Chapter 5

CHEMICALS FOR CONSUMERS

1. Define the soap 2. Define the detergent 3. Explain how the soap reacted in a cleaning process? 4. Define the hard water 5. Explain why detergent more effective than soap when cleaning using the hard water?

1. Define food additive 2. What information we can get from the food covers 3. List the types of food additive and then gives one example foe each type of food additive respectively

Soap and Detergent

Food Additive

1. What is medicine? 2. State the difference between modern medical and traditional medical 3. State four type of modern medicine. Give functions. List 2 example of medicine for each type of the medicine respectively. 4. Gives three example of traditional medicine and their usage.

Medicine

A. SOAP AND DETERGENT 1. Definition (i) (ii) Soap Detergent : A sodium or potassium salt of long-chain . : A sodium or potassium salt of acids or .. acid.

2. Soap preparation process Soap is prepared by hydrolyzing fats or oils under alkaline condition. This reaction is called . The process involves boiling fats or oils with .. or .to produce .. and the salts of fatty acids which are the .. Write down the general equation for this reaction:

+ NaOH

3. Detergent preparation process During the preparation of detergent, a long-chain hydrocarbon obtained from .is converted into an organic acid through a series of steps. The organic acid is then neutralized with ..solution to produce a detergent. 4. Draw the general formulae for two common detergent

A sodium alkyl sulphate

A sodium alkylbenzene sulphonate

5. Using suitable diagram describe the cleaning action of soap and detergent

6. Detergent is more effective than soap in hard water. Explain why.

7. Complete the table below. Additive in detergent Biological enzyme Examples Amylase, proteases, cellulose and lipases Function To remove protein stain such as blood

Builder

Filler

Sodium sulphate, sodium silicate

Foam control agent

To control foaming in detergent

Fragrance

Optical whitener

Suspension agent

Carboxymethylcellulose

Whitening agent

B. FOOD ADDITIVE 1. Food additives Complete the table below: Food additives Antioxidant Function To prevent oxidation of food Examples Ascorbic acid, BHA, BHT, tocopheral, sodium citrate

Flavourings

To improve or restore taste of food

Food dyes

Tatrazine, brilliant blue FCF

Preservatives

Stabilizers

To prevent an emulsion from separating out

Thickeners

2. Preservatives Complete the table below: Preservative Salt Example Salted fish How it works

Sugar

Vinegar Sodium nitrate or sodium nitrate Benzoic acid or sodium benzoate Sulphur dioxide Burger, sausage, launcheon meat Slow down the growth of microorganism

3. Antioxidant Complete the table below: Antioxidant Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) Example Margarine Function To retard rancidity in oils

Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)

Alpha tocopheral (Vitamin E)

Sodium citrate

4. Flavourings Complete the table: Food additives Monosodium glutamate (MSG) Function To bring out the flavor in many food Examples

Aspartame

Diet drink, low-calories frozen desserts and some soft drinks

Synthetic essences

To produce artificial flavor which resemble natural flavours

5. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using food additives? Advantages Make food stay fresh longer, look nicer and taste better Disadvantages

C. MEDICINE 1. Traditional medicines are derived from plants and animals. Complete the table below: Medicinal plant Aloe vera (lidah buaya) Andrographis paniculata (hempedu bumi) Eurycoma longifolia (tongkat ali) Function To treat skin wound

Centella asiata (pegaga)

Ocimum basilicum (selasih)

Orthosiphon aristatus (misai kucing)

2. Give three examples of animals that are claim to have medicinal properties. (i) (ii) (iii) . . .

3. Modern medicine are made by .in laboratories and are based on substances found in .

4. Types of modern medicine. Complete the diagram below:

TYPES OF MODERN MEDICINES

5. Complete the table below: Type of medicine / example of medicine Traditional medicine Side effect

Analgesic

Antibiotic

antidepressant

Stimulant

Usually high doses or excessive use of stimulants over long periods of time can lead to anxiety, hallucinations, severe depression or physical and psychological dependence

Antipsychotic