifth, Sixth and the Seventh Lok Sabhas is shown in Diagram V.

It is interesting to note from Diagram V that the representation of the College/University drop-outs from the Easrern States slumped considerably in the Seventh Lok Sabha.
ln addition to the College/University drop_out category, quite a large numb-.r of legislatore in all the fr_rur Lok Sabhas under scrutiny have been found. to be under-Matriculatrsl Mltriculates or with professional and other. miscellaneous qualificdrions ofthc older Indian systvn of erjucation. Together

.siffJct rroNAL

rtVrL
I

.-.41

SASI
RTST

INilA AtrN$T
OF INOTA A'EFA6E

!? 4 F

z,

'FlRsi

''

DRoP-ours rB pER(tNT RtPRqseNTATtoN 0F croLLE'GE !*]YE-l:tT,:- SASHAS 'ANO TH6 SEVENTh tOK THE TtRST. FIFTH, SIXTh cnd the stotes of Assqm ' orissa NoTt I 49i. lndta repreEents \.le si Bengol. xvl ' xvtt ond Xvlll obtt* tl- AvefoqQs vorke<j oul fron tobles
Diagraqr No. Y

.$

\
CHAI\GING PoLITICAL REPRBiINTATTON rU Il{pIA

lEst{
I lia l"t
la)

ae.c NdAE xi6,xn<

i sss
lo
I

?qcq -;.{

lEs

lS'S

TlFss ctlu -l <.4

G'

l< +s t!.: :

=g**
?
Y
-:lFo,5

?c
V;6,

ts$$
lEsE
I

l;'E

a\

,-\

.:i
I

=F..rl

lq)

GI

rlr* it;
'st.i
I: li

El !
"F

st\

lFrt 'Ytl

l*o
I

VE;Fi :(f c.l

9'aa
YiiXrc-'rqqc
F

tt

I$

t* 'rs fi
*t

a{

cl e{tr+.1

;(6Y+,
;:. lfr

ral

"!* -:d

r--o'oF gr?y
;: l{ A al,
aJ

rj*

'-: ri Fi +

TDUCATIONAL LEVEL

49

;BI

.o Fr

{ I -

\s s*

H*- b

s.9 *

1,.;oiFl c.t I | :r_ c{

\o{ol ^^^l

i{n<El

-l

,Rq\

lg9s,

t SsF
<\d 'ad
!

i\ .!s-d =

. AQQ

t6Rx

X+.X
c..'

e
I

SN
6*

!F

- a' ,-. t;=X ii

x
()
60F

.\l ()

\i

rtdl llvl
| 6i ..i r-(\l* sstCod

o
q)

F
o
F

"s

B.a \tt ^og

q)

I c.i o. l\clN=i_
O r.)

^^^

cn,

od oo
0.)

ho,

's -o
vt

ol

! i.d r4e

I'

EE;

tu

l)

IL, Q' '(A

z.

-i .i

..i $

50

CHANGING POLITICAL REPRESENTATTOI.I IN, I}IDII,

these two categories of the Lok Sabha Members account for approximately lO per cent to 20 pcr cent of ihe total number of legislators. Sueh Members are rcturned from almost all states but Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Madhya pradcsh seem to be ahead of all thc rcst as lar as the First, Fiftb, Sixth and the Seventh Lok Sabhas are concerned. Represcntation of these categories of legislators from Rajastban a,nd Maharashtra is shown in Tables 20 (i) and (ii) below. (For Mddhya Pradesh, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, see Tables 17 (iv), 18 (l) and l8 (iii) respectively).

We had clarified at the outsct that though scholastic attainments cannot necessarily be eguated with political maturity and competence, I certain minimum level' of educational qualification is nevertheless essential for Lok Sabha Membe rs so as to grasp the complexities of parliamentary business. It is admittedly a difficult proposition to define this 'minimum level of ducational qualification' and lay down the lowest desirable level of education for the Membcrs of the Lok Sabba. Oo a purely simple coirsiiJeration, if rve assume the first degree examination, i.e., graduolion as the minimum educational levil required of the Membeis of the Lower Llbuse of Indian Patliament so as to give them a supposedly better understanding of the parliameritafy business, then we find that nearly 30 to 40 per cent of tlib Mimbers of the Lok Sabha do not ful6l this condition. Tbe followihg tablb shows separately the numbers and percentago representation of the Graduate and higher degree qualificatibrls on the one hand and those with lower qualifications on'thd other, in all thc four Lok Sabhas under cxamina-

tion.

Table'2l' thus shows that over the lait 30 years since the first Geoeral Elections in the country, the increase in thc educationdl level of the Lok Sabha has bcen only marginal. On the contrary, it actq_ally feE down by nearly 5.5 per cent from the f ifth to the Sixth Lok Sabha and,did lrot close the gap cven,in ihc"Seventh. As compared to the First Lok Sabba the cducational level of the ruling party Members in the Sixth Lok Sabha was highcr by'less than 2 pei.ccnti Even in the

ADUCATIONAL LEVEI.

5t
Table 21

Graduate and Non-Grailuate Members itr the Sixth ar*l the Seventh Lok Sabhas

nist.

Fifth,

No.

Sr,

Lok
Sabha

Total Number of ruling

party
Members

Member with NonGraduate and GraduHigher Quali ate fications* Mem-

bers*t
First
I J,

327

96(59.9)

13r(40.1)
103(32.7,
r l0(38.2)

Fifth
Sixh Seventh

Jlf
288

212(67.3)
178(61.8)

4.

344

222(64.5)

r22t3s.5,

Note

: "

Figures in parentheses show percentages,

Includes Graduates, Post-Graduates and Doctorates.

**

Includesunder-Matriculates, Matriculates, College and University educated, professionals, and all others holding various diplomas, certificates and degrees etc. in languages and humanities etc.

Seventh Lok Sabha which bas the second best representatioo of the Graduate category, the increase over the First Lok Sabha was less than 4.5 per cent.

From this discussion ol the education l:velsof the ruling party members in the Lok Sabha, we can tentatively conclude {hat there bas been no appreciable increase in the cducational levels ofthe national legislators in India. Even the partern of ?break-up of the ruling party legislators by various educational Jcvel categories has to a great extent remained unchanged which ,is approximatcly 35 per cent Graduates; 25 pcr ceot post-Graduates; 3 per ccnt Doctorates; l0 to 15 per cent College/Unrwcrisity cducatcd; atrd nearly 20 per cent under.Matriculatec

52

CHANGINC PoLITICAL REPRESENTATION tN INDIAI

and with miscellaneous othcr qualifications. Considering tle various facts however, the relative stability of university level
of ducation must be considered no small achievement.

the individual states, no grave differences havebeen found in the patterns of representation from one state to the other. By and large, all the states bave been found with a pattern of representation of national leadership by their educational qualifications, similar to the one obtainable at the national level. However, the three Eastern States of Assam, brissa and West Bengal havc been found to be returning a relatively too large a proportiol of their Lok Sabha Members
As regards

from amongst such persons who leave their College/University studies unfinished and join active politics. An answer to this phenomenon is beyond tbe scope of this study, but a thorough investigation of the problem so as to find suitable explanations' asto wby such a practice is confined largely to the Eastera States may reveal important information.

CHAPTER V

OCCUPATIONAL STATUS

Occupational status of the legislators, while one of the 'most important consituents in determing the socio-economic .character of a legislative assembly, is at the same time a source of special diffculty, especially in the Indian circumstanc*. In India, it is not uncommon for a person to be engaged in

sarious occqpations
-engaged

in

several

Sabha Member worker, while at the same time.claiming

of them even at the same time. A Lok may be a lawyer, a journalist, and a social
to be a land-owner
.

at

different strges

of

his

life, or

to

be

,aud a holder of several busincss interests. In the absen:e of accurate, complete and reliable data, all discussion about the occupational background of the ruling rparty legislators is reduced at best to intelligant guess work. However, considering the fact that the economic and political .development of a country rarely fails to reflect itself in the occu.pational composition of its ruling elite,* we have neverthelese "{oade an attempt to ass-ss the emerging pattern of occuptional
*For a detailed discussicn of the changing occcupational complexion of the Inclian legislators ever since the advent of parlia-

in

mentary elections

in India, see W.H.

Morris-JonEs, ParliamEnt
1976

India, Westport, Connecticut, Grejnwood Press,

pp. 114-128.

54

CIIANCING POLITICAL REPRESETITATToN IN INDIA

character of thc ruling clite in India on the basis of tbe information furnished by the Members to the Lok Sabha Secretariat. The data on tbe occupational composition of the ruling party in thc Indian Parliament does not lend itself to any srricr. classification, due largcly to the variety and multiplicity of vocations said to be followed by the politcal rlire in India. In the following pagcs, howcvcr, an attempt is being made to analyse. the social and occupationgl .base of the Indian legisltors by grouping them under ten broad categories as shown inTable 22.

It is clear from Table 27 that on an average, 50 to 60 per ccnt of the ruling party legislators in the Lok Sabha arc Lawyers and Agriculturists. If ryc add to this those legislators
claiming to be "social and pclitical workers", then together the three groups account for ncarly 80 per cent of the total ruling party lcgislators in each of the Lok Sabhas under study. The tr0ost irqportqnt developmcnt is that the pgrcentage of Lawyer members has been decrcasing while that of Agriculturirts is gradually incrcasing, a phenomenon which we will commeut in detail lircr.

.upon

There wasa sudden increasc of more than 13 per cent in thc members'of Soiial and Political Vy'oikers in the Sixth Lok Sabha as comparcd to the Fifth Lok Sabha. It rray bc of iaterest to note that as far as this category is concerned, carlier trend bad been towards a decline in their numbers dg ehown in Table 22.In thc Seventb Lok Sabha the pc{crntage sbare of tbis once again fgll by nearly 28 per cent as compared to the Sixth Lok Sabha.

The predominance of lawyer legislators in tbe earlier Lok the bistorical legacy of the British Raj in India when largely Westeri educated Barristersdrawn mainly from powerful soeial and cconomic classes formed the core of the lcadcrship io tbe Indian National Congress,. which in course of time also becamc the vanguar{ of the Iidian freedom struggle. It was therelore perhaps natural that a larger percentag of ruling elite came from amongst tbe legal prqfessioo. The gradual dccline in their numbers is an interesting phcnomenon and could perhaps be cxplaincd in
Sabhas can be explained in terms

OCC$PATIONAL S1ATUS

55

sl *I .9ls

t: tG *t\ 'iI \l
-cl!
$t!

<fSOFoPFo\o\crvo\ ci ci (\r+ "d

t\.l fOO (.1

.'i

d;

vt

lr\O

cn

c\l

rf N

,:iR -l

;:
r-l

*lu
-\t ! Y]
*1.

^-

EHx o\o+od-jte;
(\ a.t ai

g
x

*llb

-6 E.>r Ci

st xi
-E -S
I

hu
O)

frPs
9=$t.)d|'1.r ?9;<l'6q

a{ l\

.= E4

e0 !.
c,

.Elt
,al al

XS=\o+\o
e{ |.| aof);(\l
c.l

"E 4
F

E>,

or'c

tr
Eq
L-!

-{ls >:11.:3 !-la 'I

I

:(\

c.a

?9 c,9
ag !61 rr J:

a2

BS -t}'| iSv drS

8frd \c; .o
rat c.l \O lf!
rn
an

E \o

q
Fl-

*l=
!lql t{,

2x na

lE

RKK
.'d aC q.!t

tS

E $ gE frE Eg E
AR
e{
aa

9-xeH -E EE e, = E= .Yg =.i :E

ef E.;

56

CIIANGTNG POI,ITICAL REPRBSENTATION IN I.NIXA

\o !1 Y.:\oo Fl.i6;'

rf,

r_

(r)

$\o

t-

c'l

.;-i m(o
a: F.
rar

oo .)

x El'.i
.lf .r It

oo

{)

.rF
v.:-

..i

\o

F-

.i

v)

-;

F.-

c.l

\9
\o
2 (J=

\O

|/l

ol

t$

rl oc (o .2 '; ,:& E -?cl

CB
Lt

'!

!?

-<

*'' & Eor

e\

o g)

'5o

i.:o:: 1'48 q ::o?i)

r.E .= ii e t-r bo 3rq .g n dE c, ;n 6 (s 5 F.9 -t)'lC.:>4.} 5 -u, F o.: _F = :'i >d;

ro<t

; E.g

#
e

a.o

Fr

cl
,a_

f,

-t[ !. Tr*

tf

oi

OC'CUPATTONAL

STATUS

57

that the political base of tbis group has sbrunk as against some of thc other groups especially the agriculturists' But' -what is mos! surprising is that except for the agriculturists the percentage share of representatives of almost all other
classes

has declined during these thirty years.

class which has gained substantially at the expense of all other .categories in the recent Lok Sabhas and especially thc Seventh Lok Sabha when its representation rcached an all time high 'of 40,11 per cent. The only exceptions to this have been the two categorie-s of Social and Political Workers, and Teachers which -had also been gradually losing ground, but sornehow managed to register an upward push in the Sixth Lok Sabha'

Put differently, the agriculturists turn out to bc the only

Sabha not only the agriculturists succeeded in consolidating their position' even the lawyers registered a slight in"t.uit. The percentage share-.of Social .and Political Workers category declined by nearly 22 per cent but it was still sufrciently higher than in the First and tbe Fifth Lok Sabhas. As compared to the Sixth Lok Sabha' the Educationists and Teachers class has come out to be Sabha in so far as its perhighest loser in the Seventh Lok entage share fell from 8.30 per cent in the former to a mete 3.77 pet cent in the latter, (See Diagram VI)'

In the Seveoth

Lok

.class has consolidated its position in the Lok Sabha after every 'successive election. On the other hand, the percentage shares

It is thus clear from Diagram VI that the Agriculturist

of representation of all other categories have been declining from one Lok Sabba to the other. The only exceptions to this have been Social and Political Workers, and Educationists and Teachers. Heaviest losers in this process of change of .occupational composition of the Lok Sabha have been the lawyers, followed by Journalists and Wr iters, Traders and Industrialists, Military and Civil Setvants, etc.

1he profound significance ofthese

'be overlooked. The present trend

is

developments cen hardly a clear indication that the

political processes unleashed through free and

democratic

58

CHANGING POLITICAL R.B*RF$ENTATION "IN INDIA

r!fttuttllils rrflY|$ .-+ s00r r ,ouffI' rcltltr -$..{.+ cldtsosti | rfAtiflt \ +-!+.. !utnl![? a utrttti \ 'L <ir.+-rrr0ri,i I ltguttttltttnl : 4+++ oar rott t(tr+n3rs e aiei(tl3 +..._ rsoa r,|q tr! . tlttmY I cnr stlt'trtt -+-o,t{lt5
..

3aultt.i alr

B$tuUrt

sl8|ras

tr|f6l{|t af t eurtlai Af,ry u lli trtgt . rFth, l'rni o *.

Dhgran YI

OCCUP.{TIONAL STATUS

59

parliameutary clections, have started to bring about a major transfer of political power form the westernised and urban political elite ,to the rural classes. This pbenomenon wbich for thc first time camc into a sharper focus during the Sixth and the Seventh Lok Sabhas may have major implications for the political and cponomic development of thc country.
State-wise Break-up of the Ruliug Party Leglslators in the First, Fifih, Sixtb and tle Scrcnth Lok Sabbe by Thelr Qecupations.

