Mahatma gandhis views on journalism

Mahatma Gandhi was a staunch believer in the power of the word and wrote very
cautiously in his newspapers to mobilize public opinion. The subjects he chose to write
on were varied and variegated, which depicted his honesty, integrity and transparency,
touching the hearts of the readers cutting across generations and even nations. As M V
Kamath has aptly pointed out, "..he wrote in a manner that anybody could
understand. He was writing for Everyman so that Everyman could understand him
easily. He had no literary pretensions but what he wrote was literature.
Each time we put Gandhi behind us as a historical icon, he surprises everyone by
bouncing back with ever increasing relevance. Through his writings, especially his
autobiography My Experiments with Truth, Gandhi candidly disclosed his shortcomings,
his weaknesses, and his vulnerability like any other ordinary human being. The
difference lies in his overcoming his drawbacks through his indomitable will power and
continuous effort to evolve as a man of the millennium, winning over friends and foes by
his spontaneous flow of love and compassion. The impact of Gandhi can be discerned in
leaders and cultures, astonishingly diverse.
The following passages contain Mahatma Gandhis original writings on journalism:
In the very first month of ndian Opinion, I realized that the sole aim of journalism
should be service. The newspaper press is a great power, but just as an unchained
torrent of water submerges whole countryside and devastates crops, even so an
uncontrolled pen serves but to destroy. If the control is from without, it proves more
poisonous than want of control. It can be profitable only when exercised from within. If
this lice of reasoning is correct, how many of the journals in the world would stand the
test? But who would stop those that are useless? The useful and the useless must, like
good and evil generally, go on together, and man must make his choice (An
Autobiography or the Story of My Experiments with Truth, p. 211).
hat should an editor do when something he has published displeases the Government
or is held to violate some law but is none the less true? Should he apologize? e should
say, certainly not. True, he is not bound to publish in such matter, but once it has been
published, the editor ought to accept responsibility for it (ndian Opinion, Gujarati
edition, April 23, 1919).
Indeed the journal (Indian Opinion) became for me a training in self restraint, and for
friends a medium through which to keep in touch with my thoughts. In fact the tone
of ndian Opinion compelled the critic to put a curb on his own pen..For me it became a


means for study of human nature in all its casts and shades..It made me thoroughly
understand the responsibility of a journalist (An Autobiography, p. 286).
The Journal ndian Opinion..was a powerful weapon in the armoury of Passive
Resistance and continues to be the only recorder of accurately sifted facts about our
countrymen in South Africa and of Passive Resistance movement. It is in no sense a
commercial enterprise (Letter to Mr. J. B. Petit, Secretary, South African ndian Fund,
June 16, 1915).
I have devoted to the continuance of Indian Opinion and the establishment of Phoenix all
my earnings during my last stay in South Africa that is nearly 5000 pounds (Letter to
Shri Gokhale, April 25, 1909).
e hope the readers of this journal ndian Opinion will read their lives (biographies of
great men and women of the world) and follow them in practice and thus encourage us.
e have suggested earlier, that each one of our subscribers should maintain a file
on ndian Opinion (The ndian Opinion, August 9, 1905).
The Indian Community in South Africa is a recognized factor in the body politic, and a
newspaper, voicing its feelings, and specially devoted to its cause, would hardly be
considered out of place: indeed, we think, it would supply along felt want.
It is within the knowledge of most of our readers that our publication is not a commercial
concern, but our capacity for the service of the community...(ndian Opinion, January 1,
1910).
e now feel that we should also discontinue the practice of publishing advertisements.
e believed then that advertisements were a good thing to have but on reflection we see
that the practice is wholly undesirable. Advertisements are inserted by people who are
impatient to get rich, in order that they may gain over their rivals. They are also much
in fashion these days that any and every kind of advertisement is published and paid
for. This is one of the sorriest features of modern civilization, and for our part we wish to
be rid of it. If however, we published non-commercial advertisements, which serve a
public purpose, free of charge, they would fill the entire number each time, so we shall
only accept them against payment. Other advertisements, we shall stop publishing
forthwith (ndian Opinion, September 4, 1912).
I believe that a struggle which chiefly relies upon internal strength cannot be wholly
carried on without a newspaper-it is also my experience that we could not perhaps have
educated the local Indian community, nor kept Indians all over the world in touch with
the course of events in South Africa in any other way, with the same ease and success as


through the ndian Opinion, which therefore was certainly a most useful and potent
weapon in our struggle (M.K. Gandhi: Satyagraha in South Africa, Navjivan Publishing
House, Ahmedabad, 1950, p. 142).
To the English voters their newspaper is their Bible. They take their cue from
newspapers which are often dishonest. The same fact is differently interpreted by
different newspapers, according to the party in whose interests they are edited. Our
newspaper would consider a great Englishman to be a paragon of honesty, another would
consider him dishonest. hat must be the condition of the people whose newspapers
are of this type? ...These people change their views frequently. It is said that they
change them every seven years. These views swing like the pendulum of a clock and are
never steadfast. The people would follow a powerful orator or a man who gives them
parties, receptions, etc. As are the people, so is their Parliament. They have certainly
one quality very strongly developed. They will never allow their country to be lost. If
any person were to cast an evil eye on it, they would pluck out his eyes. (Hind Swaraj,
p. 30 & 31).
I believe that an editor who has anything worth saying and who commands a clientele
cannot be easily hushed so long as his body is left free. He has delivered his finished
message as soon as he is put under duress. The Lokmanya spoke more eloquently from
the Mandalay fortress than through the columns of the printed Kesari...the restoration
of free speech, free association, and free press is almost the whole Swaraj (Young ndia,
October 6, 1921).
The editor of a daily newspaper when he begins writing his leading article does not weigh
his words in golden scales. He may be betrayed into a hasty word. Must he pay for it
even though he did it obviously in good faith without malice and in the public interest?
These libel actions are calculated to demoralize Indian Journalism and make public
criticism over-cautious and timid. I am no lover of irresponsible or unjustifiably strong
criticism. But the caution to be beneficial must come from within and not superimposed
from without (Young ndia, August 7, 1924).
I have taken up journalism not for its sake but merely as an aid to what I have conceived
to be my mission in life. My mission is to teach by example and precept under severe
restraint the use of the matchless weapon of satyagraha which is a direct corollary of
nonviolence and truth..To be true to my faith, therefore, I may not write in anger or
malice. I may not write idly. I may not write merely to excite passion. The reader can
have no idea of the restraint I have to exercise from week to week in the choice of topics
and my vocabulary. It is a training for me. It enables me to peep into myself and to


make discoveries of my weaknesses. Often my vanity dictates a smart expression or my
anger a harsh adjective. It is a terrible ordeal by a fine exercise to remove these weeds
(Young ndia, July 2, 1925, p. 232).
As for giving ideas, I have some originality. But writing is a bi-product; I write to
propagate my ideas. Journalism is not my profession (Harijan, August 18, 1946, p.
270).
hat is really needed to make a democracy function is not the knowledge of facts, but
right education. And the true function of journalism is to educate the public mind, not to
stock the public mind with wanted and unwanted impressions. A journalist has,
therefore, to use his discretion, as to what to report and when. As it is, the journalists
are not content to stick to the facts alone. Journalism has become the art of `intelligent
anticipation of events (M K Gandhi, See Tendulkar: Mahatma, ed. 1953, p. 247).
e must devise methods of circulating our ideas unless and until the whole press
becomes fearless, defies consequences and publishers ideas, even when it is in
disagreement with them, just for the purpose of securing that freedom. An editor with
an original idea or an effective prescription for Indias ills can easily write them out, a
hundred hands can copy them, many more can read them out to thousands of listeners.
I do hope, therefore, that Non-cooperation editors, at any rate, will not refrain from
expressing their thoughts for fear of the Press Act. They should regard it as sinful to
keep their thoughts secret-a waste of energy to conduct a newspaper that cramps their
thoughts. It is negation of ones calling for an editor to have to suppress his best
thoughts. (M K Gandhi, See S. Natarajan: A History of the Press of ndia, Asia Publishing
House, Bombay, 1962, p. 195).
The weekly "Indian Opinion was launched by Gandhi in four languages in June, 1903.
For him, the single aim of Journalism was service of truth. It was printed at the farm,
where Settlers learnt all aspects of press-work, and hand power was preferred to
mechanical power.
Source: Anasakti Darshan, Vol. 4, No. 1, January-June 2008s
Mahatma Gandhi and mass media
Today, when the contemporary media scenario bristles with unheard of turmoil-
investigative journalism- through all means fair and foul; over-riding role of market
forces in the media wherein the "advertorial" and "response" and "response features"
edge out editorials, and when the media is trying to project the celebrities and models as


