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1, 1-5, 2011
ISSN: 1814-8085
J. basic appl. sci. structurally and pharmacologically similar to bovine insulin and is composed of two polpepide chain held together by disulfide bonds (Cunnick et al., 1993) pinsulin act as insulinomimetic agent which is hypoglycemic when given subcutaneously to human diabetics (Khanna et al., 1981) Momordica charantia increase glucose utilization by liver (Sarkar et al., 1996), decrease gluconeogenises via inhibition of two key enzyme glucose -6-phasphat and fructose -1,6 bisphosphatase and improve glucose oxidation through the shunt pathway by activating glucose -6-phasphate dehydrogenase (Shibib et al., 1993). The extract of Momordica charantia also enhances cellular uptake of glucose, promotes insulin release and potentates its effect (Yibchok-Anun et al., 2006 and Welihinda et al, 1982). Effect of Momordica charantia aqueous extract on lipid profile Five week oral administration of aqueous extract of Momordica charantia showed significant decrease in cholesterol (21% P<0.01), triglceride (20% P<0.01), LDL cholesterol (20% P<0.01) and increase in HDL (45% P<0.05) (Fig. 1). The cholesterol lowering component of Momordica charantia reduces liver secretion of Apolipoprotein B (Apo B) - the primary lipoprotein of low-density bad cholesterol is also reduce apolipoprotein C- III expression, the protein found in very-low density cholesterol which turns into LDL/bad cholesterol and increases the expression of Apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoA1) the major protein component of high-density "good"
students t-test. A asterisks denoted a significant difference with the control (*P <0.05, **P>0.01). RESULTS The aqueous extract of Momordica charantia significantly reduce body weight (303 7.03 vs. 253.72 7.8 g), glucose levels (128.0 5. vs.103 3.5 mg/dl), Total cholesterol levels (120 4.0. vs.95 3.5 mg/dl), triglyceride levels (100 4 vs.81 3 mg/dl), LDLcholesterol levels (74 3. vs.33 0.4 mg/dl) and increase HDL-cholesterol levels (33 1.1. vs.39 0.5 mg/dl) DISCUSSION Effect of Momordica charantia on serum glucose Momordica charantia aqueous extract significantly decreases serum glucose level (17%, P<0.01) as compare to control (Fig. 1). Over the years, several mechanisms have been put forward to explain the hypoglycemic effect of Momordica charantia . For instance, a fraction that competitively inhibits intestinal glucose uptake has been identified (Meir & Yaniv, 1985). Others have shown that Momordica charantia extracts stimulated insulin release from isolated pancreatic islet cells (Welihinda et al., 1982, Ali et al., 1993). Research indicates the primary constituents responsible for the hypoglycemic properties of Momordica charantia are charantin, insulin like pepide (plant (p)-insulin), cucurbutanoids momordicin,and oleanolic acids (Harinantenaina etal.,2006).p-insulin is Test Control
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Fig. 1. The aqueous extract of Momordica charantia reduces serum glucose (RBS), Cholesterol (CHO), triglyceride (TG), Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL). Values are mean + S.D. (n = 10). Significant difference by t-test (*P <0.05, **P>0.01) from respective water treated rats.
Bano et al.
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Intake(g)
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Fig. 2. Percentage decrease in body weight after five weeks of treatment Momordica charantia aqueous extract Value are mean + S.D (n = 10). Significant difference by t-test (16 %,**P <0.01).
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Fig. 3. The Effect of Momordica charantia aqueous extract on weekly rats body weight (g) value are mean + S.D (n=10) Significant difference by t-test (**P <0.01) from respective water treated rats.
cholesterol. It also lowers cellular triglyceride content (Ahmed et al., 1998). Others have reported lower triglyceride levels in plasma (Nerurkar et al., 2005). Momordica charantia fruit and/or seed have been shown to reduce total cholesterol, another factor in the development of metabolic syndrome. In one study, elevated cholesterol and triglyceride levels in diabetic rats were returned to normal after 10 weeks of treatment. Chaturvedi et al., 2005 also confirmed that bitter melon extracts reduces triglyceride and low-density lipid (LDL) levels and increased high-density lipid (HDL) levels. Bitter melon exhibited a marked reduction in the hepatic total cholesterol and triglyceride levels both in the presence and absence of dietary cholesterol (Jayasooriya et al., 2000).