The pattern of represeotation of various occuptional cetegories from the different states of the Indian Ulion in the four Lok Sabbas under scrutiny does not show any oarked variations. frpm thp overall natiooal model as discussed above' [See Appendix lV(i), (tD, (iii) and (iv)1. With few exceptions, even the ffuctuatiotrs inthc percentage share ofa cert&in occupational category from a particular state, from one Lok Sabha to the other, have bcen largely on the same lines as at thc national. level. For instaoce, the representation of agriculturists from . Hicrachal Pradesh fell by nearly i5 per cent from the First to the Fifth Lok Sabha, while during the saore period there was actually,an incregse of morc than 139 per cent in the rirare of agriculturi$!g-at the national level. Similarly, from tbe Fifth tp the Sixth Lok Sabha, the tepresentation of the sam category from Assam increascd by approximately I 14 per cent, wbilc' there was a decling of nearly 9 per cent at the nationql level.
Incompatibilitics in thc trends of representation, such as above, have been.found to be not so uncommon, both as between individual states as well as between the states and the national Dattern. But as stated earlier, most of the states of thc Indian Union have, by and large, the same occu ationalcomposition of th-'ir r:spective representations to the Lok Sabhas as the aggregate national pattern. A detailed State-wisc account of the percentage share of various occupational categories from each of the states in the four T ok Sabhas undcr examination is however being given in the following pagcs'

Thethrcc occupational categories, namely, Agriculturists' Lawyers, and Social and Political Workers, havc by fat,"

60

CHANGING PoLITICAL REPRESENTAIToN IN INDIA

invariably been respoosible for more than 75 per cent of the total membership of th ruling party in the lower house of the Indian Parliament. For the sake of convenience, therefore, we have grouped the various states around these three occupational categories in the main, so as to facilitate analysis. Thc states have been clustered around the tbree vocations according to the following criteria:

(a) (r)

States from which 25 per ccnt or more Lok Sabha Mcmbcrs have invariably been agricultrists;
States from which at least 20 per cent Lok Sabba Mcmbers havc been lawyers; and

(c) Such states which have returned 9 per cent or morc of their legislators from amongst. social and political
workers.

The states of Haryana, Bihar, Orissa Madhya

pradesh,

tion of Lok Sabha members from each of these states is being

given in Tables 23(i), (rr), (ttt), (ir), and (r) respectivety.
can be seen from tables 23 (i) to 23 (y) that all these states have been returning 25 per cent or more of tbeir represen-

and llimacbal Pradesh fall in the first category. AII these states lave invariably returned to each of the four Lok Sabhas under scrutiny, no less tban 25 per cent of their Members from amongst the agriculturist class. The occupational composi-

It

tatives from amongst the agriculturist class. However, there other parallels that can be drawn between the patterns of representation from tbese five states. In the case of Haryana and Bihar for instance, we find that from the Fifth to the Sixth Lok Sabha, the percentage share of agriculturists actually came down, remained constant in the case of Himachal Pradesh, while rcgistered an upward push as far as Orissa and Madhya Pradesh are concerned. It is significant to note that the percentage share of agriculturists from the Fifth to the Sixth Lok Sabha came down by morc than 37 per cent in the case of Haryana. Though in percentage terms. this state is still ahead of .all others'js returning highcst percentage of agriculturists to the
.are hardly any

OCCUPATIONAL STAIUS

6l
Table

23(i)-Hart anr

.Sr 1',' t\ o.

Uccuoatnnal Lategortes

Lok Lok
Lawyers

First Firth l(14.3)

Number of Members in the

Sixth Lok
3(33.3)

Seventh

Lok
Sabha

Sabha Sabha Sabha

l.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Agriculturists Social and Political

Workers Educationists and
Teachers.

s(71.4) 4(44.4t 1(14.3) 1(11.1)

2(40.0) 3(60.0)

Journalists and Writers. Traders and Indust

rial ists.

7. 8. 9. 10.

Doctors, Engineers
and Scien tists. Trade Unionists.
M rlitary Services.
C

and Civil

rfi I l\

thers.

Table 23(ii)-Bihar Sr, No. uccupatrcnat Lategoty

Nunber

Sabha Sqbha Sabha

t.

riftn sixtn- Seventi Lok- Lok Lok Lok

rrrst
Sabha

of "

M embers in the

4.

I l(25.U) Lawyers Agrioulturists 15(34. l) Social and Political 7(15.9) Workers. 2( 4.5) Educationists and Teachers.

2( 5.1) 7\r3.7) 3(tl.r) 2o(s 1.3 ) 22(43.3) 1s(s5.6).

6( rs.4) l s(29.5)

<rra

{\

4(10.3)

4( 7.8)

2( 1.4\
1( 3.7)

6.

Journalists and Writers 5(11.4) Traders and Industria- l( 2.3) lists.

2( 5.r) 1( l.e) 2( 5.1)

2.6)

7.
8. 9.

Doctors. Engineers
Scientists

and

l( 2.3) l( -

1(3.7)

Trade

Unionists 2( 4.5) Military & Civil Services

othefs.

1( l.e)

10.

l(

1.e)

62

CHANGING POLITTCAL NEPRE"ISNTATION IN INDIA

Table 23(iii)-Orissa

ff',.

occupational Category

ai3;ils*:;ry#; Lok Lok tot, 1ii

Sabha
Sabha Sabha Sabhq 2(18.1) 4(36.5)
2( r 5.5)

l.
2.

Lawyers.

AgriculturiSts Social and Political

Workers Educationists and
Teachers.

1( 6.7) 2(11.r,

l(
r(

e.l)

4(30.6) 5(33.3) 4(22.2' r( 7.7) 4(26.6) 7{3e.t}

4.

e.r)

2(ts.s) 2(t3,3) l(5.s)

3(23.0)

5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
10,

Journalists and Writers. Traders and Industrialists

l( 9.1)

l(

6.7)

2(n.t\

Doctors, Engineers and

Scientists

Trade Unionists Military and Civil

Services

2(18.1)

l(

6.7)

l(

5.s)

Otbers.

t(7.7) catesory

,Sr.

No.

occupationat

i{#!t#f*!#" Lok
Sabha Sabha

in

the

Lok

Seventh

Lok
Sabha

Lok
Sabha

l.
',.

Lawyers

Agriculturists
Social and Politicrl Workcrs. Educatiouists and
Teachers,

8{2e.7) 5(23.8) l0(27.s) 7(2s.9, 7(33. r) l4(3s.s) 5(18.5) l( 4.s) 9{25.0)

2( 7.4)
3(l

7Qu.A, t5(42.e) 7(20.0)

4. 5

6. 7.
8.

Journalists and Writers Traders and Industrialists

t( 3.7) 2( 9.s) r.l) 4ile.0) t(

2(5.'1>

2.8) 4(l1.4)

Doctors, Engineers and

;clcntlsts.

l( 3.7) l( 4.S) l( 2.8)

l(
4.8),

Trade Unionists.
M ilitary and -Scrvices

9.

Civil

OGCUPATIONAL STATUS

63

Table 23(v)-Flimacbal Prailesh

Sr,

Occupational

No. CategorY

Sabha Sabha
1(25:0)
I

Seventh Sabha

Lak

l. 2. 3.
.4.

Lawyers

1(25.0)

r(33.3)
r(33.3)

Agricult
Social

urists

(33.3)

1(2s.0)

l(2s.0)
l(25.0)

and

2(66.6) 1(25.0)

Political Workers'
Educationists and Teachers

l(33.3)

J. 6. 7. 8. 9.
10.

Journalists and
Writers Traders and Industrialists Doctors, Engineers and Scientists

Trade Unionists

Military and Civil and Services

Others

rtzsrl

(25.0)

Note: Figures in parentheses show pacentage representation of given occupational category from the glven state.
Lok Sabha, yet this abrupt fall in their numbers in the 1977 elec' tions points to soniething akin to a reversal ofthe tr6nd noticed at thc natiooal level. Sirnilarly, from the Sixth to the Seventh .t-ok Sabha the percentage share of this cartegory fell by nearly 60 per cent in tbe cdse of Ofissa. While rio firm conclusions can be drawn just on this basis, rapid and 5ll round development of thdse states during thu part fe]fi yeirs $eds to have played its part in thi!.
Thus, wc find that the Stats rhich have been singled out as' the states rcsponsible for returning higbest pcrdbnt'ages of' agrF cullurists id thc Lok Sabha do not ho.wever indicate any cleilr

64

CHANGING POLITIGAL REPNESENTAITON IN INDTA

continuity of the trend. The case of Haryana and Orissa in particrrlar, is unique from two points of view. One, that as againsi tbe overall national trend, these arc the only states where the percantage share of the agriculturists actually camc down; and lwo that rapid ind ustrialisation and overall progress in the intervening period between the Fifch and the Sixth Lok Sabhas. should have so sharply reflected the transfer of power from the predominantly rural and agriculturist classes to other classes.

In the second category,

least 20 per cent

i e, those states

from which at

Lok

Members have been Lawyers in all the four Sabhas under examination. we have the states of Rajas-

The break-up

of the ruling party legislators from the legal profession in the four Lok Sabhas from each of these states is
being
shown

than, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, and Himachal Pradesh.

in

'lable 24 (t) and (ti). [For Madhya Pradesh

see Tables 23 (tv) and(v)].

and Himachal Pradesh,

Table 24(i)-Rajasthan

Sixth Lok Sevenrh LoESabha Sabha Sabha l. Lawyers 5(62.5) 5(38.4) 8(33.3) 7(43.8) 5(38.4) 8(33.3) 6(37.5) 2, Agricultuists

Sr,

Occupational
Sabha

Number of Members

in

the

No. Category

First Lok Fifth

Lok

3.

Social

Political and

and l(12.5) l(

7.7)

3(

r2.5)

4. 5. 6. 7, 8. 9.
10.

Workers. Educationists

3(r 2.5)

and Teacheis
J

ou

rnalist

and Writers
Traders

r(
2(25.0) 2(15.5)

6.2)

Industrialists Doctors, Engineers

and

2(

8.4)

& Scientists

Unionists .Military and Civil Services

Trade Othcrs

2(r2.s)

OCCUPATId'IAL SiA;NJS

b5

Table 24(ii)-Mrharashtra

Sr. Occapational Nntnber af Members tn lhe No. ategory fiitfrE-itnn 6n sixtn n*-sivui;i
Sabha Sabha Sabha Sabha

LE

l.
.,

'Lawyers

l2(30.0)
I

7(41.2) 4(23.6)

rr(29.7)
l r (29.?)

Agriculturists
Social and

14(35.0)

3.

Political
workers
4.
5

5(12.t
1(

3(r7.6)

7(re.0)

Educationists and Teachers Journallsts and writers Trbders and

2.5)

3(

17.6)

3( 3(

8.1) 8.1)

1( 2.5) 3( 7.5)

6.

Industrialists Doctors.
Engineers and Scientists
8. 9.

r(

2.7)

1( 2.7'

Trade Unionists

Military and Civil Services

Others

10.

1( 2.s)

bccome 43.75 per cent. In thc case of Mdliarashira and Madhya Pradesh also the percentage share.of Lawyers in_ creased in the Sixth Lok Sabha as compared ts the Fifih oirlv

Out ofthe four states falling in this category, tie case of Rajasthan is most typical of the overall declirging hold of the legal profession on politics. It is the only state in which the percentage sbare of representation of the Lawyers has been continuously declining from one Lok Sabha to the otter it ; fell from 62.5 per cent in the First to 38.5 in the Fifrh andto 33.3 per cent in the Sixth Lok Sabha. Ih the Seventh Lok Sabha, however, its share registered a slight increa,se so as to

to take a d-ownward plunge in the Seventh t-ot Siltd in,it Odtl tbe cases. In thc casc of the latter, it had however, fallan down

66

CHANCING POLITICAL RBPRESENTATION IN INDIA

from the First to the Fifth Lok Sabha. Tht statc of Himachal Pradesh also falls in tbc sbare of this category except in the Scventh Lok Sabha in nhich it increased by nearly 33 per cent over its predecessor. It may be'mentioned tbat despite the generally. dwindling position of the legal profession in the Indian . Parliament, cven a slight increass of 4 per cent from the Sixtb' to the Seventh Lok Sabha in the case of this category is highly
surprising.

Finally, in the last of the three categories mentioned abore, we have Delhi, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Assam, tsihar and Maharashtra. All of these have been found to return
!'

at least 9 per cent of lheir representatives to the Lok Sabha from amongst Social and Political Workers. The State'wise breakup of this category in each of the four Lok Sabhas-First, Fifth' Sixth and Seventh-is shown in Tables 25(r), (tt. (t,t)' (iv) and (v). (For Bihar and Maharashtra, see Tables 23(ii) and 24(ii)
respectivlY).

Table 25(i)-Delbi

,Sr.
No.

OccuPational
CategorY

ri* to* ffiTroTSixth Lok Seventh Lok Sabha Sabha Sabha Sabha
l(20.0) r(25.0)
l ( 14.3)

Number of Members in the

l.
2.

Lawyers

Agriculturists
Social and

Political

Workers

2(50.0)

1(20.0) 2(28.6'
2(28.6)

1(25.0)

4.
5,
'6.
"7

Educationists and Teachers Journalists and Writers I (25.0) Traders and Doctors,
Engineers and Scientists.

1(20.0)

r(14.3) 2(50.0)

Industrialists l(25.0)

2(10.0) r(14,3)

'8.

9.

Trade Unionists Military and Civil Servtccs

Others

10.

FT

Sr.
No.

Category

Oceupational

Members in the
:

1.

Lawyers

3(30.0) 2(r+3)

2,

Agriculturists
Social and
'l.l

3(30.0)

1( 7.r)

3.

Political
orkers

2(29.0) .-

7(s0.2)

.4.

Educationists and Teachers

-,-

1(

7.1)

:5.

Journalists and

Writers
Traders and

Industrialists -:Doctors, Enginecrs and Scientists

"e

l(

7.r)

2(20.0)

Trade Unionists

-:1(

9. Military and Civil Services

7.1)
7.D

.{0.

Others

r(

'Sr.
No.

Occaptionat

Caesory VistfrF-FifiifrF-Sixt|-Lo* seveniFrotl Sabha Sdbha Sabha Sabha

3l(46.4)

Nu4bcr

ol[_Agl\yjZt\S

l. Lawyeis 2. 3.

l2(18.3) r6(r9.0)

8(1s.7)

Agiiculturists'9(13.4)
Social and

32(18.7) 37(44.0) 24(47.0)

workeis 4, 5. 6. 7.

Political

9(13.4)

8(1r.8)

r5(17.9)

l0(r9.7),

Educationists and Tcachers 3( 4.5) Journalists

6(

e.r)

7( 8.3)

3(

5.e),

andWriters. 1$4.4)
Traders and

I( 1.5)
4(

2( 3.e>

rndustrialists. ?(10.4)
Doctors, Engineers and

6.1)

4( 4.8)

4(

?.8).

Scientists. -

t( t.5)

4( 4.8)

E.

Trade Unionists

9.

Military and Civil Services.

l(

1.5)

i0. others .-". ft r.sl t( 1.5) l( 1.2)

-oq. qPArro,li^p,

Tilrys

5r.
No.

l.

Lawyers

6(24.0) 4(3.0.8) 2(14.3) 3(23.0)

3(2t.5)

2(40.0)

:'

r'

Agriculturists
Social and

Political Workcrs
.4. Educationists and Teachers
5.

3{r2.0)

2(rs.4)
3{23.1)

5(35.7)

5-(20.0)

414.3)

Journalists and Writers

4
2(

8.0)

Traders and Industrialists Doctors,

Engineers and

8.0)

scientists
Trade Union-

4( 16.0)

:8.

ists

r(20.o)

fr

CIIANGING POLTTICAL

etioN-r* rwoil

i rtdro'2$("FAsren'Members in.

s
Sabha

1.-"'Lawyers 6(54.5) 2. Agriculturists l( 9.1) 3. 4. 5. 6. ?. 8.

Social and

6(46.1)

2(15.4) l(33.3)
a

Workers
Educatibnists'
and Journalists and Writers Traders and

Political

l( 9.1)

2(15.4)
{

l(33'3)

Teachcrs. l(

9.1) l(

7.7)

t( 9.1) -l(

7.7')

Industrialists -1(
necr_s

9.1) l(7.7)

'

l(50.0)

Doctors, Engiand Scientists

Tradc Unionists

9.
10.

Military and Civil Scrvices

OthErs
,

A large pcrccntage of ruling party lpgislatqrs in the Lok Sabha have bcen found to dcclarc social and 'political wofk a$'
thcir.solc.occupction prior to oontcstigg Parliaoentary elections., ' An analisis of tbc tkcupational comlosltion of the ruliog party'
rcvcels

'*fftte-four Lot'Srbtas undcrtcratiny

that almost

8ll'

dCCUPATIONAI STATUS

7r.

tbe states invariably return part of their Lok Sabha representatives from amongst this category witb Pradesh and Wcst Bcngal in the lead.