the icons of modern society, it would be worth while to revisit Mahatma Gandhi's
philosophy and canon of journalism and his contribution as a journalist.
According to Chalapathi Raju, himself an eminent editor, Gandhi was probably the
greatest journalist of all time, and the weeklies he ran and edited were probably the
greatest weeklies the world has known. He published no advertisement; at the same
time he did not want his newspapers to run at a loss. He had gained considerable
experience in South Africa, where he had taken over in1904 the editorship of the 'Indian
Opinion' and published it in English, Tamil and Gujarati, sometimes running the press
himself.
' Young India' and 'Harijan' became powerful vehicles of his views on all subjects. He
wrote on all subjects. He wrote simply and clearly but forcefully, with passion and
burning indignation. One of the objects of a newspaper, he said. is to understand the
popular feeling and give expression to it; another is to arouse among the people certain
desirable sentiments, and the third is fearlessly to expose popular defects.
Gandhi's papers published no advertisements. They enjoyed wide circulation. His
approach to journalism was totally devoid of ambitions. To him it was not a vocation to
earn his livelihood; it was a means to serve the public. In the 'Young India' of 2 July
1925, he wrote: "I have taken up journalism not for its sake but merely as an aid to
what I have conceived to be my mission in life. My mission is to teach by example and
present under severe restraint the use of the matchless weapon of satyagraha which is a
direct corollary of nonviolence."
Gandhi looked upon journalism as a means to serve the people. He said in his
autobiography: "The sole aim of journalism should be service. The newspaper is a great
power, but just as an unchained torrent of water submerges whole countryside and
devastates crops, even so an uncontrolled pen serves but to destroy. If the control is
from without, it proves more poisonous than want of control. It can be profitable only
when exercised from within. If this line of reasoning is correct, how many journals of the
world would stand the test? But who would stop those that are useless? and who should
be the judge? The useful and the useless must, like good and evil. go on together, and
man must make his choice.

Gandhi- The Great Communicator and Journalist
Apart from being a national leader and social reformer, Gandhi was a great
communicator. More than any one else, he recognized that communication is the most


effective tool to shape opinion and mobilize popular support. He was successful because
he had a latent skill in communication that surfaced in South Africa where he had gone
initially to set up practice as a lawyer. The practice of communication started by him in
South Africa gave him the clue to rally millions of his countrymen when he returned to
India.
Gandhi was associated with six journals, for two of which he was the editor. His first
paper, 'Indian Opinion' was started in South Africa. In order to ventilate the grievances
of Indians and mobilize public opinion in their favour, Gandhi started writing and giving
interviews to newspapers ,He focused on open letters and Letters to Editor, but soon
realized that occasional writings and the hospitality of newspapers were inadequate for
the political campaign he had launched. He needed a mouthpiece to reach out to the
people; so in June 1903 he launched Indian Opinion. It served the purpose of a weekly
newsletter which disseminated the news of the week among the Indian community. It
became an important instrument of education. Through the columns of the newspaper
Gandhi tried to educate the readers about sanitation, self-discipline and good citizenship.
How important the journal was to Gandhi is seen from his own statement in his
biography, My Experiments with Truth:
'Indian Opinion... was a part of my life. eek after week I poured out my soul in its
columns and expounded the principles and practice of satyagraha as I understood it.
During 10 years, that is until 1914, excepting the intervals of my enforced rest in prison
there was hardly an issue of 'Indian Opinion' without an article from me. I cannot recall a
word in these articles set down without thought or deliberation or word of conscious
exaggeration, or anything merely to please. Indeed the journal became for me a training
in self restraint and for friends a medium through which to keep in touch with my
thoughts."
The critics found very little to which they could object. In fact, the tone of 'Indian
Opinion' compelled the critics to put a curb on his palm.
Gandhi launched Satyagraha against the Rowlatt Act and the massacre in Jallianwala
Bagh. He learnt in South Africa how important the press and public opinion could be in
politics and had taught himself how to use the written word most effectively.
FREEDOM OF THE PRESS IS A PRECIOUS PRIVILEGE THAT NO
COUNTRY CAN FORGO.
- M. K. Gandhi


The two journals 'Young India' and 'Navjivan' were used by him to ventilate his views and
to educated the public on Satyagraha . In 1933 Gandhi started 'Harijan', 'Harijanbandhu',
'Harijansevak' in English, Gujarati and Hindi, respectively. These newspapers were the
vehicles of his crusade against untouchability and poverty in rural areas. These papers
published no advertisements even then they enjoyed wide circulation. His note of
defiance and sacrifice gave a new stimulus to the evolution of press as a weapon of
satyagraha.

Gandhi and Role of Newspapers
It will be pertinent to point out as to what Mahatma Gandhi considered to be the role of
newspapers. He wrote: In my humble opinion, it is wrong to use a newspaper as a
means of earning a living. There are certain spheres of work which are of such
consequence and have such bearing on public welfare that to undertake them for earning
one's livelihood will defeat the primary aim behind them. hen, further a newspaper is
treated as a means of making profits, the result is likely to be serious malpractices. It is
not necessary to prove to those who have some experience of journalism that such
malpractices do prevail on a large scale. He was of the opinion, 'Newspapers are meant
primarily to educate the people. They make the latter familiar with contemporary history.
This is a work of no mean responsibility. It is a fact, however, that readers cannot always
trust newspapers. Often facts are found to be quite the opposite of what has been
reported. If newspapers realized that it was their duty to educate the people, they could
not but wait to check a report before publishing it. It is true that often they have to work
under difficult conditions. They have to sift the true from the false in a short time and
can only guess at the truth. Even then, I am of the opinion that it is better not to publish
a report at all if it ahs not been found possible to verify it.'
The eminent journalist and freedom fighter Salien Chatterjee who covered Mahatma
Gandhi, his actions and programmes for a number of years died a few months back. In
an article, 'Reporting Mahatma', he had written for the special issue of Vidura on, Gandhi
as a Journalist, (Jan-March, 1998) he said:
"I joined journalism in 1942. Reporting Mahatma Gandhi and my tours with him were the
best and most memorable period of my journalistic career. Gandhi himself was a
journalist. During my tours with him, he often told me how he worked day and night to
produce his journal 'Indian Opinion' in Natal, South Africa. He described 'Indian Opinion'
as the most useful weapon in his struggle in South Africa. He always stressed the
importance of newspapers in educating the people. Gandhi always believed and always


emphasized that the sole aim of journalism should be service, service of the people and
the country.
In 'Young India' Gandhi once gave a glimpse of the exacting code he ad set up for
himself. "To be true to my faith, I may not write in anger or malice. I may not write idly.
I may not write merely to excite passion. The reader can have no idea of the restraint I
have to exercise from week to week in the choice of topics and my vocabulary. It is
training for me. It enables me to peek into myself and to make discoveries of my
weaknesses. Often my vanity dictates a smart expression or my anger a harsh adjective.
It is a terrible ordeal but a fine exercise to remove these weeds."


Gandhi's canons of Journalism
Gandhi had been frequently writing on various aspects of journalism. To him editorial
independence, adherence to truth and self-restraints were the three over riding
considerations for journalism. In his message for the editor of the newspaper, 'The
Independence', on 30 January 1919, he wrote: In wishing you success in your new
enterprise, I would like to say how I hope your writings would be worthy of the title you
have chosen for your journal; and may I further hope that to a robust of independence
you will add an equal measure of self-restraint and the strictest adherence to truth? Too
often in our journals as in others do we get fiction instead of fact and declamation in
place of sober reasoning. You would make 'The Independence' a power in the land and a
means of education for the people by avoiding the errors I have drawn attention to.

