UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN Degree Examination MA1002 Calculus date not known

SESSION

199798

(time not known)

Attempt ALL FIVE of the questions in SECTION A and TWO of the questions in SECTION B. Each question in section A is worth 12 marks and each question in section B is worth 20 marks.
Calculators may be used ONLY for the arithmetic of real numbers or the numerical evaluation of trigonometric, logarithmic and exponential functions. Calculator memories must be clear at the start of the examination; in particular, the use of pre-stored programs is prohibited. Marks may be deducted for answers that do not show clearly how the solution is reached.

SECTION A 1. Dierentiate the following functions: f (x) = x2 + 3x4/3 , g(x) = 1 + 2x x2 , 1 2x x2 h(x) = ex sin(1 + 3x3 ).
2

2.

Evaluate the following integrals:

1 0

4x2 + cos

x 2

/2

dx ,
0

cos x dx . 1 + sin2 x

Show that
1 0

7 5x dx = 6 ln 2 ln 3 . (x + 3)(2x + 1) 2

3.

Sketch the region bounded by the graphs of y = 3x and y = x2 4. Find the area of this region. (a) Find the maximum and minimum values taken by f (x) = 2x3 + 3x2 12x + 1 on the range 4 6 x 6 2. (b) For what values of x is the function g(x) = x3 ex decreasing in value?

4.

5.

Use the Newton-Raphson method to nd, accurate to 4 decimal places, the solution to the equation x = 1.5 0.1 sin(x) that lies near x = 1.5. Describe the method clearly.

SECTION B 6. (a) Find the value of the positive constant for which the function x(t) = e3t sin(t) satises the equation x 6x + 13x = 0 for all values of t. (b) Obtain the third derivative of the function f (x) = e1/x . 7. (a) Find a solution of the dierential equation dy =x dx for which y = 1 when x = 0. (b) Use integration by parts to show that
1 0

1 y2

1 x ln(1 + x) dx = . 4

8.

(a) Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve given by x2 4x(y + y 2) y 4 = 3 at the point (2, 1). (b) A path is expressed parametrically as x(t) = cos(3t), y(t) = sin(2t).

Find the slope of the path when t = /2 and when t = 3/2. What are the values of x and y at these values of t? Why is this not a contradiction? 9. (a) Find the rst two non-zero terms of the Maclaurin series for the function f (x) = cos(x2 ). (b) Starting from the denitions of cosh x and sinh x prove that cosh2 x sinh2 x = 1 for all values of x.

UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN Degree Examination MA1002 Calculus date not known

SESSION

199798

SOLUTIONS
(time not known)

SECTION A

1.

The derivatives are f (x) = 2x3 4x7/3 ,

2

g (x) =
2

4x2 + 4 (1 2x x2 )2

h (x) = 2xex sin(1 + 3x3 ) + 9x2 ex cos(1 + 3x3 ).

2.

The rst integral is 4x3 x + 2 sin 3 2

1

=
0

10 . 3

In the second integral, let u = sin x. Then du = cos x dx, and

/2 0

cos x dx dx = 1 + sin2 x

1 0

du = [arctan u]1 = . 0 2 1+u 4

Finally
1 0

5x dx = (x + 3)(2x + 1)

1 0

3 dx x+3

1 0

dx , 2x + 1

1 1 = 3 ln(x + 3) ln(2x + 1) , 2 0 1 7 = 3 ln 4 3 ln 3 ln 3 = 6 ln 2 ln 3. 2 2

3.

The two curves intersect when 3x = x2 4, or when x2 3x 4 = 0. Thus (x + 1)(x 4) = 0 and so the points of intersection are (1, 3) and (4, 12). A diagram is given in Fig 1. Let A be the triangle bounded by the lines x = 1, y = 3x and the x-axis, and let B be the triangle bounded by the lines x = 4, y = 3x and the x-axis. We can compute the area of these triangles directly using the formula: 1 Area = base height. 2 This gives the area of A as
1 2

1 3 = 3/2, and the area of B as

1 2

4 12 = 24.

MA1002 Calculus

Degree Examination

2.2.00

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15

10

-2

-1

2 x

-5

Figure 1: The area bounded by two graphs

Now let C be the region bounded by the curve y = x2 4 the line x = 1 and the x-axis. We have Area(C) = =
2 1

x2 4 dx =

x3 4x 3

,
1

8 1 8 +4 3 3

= 9.