Delhi, Gujarat, uttat

It may be of interest that the percentagc of sucb m:mbers in the Sixth Lok Sabha increased significantly as compared to the Fifth Lok Sabha. Thg percentage increase in the number of social and political workers in the Sixth Lok Sabha over the Fifth Lok Sabha was neady 421 per'cent in the case of Madhya Pradesh ;. more than 271 per cent in the case of Orissa ; 150 per cent it.the case of Gujarat ; and 130 per cent each from West Bengal and Assam. The representation ofthis category, however, fell by more than 2E per cent from the Sixth to the Seventh Lok Sabha. Table 26 shows the number of so:ial and political workers rcturned from each of the states ofl the Indian Union in thc Fifrh, Sixth and th6 seventh Lok Sabha, and percentage increase/decreasc in the one ov:r its predecessor.
A review
Seventh

of

Lok

Table 26 shows that from the Sixth to the Saba, the perccntagc representation of Social and

Political Workers fell in atl the States but th ree-N(aharashtra, Orissa, and Uttar Pradesh. West Bengal, Bihar, Gujarat, and Madhya Pradesh came out to be the heaviest losers in this respect.

oppositiotr benches in .thc .Parliament. Thc extent of flrrctuation in the perccntagc reprcsentation of Social and Political Workers in the Fifth, Sixth and the Seventh Lok Sabba is being shown sep3ratfly for cacb of thc twelve statcs listed in Table 26 and

feature of the occirpational composition of thc ruling party in tbe Sixth Lok Sabha may reveal intercsting information about the socio-cconomic background of the various .censtituents of the Janata Party which had heretofore always occupied' the

It is significant that in the Sixth Lok Sabha the members with social and political background, with the exception.oi Haryana, tremendously increased from all lhe States listed above. A tborougtr investigation of this rather unknown

in Diagram VIl.

41

O[IAt{GTTire POLITICAL REPRSSqNTATIOII IN INDIA

^JSnr _. --r lt t^t -.r;-'r;.i. *${ " ...!.i.FF : - r-.{- 6qnlt- _. flllYAia -*

'--o-d^.Bftirf.
- r-. - -&t3r

-1

---.-.dff d:rft*3I -a *rft! e|lf,rf l

Hill(sL m rft$r -#r-* !*-r.-r+- rlllllR |6iln {+{-.- |t r'{}lYA pl r(f,stl

' nr , r$i

qqcp.rArlollAl sr rus

7l
r* ..i. O (r) (\l
A li\

{ a x q
tt ru
{A
ll,

6 a ll

.!$ t tf,

trt \x

Bil

Fa.C} oralo

= al ll
flll

.A ttl

o* FN sii

ud -d

Ir o\
9r
o'

ol

*t

a !t ,t
aa

qt

3
*a

Ei
t_!
3

TEE*

r.rqq
I
.

*K?
far a

|\l

.{
u)

a a
t1
l1r

-q ,X

t iF*t'$S t... h \o *x.E >

d38bd
i

SrINS

i.,

t\F..t3
ce-l\oq

snnS
rat 6l f-

fli

l>, 6i =c
e!

*a

.i
It
I 'il

r..l

;xEsSS

\:

tr)

EbiI
.,1.

tr%
..1

o
lD

:i d.E = u e 8b,d
E

Ylnqq O |ft u.r

J

c.r

I o{

.I

i)

.F c

;:EIS$
.v.:!t

c.l

\o

cl

*ss
:l

e a tt

4A

II

"

-:

c,i. .,i,

-t:

.:',

74

cHANcING polrrrcAL

RE

pREsE1[ATI6N rN

-rNpil

,.+

oO O a.rooo+ t-cj*Foi (\

c.l
an
\J

cl\

F q

+r
? f'

\/

h..e*Fg
!f,

++ J
\J

N*8il5;
al

GI

-i dl

J-'.JJJJJJ
rooA'\9(O i(

,.^. ,-r

rrqsrqqe
llr-r'l-3
g\

.t

.a

c.l

!)

v) .q I
.

t,.) \o 9. ral tl

(.|
J'
it)

-': q g o ro \ -:\aFd..iIf'Itr
c.t (\i ;

\
ta

c\.

;cqo\mnI
o\ + F. \o 16 !f, c.t ta,
!f, q

.9

.:
t
,a;

{)

!O.

u)* .-2 ;B .= ir
q

3S 96
:; Zr/t Ex
5t.

F-!+95:gE3

al

sElg?fi; f;iESSEdS*
ra\oFooo\oN

E ." -:;iE EEscEi,g

E 9?

o= *F

o () ei:

!,)

ut .2

E3'

--

(rcCUPATIONAL

STATUS

,15

Diagram VII clearly shows that tbe representation Lok Sabha and poiitical workers was much higher in tbe Sixth Lok Sabha oncq to the Fifth, but in the Sevcoth in thc Fifth "r "o.p"t.a again cate down to the same or even lowcr levct as l\{adhya Pradesh refot S.Uhu. It also shows that though per cent io gistered an unprecedented increase of more than 400 Sixth Lok Sabha. iutu.nlng Social and Political Workers to the to thc Fifth; ordinarily the states of Gujarat' "...*p""*a Assam, Bitrar atrd Orissa, ctc' are responsible for West Bcngal, thc Lok returning highest percentage of their representatives to Northern Sabha from this category' On the other hand' extreme 'Rajasthan and Uttar states of Himechal Pradesh' llaryana; Pradesh, etc. have bcen ,lound toieturn lowest percentages $ocial and Political Workers to thc Lok Sabha' It is significant to not that Himachal Pradcsh' Assam, Haryana and Gujarat did not have cven a single Member from amongst this category

of

sociaF

of.

in tne Seventh Lok Sabha.

point of view it may be of immensa investigate the following'tno qnestions: academic intlrcst to
From thc
resbarch

(a) factots rcsponsiblc for giving to the soc-ial and politi-' cal workeis highest representation in the Sixth Lok jsabha, is anY tok Sabha bY far; and and Norih: (b) ieasons as tb . why cxtremc --Northern of Haryana, Himachal Pradesh' UttarWestcrn.states Pradcsh, Rajasthan' and lr'iaharashlrareturn relativcl|lower peicentagei trf their represcntatives froh amongsf, this categorY.

CHAP,TE& VI

More than 50 per cent of thc ruling party legislators cven ia thc First Lok Sabha had previous legislative experiencc of tbo Central or . Statc lcgislature. Of thc total 349 ruling pany members in tbc First Lok Sabba, as rrany as as 28.65 per

't7

Trbte=2?
Dfstrlbbtlon of &e members of the Ruli4 Pgrty in the First' Fiftb, gixth, snd gvntb Lok Sabhae by their Past Legislativc
Experience.

Legislative BodY First Lok

Sabha

Fifth Lok
Sablu

Seventh Sabha

Lbk

No.
*
**

No,
82
28.28

latures. latures

Central Legis-

100 28.65
.

r8r
78

52.47
22.61

l3l

38.08.

Statc Legis-

77

22.07

126 43.44

124 36.0s:

No Legislaiive Experience. 172 49,28 Total

86 21.92 82 28.28

89

25.87

349 100.00 345 100.00 290 100.00 344 100.00

# Old Central Legislature, Provisional Parliament, Constituent Assembly, Lok Sabha, and Rajya'Sabha.

**

State Legislativc Assembly, Statc Legislative Council,. and Princely State Legislatures and U.T. Legislatures'

gB

cHANGtNc pollTlcarlBEr.IiESENIA3IoN.IN INDIA

decreased to 24.92 per cent, The intake of legislators with State legislature cxperiencc, howevcr, remaioed more or less 'the same (22.07 per cent in thc First Lok Sabba and 22:61 par cent in the Fifth Lok Sabha). From the Fifth to the Sixth Lok Sabha and from the latter to the Scventh Lok Sabha, the ?ercentage shares of all these categories of Members registered wide fluctuations. For instance, in the Sixth Lok Sabha there was a decline of more than 46 per cent in the number of .ruling party legislators having previous experience of Central lcgislature; the share of Members with State legislature background increased by more than 92 per cent; while that of Members 'without any legislative eiperience increased by 13.4 per cent.

. Table 27: llsq shoqe ,that. qompared- to the Firqt I,oF Sabha, thc percntagc of ruling party Members having prcvious experience of a Central legislature had significantly increased in ile f ifth Lok Sabha (52.47 per cent), while that of Members without any legislativc experience had almost correspondingly

Similarly, from. the Sixth to the Se venth L,ok Sabha, thc of Members with past Central legislative expericnce increased by nearly 35 per cent, while that of Members with State legislati've background and of those without past legislative experience decreased by 20 per cent and 8.5 per cent
representation
respectivelY.

The fall

in the

percentage share

of

legislators having

cxperience of an earlicr Central legislature, and tbe consequent

swclling. in the number of Mcmbers with a State legislature background as io the Sixth Lok Sabha can be understood in terms of lhe dislodging of the thirty-year old Congress rulc for the first time. Diagram VIII shows separately irt each of the four Lok Sabhas under scrutiny, the fluctuations in the
.

relative share

of

th three categories of ruling

party legislators

. identified above.

at Diagram VIIIr we can clcarly sce that thc Sabha had as many legislators with Central legislature cxperience as having no legislative erperiencc at all. From tbe Fifth to the Sixth Lok Sabha, it also shows a ste;p
If
we look

Sixth

Lok

8A$T, LECISLATIVB EXPBRIENCB

T'

.-.

'celr*Al- ulostlrung expcnlexe iirit r-totstrruce ExPmltil(e ::---- No isststrrrvg txPER'eNcE ---

/A'-'-.1.
\
t.,

vf-J

/'__--

-.-r _ __O

F.-.?'.n

iE
t

I
;

ir rxt

t.0l( sADlll -nd tHE THT, NU,H5 BANTY eFtvlots lg6lstAflyt :,X?ERIE.I{(8 CF stvElllll tEriAE|lA: tqsr fFtH s'fr*

iL"

SIX TH

stvE!lTH
'iEl.1B[,R3

DhFDib.Ym

cIrANcrNc

}ouflci'[ nss{eiiixt&{,kf,$.iilDfA

decliae in thc share of Menbers with Central legislature background ; a near correspouding incrcasc in the sbare of Members witb State legislaturc cxpcrience ; and a marginal increase in the case of legislators having no previous experience,

rvith the Fifth Lok Sabba the representatiotr of this category was lower by no less than 37 per ccnt.

Iegislature experience increased remarkably, yet

_ As against this, from the Sixth to the Seventh Lok Sabha, tbc perccntage share of legislators having previous Central

in

comparison

It is significant that even in thc First Lok Sabha the category represcnting Members with preVious Central lcgislature background was better represented, thoug! only marginally, than in the Sixth Lok Sabha elected cxactly 25 ycars later in 1977. True, a decline of such a magnitude in thc numbers of this category can, to a large extent, be attributcd to the change of the Central Government, but even tbe First Lok Sabha, as the name itself suggests, was fhe first evcr Lok Sabha ofthe Indian Parliament yct it had a greater percefiagc of Members with Central legislature background.
Even as we compare the relative length of Central legisexperience in the Fifth, Sixth and the Seventh Lok Sabhas we find that thc Fifth Lok Sabha had much more experienced Members tban the lattcr two as shown in Table 2g.

lature

(Table 27), compared to the Fjfth Lok Sabha, the Sixth Lok Sabha had I3.4 per cent more Members

As already stated

baving

no

legislative cxperiencc

category however fell by nearly 9 per cent in .the Scventh Lok Sabha. Even among those who had becn in earlier Lok Sabhas" the length of erircriencc in the case of Fifth tok Sabha was relatively mubh large r than the latter two. . For instance, com. pared to the Sixth and thc Sevea,th Lok Sabhas" the Fifth Lok Sabha bad respectivcly l?6 per cent and 124 pcr ceot more Members having expericnce of four Lok Sabhas; about 5? per ccnt and 38 per cent more Members having cxperience of lhrcs Lok Sabhas. The ruling party itr thc Sixth and tbe Sevcntb Lolr

at all. The

share

of

this

]PAST LEGISLATIVE,EXPERIENCB

&ll

Iable-28

th!

Distribution of Ruling Party Members in the Fifth, Sixth aad Seventh Lok Sabhas by their Previous Lok Srbha Experience

Fifth

Lok Sabha

Lok Sabha
Sixth

Seventh Sabha

Lok

No. Per cent No. Per cent No, Per cent

Ekperience of one

Lok Sabha
Experience

86

49.14

60.86

t5

55.72

of two
44
25.14

Lok I-ok

Sabhas

l5

21.74

JJ

25.19

Experience of three
Sabhas
1i

13.71

8.70

l3

9.92

Experience of four

I-ok Sabhas
Experiencc or five Lok Sabbas

2l

12.01

4.35

5.35

4.3s
100.00

3.82
131

Total 175

69

100.00

100.00

Sabhas, however, had resp:ctiv.:ly 24 per cent and 13.39 per cent more legislators than the Frfth Lok Sabha who had becn members ofjust ono earlier Lok Sabha. It may be of interast to note that of the total 290 legislators of the ruling, party

'intheSixthLokSabha,jultthree,i'e.namerel.03p:rcent of its Members had been in all the previous Lok S rbhas, while thc comparative figures for its predecessor work out to 21 out of a total of 345 which is more than 6 per cent, In the Scventh Lok Sabha however, there was no Member of tbe ruling party having erperience of all the earlier Lok Sabhas. Thus, we find that compared to Congress, the Janata Party in thc Sixth Lok Sabha had far less experienced and seasoned parliamentarians
as indicated

in Diagram IX.

82,

csANcING poLrrIcAL REPlEsrNTATigir lN iNDde

Ff

rfl rot

SagEA

ffi

,rr*

to,. sA6M

Klr,r,nr"

!or(
'A!lt,s

fiIfiiM
|6 tg
918fi|5 rHR[r.'ul( 5a8H!5 Fqn l9K $81{as
F1VE

{O!( SnQhAE

!xtFltr(t 0f tHt flJLll{G l*.rqr gxrx AtrF rtit st.ytxrtl Lol EA!H- 5 \ Diegrao No. lX tf ql{
ot

lor

9a8HA

nlnrv'xtFlgtcs rtr

lflf

PAST LSCISLATIV! EXPERIENCB

83

ofa Central legislature than in the Sixth and tbe Seventh Lok Sabhas. In this context, it is important to remind that of the total 289 Mer,rbers of the ruling party in the Sixth Lok Sabha, as manv as 70 Members, i.e., more tban 24 per cent of them
as against this, the share of this category of legislators in the Seventh Lok Sabha was considerably lower-4g Social and Political Workers out of total 344 lvlembers of the ruling party i.e., nearly 14 per cent as compared with 24 per cent in the Sixth Lok Sabha.
State.wise Break-up of the Ruling party Legislators in the First, Fifth, Sixth and the Seventh Lok Sabhas by lheir past
Legislative Experience

As already stated, the ruling party even in the First Lok Sabha had a bigher percentage of legislators having experiencc

had no other claim to a seat in the Lok Sabha except that they had been 'social and political Workers,* (See Teble 2l).

With few exceptiors, most of the States included in. our survey have been found to be following almost the same pattern, [See Appendices V(i), V(ii), V(iti), and V(n)j minor variations therefrom notwith stand ing, as the one observed at the riational level. (See Diagranr VIII). To facilitate analysis, we have, however, grouped lhem in the follor+ing four
categories:

(a) (6)

States from which at least 25 per cent Members invariably had experience of a Central legislature; States which invariably return

their

representatives

ground;

20 per gent or more of with a State legislatule back_

(c)

States which returned 25 per cent or more of rhcir Members without any legri*latjve experince in eech of thc fcur'Lok Sabhas under examination ; and

The Sixtlr.

this catqSofy {'hn the Fifth Lok ll,14 Fo; @4.

l.{titsbhA bad nady {60

per cent niorc ifaxareers of, sabha; 24.22 per ccnt as aSait t

84

cHANcINo PoLITI0AL

REPRESENTATIoN

lN INDIA

(d)

States which do

not fall

in

any of the tbree categories

statd above.