Newspapers and Advertising
On receiving Advertisement support for running a newspaper Mahatma Gandhi wrote: It
is now an established practice with newspapers to depend for revenues mainly on
advertisements rather than on subscriptions. The result has been deplorable. The very
newspaper which writes against the drink evil publishes advertisements in praise of
drinks. In the same issue, we read of the harmful effects of tobacco as also from where
to but it. Or we shall find the same issue of a paper carrying a long advertisement for a
certain play and denouncing that play as well. Medical advertisements are the largest
source of revenue though they have done, and are still doing incalculable harm to the
people. These medical advertisements almost wholly offset the services rendered by the
newspapers. I have been eyewitness to the harm done by them. Many people are lured


into buying harmful medicines. Many of these promote immorality. Such advertisements
find a place even in papers run to further the cause of religion. This practice has come
entirely from the est. No matter at what cost or effort we must put an end to this
undesirable practice or at least reform. It is the duty of every newspaper to exercise
some restraint in the matter of advertisements.
THE SOLE AIM OF JOURNALISM SHOULD BE SERVICE.- M. K. Gandhi
Today, when there is widespread concern over the growing influence of market forces on
media, and regret over journalism being no longer a social service, Gandhi's views on
values of journalism bring to bear on the profession of journalism the force of ethics and
morality. In this context he had said, 'It is often observed that newspapers published any
matter that they have, just to fill in space. The reason is that most newspapers have
their eyes on profits...... There are newspapers in the west which are so full of trash that
it will be a sin even to touch them. At times, they produce bitterness and strife even
between different families and communities. Thus, newspapers cannot escape criticism
merely because they serve the people.'
THE TRUE FUNCTION OF JOURNALISM IS TO EDUCATE THE
PUBLIC MIND, NOT TO STOCK IT ITH ANTED AND
UNANTED IMPRESSIONS.
M. K. Gandhi

Gandhi and Radio
The first and only time Gandhi visited the Broadcasting house, Delhi was on 12
November,1947, the Diwali Day. He arrived at the Broadcasting House accompanied by
Rajkumari Amrit Kaur. A report on this event published in the issue of' 'The Indian
Listener' of 22 February,1948, after Gandhi's death, said: "A special studio was fitted
with the 'takhposh' (low wooden settee) which was daily used by him for his prayer
meeting addresses at Birla House, Appropriately, the prayer meeting atmosphere was
created in the studio....... Gandhi was at first shy of the radio and it was after much
persuasion that he agreed to broadcast from the studios of AIR........ but the moment he
reached the studio he owned this impersonal instrument as his own and said: "This is a
miraculous power. I see 'shakti', the miraculous power of God". According to the
'Hindustan Times' of 13th November, "He spoke for 20 minutes and his voice was
exceptionally clear. His message was followed by recorded music of Vande Materam"


The news of Gandhi's assassination on the evening of January 30, which had spread like
wild fire in Delhi was flashed by foreign correspondents and news agencies all over the
world within minutes. That evening at 8-30 p.m. Prime Minister, Nehru whom Gandhi had
called his heir in the freedom struggle, broadcast from the Delhi station a very moving
talk which began with the oft quoted words: "A light has gone out of our lives". Others
who broadcast later were Sardar Patel, Sarojini Naidu and numerous leaders and
prominent personalities from all walks of life. Lord Mountbatten came to the Delhi station
on 12 February to pay his homage in a broadcast talk.
On the day of the funeral, Melville De Mellow gave the marathon, almost ten hour long
commentary, which in its moving description of the crowds and the procession as it
inched its way with millions of people lining the route to the place chosen for the last
rites on the bank of the river Yamuna, seemed to articulate the whole nation's grief and
homage. It was a classic of broadcasting at its best, and established De Mellow's fame as
an outstanding commentator. It was De Mellow who described the last anguished
moments of the funeral ceremony before returning to the studios.
THE NESPAPERS SHOULD BE READ FOR THE STUDY OF FACTS.
THEY SHOULD NOT BE ALLOED TO KILL THE HABIT OF
INDEPENDENT THINKING.
M. K. Gandhi
Mahatma Gandhi's speech during his visit to 'The Hindu' sums up his philosophy and
vision of journalism: I have, therefore, never been tired of reiterating to journalists whim
I know that journalism should never be prostituted for selfish ends or for the sake of
merely earning a livelihood or, worse still, for amassing money. Journalism, to be useful
and serviceable to the country, will take its definite, its best for the service of the country
and, whatever happens the views of the country irrespective of consequences. I think
that we have in our midst the making of newspapers which can do so.
Let us be clear in our minds that-to confine Gandhi to India and to view him as merely
the great Indian national leader is to diminish his greatness and personality. Gandhi
belonged to the whole world, the humanity at large. The Time magazine, while
chronicling the sweeping forces and great events of the 20th century- catalogued Gandhi
as one of the greatest activists-who fought for change from outside the traditional halls
of power, who was bound to an abstract vision for which he would pay any price was life.
The world that revered few men had revered Gandhi. Although Gandhi died believing his


lone voice was unheard- he was mistaken; the power of his message would endure to
move men and nations for all times to come.
The author is Former Professor and Course Director, Haryana Agricultural University and
Former Country Representative Asian Media Information Centre (AMIC), Singapore.
He can be accessed at e-mail: rahulgupta@vsnl.com].
Source: Employment News, Dated -29 September-5 October 2001, Vol. XXV
Mohofmo 0ondhi on JournoIisfs ond JournoIism some excerpfs
from his wrifinqs^
My Writings
My hesitancy in speech, which was once an annoyance, is now a pleasure. Its greatest beneIit has been that it
has taught me the economy oI words. I have naturally Iormed the habit oI restraining my thoughts. And I can now
give myselI the certiIicate that a thoughtless word hardly ever escapes my tongue or pen. I do not recollect ever
having had to regret anything in my speech or writings. I have thus, been spared many a mishap and waste oI time.
In the very Iirst month oI Indian Opinion. I realized that the sole aim oI iournalism should be service. The
newspaper press is a great power, but iust as an unchained torrent oI water submerges whole country sides and
devastates crops, even so an uncontrolled pen serves but to destroy. II the control is Irom without, it proves more
poisonous than want oI control. It can be proIitable only when exercised Irom within. II this line oI reasoning is
correct, how many oI the iournals oI the world stand the test? But who would stop those that are useless? The useIul
and the useless must, like good and evil generally, go on together and man must make his choice.
There can be no room Ior untruth in my writings, because it is my unshakable belieI that there is no religion
other than truth and because I am capable oI reiecting thought obtained at the cost oI truth.
My writings cannot but be Iree Irom hatred towards any individual because it is my Iirm belieI that it is love
that sustains the earth.
My 1ournalism
I have taken up iournalism not Ior its sake but merely as an aid to what I have conceived to be my mission in
liIe. My mission is to teach by example and precept under severe restraint the use oI the matchless weapon oI
Satyagraha, which is a direct corollary oI non-violence and truth... To be true to my Iaith thereIore, I may not write
in anger or malice. I may not write idly. I may not write merely to excite passion.
The reader can have no idea oI the restraint I have to exercise Irom week to week in the choice oI topics and my
vocabulary. It is a training Ior me. It enables me to peep into myselI and to make discoveries oI my weaknesses.
OIten my vanity dictates a smart expression or my anger a harsh adiective. It is a terrible ordeal but a Iine exercise to
remove these weeds.
I write iust as the spirit moves me at the time oI writing. I do not claim to know deIinitely that all conscious
thought and action on my part are directed by the Spirit. But, on an examination oI the greatest steps that I have
taken in my liIe, as also oI those that may be regarded as the least I think it will not be improper to say that all oI
them were directed by the Spirit.
As Ior giving ideas, I have some originality. But writing is a by product; I write to propagate my ideas.
Journalism is not my proIession.
What I have done will endure, not what I have said or written.
1ournalism


The true Iunction oI iournalism is to educate the public mind, not to stock the public mind with wanted and
unwanted impressions.
A iournalist has, thereIore, to use his discretion as to what to report and when. As it is, iournalists are not
content to stick to Iacts alone. Journalism has become the art oI intelligent anticipation oI events`.
Modern 1ournalism
The superIiciality, the one-sidedness, the inaccuracy and oIten, even, dishonesty that have crept into modern
iournalism continuously mislead honest men who want to see nothing but iustice done.
I have beIore me extracts Irom iournals containing some gruesome things. There is communal incitement, gross
misrepresentation and incitement to political violence bordering on murder. It is, oI course, esay enough Ior the
government to launch out prosecutions or pass repressive ordinances. These Iail to serve the purpose intended except
very temporarily, and in no case do they convert the writers, who oIten take to secret propaganda, when the open
Iorum oI the Press is denied to them.
The real remedy is healthy public opinion that will reIuse to patronize poisonous iournals... Freedom oI the
Press is a precious privilege that no country can Iorgo.
But iI there is, as there should be, no legislative check save oI the mildest character, an internal check, such as I
have suggested, should not be impossible and ought not to be resented.
Advertisements
I hold that it is wrong to conduct newspapers by the aid oI...immoral advertisements. I do believe that, iI
advertisements should be taken at all, there should be rigid censorship instituted by newspaper proprietors and
editors themselves and that only healthy advertisements should be taken.
The evil oI immoral advertisements is overtaking even what are known as the most respectable newspapers and
magazines. That evil has to be combated by reIining the conscience oI the newspaper proprietors and editors. That
reIinement cannot come through the inIluence oI an amateur editor like myselI, but it will come when their own
conscience is roused to recognition oI the growing evil or when it is superimposed upon them by a government
representing the people and caring Ior the people's morals.
Newspapers and Truth
In the East as in the West, newspapers are Iast becoming the people's Bible, Koran, Zend Avesta and the
Bhagawad Gita, rolled into one. All that appears in the papers is looked upon as God's truth.
I deprecate the habit oI borrowing opinions Irom newspapers. Newspapers should be Ior the study oI Iacts.
They should not be allowed to kill the habit oI independent thinking. I hold it to be the duty oI newspapermen to
give nothing but Iacts to their readers.
Power of the Press
The Press is called the Fourth Estate. It is deIinitely a power; but to misuse that power is criminal. I am a
iournalist myselI and shall appeal to Iellow iournalists to realize their responsibility and to carry on their work with
no idea other than that oI upholding the truth.
Newspapers are a powerIul inIluence. It is the duty oI the editors to see that no Ialse report or report likely to
excite the public is published in their newspapers...
The editors and their assistants have to be extra careIul about the news they give and the manner in which they
dress it.
In a state oI independence, it is practically impossible Ior the governments to control the Press. It is the duty oI
the public to keep a strict watch on the newspapers and to keep them on the right path . An enlightened public will
reIuse to patronize inIlammatory or indecent newspapers.
For them, (the people) the printed sheet is Gospel truth. The Iact throws a great responsibility on the editors and
news writers.
I myselI never swear by newspaper reports and will warn readers oI newspapers not to be easily aIIected by
stories reported therein. Not even the best oI them are Iree Irom exaggeration and embellishment.