Effect of Momordica charantia aqueous extract on body weight Momordica charantia aqueous extract significantly decreases body weight (16 % P>0.01 (Figs. 2 and 3) Momordica charantia increase the activity of adenosine 5 monophosphate kinase (AMPK), an enzyme that facilitates cellular glucose uptake and fatty acid oxidation.Hypoglycemic agents in bitter melon promote efficient oxidation of glucose into fuel, and conversion into starch.Glycogen or animal starch a is stored in the liver and muscle cells. During glucose shortages, fats/fatty acids are used as fuel. Continued demand for energy in the absence or shortage of glucose causes fat cells to release their fat contents to maintain energy balance. This increased fatty acid oxidation eventually leads to weight loss (Qixuan Chen et al., 2003).
J. basic appl. sci. summary: conference proceeding for healthcare professionals from a special writing group of the American Heart Association. Circulation, 105: 22312239. Gu K, Cowie CC and Harris MI. 1998. Mortality in adults with and without diabetes in a national cohort of the U.S. population, 1971-1993. Diabetes Care, 21:1138-1145. Gu K, Cowie CC and Harris MI. 1998. Mortality in adults with and without diabetes in a national cohort of the U.S. population, 1971-1993. Diabetes Care, 21:1138-1145. Harinantenaina L, Tanaka M, Takaoka S, et al. 2006. Momordica charantia constituents and antidibetic screening of the isolated major compounds. Chem Pharma Bull (Tokyo), 54:1017-1021. Jayasooriya, A.P. et al. 2000. Effects of Momordica charantia powder on serum glucose levels and various lipid parameters in rats fed with cholesterol-free and cholesterol-enriched diets, J Ethnopharmacol. 72(1-2): 331-6. Kannel WB, Castelli WP and Gordon T. 1979. Cholesterol in the prediction of atherosclerotic disease. New perspectives based on the Framingham study. Ann Intern Med, 90: 85-91. Khanna, P., Jain, S.C., Panagariya, A. and Dixit, V.P. 1981. Hypoglycemic activity of polypeptide-P from a plant source. J. Nat. Prod. 44:648-655. Li, Shizhen. 1999. Ben Cao Gan Mu 1578 1999. Ren Ming Wei Sheng Press Beijing, China. Marles, R. and Farnsworth, N.R. 1995. Antidiabetic plants and their active constituents. Phytomedicine 2: 137-189. Meir, P. and Yaniv, Z. 1985. An in vitro study on the effects of Momordica charantia on glucose uptake and glucose metabolism in rats. Planta Med. 51:12-16. Nerurkar PV et al. 2005. Microsomal Triglyceride Transfer Protein Gene Expression and ApoB Secretion are Inhibited by Bitter Melon in HepG2 Cells. J. Nutr. 135(4):702-706. Oisih Y, Sakamoto T, Udagawa H, et al. 2007. Inhibition of increases in blood glucose and serum natural fat by Momardica charantia saponin fraction. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 71: 735-740. Sarkar S, Pranava M and Marita R 1996. Demonstration of the hypoglycemioc action of Momordica charantia in a validate animal model of diabetes. Pharmacol. Res. 33: 14. Shibib B.A, Khan IA and Rahmam R. 1993. Hypoglycemic activity Coccinia Indica and Momardia charantia in diabetic rats. Depression of the hepatic gluconeogenic enzyme glucoseb -6-phasphatase and
Momordica charantia leads to a general decrease in tissue fat accumulation and that such an effect is mediated in part by enhanced sympathetic activity and lipolysis (Chen et al., 2005). Momordica charantia or its bioactive ingredient(s) could be used as a dietary adjunct in the control of body weight and lipid profile. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Authors are deeply thankful to Dean, Faculty of Science for financial support for this project. REFERENCES Abd El Sattar El Batran S, El-Gengaihi SE and El Shabrawy OA. 2006. Some toxicological studies of Momordica charantia L. on albino rats in normal and alloxan diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 108(2):236-42. Ahmed I, Adeghate E, Sharma AK, et al. 1998. Effect of MC fruit juice on islet morphology in y=the pancreas of streptozotocin-diabetic rat. Diabetes Res. Cli Pract. 