We may, however, clarify that neither of the categories identified above is exclusive and that classifcation has been done more for the sake of convenience.'a State placed under onc grouping, may well, in some other respect have traits overlapping with those of another category'
The States of Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, and Orissa fall in the first category, namely, States which invariably return at least 30 per cent of their representatives with Central legislature experience. Of these five, Assam and Bihar fulfillcd this criteria in all the four Lok Sabhas under scrutiny, while Gujarat, Haryana and Orissa only in the Fifth, Sixth and tbe Seventh Lok Sabhas as they were non-existent at the time of
the First Lok Sabha. The representation of all the three types of Members, viz., those having exp:rience of a previous Central legislature; those with a State legislature background; and those having no legijlative experience at all, from each of these fiv States is shown in Tables 29(t)' (tr)' (ttr), (lv)' and (r')

Table 29(i) -Assam

4t ;lbha First Fifth Sixth No. Experience Sr. Type of Legislative

Seventh

1.

Central

Legislaturc

4(33.3)

8(61.5)

l(33.3)
1(33.3)

r(50.0)

2,
'..

Statb Legislature 3(25.0)

2(r5.4)
3(23.r)

3. No Legislative , E*Fet;eqce

5(41.?)

'(33.3)

1(50.0)

PAST LECISLATIVE BXPERIENCB

UJ

Table 29(ii)-Bihar Lok Sabha

Sr. Type of Legislative No. Experience

First Fifit

Sixth

Seventh

"1.

Central Legislature ls(34.1) 22(5',1.e) State Legislature

18(35.3)

7(2s.e)

2. 3.

7(rs.e) 6(ts.8) 22(43.1) 14(sl.e)

22(50.0) 10(26.3)

No Legislative
Experience

ll(21.6)

6(22.2)

Table 29(iii)-Gujarat

Sr. Type

o.f Legislatiue

Lok Sabha

No. Experience

Firth Sixth
4(40.0) 8(s7.2)

Sevnth

1.

Central Legislature
State Legislature

7(28.0)

2. 3.

2(20.0) 3(2t.4) l2(48.0) 4(40.0) 3(21.4\

Table 29(iv)-Haryanr
6(24.0)

No Legislative
Experiencc

Sr. Type of Legislative No. ExPerience

ffi

Lok Sabha

l. Central Legislature 2, State Legislature 3, No Legislative

Experiencc

4(s7.t) 4(44.4)

3(60.0)

3(42.e) 4(44.4) 2(40 o)

1(l r.r)

&6,

CIIANGINC POLITICAL RSPTESSr,rDATIqq TN $&TS

Table 29(v)-Orissa

f.r.

Type of Lsgislctive No. Experience

Ftrst Ffin--S*tE-Se't;nti4(30.8) 5(3s.8) 2(1s.4) 7(50.0) 7(s3.8) 2(14.2)

7(36.e) 9(47,3)

Lok Sabha

1.
2.

Central Legislature
State Legisla.ture

No Legislative
Experience 3(1s.8)

In the case of Assam and Bihar, the representation of members having past legislative experience can be se,:n to be higher
in the Fifth than
reasons. But from Fifth to the Sixth, this percentage fell by neatly 46 per cent in the case of the former and by more than 39 per cent in the case of the latter. As regards tbe remaining three States placed under this category, the percentage of such Members fell only in the case of Haryana, wbile from the other two

in the Sixth Lok Sabba, and for obvious

states-Gujarat and Orissa-the percentages fell, but only marginally. In all other respects, all these States seem to follow thc overall national pattern, except that the State of Haryana stands out among all others in sending strikingly lower percentage of legislators who have had ever,

no legislative experience what-

The States of Uttar Pradish, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, and l{aryana fell in the seeond eategory, in that, all of them have beeu consistently returning 20 per cent or more of their Lok Sabha representatives with previous experience ofa State Legislature. Tables 30(t), (ir), and (til) show the relativc position of these States in returning Lok Sabha rpresentatives by the specified experiencc categories. (See Tables 29(iii\ and (r'r) for Gujarat and Haryana respect.ively).

?AST LEGT5LATIV! BXPERIENCE

qt

Table 30(i)-Uttar Prailesh Sr. Type of Legislailve No. ExPerience

Lok

Sabha

Ftfth

Sixth

Seventh

1. 2, 3.

Central Legislature 30(41.1) 41(56.e) 18(21.4) 20(3e'3)

State Legislaturc

i6(21.e) re(26.4) 3e(46.4) 17(33.3)

27

No Lagislative
Experience

(37.0\ 2r(16."1)

27

(32.2)

14(27 .4\

-Table 3O(ii)-Maharashtra

Sr. Type of Legislative No. Experience

t. 2: 3. .

Csntral Legislature
State Legislature

rq48.?) 5(2e,4)
s(20.5) 7{4r.2)
12(30.8) s?e.4)

r2(32.s) l5(40.5)

No Legislative
Experieace

0(27'0)

Table 30(iii)-Rajasthan

Sr. TYPe of Legislative

No, ExPerience
1.
,)

Central Legislature State Legislature

7(so.o) 5(20.8) 3(lq.?i s(35.8) 8(33.4) l0(62.6)

2(14.2)

J.

No Legislative
Experience

l1(45,3)

3(18'7)

s8

CHANCING POLITICAT REPRESENTATION IN INDIA.

The representation

of

legislators with State legislature

backgrounds increased marginally from the First to the Fifth. Lok Sabha. But from tbe Fifth to the Sirth Lok Sabha, it rose strikingly by more than 100 per cent ir the case of Maharash(ra " and by tearly 77 per cent in the case of Uttar Pradesh. It rose-. in the cese of Gujarat and Haryana (Tables 29 (iii) and, (rr) respecitively) as well, but only marginally. As against this, from the Sixth to the Seventh Lok Sabha, tbe representation of this category of legislators actually fell by morc than 39 per cent in the casc of Uttar Pradesh while in the case of Maharashtra. it fcll only marginally. Only in tbe case of Rajasthan there was. - an unprecedented increase of more than 88 per cetrt.

In fact, an analysis of thc behaviour pattern of different states in returning legislators of this category precludes any possibility of gencralisations. For instance, in the Sixth Lok , Sabha, againstthe national aggregate of more than 92 per cenf, increase in the numbers of legislators with State Legislature 'backgrounds, not only was there a marginal increase in the case of Gujarat and Haryana, it even fell by neaily .7 per cent as far as the State of Rajasthan is concsrned. Variations in the pcrcentag of state level legislators returned to varibus Lok Sabhas" notwithstanding, the fact however remains tbat these are the states which have consistently been returning morc legislators of the said category than any other state of the Indian Union. .
Entry of pcrsons with no legislative experience whatevern into the Lowcr House of the Indian Parliament is understand'ablc to an extent so far as the First Lok Sabha is concerned; But it is interesting that no less than 25 to 30 per cent ofthq Members of the Lower House of the Indian parliament walk into 'Lok Sabha without any legislative training even after 30 years history of free Parliamentary elections from the grassroot level upwards in the country. Althougb, the two states of West Bengaf and Himachal Pradesh alone fall more conspicuosly within the. purview of the third category, practically, each and every statE of fte Indian Union has its share of such Memberr in cach Lok -Sabha. The relevart data in rcrpect of West Bengal an&

PAST

L,

EGISLATIVE

DXPERTENGE

89

llirnacbal Pladesh is, however, given in Tables 3l(i) and (t,).

Trble 3l(i )-We st Bengal

Sr. Type of Legislative No, Experience Lok Sabha Fifth

First

Sixth
2(14.3)

Seventh

,. '2. 3.

Central Legislarure Z(30.4) 5(38.5)

l(20.0)
3(60.0)

StateLegislature 2( 8.8) 5(38.5) 7(50.0)

No Legislative

Experience

l4(60.S) 3(23.0) 5(35.7) t(20.0)

Table 3l (ii) Sr. Type of Leglslative

No. Experience

Hirnacbat Pradcsh Lok Sabha

..-__..',--------.--=|-i---lirst tt th Stxth

Seventh

l.
z.
J.

Central Lcgislature Statc Legislature

3(75.0)

2(66.1)

3(75.0)

1(33.3)

No Legislative
Experience

r(2s.0)

r(2s.0)

Tbc State of West Bengal has been found to return tbc highest percentage of its representatives r,vithout any legislative cxperience. In the Fjrst Lok Sabha, the stale returned nearly 61 per cent of its representatives who had no legislative experience at all, which is by far the highest for any Indian State in any Lok Sabha. Even in the Sixth and Seventb Lok Sabhas, West Bengal returned no less than 35.7 per cent and 20 percent respectively of .its Lok Sabha Members from amongst this. categoryi

90

CHANGING POLITICAL RPTREfBNTAIION IN INDIA

Madtya Pradesh and thc Union Te tilory of Delbi have been found to fall in neither of the three categories identified .above. The representation of legis,lalors refurned from each of them in the four Lok Sabhas under discussion is being given ia Tablcs 32(irand (ff) below.
Table 32(i)-Madhya Pradesh

'Sr. Type of Legislative No. Experience First

Ftfth

Sixth

Seventh

l.
t
3.

Central L:gislature 6(26.1) 15(71.4)

State

9(24'3) l0(28.6)
l0(28.6) l5(42.8)

Legislature 4(17.4) 3(14.3) l9(51.4) l3(56.5) 3(14.3) 9(24.3)

No Legislotivc

Experience

Table 32(ii)-Delhi

Sr

Type of

No.

Legislative Lok Sabha Experience First Fifth Sixth 2(28.6) 3(42.e)

Seven'th

t. Central Legislaturc

1(25.0)

State Legislature

1(14.3) 3(42.e) 3(75.0)

Nq l-egislative
Experience

4(57.1) r(r4.2)

In the case of Madhya Pradesh, if we compare the figures for tho four Lok Sabhas, a rather unique pattern of representation can be .seen. In each of the four Lok Sabhas under Ecrutiny, the $tate has returned highert percentage of its representativcr from a di.fferent catagory ; in the First, it is 'the Mcmbers with no legislative crpri ee (56.5 pcr cont) ; in ths Fifth, it is the Members with Central Legislature

?AST LEG1SLATIVB EXPERIENCE .xperence

9l

(71.4 per cent); in the Sixth, it is the Members with .State Legislature background (5t'4 per cent); and in the -Seventh, once again, it is the Members without any legislative o"p.rin.. who dlminate (42.85); Delhi, however, does not show .any striking feature in its pattern of representation' except case ttrat in rtre Fifth and the Seventh Lok Sabhas' In the per cent of its ,of the former, it returned as many as 57'1 legislators who had no legislative experienc-e-the highest in that in the country for any State of the Indian Unionless than no House ; while in the case of the latter, it returned back?5 per cent of its representatives with a State legislature parliamentary ground, and had no legislator with nil . ,Jxprrience' It may be of interest to note that this was greater by far' than the national aggregate in any of the Lok Sabhas than the national averagt ln .and nearly 130 per cent greater 'the Fifth Lok Sabha' Theimoortanceofvariationinthepatternofreplesentation -fromindividualstatescannot,however'bestretchedbeyond what .a certain point. Frorn the point of view of present.study' 'js more important is tbe overall picture emerging from this
.

analysis.

in tbe The foregoing examination of legislative experience Scventh-indicates lfoui Lok Sabha-First, Fifth Sixth and the

per ccnt of Lok most importantly that as many as ?0 to ?5 whether :Sabha Members have previous legislative experience' quarter of ,at the national or the State level' Only about a AIso the Jvlembers have tro previous legislative experience' of nearly ?0-80 per cent that the Lrk Snbha stint of two politicians in the country does not extend .beyond approximately a little ierms. Of the remaining iO-SO p., cent, ioi, tr,oh two-thirds see a third term, and less than one'third : a fourth term.
good number of Members are drawn from Statc legisdoes not ',lature background as well, cven though experience popular steprecessarily appear to be the most convcnient or House of the Indiaa Pa'rlia' -ping stones io a sest in the Lower fient.

CHAPTER VII

CONCLUSION

In 1947,India inherited not just a parliamentary structure but aiso an impressive leadership, qell trained in operating. parliamentarv institutions and a modern state apparatus, In, course of time, this proved to be India's single most importart: asset in running the country in the post-independence era. These people belonged essentially to the small but relatively afruent middle class of India, and deeply imbued with thE, iiberal ideologies of the West. Most of them were deeply drawn . into the freedom struggle and saw its successful culmination into independence in 1947, and later on constituted the single. largest chunk of leadership in the first elccted Parliament of' free India in 1952.
and operation of tbe com.' of India did not pose any major intrac. table problems in the initial years of inCependence. The ruling urban elites, under an able national leadership, espccially of^ Jawaharlal Nehru, was able to make important strides in, national developrnental spheres, The successive five ycar' .plans, and the national elections, both at the Central and theState levels, however, saw thc slow and imperceptible change, io the pmrer complexion of the country. Increased rural investmen ts, growth of the ne w middle peasantry often called
The governance
the country

of

plex political

system

93
,coNCLUSloN conscio us'.'progressive" farming cl ass, and increased PoPular Indian Politics' forces in the ness heralded the rise of new

of 1967 presaged ln several respects, the General Elections map of the ithe nature of emerging changes' The political . considerably Sabha' altered -"f..r.J ooOi"r, especially the Lok 'poiitit," more began to be visible in dimensions troubled mood ""01f*;'"t* ;;-;"". oidihese changes merely refiectlhe taking place fi1h..""n*v or did they reflect the basic changes
,.i,n

the bodY PolitY

the changing pattern No institution is more reflective of politics of- the country thao ;"li;; epeciall-v of the powerequatiors does the Lok Sabha "f power "the Lok Sabha.. What favour ? This t""aal ouer the years' and in whose present study' especially the """tp"*f* .was our central concerninihe Fifth' Sixth and of -'S"o.ntf, the ruling party in th^e..First' are the major ""tp*i,i"t lot Sabhas. The foltowing ifr.
.conclusion s.

in any legislative assembly '(A) fhe reievance of age structure '' -'in deciding the quality of its deliberations cannot be under-

Members of Parliament are estimated' For instance' younger i"""i r" be ''more inctineO than their elder toward"'ideo'

logical thinking"'1
51-60 (together desigParliament, the age'groups 36-50 and group) continue to rem.ain the most

In the Lok Sabha

or

tbe Lower House

of

the Indian

nated as middle-age of .the Indian frvoured or the "colmanaing" groups lost ground electorate ; tbe young age-group of 2S-3j ]r.ave Sabha' In so far as between the First and the ieventh Lok old (61 and i}t. ."tutiue shares of tbe young (25-35) and the

-*1.

British and et al , in a comparative study of- th thc younger Members of the former to Italian legislators found Sec-Gary K Bertsctt' be more icclined towarAs iJeotogicaf thinking. p. clark, David ru. wooo, comparing- Political systemsT n"i"r, lotrn witev and -Sods Power aad ?oticv rtt rn'ee iirLli'il'r"* v"trt t

t I( B.tt*h

Inc. 1978 P. 89.

94

CEANGING TOLITICAL REPRESENTATICN

N.TNEII

above) groups are concerned, the voter appars to show a. distinct preference for the older and more seasoned politicians. Thus, rvhile the middte.age group has been able to maintain a steady hold, the youngcr group is being gradually replaced by the older group. The numbers of the younger group from a position of being two_and-a-half. times gteater than the older group in the First Lok Sabha". declined to one,half of the latter in the Fifth Lok Sabha. and to one-third in the Sixth Lok Sabha.

In the Seventh Lok Sabha, however, the relative of this group looked up for the first time in 30 years.

share,

politicians.

Among the states, the younger group has found support of the electorate from Bitrar, Uttar pradesh and. Madhya Pradesh. Assam and Gujarat, on the other hand, have becn found to return largest number of older

(B) Contrary to all expectations, female representation in the Lok Sabha has not improved in spite of adult suffrage, equality of sexes, and 30 years of all_round Drosress and
developmEnt.