*Source : The book, 'The Mind oI Mahatma Gandhi edited by : Sarvashri R.K. Prabhu & U.R. Rao and published by Navaiivan
Publishing House, Ahmedabad-14

!eerless Communicator
Gandhi's genius as a journalist was and still is unmatched. He realized early on that to
reach people and motivate them newspapers were the most important medium. He
started his journalistic career in South Africa where his articles forced the white racist
regime to change laws which were grossly unfair. Gandhi himself has admitted that his
writings in South Africa helped him in developing the technique of Satyagraha. He was
very careful about what he wrote and was conscious of the fact that it would be read by
many. Every word he wrote was well thought out as Gandhi believed that a journalist has
a great responsibility and should never write untruth nor mislead people.)

As a journalist, Gandhi could have taught a few lessons in mass
communication. An effective communicator, fearless and eloquent with his
words, he reached out to millions of people and convinced them of his
cause. Mahatma Gandhi took to journalism as his most potent weapon of
satyagraha.
Mahatma Gandhi was the most effective mass medium of the 20th century. His
journalism belonged to an era when there was neither radio nor television. Such was the
power of his 'soul communication' that whatever he said and wrote reached the farthest
corners of this country within days and to the entire world thereon.
Mahatma Gandhi, in a journalistic career spanning nearly four decades, edited six
journals. None, including Harijan and Navajivan, could boast a circulation of more than a
few thousand copies. But such was Gandhi's grasp of the basics of mass communication
that he ensured that his daily "outpourings of heart and soul" reached all.
If one were to ask the question as to who came first--Gandhi-the-freedom-fighter or
Gandhi-the-media-crusader--the truth would be that Gandhi-the-journalist pre-dated
Gandhi the freedom fighter by at least 20 years. In less than a few months' stay in South
Africa, Gandhi realised the need to become a journalist to fight for the rights of the
Indian community. And he brought the highest qualities the profession could boast of--
courage in the face of adversity, unswerving adherence to truth, pursuit of public causes,
and objectivity in presentation.


His letters to the editors of South African dailies are a lesson to all journalists on how to
fight injustice in a country where the laws are loaded against one section of the people,
without giving offence to the rulers themselves.
A telling example of this trait was his letter dated October 25, 1894 to the Times of
Natal, which carried a contemptuously worded editorial titled, 'Rammysammy'. Gandhi
wrote: "You would not allow the Indian or the native the precious privilege (of voting)
under any circumstances, because they have a dark skin. You would look the exterior
only. So long as the skin is white it would not matter to you whether it conceals beneath
it poison or nectar. To you the lip-prayer of the Pharisee, because he is one, is more
acceptable than the sincere repentance of the publican, and this, I presume, you would
call Christianity. You may; it is not Christ's. Sir, may I venture to offer a suggestion? ill
you re-read your New Testament? ill you ponder over your attitude towards the
coloured population of the Colony?. ill you then say you can reconcile it with the Bible
teachings or the best British traditions? If you have washed your hands clean of both
Christ and the British tradition, I can have nothing to say; I gladly withdraw what I have
written. Only it will then be a sad day for British and for India if you have many
followers."
After 10 years of relentless crusade, Gandhi realised that the twin tasks of mobilizing
public opinion and influencing official decisions required a regular newspaper. Thus was
born Indian Opinion in June 1903. He was clear about the nature and content of his
newspaper. It would not carry any advertisements nor try to make money. Instead, he
sought subscribers who would give donations.
It was while writing in Indian Opinion that Gandhi stumbled on the concept of
satyagraha. riting on satyagraha in South Africa, he said: "Indian Opinion was certainly
a most useful and potent weapon in our struggle."
The journal was to Gandhi "a mirror of his own life". In My Experiments with Truth, he
wrote: "eek after week I poured out my soul in its columns and expounded the
principles and practice of satyagraha as I understood it. I cannot recall a word in these
articles set down without thought or deliberation or a word of conscious exaggeration, or
anything merely to please. Indeed, the journal became for me a training in self-restraint
and for friends a medium through which to keep in touch with my thoughts."
Indian Opinion lasted for 11 years. It more or less forced the South African provincial
regimes to modify their repressive laws against Indians.


One day Gandhi got a call from Bihar where the Indigo farmers of Champaran were
subjected to the same kind of indignity and exploitation as the indentured labourers in
South Africa. He promptly went there and investigated the issues, and produced a report
that would be the envy of the greatest investigative journalist anywhere in the world.
After Champaran it was only a matter of time before the Mahatma took to journalism as
his most potent weapon of satyagraha. As coincidence would have it, Gandhi was
persuaded to take over the editorship of Young India. Simultaneously, he started to edit
and write in Navajivan, then a Gujarati monthly, Gandhi's writings in it were translated
and published in all the Indian language newspapers. Later Navajivan was published in
Hindi, as Gandhi was convinced that Hindi would be the national language of free India.
The Mahatma's crusade for the repeal of the Press Act of 1910 was a unique piece of
journalism. He was telling the rulers that it was in the best interests of the government
to repeal the law.
Issue after issue of Young India and Navajivan carried samples of the Mahatma's
journalistic genius which blended seemingly earnest appeals to the government to do
what was "just and righteous". In South Africa his writings often made the white racists
look ridiculous: "The white barber refused to cut my black hair", extending colour
prejudice to not only non-Christian skin but non-Christian hair as well.
In March 1922, Gandhi was charged with spreading disaffection by writing seditious
articles in Young India. In his own inimitable manner Gandhi said: "I hold it to be a virtue
to be disaffected towards a government, which in its totality has done more harm to
India than any previous system. India is less manly under the British rule than she ever
was before. Holding such a belief, I consider it to be a sin to have affection for the
system."
The burden of leading a nation towards freedom and the contingency of having to face
trials followed by jail terms, did not stem the flow of writings from Gandhi's pen. There
was not a day when he was not writing on some issue or the other in Young India and
Navajivan. To these he added Harijan, Harijan Sevak, and Harijan Bandu, which became
the Mahatma's potent media for carrying his message to the weakest sections of India.
Young India and Navajivan folded up in January 1932 when Gandhi was imprisoned for a
long spell.
Between 1933 and 1940, Harijan (English), Harijan Bandu (Gujarati) and Harijan Sevak
(Hindi) became the Mahatma's voice to the people of India. These newspapers found the
Mahatma concentrating on social and economic problems. Caste disparities and such


instruments of social deprivation as untouchability and ostracisation were the targets of
the Mahatma's crusade.
Gandhi's assessment of the newspapers of the day was not complimentary. He found
them commercial, afraid of the government and not truthful in reporting. His last word
on the Indian newspapers came at a prayer meeting in Delhi on June 19, 1946. He said:
"If I were appointed dictator for a day in the place of the Viceroy, I would stop all
newspapers." He paused and added with a mischievous wink: "ith the exception of
Harijan, of course."
Source: Life Positive Plus , Oct-Dec 2002]
1ournalism-Mahatma Gandhi
l have Laken up [ournallsm wrlLes Lhe
MahaLma Candhl ln ?CunC lnulA noL for lLs
sake buL merelv as an ald Lo whaL l have
concelved Lo be mv mlsslon ln llfe Mv mlsslon
ls Lo Leach bv example and precepL under
severe resLralnL Lhe use of Lhe maLchless
weapon of SaLvaaraha (soulforce) whlch ls a
dlrecL corollarv of nonvlolence and LruLh l am
anxlous lndeed l am lmpaLlenL Lo demonsLraLe
LhaL Lhere ls no remedv for Lhe manv llls of llfe
save LhaL of nonvlolence lL ls a solvenL
sLrona enouah Lo melL Lhe sLonlesL hearL 1o be