40: 145-151. Akhtar, M. S., Athar, M.A. and Yaqub, M. 1981. Effect of Momordica charantia on blood glucose level of normal and alloxan-diabetic rabbits. Planta Med. 42:205-212. Ali, L., Khan, A.K.A., Mamun, M.I.R., Mosihuzzaman, M. M., Nahar, N., Nur-e-Alam, M. & Rokeya, B. 1993. Studies on hypoglycemic effects of fruit pulp, seed, and whole plant of Momordica charantia on normal and diabetic model rats. Planta Med. 59:408-412. Chaturvedi P, George S, Milinganyo M and Tripathi YB 2004. Effect of Momardia charantia on lipid profile and oral glucose tolerance in diabetic Rats. Phytother. Res, 18: 954-956. Chaturvedi, P. 2005. Role of Momordica charantia in maintaining the normal levels of lipids and glucose in diabetic rats fed a high-fat and low-carbohydrate diet, Br J Biomed Sci.. 62(3):124-6. Chen Q and Li ET. 2005. Reduced adiposity in bitter melon (Momordica charantia) fed rats is associated with lower tissue triglyceride and higher plasma catecholamines. Br J Nutr. 93(5):747-54. Qixuan Chen, Laureen L. Y. Chan and Edmund T. S. Li 2003. Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia) Reduces Adiposity, Lowers Serum Insulin and Normalizes Glucose Tolerance in Rats Fed a High Fat Diet. J. Nutrition, 133: 1088-1093. Cunnick J and Takemoto D. 1993. Bitter melon (MC). J. Naturopath Med, 4:16-21 Grundy SM, Howard B, Smith S Jr, Eckel R, Redberg R and Bonow RO. 2002. Prevention Conference VI: Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease: executive
Bano et al. elevation of both liver and red-cell shunt enzyme glucose -6-dehydrogenase. Biochem J. 292: 267-270. Srivastava, Y., Venkatakrishna-Bhatt, H. and Verma, Y. 1988. Effects of Momordica charantia Linn. pomous aqueous extract on cataractogenesis in murrin alloxan diabetics. Pharmacol. Res. Commun. 20: 201-209. Srivastava, Y., Venkatakrishna-Bhatt, H., Verma, Y., Venkaiah, K. & Raval, B.H. 1993. Antidiabetic and adaptogenic properties of Momordica charantia extract: an experimental and clinical evaluation. Phytother. Res. 7: 285-289. Turner RC, Millns H, Neil HA, Stratton IM, Manley SE, Matthews DR and Holman RR. 1998. Risk factors for coronary artery disease in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS: 23). BMJ, 316: 823-828. Umesh C. S. Yadav, K. Moorthy, Najma Z. 2005. Combined treatment of sodium orthovanadate and Momordica charantia fruit extract prevents alterations in lipid profile and lipogenic enzymes in alloxan diabetic rats. Baquer Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 268(12): 111-120
Uusitupa MI, Niskanen LK, Siitonen O, Voutilainen E and Pyorala K. 1993. Ten-year cardiovascular mortality in relation to risk factors and abnormalities in lipoprotein composition in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. Diabetologia, 36:1175-1184. Welihinda J, Arvidosn G, Gylfe E, et al. 1982. The insulin releasing activity of the tropical plant Momordica charantia. Acta Biol Med Ger. 41:1229-1240. Welihinda, J., Gylfe, E., Karlsson, E. and Hellman, B. 1982. Effect of a hypoglycemic plant extract (Momordica charantia) on isolated pancreatic islets rich in -cells. Acta Endocrinol. 100: S247. Wilson PW, D'Agostino RB, Levy D, Belanger AM, Silbershatz H and Kannel WB. 1998. Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories. Circulation, 97: 1837-1847. Yibchok-Anun S, Adisakwattana S, YAo Cy, et al. 2006. Slow acting protein extract from fruit [pulp of mc with insulin secretagogue and insulinomimetic activities. Biol Pharma Bull. 29:1126-1131.