In a crods-national study of sex related di{Ierences in pclilitical activity in Austria, India, Japan, Norherlands, Nigeria, United States and yugoslavia, Sidney yerba, et. al, concluded tbat . it is tfue that women are, on the average, less psychologically involved than men, but that difference is reduced when women are, educated...',2. But our study shows that this has not been the case in India. Inspite of more than 136 per cent increase in feinale literacv between 1951 and 1971, the rcpres:ntation of women jn the Lok Sabha has not correspondangly iocteascd.
.dlthough -the glaph

Sabha is 'faf

fto6 toirg uti*faaofy, .?hro we tlke a look

II. Nb
affii;o, i
;"

of

.rso$en,s rprasonlstion in the Lok

.4nd Jae.on Kim, parttcrpdldn ond

u: t dt,' Eq wttfy :,1 se r.n tte ni 6 :rUnivrsity Prcas, 1978. p. Ze|.

ffi ;' 6ffi ffi

G{NCLUSION
at

9'

of their counterparts elsewhere on the' either' With alnhe- we find th&t tboy have not fared too badly' L' n io the seven Lok Sabhas so far'per cent representatro
the perfofmance
5.04

and West German' Indian women are next only to their Swedish ;;;;;;';;;i; ,o fu. u' the Democratic world is concerned' go before they can catch up' They have however a long way to H'nguty' Yugoslaviasocialist countries tit<e the USSR'

;iil;;

etc. (See Table 33).

Table-33
of Selecteil Countrles Representation of Wonen in Legistatures
P e r c ent ag

Name of tlte countrY

Re P re sentation

of

IVomen Members

Canada

0.3 9.9

China Egypt England

4. r 1.6

Ethiopia
France HungarY Jndia
20.0
5.04

Iraq
Japan
Sweden 1,4

25.4
4.1

Sri Lanka

USA
USSR West GermanY Yugoslavia

2.3 31.0
6.1

20.0

e6

CHANGING POLITICAL REPRSSENTATION IN INDTA

Compared to the First as wEIl as the Fifth Lok Sabhas,: tbeir representation was down by nearry one-harf ii-irxtu rok Sabha. This was however rEversed in the SeventhLot SuUtru in the sense that agrinst 3.4,per cent representatfn of this category in the Sixth Lck Sabha, its share inc.earrO to tfre average of 5 per cent as in the Lok Sabhas before the Sixtb.

Among States, Uttar pradesh and Assarn are the onlv States which have consistently returned female representative-s to each Lok Srbha.
(C) Sixty^ to. Sixty-five per cent of the members in alt the four Lok Sabhas examined, hold Bachelor,s or higher degrees. Thus. the educational standards of the ".;l;;;; ruling legisla_.

DaDna.

tors have been consistentiy high over tlte last 30 years. We did find, however, that the educational tevel of tle Sixth Lok Sabha was considerably lower than the Fifth Lok

It may be interesting to record that compared ro most other legislative assemblies of the world, the representatioa of the "advanced" education group is the highcst in In6ias, Table 34 illustrates this point.
As regards the break-up of the ruling party legislators in by educational levels, ii iras -rcriaired unchanged, except for marginal variations

the Lok Sabha

Most individual Ststes have a pattern of representation to the overall national pattern. The States of ,Assam, Orissa and West Bengal constituting the Eastern flank of country, are hovever unique in tliat they lrave been found to return highest percentages of, collegeluniversity dropouts.. The all-India u"rrugi, of such Members in any Lck Sabha so far are nearly one-half af tiose from these three States

similar

- 3, rbid. P. 300

CONCLUSION

97

Table-34
Percentage of
Countries Proportion of Population with
*
*

Aitvanced Ettucateit GrouPs

in

Selecteil

Proportion

of

O,terrepresentation

Local Elected
Leaders with " advanced" Education

of those with
cation in
Elected

Nation

" advanced"

"advanced" Edu'
the

Education

Local
Per cent

Leadership

Per cent'

Per cent

Austria India
Japan Netherlands

l9
IJ 19

2.4 1.3

l0
l0
16 8

r.9
1.8

29

Nigcria
UDited States
Yugoslavia

4.0
JZ 3.6

9 7

44

6.3

The defnition of "advanced" education varies from nation to nation depending upon tbe educational distributioq in each nation. In India, it means post'
primarY cducation'

Note: Table from Sidncy Verba et.

aL' P'300'

(D) By far thc most important

to tbe occupational rcprescntation in the Lok Sabha, espccially the nature of in' terests tbe House represents. Agriculturists, Lawyers, and Social and Political Workers are the three major occupational categories of tbe Indian ruling legislators. Lawyers, in most countries are "thc single largest occupational category in Parliament, followed by agriculturists, and businessmeo, or in
issue rclates

98

cHANcTNG

pot-rrrcll

REpREsENTATToN

rN rNDra

'Western European couhtries

rrith large communist and socialist parties, by farmers and 'workers".a The Iqdian Lok Sabha started iri this tradition of an over-wLblming representation of the middle class urban legal elites.
One of the most significant development in the occupational composition of-the Lok Sabha, between the First and tbE Sventh Lok Sabha, has been the gradual replacement of lawyer legislators by the agriculturist Members. From a position'of being the Iargest occupational category in the First Lok Sabha, Lawyers as a group had slumpcd to the third po;ition io thc Sixth Lok Srbhas. While in the Seventh Lok Sabha the legal profession emerged as the second largest occuptional category, the agricultuial ildiS-" clearly emerged as the dominant interest represented in th Lok Sabha. Their repr'esentation in the Seventh Lok Sabha was over 40 per cent of the ruling party members. This shift is by far the most significant change that has taken:plac in the Indian Lowet House reflecting a profound political change in the power configuration of the country.

An interesting feature of the Lok Sabba discolcred duringthis study is that l0 to 25 per ceqt ofthe Lok Sabha

,ONCLU$ON

99

occupation exccpt'social Menbers declare to have no other a purely research p"riii*f woik" From the^socio-ecomlc ""a interesting to-delve deepcr into in the Lok Sab.ha' DiFcbase of this category or legislatori ic vary t* S",.t of thi tndian Union do not their significantly rerespective of t.rp;J;i occupational break'up

p"iil1l]:l

il#;;"

Sabha ,(E) Nearly 70 per cent of the Members in any Lok t"'rr"""^i.." previous legislative experience lound to have Compared to thc whetber at the Central or State level' Sab-ha had the lowest other thrce Lok Sabhas, the Sixth Lok li M"tttt* who had had central legislaturc

Presentatives.

;;;;;;"6"

experience.

from the indiviAs far as the manner of representation the overall national dual States, it more or less aggregates

Gujarat' Howevcr, the States of Assam' Biher' consistent "u,r"ro. lnd orissa have been found to be most ;;;;;" legislature experilo- i"ioroiog legislators with Central and tl,. stites o1 Uttar Pradesh' Maharashtra' Gujarat "n..; ii;j;;;;"" in returnins legislators with State legislaturc West Bengal a.nd Himachal i"ift't-*"at""d the Siates- of without anv polirical experilcgislators

;;;;il;t
ence.

t;"rning

oncluding Observation of the study is the basic Briefly, the most important finding power from the urban middle.class as

h;i;; tf ;il;;;

political
the

reDresented

imclass of the country. The Agricultural party per cent of the^rulins ;;; il *desentation from 16'51

fJ"s theirk Sabba represents systematically has

by

lcgal profession' * lh:, 1t:l-.ltricultural the power structure

intheFirstLokSabhatoover40peicentinthe'SeventhLok of the. agriculturatr i"un".Inti .ttift in political po*"i in favour- politics and the both for the. ciass has profound imptications
directions in which this political yet clear' It is' p"-"tJint "gritutturai class will move is no-tthe eighties will politics.of however, transparent that the lndian

.economics of the country'

ihe

the fifties or the

il;ffiil;Jiffc'ent sixties'

pclitics of from ihe urbin middle class

,APPENDICES

tu

CIIANCING POLTTTCAL RIPRSSBNTATION IN INDIA,

o | =8grgr33, od| =d*i eod<'

_caGt_cr*cr3l
R

. I

>E
\o\
o0
El)

-s

.{ x
c
a

r.) ..t .'}, rf, !? 99 o,Tq.i:ooc.r 9 c.r F c\ rn oo 'o\ \o -j co r.i .t -Joi, C',1 F

o
,,|.

R
t)

..) - O oo ct 6 c-r ra) (..l

a',t a.!. a

xii h=
f-a

^a

\O!!-r-\OOO$OO esJ-@.i-C-_.ire{t!. + ^i o c.r c.i oi doddtri

\O O', \O v^) oo r+ o9 Cc.I

ZF

1t 1a)

r9 Ft=

El

oO

OO.

a
a0

FEYrsr r6\q trr J O ..i ..i <i ,ri I 'rl'

ca

al

*
O' o'

*..lat

oo+o

I d t'l c'),

o\ st oo \o ca !'.iot..)_-F-C!< -

ra, H .n rt).

F
(|) .ah

Rrt\r

Ea

{83>'gEes>ff

glE*':.E'aA=lt

.t== o ), Tl a c FS!tr.* F3-{:ii:X39;o

!=

:v^ x

:t*

biI

-T

dPPENDICES

103

:ll

tr.1rl lrfll

rlltlll ltl
j-

tl
ll
l$

F'{lll-llll

r l: tl

<tr

e.l

,gxxeEqll
| -:
I

ttl

rq

ll ll
l\o afl I
\o

e!--i

-,..rdllllll
I

c.l

r:

.+

.i
ca

(\ \ ,- 6i s r-e{s-i

sRETEEtEEE
I I
a.t

-;

<.

c'l

l.l I

F- F- c- ra r-ill\

\o an $ l-.

rlllll ltrl

IY
lv
I

<Qt4-*

I l-.ot-.
* tn *

rlllll ll
Frdol
I

loo I V-l

oo cl .6

cl .o *it

t '3EFE= ggErfrlt-a g
RI

,ddt;
!.

(g

r-

>

FAE.E,E3 E a s< z

il

t<

104

cIrANcINc poLrTIcAL

REpRESENTATToN
rr.!

tu iNol,t

\
lr

o\ i\ r.l - ,.r rf _ d oi oi ,.i

<

r?-r

ia ,1 e{ r.r F\ Vr OO

R
\o

c;

\o (l.r oo.a fr r., ..r l3_

E' I

(\o
^!J

q66Fq65EFxh \oca.o";:"jt;;;ii
c-$O\.',:6.a!+F-g.A

v)

ia
Fl

9iefrqsqqs? oodv; .o'od.n.o

=-.;
e
F

Xq

.i

z-g
A: . A. -q)
00

.qf

iiqerERqqEl
t't t-t V r.j ' .i ..) F + ..t

\
O' c.

--.f

or l-*c.rrH

<vt
o 6
F
e) Fi

S:gsHSe:RFl
E

al

;:

EsE.qd.$diFE tE6gje=i9g

;! s

Zll s -? So = FE F

L. EI

tr

APPBNDICES

105

e I tE |
'F a.l

ll

rll ll

ttrE
!tl-'
,o\ lo\l
I

+.{'er | | '- .-

ll

saes\a o ;odd
c.i
.61 d

3a
II rl
,rf
I

(rl d -r ,-r

r-'l
ttl
tll ttl

'.+ (fr cj i

14esfrq
'-r
6,1

r9 "': c{
I

\o

+
I

c;

rt- \O ,{ ca .,1 .<l I

t-

<rl

qtqretl
'
aat

tlqrl
ll-'ll ll'-tZ

c-lla.t

c.)

o
F
c.l

'(r' l(.'l-ll
I6-tftr\Ol

l
a,

^,9 caL
3

oo

g; a i * H * z>oo< tir?ifi:*F
?EE

z o

^.
()

rd,,

r.(g-c =/1

E-trcd

t >,2 9I'o
oo

9.9 7: *FH

t'.

,t06

CHANGING POLITICAI. REPRESENIATION IN INDIA

x
A
0!

I l=l
t)

o,oo,o $* oot\ @ -.'-i a'i od or

co

lQ'sQt
* t tjF{

\o*

-..ro

'ad

l'. ;'o*'

rr3;$:irrfFr
Aq.,

\o

t)

'E

.lt hl

f-

llg-ror*ll*-J
. C.lC.t M\O* 'OF-.r;c.t-

a
4'

^:

la9-&nnlo9t-nl O

...r

Gt

oO
I

lF-F

,&
al

l-F.+-*l*l&.t^
tr\r l l,.
o\
l

il

rrv')r

r I I I | cfr I -.i '

lr rltl llr\oll

t-

ol
at (l)

.i

ll-l

;
u)l
ts

o'

st

*(?|O$O\!{,-.c.r ra) i

lFr-g
a6

<4 tt

!E:
V)

5E.3fi4$;xs Ei6 ME>>

=

gF

E S .si:!<

3E

lr

g,

APPBNDICES

t07

rrFrr-3t33,F
ll-ll-l*9.+

tl.llllll ,tlllllll
rll
\o ln | | |
|

' ',*5

rqp r$$

ll--l-*lR,rsrtrl*r8E ll-\llq.ir;.';rd
I1..-|l-:..,*o.

l-,ll r lS
,lF.

l+tlll rl

'\O. t.o
c\l

ll lrql

rtrttlll;l '='fi\l.l
rt,tic..'tl-l ltll

q-tS,.r\r

l\l
l-l -:

tll lll

rll

tl"n.alR--*f,
t

|
S CF

gE': o. 3-h-qe5o9.EE-3iTE r'1 >= '=-dg'g'tH=:o:oo*oEF E.Bf 5*g,F;51; *5i:Edi ;d o o >zo*thxFFh,,!

cJ

-E

ES

al, iba'-s-bo

i: E: EH cd: _'l 6

H.: b0
.q
,B

tt--I ll
i,1

Htr

n08

CHANCINC POLITICAL REPRESENTATION IN 'TNDIA

"a

s
^\)

Ithrr$$393rc.iood '-.;; ri td'

t J-s I l-..-orr-ro

(|,

B!

:
6
(h
,la

s \o
R
$
aa)

n 839,,h rl* irE;nll;rFgl

:l:3oll'l*91

Fl
) q)

o
,X

q)

RqeaRS,8883, oi -i\o \d o'ci I oiJ;oi

+oloOr(nlo6cotrr
I

R
6)

71

lt)

tr
^!)

I 'oan | l't.t
R

,3:i33
ter

a
BE

ol el

I l--,

| | I

-. F-cr '..

5l al
;l 6l I
,a I

trl
ol atI

'r: =l

5l

v)

\.
R
ci

OolFYl c\{ i $ t\t

.o - (1 \O

rar

rt) F '-. ."1 atl

EI (l 9l
i

n E i
ll

.: Z4

.q $X lEc

e o-*:e

vt

esg'g;!$sgg$

APPENDICBS

109
,

rl$o\ O\
-

ca ral

raOl\qr

IqRIA la) tl.+,., l-r

l{, o '

oo.

6il

o\ lnlnl

o\
I

llFr-'
ll.ooo .lodoi r\ t/|

ctl

l-',l-l ll

loqt c.t ti

rr|^f-

.l

t36 'do
l-,'-'
.-t
|

rlo\ct tl

l-ol:

c.l

tl

tFv?a (.l i ra)

^aO\o\

-:

REAEq <itt \o o :
*OOQ-r(.l
c.l

Es rE? O ocj
Fr-. l-.^

-,..of'
.*l rat ra rS-f,1I

I I

ll..i rl ll

l.';.'i,X l"-'le'

an

r:rlrl
l-.ltll

;
c.l

-.:9S*9R-..6'n-ol

,<t
;

F?
QA

(?T

h.!