Lrue Lo mv falLh Lherefore l mav noL wrlLe ln
anaer or mallce 1he reader can have no ldea of
Lhe resLralnL l have Lo exerclse from week Lo
week ln Lhe cholce of Loplcs and mv
vocabularv lL ls a Lralnlna for me lL enables me
Lo peep lnLo mvself and make dlscoverles of mv
weakness CfLen mv vanlLv dlcLaLes a smarL
expresslon or mv anaer a harsh ad[ecLlve lL ls
a Lerrlble ordeal buL a flne exerclse Lo
remove Lhese weeds 1he reader sees Lhe paae
of ?CunC lnulA falrlv well dressedup and
someLlmes (wlLh 8omaln 8olland) he ls lncllned
Lo sav whaL a flne old man Lhls musL be Well
leL Lhe world undersLand LhaL Lhe flneness ls
carefullv and praverfullv culLlvaLed And lf lL has
proved accepLable Lo some (whose oplnlon l
cherlsh) leL Lhe reader undersLand LhaL when
LhaL flneness has become perfecLlv naLural le
when l have become lncapable of evll and when


noLhlna harsh or hauahLv occuples be lL
momenLarllv mv LhouahLworld Lhen and noL
Llll Lhen mv nonvlolence wlll move all Lhe
hearLs of all Lhe world l have placed before me
and Lhe reader no lmposslble ldeal or ordeal lL
ls mans preroaaLlve and blrLhrlahL We have
losL Lhe paradlse onlv Lo reaaln lL lf lL Lakes
Llme Lhen lL ls buL a speck ln Lhe compleLe
Llmeclrcle

Lokmanya TiIak: The Icon of FearIess and
IdeI JournaIism

Introdoction
WIen ndIu wus under LIe conLroI oI LIe BrILIsI, Iew jeweIs were born In LIIs counLrv,
wIo uIwuvs worrIed Ior LIe upIIILmenL oI LIIs counLrv und sucrIIIced LIeIr bodv, mInd,
weuILI und souI Ior LIe weIIure oI LIIs counLrv. One oI LIese mugnIIIcenL, sIInIng jeweIs
Is okmunvu TIIuk. TIIuk Is Iumous Ior IIs muILI-IuceLed personuIILv us u pIIIosopIer, u
muLIemuLIcIun, promoLer oI DIurmu und u IeguI experL. L Is LIe deuLI unnIversurv oI
LIIs prIncIpIed und unreIenLIng personuIILv Loduv wIo wus conIerred LIe LILIe oI
'okmunvu`. TIe LougI und IIerv journuIIsm oI okmunvu TIIuk wus InsLrumenLuI In
InILIuLIng LIe movemenL durIng pre-Independence perIod Ior brIngIng ubouL cIunge In
LIe menLuI seLup oI LIe peopIe. AILer LIe Independence, even now, LIere Is u need Lo Luke
up sImIIur movemenL Lo brIng ubouL cIunge umong LIe peopIe uL psvcIoIogIcuI IeveI


und LIe verv purpose oI LIIs urLIcIe Lo creuLe sucI uwureness umong LIe journuIIsLs und
cILIzens oI LIIs counLrv.
docution oI Lokmunyu Tiluk
okmunvu TIIuk wus born uL RuLnugIrI. He pussed MuLrIc exumInuLIon In LIe veur 18;
und Look udmIssIon In Deccun CoIIege uL Pune. n LIe veur 18;6, Ie pussed LIe
gruduuLIon (B.A.) exumInuLIon securIng IIrsL cIuss. He wus known us u sIurp-wILLed
sLudenL. AILer BA, Ie sLudIed Iuw und pussed .B. exumInuLIon In LIe veur 18;.
Purpose oI TIIuk`s journuIIsm: TIIuk und Agurkur, LIe Lwo IrIends compIeLed LIeIr
educuLIon und IeIL LIuL LIev sIouId do someLIIng In educuLIon IIeId Ior upIIILmenL oI
LIeIr moLIerIund. TIeIr eIIorLs sLurLed under LIe IeudersIIp oI VIsInu sIusLrI
CIIpIunkur und on LIe 1sL Junuurv 188o, 'New EngIIsI ScIooI` wus seL up. TIe munv
LIIngs LIuL TIIuk Iud pIunned Lo Luke up us servIce unLo LIe nuLIon, sLurLIng u scIooI wus
jusL one oI LIem. HIs Ideu oI servIce In educuLIon IIeId wus verv expunsIve und nobIe.
TIe Ideu oI creuLIng uwureness umong LIe peopIe, Luke LIem Lo u new eru creuLIng new
Iopes umong LIem und LIeIr ImpIemenLuLIon sLurLed LukIng rooL In IIs mInd. As u purL
oI LIIs mIssIon, Ie decIded Lo sLurL Lwo newspupers, 'KesurI` In MuruLII und 'MuruLIu` In
EngIIsI.
The churucteristics oI Lokmunyu Tiluk's joornulism
1he rare plcLure of Lokmanva 1llak
TIIuk Iud expIuIned ubouL LIe nuLure oI 'KesurI` us - 'KesurI wIII IeurIessIv und
ImpurLIuIIv dIscuss uII probIems. TIe IncreusIng menLuIILv oI uppeusIng LIe BrILIsI Is noL


In LIe InLeresL oI LIIs counLrv. TIe urLIcIes pubIIsIed In 'KesurI` wIII be upL Ior ILs
nume esuri (lion)'.
Tortore he hud to uo throouh Ior his principle oI Ieurless joornulism
TIIuk cume Lo know LIuL LIe BrILIsI GovernmenL wus repressIng LIe 'MuIuruj` oI
KoIIupur LIrougI IIs munuger SIrI. Burwe. An urLIcIe wus LIen pubIIsIed In 'KesurI`
uIIegIng LIuL Burwe wus pIoLLIng conspIrucv uguInsL MuIuruj. SIrI. Burwe IIIed u cuse
uguInsL 'KesurI` Ior sucI uccusuLIon. TIIuk und Agurkur were senLenced Lo q monLIs
ImprIsonmenL. AILer LIIs IIrsL senLence, TIIuk sLurLed IeeIIng LIe need Lo Luke purL In
poIILIcuI ucLIvILIes und Ie IeIL LIe prIson wILI cerLuIn resoIve. He opLed Ior poIILIcs und
sLurLed workIng us LIe EdILor oI 'KesurI` und 'MuruLIu`.
To ubly point oot the shortcominus in udministrution
n LIe veur 186-;, LIere wus u severe IumIne In MuIurusILru und peopIe Iud no Iood
Lo euL. TIIuk wroLe un urLIcIe In 'KesurI` und brougIL IL Lo LIe noLIce oI LIe BrILIsI
GovernmenL wIuL were ILs duLIes under LIe 'umIne ReIIeI Code`. He uIso wurned LIe
oIIIcers wIo were LrvIng Lo LIroLLIe LIe rIgILs oI LIe cILIzens und mude un uppeuI Lo LIe
peopIe Lo IIgIL Ior jusLIce. TIIuk sIowed Iow eIIecLIveIv one cun serve LIe peopIe,
remuInIng wILIIn LIe Irume oI Iuw.
Joornulism pottinu Iorth rutionul thoouhts
Bv LIen, Numdur GokIuIe Iud sLurLed Lo presenL IIs vIews LIuL LIe movemenL sLurLed bv
LIe Congress sIouId be us per LIe cIurLer. okmunvu, Iowever, dId noL ugree wILI IIs
vIews. n un urLIcIe SunudsIIr or KuvudesIIr (As per LIe cIurLer or IeguI), Ie reIuLed
GokIuIe`s vIews us IoIIows - BrILuIn Ius noL seL unv cIurLer oI rIgILs Lo HIndusLun,
LIereIore, IL wouId be rIdIcuIous Lo suv LIuL LIe movemenL sIouId be conducLed us per
LIe CIurLer. HIndusLun Is governed us per LIe Iuws mude bv LIe BrILIsI. TIe quesLIon,
LIereIore, remuIns Is wIeLIer LIe movemenL Is IeguI or noL. WIen LIere Is uIIenuLIon oI
Iuw und moruIs, II need be, one sIouId breuk LIe Iuws Lo IoIIow LIe moruIs und quIeLIv
uccepL wIuLever punIsImenL Is gIven Ior LIe sume.
Joornulism exposinu soppression by the Government
TIe GovernmenL wus wuILIng Ior un opporLunILv Lo quusI LIe 'JuIuI (IIerce)` movemenL
und IL goL sucI opporLunILv due Lo un IncIdenL wIIcI Look pIuce uL MuzuIIurpur.
KIudIrum Bose, u voung revoIuLIonurv LIrew u bomb on un EngIIsI oIIIcer buL IL mIssed
LIe LurgeL und IeII on LIe cur In wIIcI Lwo EngIIsI women were LruveIIIng; kIIIIng LIem
In LIe bIusL. TIe GovernmenL wus enruged. n IIs edILorIuI pubIIsIed In 'KesurI`, TIIuk
expressed IIs dIsIIke Lowurds sucI LerrorIsL ucLIvILIes buL urgued LIuL GovernmenL`s