Similarly, let D be the region bounded by the curve y = x2 4 the line x = 4 and the x-axis. Again we have Area(D) = = 24 x2 4 dx = 64 16 3 x3 4x 3 =
4

,
2

8 8 3

32 . 3

We are now able to nd the required area R (say) in terms of the four areas we have just computed: R = (Area(C) Area(A)) + (Area(B) Area(D)), 3 32 15 40 125 = 9 + 24 = + = . 2 3 2 3 6

4.

(a) The derivative is f (x) = 6x2 + 6x 12 = 6(x2 + x 2) = 6(x + 2)(x 1). So there are critical points at x = 2 and x = 1, both in our range. f (2) = 21, f (1) = 6 and, at the end points of the interval, f (4) = 31 and f (2) = 5. So the minimum value taken by the function is 31 at x = 4 and the maximum value is 21 at the critical point x = 2. (b) g (x) = 3x2 ex x3 ex = x2 ex (3 x). Now x2 and ex cannot be negative. So g (x) < 0 when x > 3.

MA1002 Calculus

Degree Examination

2.2.00

page 3

5.

We arrange the problem to be that of nding the zero of f (x) = x 1.5 + 0.1 sin(x) that lies near x = 1.5. Dierentiating, we get f (x) = 1 + 0.1 cos(x). So the iterative step of Newtons method is f (xn ) xn 1.5 + 0.1 sin xn xn+1 = xn dn dn = = f (xn ) 1 + 0.1 cos xn Taking rst guess as x0 = 1.5 we get n 0 1 2 3 xn 1.500000 1.400951 1.401431 1.401431 dn 0.0990489 -0.0047965 0.10827 107

So the required solution would seem to be x = 1.4014 to 4 decimal places. SECTION B

6.

(a) We have and

x = e3t (3 sin(t) + cos(t)) x = e3t (9 2 ) sin(t) + 6 cos(t)

Putting these into the LHS of our equation we obtain e3t (9 2 ) sin(t) + 6 cos(t) 18 sin(t) 6 cos(t) + 13 sin(t) = e3t (4 2 ) sin(t) Since the exponential can never be zero, the only choices of for which this is zero for all values of t are = 2 or = 0 (because of the sine). A positive result was asked for, so = 2 is the only possibility. (b) f (x) = 1 1/x 1 + 2x 1/x 6x2 + 6x + 1 1/x e , f (x) = e and f (x) = e . x2 x4 x6

7.

(a) We can rewrite the given equation as dy dx and so integrating both sides we have dy 1 y2 for some constant of integration K. Thus arcsin(y) = x2 +K 2 or equivalently y = sin x2 +K . 2 = x2 +K 2 1 1 y2 = x,

When x = 0, y = sin(K), so if we take K = /2, we obtain a solution with the required property. (b) Using integration by parts, we have
1 0

x2 x ln(1 + x) dx = ln(1 + x) 2

1 0

1 2

1 0

x2 dx 1+x

and so using the substitution u = x + 1, = = 1 1 ln 2 2 2

2 1

u2 2u + 1 du, u
2

1 ln 2 2 1 = ln 2 2 1 = . 4

1 u2 2u + ln u , 2 2 1 1 1 2 4 + ln 2 + 2 0 , 2 2

8.

(a) Dierentiating, we obtain 2x 4(y + y 2 ) 4x(y + 2yy ) 4y 3 y = 0 Putting in x = 2 and y = 1 we get y = 1/3. So the equation of the tangent line is y (1) = 1/3(x 2) or y = (x + 1)/3. (b) We have x(t) = 3 sin(3t) and y(t) = 2 cos(2t). So the derivative (where dened) is dy y 2 cos(2t) = = dx x 3 sin(3t) At t = /2 we get (x, y) = (0, 0) and dy/dx = 2/3. At t = 3/2 we get (x, y) = (0, 0) and dy/dx = +2/3. We seem to have two derivatives at the same point. This is not a contradiction because the path just passes twice through the origin in dierent directions.

9.

(a) The rst few derivatives and their values at x = 0 are: f (x) = cos(x2 ) f (x) = 2x sin(x ) f (x) = 2 sin(x ) 4x cos(x ) f (x) = 12x cos(x2 ) + 8x3 sin(x2 ) f (x) = 12 cos(x ) + x terms
iv 2 2 2 2 2

f (0) = 1 f (0) = 0 f (0) = 0 f (0) = 0 f iv (0) = 12

So required start of Maclaurin series is 1 12/24x4 = 1 1 x4 + . 2 (b) We have sinh x = (ex ex )/2 and cosh x = (ex + ex )/2. So cosh2 x sinh2 x = 1 (ex + ex )2 (ex ex )2 4 1 2x = e + 2 + e2x e2x + 2 e2x 4 1 = 4=1 4