EE ?-6F|rF*

z3

$
E,

l'
cl

ggEF,ggEg:!!s*e

.o

I TV tal

CIIANGING POLITICAL REPRESENTATION IN INDIA

APPENDTX
State-wise Distribution

rl(i)

of

Party in First Lok Sabha

Fernale Representatives of Congresr

First Lok
State

Sabha

No. of Members percentage to

Total

Assam

l | 3 2

6.67 6.67

Delhi
Bombay

20.00 :^:.33

Bihar

,APPENDICES

llr
APPENDIX

II (ii)

of: State-wise Distribution of Female Repre'enlatives Cong'g5t PartY in Fifth Lok Sabha

Fifth Lok Sabha

StatelU.T.
No.

of Members Percentage to
Total
2 13.33 6.67 6.67 13.33 13.33 6.67 6.61

Andhra Pradesh
Assam

I
I

Bihar Delhi Madhya Pridesh

Mysore

2
2

i
I
5 15

Tamil Nadu Uttar Piadish TOTAL

JJ.JJ
100.00

AP;PENDIX

II (iii)

Stste-xise'Dlstribution of Fenrale Represertatlves of Janata PartY in tbe Sixth Lok Sabha

Sixth Lok Sablm
State No. Assam

of Members
I

Percentage to Totai

t2.50
12.50

Gujarat Haryana
Iv{abarashtra

I I
I
J

Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal

12 50 12.50 37.50 12 50 100.00

TOTAL:

112

CHANGING POLITICAL REPRESENTATION IN INDIA

APPENDIX II(iv)
State-wise Distribution of Female Xepresentatlves of
Congress

(I) Party in the Seventh Lok

Sabha

Seventh Lok Sabha State No.

of Members Percentage to Total

Andhra

Pradesh

Bihar I\{aharashtra Madhya Pradesh Punjab Orissa Uttar Pradesh

3 4 2 3 2 | 4
19

15.80 21.05 10.52 15.80 10.52

5.26 *
2l,Os

TOTAL:

100.00

Fb
a
E
!t

u)

r.E
^$o
R

\O

..lOOO trt!trt odi-:t-F

?{

I t\ att ' (?l

\,

3 lt*^c
{l-tlrl rxlrlr 6l

t'r o''

E -=
EI

3
>r

.3Rt $sS .- .\
.-sx.Y l\J |{.l \,/ '*rA orv

EE
R

rql rl-f
:-

: l-llll
-t9.nt\."r6t6qo

-g F{
t4

.=

: SRF tr FiE d \, -a s
^,

&$
e
.C;

6,;.qqEffEqgE -.; ..r F F- ,.i a! t.i ("j + + l!t1t1l:l .')=;6

l-l-lll-l
a +:
t,
cn

EE
:p<
.i-t
.-l rFt

'3 -^
ri\J

5 'iF

\ S
E
i

CE

\:

Xr:k .-

*E t6 <.4.a
fr* q)Y
'I \

z 3
-) -o

q8
=

5iSe3$SsS oi,.i c.i .,

"-

R'.;

!\ sr tl

H ;rt

qU
e
-:..':-"E

4EEqaqElq - < \O O c.t,J1,.)

ra)

,., e{ rf, .l t} R
Vt

roXIooS"n.o=r .+ I| (..l ..r O |-\ \O .n oO \O 99"1o\ q9.1a{ "1 9 (a) .(t \E) r+
-

h
.;
fr

4\

rstF
a-:
uea
O
a-,

{s
e e

lt-g"rcl--<.r
F .,1 \OOO\O H$mC\c{d-C-(\l \O a.f <

:i

Etr: 6b .aS
a4

; .2

hE E.5^xI*
q A?*=

(,dt

dE,9=S,5is=

E 3.5oj

l4
Flll-l--lalllll

q.r*A,Ilicrlic

r.oullclt,

.BEr&ESINTATToN rN rNDrA"

ls
J.,

\rrr\r\\r\rrtlt (n(.r(.|.ncn

tl rl

.i
t'-

*lll-t--l-lllll lllllltlllllltl

tl tl
V) c')

c.l

ttttlrllttltltl
ol
(alah

\\ql(-tra\,,?ttllll rr-.

I |.)

t -

'

CO H

ll IE

s
-i
t-.

<.'Frl*l^-'llllll

33 r I I I | | I I | | | | i **ttltlltltltll
r\.1

t-'
|

ll
I .l tl

lrtEqaqltqttttl -.i r.r

(..t
6.1

IR
I
Cj'; i-,

?-i

F \o

lll'.<'rc'
(AcA\O-F tn-

ll'-.lllll
O*

F.

EEEEqqEI{qIISEI
t:f t+aolN$.rl-.\li,_.^l t^
loi \o
I

rl tt tl
ll rl l(\
ti a'O $.Y

\o

q
et

$ l.n \t
e.l

\lqfillllttttts N c.t
".EEf

o.i

;
Y
c-.t

lltlttt_.
6orel o\ \oc- N.n \r I I ENF.

ct

6ZP b $guEsEEE=gEcE,u E:S .1 jggE*:5;;8SF=iXdg <E*<'

T4PPEt{DlcFS

l15

-t
an

!: {g
.d

\o

ciAOrOO..lHCOCa cq .a F -,f-

op oi -i oi od
(aFrgHm

.i ei ci
-

f-

Fs

f-r<

Q{ 'i:

qr

'= r.: i:,'

y'ad

bs
R

af

Sttltlll F'r
Ftllllll
6\c)O\\0I.)P,.r oo a- t- :!d=:.tr-aic.rF
,rr t\ rl.l
ttl

SN.b
q,

$s ^.p
q Siq, ,QrE
Po^

^-p
R

ss

6l

..l .J Fr r-t
ca

,o (\.l 6

r-ts
Ei
q)

ltl

=:
I

.i

rl

Xe
.-r -E
OO

*sd.{ s
\J(l

{g
.e;

rt

+vj:J+N'+F
<fhE-t+Ct<t\O

s3?Ss

tS ryts
f-lcn .\o
ra) v)

A,q

<E

's

\F
R
.c;

X+",w:r.)oi

ee6:fi

:-li ':EE
*. .i -!qs\

:=

I | Er=c) I vl ol(\
c.ll-l^
c.i
.

=".'-u.'R

=:l

sss
o'3

.n Fr

o
{)

*a
F!
U)

r.-"acaO!jrcoo.o ct-cO-"

F
q)

E*E$E3Ei*t <c:<el)aa*ol
-l

Ef e;j ts

r.

.- .'i .. E E 'cq) f \ I ivr

.r,

A0

._

It6
\o
I

CIIANGING POLITICAL REPNISSNTATTON IN IND]A

sqs | | rrqq oiviodlrrr6irr

r-6r.nllllcl

lll

t I I

.c

88rR -qit:tltll .-r llll ql

at

EfriEnl1r
-:+.it-se'l e.l

o\c{-dre{l1l

11t lrl 11t 11l rtl

lll

.R=rt;tt=| | 't | rN=

o\
ao

$ss3,$n{ ;+;+r;..rc.ior
c.l

l^-ll

rrll

rtl
ltl
lil

D-

R*cn$l*-eil'l

essseqlEl odJ+.'i.i"''o
::c.t
.rt

E,rgetlll
c..l
I

Olll.)(.)

rll ttl rll

lll

co

lolttlll
I

cil

lgFs:\oFc.t'\''l I
l4

rll

l-3i

I gE**S9.:Ec !s ! E I $3.e lqt"FEFbihF Ei:2 Oi:vEE; lj>F1

.APPENDICES

I Ll

Fc: .i

c{

I I

'l t' ,l
I

| rl I'
t' 'l l\t lm

''l

rlltti ttttt* llrlll tlllll nlllll oi

t'oo

\o

Itlll

a.l
r{.

llllll llllll tlllll llllll

,aian rloqodll loo A
a.l

I
I

c.t

A't

ll ll

tl
I

tlll

at

le
I

tllttl

tlttrl
'lt

al

a.l
'I

'6

-r{ d9

.a

I Fo o :'l 6= E ae r i E I'* -e-E Z.t, E E tE 422 5 S & d2 .d

E c

l-.'.t-.
d
,5
F

Fr

lt8
?|

CHANGINo PoLITtcAL BEPRESENTATToN' IN

rrptA'

r-E
^qr
.'l5

rS*H rr
l-oom s |
|

a
a!

'61

'a

C;

6l

s* 'Rs
! l{) \.,

^,RE

!l

tlll tlll

q)

{)

$"at

ttSttl
cil
$QJ

r''

xs:F
:s
c;

di

llr-lll
g'l

Y= aa

Kl lol
c-l c.t c\l l.)
l.)

:x .g a-l .i z? I
{iix
llE AX

raqFXS loi.oi
*E
^-

r\

c;

!-.

\:
'E
q,

dU
*
:\
s

!s

<i

..1

t--iYY =\o$''l lHal\O$c.l

::.' i*

hs
R
ci

lt6iolv_') I I
..i
c.l

\o

f-

c.l

ssE <v<(4
lI)

tlO.q tl

*t
5

F (,

(h

Fr

{r-'

l:

ds :r E E-S ,H * H E S 5S $ fi s .;

aPPBi'lbrcd:

l.r$.

tt tl

rl
tl tt

tllt
llll lfrSl ,od,.il

tll tll
vt rF
I

lll lll ttl tll

'tl
1tt
.|I
:lI

llr
ll'r

\o

l-..r1 r3E,c..t | 6i

l\ol
I

,ll
I

r::
a.l

lltirl tttlll
o\,\oo\

.o\
I

lqq
(\.l

iat

r
I

l;:

t;$
(., r-ql (n I
ta)

I l(ar

'qq

rr,

4Er;El tt+=
r
I

r;.^l
'r rt tl ll
,c.l
I

l:r'.

r'|.;
c.l

E lrEll e{O
ll-ll
I: c.r IRN

lcosl
lF-F-

t(.rl

-E

gg.

..,

Ea

EgEEEBgBsEETg Ea

r20

CTIANOTNCI

IOLIITCAL TEPIIIINTATION IN INDIA

el

o 6l

ei -o

Rlrl
d;

lll llll tlll

tll,lll lllrll

:I I
al

rl
ll rt
|

ttll
llll tltl rlll tltl lrll llll

t{ o.l

5| r|
col
,

\o
@

ot

ll rl

t,tl

.r;

c^l
o\
c.l c.l

8t c.i

6 t\o

\ :f

:r \o nl
v-'l*l

rl t:
I

tl
o\

OI

\o

e! at
c..l

'+l r r* E v1

t\ '(\ lct
lx I
v

tllr
tttl rlll llrl

\o

l*

c't

,i c\
co

lrtl llll
sfr*lFl'

rl
tl

trtl
lllt

{ a* 3 ,ai .6 :
a)

,5F lzidSAzd

gEE$=

H h0

E= et)

5- g E AAEEEE
OF
Xrg Jz S .l

5a>,

>

l2r
r-= EI t* l tt !l ,s tDl a gl \= $i .9 I EI Esd qU st l F:i " d t'l SE!.R ts
q)

-tc.tl -lNll ..i ...: o.l

ll

| | I l| | I l-

-tNrll r rSrll llvil

e.t

llll'..l

I I leq
rr) l/.) c.lN

3l

;l El

ca sis .\ EI iq

$t:
qr

ll-t It s rQn lt oi 6.i

a.l

| | r-I - t- oF , oq c.\ c! el \o c.l oo c.l

I
I

Jl ,^:| 6l -z il i./
F 'xl

i ?l Q ri oi r')l .vl ol
3

es
R
d

XrXl '-itYl oc) I

tl Ir
(..t

,-*]-,, ttrqtt
c.]

",1

-t-lll
\O.n.a \O lCn \caaco\.c)'m 3.l -i o: oi -

lll*lt
l9rOcocn.o cO .n. I Y \O cn

X Z6 rc
AE

di

\r:

<!

.l c.i oi oi .i

fe =z

a
^_,

.i

ot'r-^
cO ,-

l*
-

.i) .n qt.."qv"j\ qi * .i'O \O cr\ c. O

FFgr-.-- rf t-. oio OdOr-c.i

| .{ "..r.-.- *.
I I

(9

\
t\

I I

to

ts

U
!l)

EEd 'i o' ;i ,q

.2
{,

\. EEV rE
I I

*--

t :::: 's la.

Rdo\<.1/.)r-=-9=l !O ,.o l-caOo. -. r9,,jqcq q .

,

F*

1\?"1 l(j ri- a.l

!9 *

Cq a.|

r I

- l."t- l*
O <t
(...l

l('|-.aoO\ II

F- r t.) .r| c.l c.l

Fr \O tat rai F * m(q e{

Fr

3**ciEc'Eerq*B :{Eai;.EgEgiss

*E '

ES

IN
\o

CHANGING PoLITICAL RTPRB$ENTATI0IiI:TI INI,TA

ltltstst
rltltlqt
llllNl"'tl

RN
e.l

l'r

g-

rl

lr,
/.i
,

!f,

ltll-'l I r lll

rl I

Ir
(:
rt
I

ti rl

aa

(\l

llltt*t rl IEn r;qR Its* te{ \o e\i +

1"i l--l..rt-x

Itt
lr+ t6l
r
I

ci

.i

rtl tt

r!ttt3l
lltlt*l

t*
(\l

l-l

rtl
ltl
llr
..1
I
I

<t

ll
I

l;t
rlll
r | I tca | |

t-

rE8n938' ro ,+ o., tt o
R
F-

ln
Ia)

c.l

rntt

.1 ll
ll
f

IY

I l--r-hXn

55r35$f5
HHOOT.)d'\O:l*

rll*
|

|,-

F qIF <)oo

l*r r\l

-l'| trlral | t
..1

l-l I lco I lll

.j

Y,

**ess3;r5

I t---Il,

I t=---<i, '|Y\o\ooocal '+s+dc';

: :
I

rll*
e.l -{ - \r

,rr

\ol

I I

sl
i5g :4
C

EH 5x

QA

$$gsgF,$eg$s $EEu3 'n ES8 sl

{E
A
,d

' a.l c.i

tx,
et

ol crl d c.l -.1 I

.al
c.l {tl jll cri

8& 46
c.l V

R
\l EE

rl l-

-r el'
tF

*rl at *l ol
6t

EI

iE;i
-qE

lc...i 1 |
,c;

.t I

6l

E.s

R tq \i: ^'s

l.'.nl I
I

.ll e.l t@r tt

I ll
I

-.1I
tl
I

ao

v i.i F ,;
..t' v

I\t \or

ll rl tl
F FO co

-:* | LI

a-l "e tl E:
Q ':\

*
.i;

t,r

l(
I

tI

tl
I

tl lt I I
I

o\

EI l
Ll

E;E
.ilir:E Fr
-E!

Orz o\ 'aYCo
I

o\-oi

,s lI

od lv d:o
l

olI "*: ,,ra isf

I'

I'

t,4

sl
trl al ol

t$
z

c,o(oq! ,,1

n'.
"
(Yt i

( t! {'. cl - oot drt\ I I('1 r:t nt

zl I

ct'

I
I
I

:x,

8.E S

\;i

et

oo

t\( cl I nl F-co?(@( oqr: t-l \ t-' cnlt\( an r\ Fl

I
I

E
G, a, (9

i e!! P --l r IQ .3

a.l
.,?

'

c.l

t\l d' c.l c.i' lcr

e.t

\:
^\,F

s
j

oi
al .l rI.I

oi olI
(\.l

+ei
Fi (\

P
'(J

c;

.?

:.!

l:C!.

t\ a ta) Ol
I

.l
I

..i

\t\ ,o\
I

'5
''E
!t

?i qs

e
\d

:*:

oq ?o? tco
.l c.l
).d

:e.i i

r{
e.i

F.r; <
c.l

,a;

_ld;
i
ert

60:

z
^.8 t$

.t-

o\

nl t-

.9
ar 'd

iat

{ \

r*

d' s lco d ..i \o oo \qq i#a&aAi.c if ++ iod 'i ocd al -i 6rA bt ' c| <f ,i \Cl ca lro iF- \ao )a

;s
s.
U)

=SARS:T,BR:a -*1

EEE E E aBnEE# 'EE {fEtgEes;fr9

..1

c{

Itllrrrrt ,,,rrrrllll
llllltlrrr,r rrrrrrtllllll

tl
a5
I

a.l

al
o\

lllirrr,
t.