suppressIon poIIcv wus responsIbIe Ior buIIdIng up sucI rudIcuI uLLILude. Ive verv
sLrong urLIcIes uguInsL LIe GovernmenL were pubIIsIed In 'KesurI` In connecLIon wILI LIe
bomb bIusL und okmunvu wus urresLed on zqLI June 1o8 Ior sedILIon.
Tiluk believed in joornulism us u riuht to Iorm poblic opinion
okmunvu urgued In LIe CourL Ior z1 Iours und 1o mInuLes uguInsL LIe cIurges oI
Lreuson IeveIed uguInsL IIm. He cIurIIIed LIuL LIe newspupers Iuve u rIgIL Lo Iorm pubIIc
opInIon und IL Is LIe duLv oI u newspuper Lo brIng Lo LIe noLIce oI LIe GovernmenL LIe
nuLure oI powers creuLed In LIe poIILIcuI IIIe oI u counLrv und wurn uguInsL sucI powers
und Ie urgued LIuL Ie Iud noL commILLed Lreuson.
Tiluk's joornulism bused in his belieI in God
TIe speecI gIven bv TIIuk In LIe HIgI CourL wus noL un InLeIIecLuuI exercIse Lo proLecL
seII buL IL sIowed IIs exLru-ordInurv quuIILIes IIke IIs ruLIonuIILv In LIInkIng, deep sLudv
oI Iuw, IIs Iove Ior LIe nuLIon und IIs reudIness Lo go LIrougI unv punIsImenL Ior IIs
prIncIpIes. AII LIose wIo Ieurd IIm pIeudIng IIs cuse, experIenced IIs nobIIILv. TIIuk
wus exLremeIv cuIm uL LIuL LIme.
He wus IookIng uL IIs IuLure wILI LIe sLunce oI un observer. As LIe jurv decIured IIm
'guIILv`, Judge Duvur usked TIIuk wIeLIer Ie wunLed Lo suv someLIIng. TIIuk goL up und
suId, um noL un oIIender or guIILv IeL LIe jurv decIde unvLIIng. TIere Is u supreme
power LIun LIIs CourL wIIcI conLroIs worIdIv muLLers. L couId be God`s wIsI LIuL geL
punIsImenL so us Lo boosL LIe mIssIon LIuL Iuve underLuken.
HIs pIIIosopIv Lowurds IIIe wus IIke IIs pIIIosopIv Lowurds poIILIcs. He beIIeved In
unurmed movemenL uIong wILI urmed revoIuLIon. We oIIer our IumbIe regurds Lo LIIs
prIncIpIed Ieuder wIo Iud IIrm beIIeI In IIs IdeuIs und wIo IougIL Ior IIs counLrv
LIrougIouL IIs IIIe LIII IIs IusL breuLI !
Views oI Lokmunyu Tiluk poblished in the weekly periodicul esuri'
udvocutinu thut the strenuth oI people's opinion is in their resolve!
L Is LIe duLv oI LIe Ieuders Lo creuLe uwureness umong peopIe und IeIp Lo Iorm LIeIr
opInIon. I, Iowever, LIe GovernmenL LrumpIes sucI uwukened opInIon oI LIe cILIzens,
wIuL Is LIe use oI sucI uwureness? How LIe seu-wuves IIL u mounLuIn neur ILs cousL und
reLurn wILI sume Iorce, so Is LIe condILIon oI opInIon oI our peopIe. One Ius Lo IoId
one`s nose Lo open mouLI und II we ure noL goIng Lo do unvLIIng LIuL wouId be dIsIIked
bv LIe GovernmenL, LIe suppressIon wIII never end. TIe GovernmenL Is IumIIIuLIng


peopIe`s opInIon IIke bIudes oI gruss. TIese bIudes oI gruss sIouId be unILed Lo Iorm u
sLrong rope. Hundreds und LIousunds oI peopIe sIouId connecL wILI LIe sume resoIve us
LIe sLrengLI oI peopIe`s opInIon Is noL jusL In coIIecLIon buL In LIeIr resoIve.
ReI: 'KesurI`, 1=LI AugusL 1o=).

Ganesh Shankar vidyarthi
Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi was born in 1890 and met his death in 1931, while trying
to paciIy a riotous mob. His short liIe was one constant struggle against oppression
and inhumanity. He described himselI in these words "I am a Iighter against
oppression and iniustice, whether practiced by bureaucracy, zamindars, capitalists or
high caste. I have Iought all my liIe against oppression an inhumanity and may God
give me strength to Iight on till the last.". Ganesh Shankar was born at Allahabad and
his Iather Shri Jai Narain was a teacher in a middle school in Madhya Pradesh. He
was poor but deeply religious and dedicated to high ideals. It was under him that
Ganesh Shankar received his early schooling and passed the High School examination
privately in 1907. He could not study Iurther due to poverty and became a clerk in the
currency oIIice and later a teacher in high school in Kanpur. His real interest,
however, was in iournalism and public liIe and he came early under the inIluence oI
the nationalist upsurge, which was taking place in the country. He became an agent oI
the well-known revolutionary Hindi and Urdu iournals - Karamyogi and Swariya and
also began to contribute to them. He adopted the penname 'Vidyarthi' - the seeker oI
knowledge. He attracted the notice oI Pt. Mahabir Prasad Dwiwedi, the doyen oI
Hindi iournalism who oIIered him the iob oI a sub - editor in his Iamous literary
monthly, "The Saraswati", in 1911. Ganesh Shankar, however, was more interested i
current aIIairs and politics and thereIore ioined the Hindi weakly "Abhyudaya" a
political iournal oI the time. he thus served his apprenticeship under two oI the
greatest Iigures in Hindi literature and iournalism. In 1913 Ganesh Shankar came back
to Kanpur and launched his career oI a crusading iournalist and Ireedom Iighter,
which was only to end with his death 18 years later. He Iounded PRATAP, his Iamous
revolutionary weakly, which identiIied itselI with the cause oI the oppressed wherever
they might be. It was through this paper that he waged his Iamous Iights Ior the
oppressed peasants oI Rae Bareli, the workers oI the Kanpur mills and the


downtrodden people oI Indian States. During the course oI these Iights he had to Iace
numerous prosecutions, pay heavy Iines and suIIer Iive prison sentences. He Iirst met
Gandhiii in 1916 in Lucknow and threw himselI whole-heartedly in the national
movement. He took a leading part in the Home Rule Movement oI 1917-18 and led
the Iirst strike oI textile workers in Kanpur. In 1920 he launched the daily edition oI
PRATAP and it was in this year that he was sentenced to two years rigorous
imprisonment Ior championing the cause oI peasants oI Rae Bareli. He was released
in 1922 and almost immediately sent to iail again, Ior delivering a "seditious" speech
as the President oI the Provincial Political ConIerence at Fatehgarh. He was released
in 1924, greatly shattered in health, but he knew no respite and immediately launched
himselI in the preparation Ior the Congress Session at Kanpur in 1925. In 1925, when
the Congress decided to contest elections oI Provincial Legislative Councils and
organised the Swarai Party, Ganesh Shankar won a resounding victory on its behalI,
Irom Kanpur and served as a Member oI the U.P. Legislative Council till 1929 when
he resigned at the behest oI the Congress. In 1929 he was elected the President oI the
U.P. Congress Committee and was appointed the Iirst 'dictator' to lead the Satyagrah
movement in U.P. in 1930, and was arrested and sent to iail again. He was released on
March 9, 1931 under the Gandhi-Irwin Pact. While he was about to proceed to
Karachi to attend the Congress Session, Kanpur Iell into an orgy oI communal rioting,
Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi threw himselI in the midst oI Iurious mobs and saved the
liIe oI thousands oI innocent persons belonging to both the Hindu and Muslim
communities. It was on this mission oI mercy that he was butchered to death by a
maddened mob. Mahatma Gandhi paid him the Iollowing tribute in the pages oI
'Young India'. "The death oI Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi was one to be envied by us
all. His blood is the cement that will ultimately bind the two communities. No pact
will bind our hearts. But heroism such as Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi showed is bound
in the end to melt the stoniest hearts, melt them into one. The poison has however
gone so deep that the blood even oI a man so great, so selI-sacriIicing and so utterly
brave as Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi may today not be enough to wash us oI it. Let this
noble example stimulate us all to similar eIIort should the occasion arise again."
Almost 17 years later, Gandhiii himselI oIIered the supreme sacriIice, Ior the same
noble cause Ior which Vidyarthi had died. THE POSTS AND TELEGRAPHS
DEPARTMENT JOINS THE COUNTRY IN PAYING THE TRIBUTE TO HIS
MEMORY BY ISSUING A SPECIAL 15 nP POSTAGE STAMP ON MARCH 25,
1962.