,rrrrllll

5
ll
t'-

rtt-ltlltttll

rtttEttttttll ltrt:rttrtirl
.F

l\o
t

o o o

rrtrHtllrtlll
lltr(\,trl

lllt*tltltltl
t

1"9\ . c.r f-

| | r lco | | | |

l-..rllll*lllla\t

",j

'

| | | loo I r I (.i

| | I I I I loo I tttai I lc,: r

lllllll*lltt*

lll$t:ttt1
ao

lil lii ltl

rl tl
ll

II tl ll ll ll

o o

I
I I

a1

i a.l

.i o o o

tl
It rl
I I

I
I
I

Itl ltl lll

loC

o <! a
(-

tt
l09

r-<l
O\ N oo \O \o crr cr-r
.11.

t,lct
E Fo
o\

Fr I l-a,t

.. g

-trds'q; EFE36 '<. H5'5E

>dF1

V=&:?*q

EE,i= 3's^$f g5E :: .) F#tEd='F'd6g{H 7.a

r ?c-

cl

F.

bs e
.i
LE

i*l
al

ltll
II lr t-vl
6

ll
I

EI -!l sE8
CI AI ,l

\'i.t .:v >

.3

ri

ta

tr
*

o ct
o\
ao

ll ll

co

(\

00

e{

all

tr.
I

.rlll
.'qtq llorr.l
'' rat

ol

EI *I F'i
-l

t$
R,

rl I'

.gl
El cl

;l

fil {l

afi Eq

!Rt * !.; 3
FrSi
L:.

;;;

.T

iE
z
^i, E

;l sl
QI

s ,;s R'=N c.t l-.r HflA,I O\ +-f

_*or
I

ll'rl-'

tl
I

il
s
e.l

@o\
Q
..l

iq Or oO
{..1
C) i.) r.) (\

rrl

iE
z

c.l

t^

(\i c'l o , or \o.o "'l | -i-N

t

ta1

ral

cl

\o

(\

\o

x z r-l

F;F {=s
I
.,1

e{ -{
v1

(l)

E
a

90

Ex! d ql Ets
t.a

tg
Fi

r:

*=rco+ ii "1 - t | ++=

It ll tl at al

<'
--.

**{
l.{\oc.l

c,
L)

^r, I

\oo\o\o lfloql"1 llarnt(.l

.n
Cn

'Fst 5 d Eqi .n;

,.}C-c.lt-(,.) ta) o: (\.1

{U
.a'

,ri ,i < c.i

co c.l - ..! 1r| e{ t<{r

R
(9

F
,i)

bE qu
.d

: 6.1 O lo c.l ol \O*$\O.nO\C' \O.iS\O\O-:\O

st

dric.i

d;

+ 3

\o rri \fl (a

a
Rtd
t-l
tt)

(o \O ..1 (a i.nO\OO.-O
ar1_.n-$(..tF. F:;^a3,d4.o E q.r tr u !

.E

c5

:6

EE{E,tEErEF

-llorlt 3ll\o\o'oa\o ri{ i{{ :l t_*l__

o
tfcoe*lc..rl
I

.el

q=,9,, slJ vd roi |

-

:ll-rrrr

Fl l-rr-* Rl tgtrtl 3l lrrrll =f lllltB =f ttitt: :lt:rrtr t*

Nl r5,rEE t-

.fa

I r: I I I I
t")

I
I

,.

nf* | | | | ' f lllltt lltlttll llrllttl

Illtllll
/

Ilqltrr
!r
.+

I lcr I I ,l I

t
I

I qnq,Q
.'1 F.+ -at lC\
c.l

llrlttq lrtlll* llttlt$ lltttt-t

.

.,oi
ral
I

{rrrr*r \r llrt+

" I Xif $$
:\l

ll I

I ^-c{*_ o I sR=RY .iRd-i:i

"l|
| " I

l-'vll-'tRs o o-i j rF '|

*v)*
---i

llll*lr lq | '| r c.r | 'c.ic.i

I
|

.r,

-st-b'+

qqise " I '+:9\ooi";

lH

I |

'l
.l

oSS-.^r-

SSs || | rs' | |

|
, I

=$?=-

$t-*fl*--

rtl,-t
b

lsgsgf5Ei E*isgsa.gEa

EV.

tl tl
rl
rl tl

I rE
llllll-

,fE

I
I

tl
tl

I I | 'lE I r I ' 'll

I t I I
I t |

ll tl lr lr 1l tt
1l ll
.al \ol

Ii| ,

'13 | ll:

I I

| 1 | | ' l* rr| |
:lg

lg | 1 | | 'l: I I | | 'lE

I r | | -l= I r$ | rlE I r r rl;

| 1
I r ei q I le 3 ot l8 '

.i

1l 1l
ll

, 1* |
,I I I
gEE F EgE

rlg | 1 \o I I lE

,l;

ol

:
I

1l
<FP<A
Ed.4 T;F &4 FE
-cg

r r* o\ | 'l* | -r - l+
5* l=

lA

tl

"rF
.|t

o oo I lcq I | | | .t? ral

Gl 6l :(\l

t
iE s -

ct
a,l

ll--rrrrl- llll
I rlrit{lltl
arl an

a o
6 A

.:u.; sEe
*l .: ii s-r

: .i .ii

i$
*
r
^!i

oo

llllt, ,r r tm arl ,; , ao ai I..i a.r l; .n d

I I ll

| | | |

{)

f\

l-tlllrC

l- t | | |
lllll'?
lllll*

r
I

6
(h
,ia

5it
As*E

llll

z
q,3

llllrrr,l rr

I
o\
I

il

*
aa

5E sEi< :i6 \ x.E E:: Si: ! .iE

C<E

*-'i,.

lll?tllll?
| | lltlll
,c,')rl,tttl

,.6

e hE

| | r I r

\8

al

!lllrrrrrrl

i
\^1, S

ll-lrtrrtrl
F- l'\ ll\O-ttr,tr(o

?>

Frx

<;

tu < *'i.s 3 d:Sri

: .; .:! .: ':<

I r+
'rlllrl

I I I | | I

i
^;F \g

lt;-rrrrtr
. !rst=$:J 1,..,:_.-. '-==-l-'.'c\-l.)(rrtr)14Orat cI\a-c.rC\ ccio"do c..l | |
I

^i

;
| ,.,r

, . ,,.1 llto, .i ^r ' +

rvr

"i S{S

-d

':i
R
L

o . ..t lcr\ | c.l | -'c.i

oo c.;

-1

--.r
c-:

(.-l

-s-

lc.r l+
e!

s
O
e.l

!D

fE

E
-(D

a ba \ \
U)

.d

q;

!+ -r F- C.l tl:+--\\llc-\ C.l , , Ft 'C.tCara)iq I ir.c.r-** | l3

r\
lt

-d]

ra) -*or<l-(.l

l9

txg*e*a!$ers

lllltlll

-tl

.ol
I

ttltr.ltl trlqltll g
lll.-.llll ltllllll llllllrl

Ir 'l
ll

llllllilll
i*iiiri:l

tl
tv l-i

llllftltl

V?

a.l .d'

trtr'-lll
'q, rrlxlt;l
oo

I
.

rrr-rrI'
rllfi,rl "..rlttl
ll

ltn l{ ll ll tl rl

f-.

oi

I
I

rrr-llll

aa

lll3rtff, r.t t; oo lnlll-ll-l | | ri$.i rKg a{ el , ,., + * c{

F
I

c.l

od
c..l

e.i

t'ra)

| | | +.'-, 1"n61

r I t{s t lq3 ' c-o

lll-ll-*
lll-ll*l

I I

c-\

oo

oi

F-. \r') .(f,

trl:ll=t
d

c..t

I
'F-

c.t

C;

l\o

e'l

| | l:^ lFE.a{sr.EEl Eo c l'^ 6'=x,=. F

iliiiiiil illriiill iil:lilll lii:lllll ill:lliil lllilllll l- ir---l:l'l

o
a)

o o
tn
-.i

l: N
d

t:
l.-

ta

t-

l3

l-

t;
ln

F*E

-'E

EE

gSgiSE#d,E Fpd

,.t .g Za 5 r. l) i1 aEE '-=!6

#,9

u = i-" .r7 =

EstE=3,sEsl F

.t

&E
E

o.l

It " Q;i E .E \,' 'i =\ \ >Ed

T

a{
o,l

t8
.e;

.-ts

ttllllllll -lrll;ltll tllllltttl

|
'

rl II rl I'
ll
.l

o\

'3E s':
"iE \:
?

\E
9,i

^1,

*
>'

F-

Itttttlltt | | | I | 1 r33
. OO
(\

rl
r

A;:g i
(ls

0re

frrKKr,'fr,, :':: | 'r |

g

lllrlll-,,-l

''l

ll rl
cJl
\o,

>=

(n ,ll Fl

l.ts
^u
sl

-'l*-.1tt*tl
ao \o

-.1

*3e .t -'t
.3.E :.\

nerc
e.l

ri-j l, lqi '

*
TE

| 1""t,;

ri.i r!)

-a .\,=
,=
c,

^*i*ltl*ll lllrlltllE o\o

I I* I |

;r
-,1
o YI

is
.9

ZE

<E
bo

Sr.E IuI
'3

E i-i (-:qo

*--* S
F'.

1 I I l,\ -J
ct

a.t

iE
e
a
t-.q;

09r

Er t
PEX i^-f qaiF
-.:.

"SPrsrPrr ll.,-. l*l-. ll ,al 3 t53, I r:IE FI o o l-51 | l*-.: :l

5,g$iS rFSi
F l:--'.
b*r.tro3*1

:F

\o

F c F-I

*
g,

.F

^bF

.f

t)

5r:5iri:i*
x\oa.tF

l=-.:

Qoo '.|i

z6 (
b

t--ss,

g^FR*-*R-g

S-.

I;*ag*!ss*$tF

!l

,lr8rtrl

r$r
I
t?t
,

ll Irl
ltt llt rlt tll

a I ci.n a.l | | t '.1 I ."i ..i ".i ra an aa

l,I I a.t | I I nr
I l^-*

dt

II

rlrrl:r; oil (\
lttl1'-.lI l'lllll.l drs'r,t
..^F

o{

*lll ltll tttl lltl

.5

.; 5

\o

ooloo
I

rr-rrll-. | rl |

rttl ttlt
rrll lt
I

rtl
lll

o -i 5
!.

ct
a-

1ll
ldl

,l I ti rIJ ' r a(i 't

o ll

.l I l,* t-{ t- .n ..: !: ,1 r::i rE

I l--ld
c{

trlttt:t
.,Y-aa

ll ll ll tl
lr

t:
ll ll
Qr rHl
I

lr 1l 1l
1l

o
rc

I
t

ll,-ttl-l qqe E rE9fr *-O(.taqr.t,--, I^

rl
ll
ll \l

ll ll
..t
I

c)

|
tl

,.)

r rBssEi ' oi."i+-i5'

r^;-.
r

lrl
I
oo

'-

n
.o

-.t
ll ll
.ao
I I I

c.l

c\

I lo-'o-*l , | c.i l;\d-cr ,1 , F,RSqF

,-l
_

I I

l:

t'.|,

l..: ,:

L-i loI

"-.-399R;:
. E =tr:d.) -= ='r,

I l.'t-l ".-*tr
bo

t'al F.

t<
lt,

IN Ifr

a: tsd

5esgFgI <z iEsE 2a 8E3

au B?E

F-

'cl-

As
S

,*j-t: H;i
db=

Eg
^Fr 6

arl

cHANGING pot,trrcAt, nEpngssri

rartoii
:.

IN INDT.L

APPENDTX

(i)

Strte-wise Distribution of the Members of the Congress.. Party ln the First Lok Sabha by their Legislative Experience StatclUT

of Seats
No.

central State No LegislaLegislatures Legislatures tive expefience-

No.
I

Per
cent

No.

Per
cent

No.

Per
cent

Assam

12

4.00
15

Bihar
Bombay

44
38

15.00

8.00

TZ

3.89 5 9.09 22 1s.58 18

5.20
10.38
IJ

2.90 12.79.
10.46

M. Pradesh
Madras
Orissa

23

6
8

l0
t6
T)

6.00 4 8.00 8 3.00 4

6.00

/.f ). I I .04.

19 3

5.20

1.75.
5.81 15.6q,

Punjab
U.P.

6 30

l0
20.,17

30.00

W. Bengal
Hyderabad

2J
74

I
2

M. Bharat Mysorc'

l0

16 7.00 2 1.00 I 2.W 4 l;00 , 2

2]
14

2.60
1.30

8.t3.
6.97"
1.7

t1
J

5.20
',.

2.60

4.06

,{PPENDICES

133

I'2
Pepsu
Ra.jasthan

-E

.". . .- 2, 9

I
5

1.30

6.49

Tr. Cochin
:'Saurashtt a
6

I
J

1.00 3.00
1.00 1.00 1.00

4 2

s?n
2.60

V. Pradesh H. Pradesh
Delhi

.4

I
'|

'Tripura
Bhopal Coorg Kutch

Manipur

I
I I

I 4 2 .1 3 2 3 I

Q'5.9

,2.32
t.L1
0.58
1.75

l.l7
1.75

5.59

1.30 1.30

I I
1.00

0.59

Andaman and Nicobar Island s Ajmer

Total

1.00

0.59
100.00

349 100 100.00 77 100.00 172

APPENDTX V (ii) State-wise Distribution of the Members of

Fifth Lok Sabha by their Legislative Experience

Cotrgress

in the

.StatelaT

Seats Legislatures latures

No.

of

Central

State Legis-

tive Expefience

No

Legisla' Per
cent

No.
2

Per
cent

No.

Per
cent

No.
,1.

Andhra
Pradesh Assam B,ih4r

Guja.at Maharashtra

29 15 8.28 10 13 8 4.41 2 38 22 12.15 6 4 2.22 2 l0 39 19 10;49 ' 'E

12.81

4
J

4.70
3.55
12.00

2.57 7.69 ?.s7

10.25

10

4
12

4.io
13'50

134

CI'ANGINC POLITICAL REPBf, TNfATIOTTi ilq T TOiT.

56
.
M..,Pradc*b Punjab

W. Bcngal U.P. Mysorc

Rajaethan Orissa

2l 15 8.28 3 3.85 3 3.50 11.15 1063.3233.85 33'50 1352'7756'41 72 41 22.65 19 24.34 12 13.50 2't 14 7.19 3 3.85 l0 12.00
t4 l3
9 6

Tamilnailu

Kirala
Himacbal
Piudesh Haryana

7 4 2 I

3.86 2.22 l.ll 0.55

l:66
2.22

5 2 3 2

6.41 2.57 3.85 2.57

3.85

2 7 4 3

234 8.0t
4'74'
3.55'

4 7 ::':

3 4

-{ 3

l'15'

JandK
Nagaland

Tripura
Nofd
-..;-

Manipur ;;0; Goa, Daman and Diu lDelhi 72l.n Andaman and Nicobar Islands I I Arunachal
Pradesh

I I
0.55

1.28

I 1.28 4

1.15.

4:lo

Laksbdwcep I Pond.icherry I
Drdra
Negar
and

0.55 1.15

Havcli I Chandigerh I
Total

1.15

0.55

34s

18r t60.&

78

100.00 86

100.00

lriet{or:bh

r35

APPENDIX V (iii)
'ihe State-wise Distribution of the Members of Janata Party In Sixth Lok Sabha by their Legislative Experience

Stote

IUT

No Legis' No. of Central State Seati Leglslatures Legislatures lative Expe'

rtence

No. Per No. Per cent cent

No.

Per
cent

Andhra
Pradesh

I
-t

Assam

Bihar Gujarat
Haryana

5l l4
9

| | l8 8 4
1

122

1.22 1

0.79

2t.96 22 17.45

H. Pradcsh J. and K. Karnatka Kerala M. Pradesh Maharashra

Meghalaya

4
I

9.76 3 4.88 4 3
| )',

239
3.18
2.39

2
JI

| 11 3 | 1 I | 9 5

1.22 13.51

3.66 1.22 1.22

r.22
1.22 10.98 6.10

l7

9 10.96 19 5 6.10 1

15.08 5.55

Manipur
Nagaland
Orissa

l4
2 24
3

Punjab

s | 5

6.10 1 1.22 | 6.10 8 1 |

-:.