RememberIng GunesI SIunkur VIdvurLII


MurLvrs ure born und seIdom mude GunesI SIunkur VIdvurLII wus one oI LIem. Born on OcLober z6,
(11; veurs ugo) In 18o In AIIuIubud, Ie pussed LIe IIgI scIooI exumInuLIon und joIned LIe KuvusLIu
PuLIsIuIu In AIIuIubud. n 1o6-o; nuLIonuI Ieuders IIke BuI GungudIur TIIuk, BIpIn CIundru PuI und
GopuI KrIsInu GokIuIe vIsILed AIIuIubud und sougIL VIdvurLII`s supporL Ior nuLIonuI sLruggIe.
AIIuIubud durIng LIIs perIod wus IummIng wILI boLI IILerurv und poIILIcuI ucLIvILIes. L Iud
perIodIcuIs IIke HIndI Prudeep, Swurujvu, KurmuvogI und AbIvuduvu currvIng urLIcIes on Ireedom oI
press, sIuverv, revoIuLIonurv upsurge und even cuIL oI bomb und LIe sLudenLs oI MuIr CenLruI
CoIIege, ussumed un uLLILude oI open deIIunce Lo LIe moderuLe Ieuders oI U.P. Even SunderIuI und
M.M. MuIuvIvu were openIv ubused. GunesI SIunkur VIdvurLII us u sLudenL becume more uLLrucLed
Lowurds poIILIcuI journuIIsm und sLurLed workIng In LIe Swurujvu oIIIce. BuL LIe Urdu weekIv wus
wurned In 1o8 und ILs edILor SIunLI NuruIn BIuLnugur wus convIcLed In JuIv und senLenced Lo LIree
und u IuII veurs ImprIsonmenL. AILIougI Iour edILors, HoLIIuI Vermu, Rum HurI, Nund GopuI und
uddI Rum were senLenced eucI Lo 1o veurs LrunsporLuLIon Ior preucIIng sedILIon
WILIIn u veur oI ILs emergence, LIe PruLup brougIL ouL ILs specIuI number In SepLember 11q. L wus
enLILIed RusILrIvu Ank wILI BIuruLmuLu In LIe gurb oI CIundI, IIunked bv Lwo IIons us ILs specIuI
IeuLure und pIoLogrupI oI MuIuLmu GundII us u suLvugruII on IL. L wus prIced uL Iour unnus und Iud
6o puges. AmongsL ILs conLrIbuLors were MuIuvIr Prusud DwIvedI, MuILIIII Surun GupLu, MunsII
Prem CIund, VIdvuvuLI SeLI B.A., Sved HuIder HussIun, BudrInuLI BIuLL B.A., SrImuLI BuIujI,
SuLuvunuruvunu KuvIruLnu und JunurdIun BIuLL B.A. NuLuruIIv sucI u number enubIed LIe PruLup Lo
esLubIIsI ILs repuLuLIon In HIndI journuIIsm. Bv November 11q, LIe edILor Iud mude IIs debuL us
seII-uppoInLed cIumpIon oI LIe mIII-workers, LIe cooIIe-emIgrunLs und LIe expIoILed kIsuns oI
CIumpurun.
HuvIng worked wILI LIe Swurujvu, LIe KurmuvogI und LIe AbIvuduvu (AIIuIubud), GunesI SIunkur
VIdvurLII wus conscIous oI LIe LenLucIes oI LIe Press AcL. BuL IIs debuL us u vouLIIuI und dvnumIc
edILor sIowed LIuL Ie wus IeedIess oI LIe consequences oI LIe ucLIon wIIcI couId be Luken uguInsL
IIm. So Ie IeurIessIv conLInued IIs udvocucv oI LIe peusunLs workIng In CIumpurun IndIgo
pIunLuLIons, LIe cooIIe emIgrunLs In overseus coIonIes und LIe mIII-workers oI Kunpur. On z AprII uL
z.oo u.m. LIe DepuLv nspecLor-GeneruI oI PoIIce ruIded LIe Iouses oI LIe edILor, GunesI SIunkur
VIdvurLII, und LIe keeper oI LIe PruLup press, SIIv NuruIn MIsru.
AccordIng Lo un eve wILness LIere were uL LIuL LIme onIv Lwo cIuIrs In LIe newspuper oIIIce, one wus
occupIed bv LIe D..G. und LIe oLIer bv LIe CILv KoLwuI. GunesI SIunkur VIdvurLII Look excepLIon Lo
IL und usked LIe KoLwuI, Buqur AII, Lo vucuLe LIe cIuIr, us Ie wus on duLv us edILor. As soon us LIe
cIuIr wus vucunL, Ie occupIed IL und LIereuILer proLesLed Lo LIe D..G. uguInsL IIs breukIng open LIe
uImIruIs.
HuvIng buIIL up LIe PruLup press und LIe puper bv sIeer personuI vuIour und Iubour, sucrIIIce und
exempIurv couruge, IL wus u proud duv Ior GunesI SIunkur VIdvurLII Lo decIure IL pubIIc properLv. So
u LrusL wus creuLed und regIsLered us sucI In MurcI 11. TIe LrusLees IncIuded MuILIIII Surun
GupLu, CIIrguon, Dr. JuwuIur uI RoILugI, PIooIcIund, SIIv NuruIn MIsru VuIdvu Kupur, und
GunesI SIunkur VIdvurLII.
n LIe words oI M.CIuIupuLII Ruu, GundII wus probubIv LIe greuLesL journuIIsL oI uII LImes und LIe
weekIIes Ie run und edILed were probubIv LIe greuLesL weekIIes LIe worId Ius known. L wus Ie wIo
evoIved LIe LecInIque oI LIe press ucLIng us u weupon oI SuLvugruIu. And LIe pubIIcuLIon oI LIe