5.55

z ^

Ai 1.ta ^

0.79 6.36 0.79 0.79 30.9s 5.5s

27
33.0:2

Sikkim
Rajasthan
.

Tamilnadu

11 2

13.51

2.14

Tripura U, P. W. Bengal

I
84

18 21.94 39

l4

2 2.44 7

6.10

136

CHANCING POLTTICAL REPRBSENTATION IN TNDIA

Andaman and

N. Islands
Arunachal
Pradesh ChanCigarh
1

--:1.22

tt,

Dadra and Nagar Haveli Delhi Goa, Daman, and Diu Lak'hdweep
Pondicherry

3,66

2.39

1.22

Mizoram
290

82 100.00 t26 100.00 s2

APPENDIX V (iv)

100.00

State-wise Distribution of the Members of Congress (I) party in the Seventh Lok Sabha by their Legislative Experience

StarelUT

No. of Central'Legis- State LegisSeates

latures

Iatures

No
I

Legisla-

ive Experien( e

No.
Andhra
Pradesh
Assa m

Per No. Per cent cent 23.68

o.76

No.

Per
cent

40
2

JI

2.41 11,29

6.71

I
1

Bihar Gujarat Haryana

21
25
3

7
J

H. Prarlesh JanCK
Karnataka

I
20

2.29 1.52 9.r7

5.34 t4 5.34 t2
2

I
9.67
1.61

|.12
6.74
6.74

6 6

I
I
6

0.80 0.80 4.83

8.98

APPBNDICBS

Kerala
M.Pradesh
,Maharashtra

35 37

l0
12

11.12 01632.41 '1.63 10 8.06 15 16.87 s.L1 ls 12.09 10 lI.2+

0.76

MeghalaYa I

Manipur Nagaland 19 Orissa Punjab 12

1 1

4
J

Rajasthan Tamilnadu

16

20
51 5

u.P.
West Bengal Andaman and

20 I

I 0.80 I 0.80 5.3497.2533.37 3.05 5 4.03 3 2.29 10 8.06 3 4.58 5 4.03 9 15.28 17 13.70 14 01632.4r11.r2
0.76
a

3.37 3.37

l0.l I
15'75

Nicobar

Islands

-Arunachal

Pradesh . 2
Dadra and
Nagar

r.61
1

'Chandigarh I Haveli
1

l.l2
t.r2

I
1

Delhi
'Goa, Daman
.and

4
1

0.76

2.41
1

Diu

t.rz

Laksbdweep 1 Pondicberry I
Total

0.76

I
,131

0.80

344

100.00 r24 100.00

89

100.00

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books

Almond, Gabriel

New Jcrsey; Princeton University Press, 19 73"

A atd

Verba, S" Civtc CulttYS, Frinceton'

(eds'): The Politics of Almond, Gabriel A and Coleman, James Princcton, Ncw Jersey; Princeton the Developing lreas, UniversitY Press, l97l
'

Apter, D E: The Politics of Modernisation, Cbicago' University

of Chicago Pfcss,

1965'

1959' Boobay' Dailey, F Gz Politics anil Social Change: Orissa in

Oxfoid Univlrsi9 Press, 1963' Soctal Fabric of Blondel, Ji Voters, Parties and Leaders: The --- -Briritn Poht:ics, London, Penguin Books' 1967' and Bottomore. T B: Elites and society, London, C A Watts
Co. Ltd, 1964. Broomfield,
1968' Century Bengal, Bombay, Oxford Univergity Prcss' Americaft' Dahf , R A: Who Governst Democtacy and Power in an

I H: Elite Conflict in a Plural Society: Trrentietlr

Citl, Loddoq, Yalc University Prcrs' 1961' BostoniDawson, R E ald Prewit K: Political Socialisatian' Little Brown, 1969. Davics, Ioan: Social Mobitity nil Political Clwge; I-ondon'
Macmillaa, 1970.

140

CHANGING POLITICAL REPRESENTATION IN INDIA

Desai, A R: Socrcl Background of Indian Nationalism, Bombay, Popular Prakashan, 1966.

ldersveld Samuel J, Kooiman J, and Tak Theo van d,er: Elite Images of Dutch Politics: Accommodation and Conflict, Arin Arbor, Michigan, University of Michigan press, 19g1. 'Franda, Marcus F: Political Development pnd political Decay in Bengal, Calcutta, Mukhopadhyay, 197 l.

in Change, Berkeley, California, Univereity of California Press, 1969. .:Kaslryap, S C: The Politics of Defection: A Studt of Srarc Polirics in .India, National, New Delhi, 1969.
Culture of a Community

Hyman, Herbert H: Political Socialisation: A Study in the .Psychology of Politfual Behavioar, New Delhi, Amerind Publishing Co. Ltd, 1972. flardgrave, Robert L: The NaCars of Tamilnadu; The political

Kothari, Rajni (ed): State

'Kothari,
Rdjoi: Caste Longman, 1970.

and Nation Buitding: Thiril World Perspectlve, New Delhi, Orient Longman, 1975.

in Indian

politics, New Delhi, Orient

Mills, C Wright: The Power Elit e, New Yoik, Oxford University

Press, 1959.

,,

Morri;-Jones, W Longman, 1978.

t 959.

H:

politics Mainly Indian, Bombry, Orient

Morcr Gretano: The Buiing C/ass, New York, McGraw Hill,

Nettl, J P; Potbiial 'Wobilisation, London, Faber and Faber.

1967.

'Pitkin, Hanna Fenichel, The Concept of

Berkeley, California, Univelsfty ;rif California press, i 967.

Representation,

iSeligman L.G : Patterns of Recruitment : A State Chooses its Lawmzkers, New York; Rand McNrilly, 1947,
:..Sisson,

ment and Political Integration-pauern af politiail Linkages . in qt laCi@.$tsle, Cqfiforniq, Ccllar, L9?2,

Riihard'arrd thbrJer, Lawrence L : Legislative Recruit-

AIBLiOGRAPI{Y

11t'

?umin, Meivin M : 'Sociai. Stiatification : The Forms and Functions of Ineqwlity, Englewood Cliffs. N J, Prentice
Hall Inc. 1967.
TVeiner, Myron ! Pany 1967.

BulWng in

New Nation t The Indiarc'

Press,..

National Congress, .Chicago, university of C_bicago

Articles

Arora, Satish K

"social 'Background 6f Indian Cabinet",. Economic and Palitieal Weekly, Spccial Number, 1972 ;
:

pp.7523-32;

"Social Backgro und of the Fifth Lok Sabha", Economic' and political lleekly, VIII (31-33), Special 'Number,

'

;pp. 1433-40. Davey, Hampton: "Polarisation and Consensus in Indian Pany Folitics", Asian Surve.)t, XII (8), 1972 ; pp. 7AL'ft. Datta, Ratna "The Party Representative in Fourth Lok.
1973

Sabha", Ecoiomic and Potitical.Iileekly, Annual Number,. I969 ;pp. 179-89, Gupta, Sisir : "Competing Elites", Seminar, Vol. 51, November. 1963 ; pp.41.43. ..

tham, StanleY J : ' 'The 1971 Revolution in Indian Voting Behaviour", Asiut Survey, . XI (12), December 1971 ; pp. 1133'52. Hohnson, R.W: ,"The British PoliticaL Elite'i, in Archives Europcan Jo rnal of Soeiology Vol. XIV (I),"1973;
Jigi nbo

pp.35-77.

"Political Recruitment in .the Indian Natiorral Congress-The Fourth General Elections",. Asian Survey, May 1967 ; PP. 292-304. Kothari. R.aJni : "Congrcss System.,Qn Ttielt';:Asian Survey,
Kochanek, Stanley

A:

VII(2), February 1967 ; pp. 83-96._ Narayan, G: "social Background of Scheduled Caste Lok Sabha Members 1962-197l" , Economic and Politicaf Weekly, XIII(37), September 16. 1978 ; pp. 1603-C8.

n42
.

CHANGINro PoLitrcAL n$PrS3ENTI,TION rN

tNpr4

Palm6r' Nornen D : "India's. Fourth Gcneral Electiont, Asian Suruav, VII(5), Mav 1967 ;py 275'9t'
Rov. Ramrshray: "India
Asian Snrvey,

in 1972t Fissurc in the Fortrcss"' XllI(2), Fcbruary l9TS ; pP' 231'45' .,India : l9i3 : A Year of Disconlcnt", Asian Survey XIV(2), FebruarY 1974 ; PP. ll5-24'
"Contiauity and Cbange in Elctgral Behaviour: The l97l Parliamentary Electioos in lndia"' pp' ll9-32' Asian Survey, XI (12), Deccmber 1971 ;

..Rudolph Lloyd

Indian Rudolpb, Sussanc Hocber : "The Writ from Dclhi : Thc After the l97l Electioos"' iiovernmeat Capabilities Asian Srrvel, XI(10),O:iober l97l ; pp' 958'69'

'Sartori, G: "From the Sociologr of Politics to Political Srciology", in S.M. Lipset (cil') Social Science and Politics, New York, Orford Usiversityn Press' 1969 ;
pP. 651100.

;seligman, L.G. :
American

"Political Recruitment asd p rrt! Structure", Political Science Review, LV ; I March 196l ;
Se

pp. 77'86.
Singh, JitenCia : "Brckground and Possibitities", 51, November 1963 ; PP. 4t-43.

zirar Vol'

,sirsikar, V.M.: "Potiticel Ledcrship in India" Economic lYeekly XYll(L2), 20 March' 1965 ; p9' 517-22' Infre Um1p3thy, M : 'iEm:rging Power P1!!tt-1 t-" ,lndia : 'structural Eliti or ldcologicat Elit', Indian Jownal of pp' 197'203' Political Science, XXIX, Septcmber 1968 ; '\[;iner, MYron : "The 1971 Elc:tions and tbe Indian Party pp' SYstem", Aslan Srvey, XI(121, Dgcembcr ' 1971 ;
453-66.

..The

19?7. Prrliamentary Elgetjoas in Survel, XVII(7), Iuly 1977 ; pp. 619-26'

lodia"' lsarz

INDEX
AgeConrposition,2,+20,9344,
State-wisc analysis, 38'50,
96' ll3'22

-Age Composition lst Lok sabha, 5-7 5th Lok Sabha, 7-9 6th Lok sabha, g-10 7th Lok Sabha, 1Gl3 State-wise break-up, 13-20, 94, l12-g Andhra Pradesh M. Ps. Women members, 30 ' Assam M.Ps. Age comiosition, 15, 16

Gandhi, Indira,3
Genral lections (196?),

9l

Gujarat M.Ps. Age composition, 15 Education levcl,4o

Legislative experiencc, 84, 85'

86, 88 Occupation, 66,67,71,75 Womn member,3l

Education level, 39, ,14, 46 Haryana M.Ps. Legislative experience , 84, 86 Occupation, 59' 66,70,71,75 Age composition, 13, 15 Education lcvel, ,10, 41, 4 Women members, 26, 32

tsihar

Age composition, 13, 14, 19 Education level,41,42,44, 46, 50 Legislative experience, 84, 85 Occupaiion, 6A, fi, 66, 75 Woman mcmbers, 26 Sertsch, Gary K.,93

M.ps.

L*'l?lir"

cxpcrience' 84' 85'

Occupation, &,61, 9,71, 75 Women m.mbers, 3l Himacbal Pradesh M.Ps . Age compqsition. 17, 18, 19 Educations leial,.4l, 42,44 Legislative expcriencc, 88, 89 Occupational Status, 59, 60,63,

clark, Robert P.,

e!
9l

*.#lu,l'rli**,,
Indian National Congress(I),
3

.Delhi M.Ps. Age composition, 17, 18, l9 Education level,4I,43, 44

Legislative experience, 90,

Occupation,

66,7l

Janata Party Occupation status of M.ps, Tl W6man M.ps,23, lll

Women memhers, 27

fEducation level, 2, 33.52, Othcr countries, 97

96-7

Karnataka M.Ps.
Women members, 30

Kim, Jao-m, 94

144

CHANGING PCLITICAL RE?RESENTATION IN INDIIT Rajasthan M.Ps. Age composition, 17, 18, l9 Education level, 48, 50 Legislative experience, 6, 87, 8&;

Legislative qxpcrience, 2; 7 6-91, 99

State-wise break-up, 83-91, 132-7

Madhya Pradesh M.Ps. Age composition, 13, 14, 19 Euucation level, 41, 50
Legislative experience, 90

Occupation, 64, 65,75

Representation, I R.uling Party M.Ps. Age composition, +20
Sex

OccuFation, 60, 62, 64, 65,

1r

't<

composition, 21-32

Women members, 27 Maharashtra M.Ps. Age composition, 18, 19 Education level, 49, 50 Legislative experience, 86, 87, 88 Occupation, 64, 65, 66, 71, 75 Women member 29 Mords-Jones, W.H., 53

Tamil Nadu M.Ps.

Women members, 27

Uttar Pradesh M.Ps.

Age composition, 13, 19

Education level, 41, 43,44, 46,50 Legislative experience, 86,

88

91

Nehru, Jawaharlal; 92 Nie, Norman M., 94

OccupatioDal status, 53-75, 97-9

Occupation, 66, 68, 71, 75

Women members, 2{, 32

State-wise break-up, 59-75,

l:i-st

Verba, Sidney, 94, 97 West Bengal M.Ps,

Orissa M.Ps, Age compasition, l6 Education level, 44, 45,46 Legislative experiencc, 84, 86 Occupaiion, 60, 62,63. 64,

71,75 Parliamenlary representation, l-2

Age composition 13, 14 Education leyel, 44, 45, 46, Legislativ experience, 88, 89 Occupation, 66, 69,71, 75 Women medber, 3l Women M. Ps,21-32, 94-6 Other countries, 95

Pitkin, Hanna Fenichel, 1l

Punjab M.k. Women members, 28

State-wise brcak-up, 23-32, 96*

110-12

Janata regime, 23

6(lriB

ot eul olfist^$a$lc

FurLre*T|oNs

tsalflsobrffigheXt
Bisnas, Alrey 12J.00:

Bhatt.shtryo,

lit*i$,

Goctr 50.q)

Bhatts@;'l[0ffi;r:'
Ccotre for-fnlicY
.(eeercb, N. Dcthi". :Desbmukh, C.D"

t0.00' tm.00

,ddrr*kosr ; Gamt floc' the Trcaoure Hourc of Salskrit

Words
B,urceucraoY,
.

90.00

Dcy, Bata K.
iDurrany, K.S'

Drvclopmctrt iSnd
80.00 150.m 75.00
60.00

Pubtic Mancg@cnt in Isdia

fianda, K.L.
Jrganaadham, V. .Jain, D.K,

Religion in SocictY Ptoglarnmc Pcrformrocc

Eudgcting

Adnidstration end
Plmned"
EconomY

Socirt'

Ghrngc Projcct Planaing

il

ald Appraigel

Thc
?5.00 120.0J

Indiao Contcrt
.Jain, R.B. rnd.

Surceueratio valucs ia

haudhury P.N.
.Jain, R.B. lKamblc, N.D. rKemblc, N,D. lKhan, Muotaz.dli
,iKhao,

Dcvclopmcot

Mqmkz Ali

lKhaa, M$mtsa

Ali,

.*Iadro. l.G Mclo!, M" tad$

Comparetivc Legistetive t0.0o Blhaviour 60.u} in India B@dd Lrbour 75.00 Migaots in lndian Mctropolis Sched$lad Castes & thcir Strrus in India 15.00, St tus of Rurel Womcn tn 75.00 Iadic rnd' tb! $ociat. Logisl$on t0.00 Rural Poor 110.00 lndirn Policc lltatus of Muslim Womrn in
In4i*.:

50.00

(ii)

*VS

fi&t

i.iitfir

; I

Represcnta-

1s1{{ -"s5,9q
60.00"

I I

Sagar, Sunder

a .U:r. ..

ti&:.
Policy in