SuLvugruII on ; AprII 11 opened u new vIsLu In LIe roIe oI Press In LIe Ireedom sLruggIe. GundIIjI
Issued deLuIIed InsLrucLIons us Lo Iow cIvII dIsobedIence wus Lo be oIIered bv seIIIng proscrIbed books
und pubIIsIIng unregIsLered newspuper.
GunesI SIunkur VIdvurLII wus uIwuvs uIerL und resourceIuI. MuILIuII Surun GupLu reIuLed one
InLeresLIng unecdoLe. WIen Ie wus sILLIng In LIe PruLup oIIIce u person cume und LuIked Lo LIe
munuger oI LIe press. TIere uILer Ie demunded u prInLed cover (enveIope) oI LIe PruLup und LIen goL
LIe uddress oI LIe LIen VIcerov wrILLen on LIuL. As Ie wus known us u wrILer on ndIun sLuLes LIe
muLLer wenL Lo GunesI SIunkur VIdvurLII. TIe resourceIuI edILor goL scenL oI LIe wIoIe muLLer und
decIded Lo geL LIe enveIope Luken ouL oI LIe IeLLer box. L wus reveuIed Irom LIe conLenLs oI LIe IeLLer
LIuL vuIgur und ubusIve muLLer wus beIng senL Lo LIe VIcerov In PruLup enveIope, reIuLIng Lo LIe LIen
prInceIv sLuLes so LIuL ucLIon mIgIL be Luken uguInsL LIe puper.
n LIe words oI BunursIdus CIuLurvedI, GunesI SIunkur VIdvurLII creuLed good munv IILeruLures
mude wrILers und IILerurv men InLo buddIng journuIIsLs. n LIIs respecL GunesI SIunkur VIdvurLII
wus u Lrue dIscIpIe oI IIs musLer, AcIurvu MuIuvIr Prusud DwIvedI, edILor oI LIe SuruswuLI. HIs
muguzIne wus munv sIded In ILs InLeresLs und wus wIdeIv reud. TIe SuruswuLI wus ucknowIedged Lo
be LIe besL produced journuI oI ILs LImes. DurIng LIe eIgILeen veurs oI IIs edILorsIIp. DwIvedI wus
IdenLIIIed wILI LIe propuguLIon oI KIurI BoII us uguInsL BrIj BIusu. AmongsL oLIer journuIIsLs wIo
were mukIng u greuL conLrIbuLIon Lo HIndI journuIIsm und enrIcImenL oI HIndI, were BuImukund
GupLu oI LIe BIruL MILru, uxmI Nuruvn Gurde, Buuruo VIsInu Purudkur und LIe MuIuvIvus uL
AIIuIubud. WILI LIe emergence oI LIe PruLup, GunesI SIunkur VIdvurLII cume InLo promInence und
LIen IoIIowed BunursIdus CIuLurvedI, BrIndubun uI Vurmu, KrIsInu DuLL PuIIwuI, BuI KrIsInu
SIurmu 'NuvIn`, DsIruLI Prusud DwIvedI, MukuIun uI CIuLurvedI und u IosL oI oLIers.
A number oI evenLs rocked ndIu In eurIv 11. One oI LIem Look pIuce uL AIIuIubud on LIe mornIng
oI z; ebruurv 11, In wIIcI CIundru SIekIur Azud, Ieuder oI LIe HIndusLun SocIuIIsL RepubIIcun
AssocIuLIon, wus sIoL deud In un encounLer wILI LIe poIIce. TIe oLIer wus execuLIon oI BIuguL SIngI,
SukIdev und SIIvrum Rujguru uL uIore on z MurcI 11, despILe counLrvwIde proLesLs und uppeuI
Ior cIemencv. A communuI LensIon Is reporLed Lo Iuve cuused VIdvurLII unLImeIv demIse. Two duvs
IuLer IIs deud bodv wus Iound IvIng sLuIIed In u gunnv bug In u IospILuI. TIougI IIs Iuce Iud been
budIv dIsIIgured, Ie couId be IdenLIIIed due Lo IIs wIILe kIudI cIoLIes. HIs IdenLILv wus IurLIer
conIIrmed bv LIe LIree IeLLers Iound In IIs pockeL wIIcI Ie Iud scrIbbIed on LIe IuLeIuI mornIng oI
z= MurcI.
WrILIng In voung ndIu In AprII 11 MuIuLmu GundII suId um grIeved Lo Iuve Lo InIorm vou LIuL.
GunesI SIunkur VIdvurLII Is reporLed Lo be mIssIng or kIIIed. WIo wouId noL be grIeved over LIe
deuLI oI sucI u genuIne und eurnesL seIIIess comrude? JuwuIurIuI NeIru In IIs speecI on z; MurcI
11 puId equuIIv Iundsome LrIbuLe Lo IIm, wIen Ie suId, L Is reporLed LIuL one oI mv deur IrIends,
GunesI SIunkur VIdvurLII, presIdenL oI U.P. ProvIncIuI Congress CommILLee, Ius been kIIIed In LIe
course oI rIoLIng. Ike LIe Lrue bruve Congressmen LIuL Ie wus Ie musL Iuve rusIed Lo LIe poInL oI
dunger und LrIed Lo pucIIv LIe peopIe wIo were kIIIIng eucI oLIer. I Ie Ius meL LIe deuLI In LIIs
munner, IL Is us u Lrue ndIun sIouId meeL IL.
TIe uuLIor Is u Iormer press secreLurv Lo PresIdenL R VenkuLrumun.
- AsIun TrIbune -

Journalism oI madan mohan malviya


"A giant among men, one oI those who laid the Ioundation oI modern Indian
nationalism and, year by year, built up brick by brick and stone by stone, the noble
ediIice oI Indian Ireedom." In these words, Shri Jawaharlal Nehru, now Prime
Minister oI India, summed up the Ieelings oI the nation at the death oI Pandit Madan
Mohan Malviya in 1946. Scholar, educationist, man oI action, a leader oI the national
liberational movement, Madan Mohan Malviya rose to prominence in the countries
liIe at an early age. Born at Alahabad, on December 25th 1861, Madan Mohan was
the son oI Pandit Brii Nath, a highly respected scholar oI Sanskrit oI his time. Madan
Mohan was Iirst educated traditionally at two Sanskrit Pathshalas and later sent to an
English school. Even during his college days, as a student oI the Muir central college,
Allahabad, he took keen interest in public activities. Religion and education were,
however, oI special interest and he dedicated himselI to these till the end oI his liIe.
AIter graduation in 1884, Pandit Madan Mohan ioined Govt high school at Allahabad
as an assistant master. Being in government service did not prevent him Irom
participating in political movements and he soon ioined the Iold oI the Indian National
Congress. His very Iirst appearance on the Congress platIorm at its Calcutta session
created a lasting impression and gave him a place in the political liIe oI the country.
By his earnest and untiring work, Pandit Malviya rapidly gained ascendancy in the
Congress organisation. He was one oI the very Iew individuals who were honoured by
the Congress by being elected as its president three times, the Iirst at the Lahore
session (1909), the second time at Delhi (1918)and the third at the Calcutta (1933). He
could not, however, preside over the 1933 sessions as the meeting was banned and he
was arrested even beIore he reached Calcutta. While being a man oI action. Pandit
Malviya , placed the greatest reliance on the spread oI learning and scholarship. His
most ambitious proiects and one whose realisation was described by Mahatma Gandhi
as his chieI contribution was the Iounding oI the Banaras Hindu University. Following
the Jaliyanwala Baug episode, the government appointed the Hunter Committee to
enquire into the Puniab disorders and Iollowed it up with the indemnity bill. The
nations protest against this Iound its voice in the speech oI Pandit Madan Mohan in
the legislative council oI which he was a member. He was later elected President oI
the Jaliyanwala Baug Memorial Committee. Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya
accompanied Mahatma Gandhi to the Second Round Table ConIerence in 1933. He
also played an important part in the removal oI untouchability and in giving direction
to the Hariian movement. The Hariian Sevak Sangh was Iounded at a meeting in 1933
at which Pandit Malviya presided. He was a member oI the Indian Legislative Council
Irom 1902 to 1912 and Irom 1924 to 1930. Although the Banaras Hindu University


towers above many oI his other contributions in the educational Iield, he also Iounded
Allahabad Literary Institute. It was one his settled convictions that without an abiding
religious Iaith man cannot succeed. This led him to Iound the Sanatan Dharm
Mahasabha at Allahabad in January 1906, and the Allahabad Hindu Samai. A devout
Hindu himselI, he wanted to see the same religious devotion in every Hindu oI India.
But his religious activities were by no means sectarian. As he stated in his presidential
address at the Allahabad Congress, "I am a Hindu by Iaith and I mean no disrespect to
any other religion when I say that I will not change my Iaith Ior all the possessions oI
this world or oI any other. But I shall be a Ialse Hindu and I shall deserve less to be
called a Brahmin, iI I desired that Hindu's, or Brahmins could have any unIair
advantage as such over Muslims, Christians or any other community in India". Pandit
Malviya will also be remembered Ior his contribution to the Iield oI iournalism. He
started his iournalistic career as the Editor oI the Hindustan in 1887. Two years later,
he ioined the "Indian Union" as Editor in which capacity, he continued till its
incorporation with the Advocate oI Lucknow. He then started his own Hindi weekly
Abhyudaya and laboured hard to make it an inIormative and instructive iournal.
Keenly Ieeling the need Ior an English daily to voice the opinion and to ventilate the
grievances oI people, he Iounded the Leader oI Allahabad. The noble work oI this
great patriot was acknowledged by Mahatma Gandhi on behalI oI the nation in
Iollowing words: " Great as are Malviyaii's services to the country, I have no doubt
that the Hindu University constitutes his greatest service and achievement, and he has
worn himselI out Ior the work that is dear to him as liIe itselI.... Everyone knows that
there is no greater beggar than Malviyaii on the Iace oI the earth. He has never begged
Ior himselI by the grace oI God he was never been in want, but he became a voluntary
beggar Ior causes he has made his own, and God has always Iilled his bowl in an
overIlowing measure". On December 25, 1961, the nation will observe the centenary
oI birth oI this great patriot. The Indian Post & Telegraph department will ioin in
paying tribute to this great son oI India by issuing a special postage stamp bearing a
portrait oI Malviyaii.
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