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ESCOLA ESTADUAL DE ENSINO FUNDAMENTAL E MDIO MACHADO DE ASSIS

LNGUA INGLESA REGRAS GRAMATICAIS BSICAS ENGLISH BASIC GRAMMATICAL RULES

2010

SUMRIO
INTRODUO Sistema frasal (composio das frases) 1. Personal Pronouns (pronomes pessoais)______________________________3 2. TO BE: Simple Present (ser/estar presente simples)____________________3 3. TO BE: Simple Past (ser/estar passado simples)_______________________4 4. NOUNS (substantivos)______________________________________________4 5. The Indefinite Article (artigos indefinidos) _____________________________5 6. The Definite Article (artigos definidos)_________________________________6 7. The Adjective (adjetivos)____________________________________________6 8. TO HAVE (verbo ter)________________________________________________7 9. Interrogative Words (palavras interrogrativas)__________________________8 10. There is / There are (existe/existem)__________________________________9 11. Demonstrative Pronouns (pronomes demonstrativos)__________________9 12. Possessive Adjectives (adjetivos possessivos)_______________________10 13. Regular and Irregular Verbs (verbos regulares e irregulares)____________10 14. Locuo Verbal__________________________________________________12 15. Adverbs (advrbios)______________________________________________12 16. Prepositions (preposies)________________________________________13
He placed his hat upon his head...................................................................................................................17

17. Verbal Tenses (Tempos Verbais)___________________________________17


17.1 The simple present tense (presente simples)...........................................................................................17 17.2 The present continuos tense (presente contnuo) ..................................................................................18 17.3 The simple past tense (passado simples) ................................................................................................19 17.4 The past continuos tense (passado contnuo)..........................................................................................20 17.5 The simple future tense (futuro simples).................................................................................................20 17.6 Going to (futuro progressivo ou futuro prximo)..................................................................................20 17.7 Progressive Past (passado progressivo)...................................................................................................21 17.8 WOULD (futuro do pretrito).................................................................................................................21 17.9 The Present Perfect Tense (presente perfeito)........................................................................................22 17.10 The Past Perfect Tense (passado perfeito)............................................................................................22

18. Irregular verbs table (tabela dos verbos irregulares)___________________23

1. Personal Pronouns (pronomes pessoais)


I you he / she / it we You they eu voc ele / ela ns vocs eles/elas

Como utilizar o pronome IT? 1. Empregamos o pronome it quando nos referimos a um fenmeno, objeto, coisa, animal, etc.: Ex.: The dress is ugly. - It's ugly. 2. Utiliza-se tambm o pronome it para sujeito oculto ou inexistente. Ex.: It is raining. Outros usos do IT 1. O pronome it tambm usado em frases como: It is hot today. (Est quente hoje.) What time is it? It is 6 o'clock. (Que horas so? So 6 horas.) It is about 400 Km from So Paulo to Rio. (So aproximadamente 400 Km de So Paulo ao Rio.) 2. Tambm emprega-se o pronome it como sujeito de oraes deste tipo: It is hard to believe. But it is true! ( difcil acreditar. Mas verdade!)

2. TO BE: Simple Present (ser/estar presente simples)

I am you are he is she is it is we are you are they are

(I'm) (you're) (he's) (she's) (it's) (we're) (you're) (they're)

eu estou/sou voc est/ ele est/ ela est/ ele/ela est/ (coisas e animais) ns estamos/somos vocs esto/so eles/elas esto/so

3. TO BE: Simple Past (ser/estar passado simples)


I was you were he was she was it was we were you were they were eu estava/era voc estava/era ele estava/era ela estava/era ele/ela estava/era (coisas e animais) ns estvamos/ramos vocs estavam/eram eles/elas estavam/eram

INTERROGATIVA E NEGATIVA

1. Para formar a interrogativa, colocamos o verbo antes do sujeito:


He was American. You were happy. Was he American? Were you happy?

2. Para formar a negativa, usamos not depois do verbo.


He was strange. - He was not strange. They were pretty.- They were not pretty. (He wasn't) (They weren't)

4. NOUNS (substantivos)
Os substantivos - nouns, em ingls - do nome aos objetos, pessoas, animais, etc.

Plural of Nouns (plural dos substantivos) De modo geral, acrescenta-se "s" ao singular. Ex.: BOY - BOYS REGRAS ESPECIAIS: 1. Se o substantivo terminar em s, sh, ch, x, z, ou em o precedido de consoante, acrescenta-se es para formar o plural. bus - buses; bush - bushes; coach - coaches; fox - foxes; watch - watches; hero - heroes

2.

Existem 13 substantivos terminados em f ou fe cujo plural formado pela troca do f ou fe por ves: life - lives; wife - wives; knife - knives; thief - thieves; elf - elves; self - selves; loaf - loaves shelf - shelves; leaf - leaves; sheaf - sheaves; wolf - wolves; calf - calves; half halves. Nos substantivos terminados em y precedido de consoante, troca-se o y por i e acrecenta-se es: Ex: body bodies Alguns substantivos so usados apenas no singular, com verbos tambm no singular: Ex: news, advice, furniture, information, knowledge, progress Outros substantivos so usados apenas no plural, com verbos tambm no plural: Ex: pants, pajamas, trousers, clothes, glasses, scissors, goods, riches Os substantivos sheep e deer so invariveis, isto , tm a mesma forma para singular e plural. Assim tambm os substantivos ptrios terminados em ss e se (Swiss, Japanese)

3.

4.

5.

6.

7. Substantivos que apresentam forma irregular no plural: child - children; die - dice; mouse mice; woman - women; goose geese; ox - oxen; man - men; tooth - teeth; foot - feet; louse - lice.

5. The Indefinite Article (artigos indefinidos)


O artigo indefinido tem duas formas em ingls: a e an. Ambas tm o mesmo significado - um, uma - e so usadas somente antes de substantivos contveis no singular. The form a Usamos a antes de palavras iniciadas por letras com som de consoante: a past a hot summer O a ainda usado antes de palavras comeadas por vogais com som de yu ou w: som de yu: a university , a European country som de w: a one-way street, a one-horse coach The form an A forma an usada antes de substantivos iniciados por letras com som de vogal: Ex: an army, an idea Tambm usamos an antes do h mudo: Ex: an hour, an honest governor

ATTENTION! an x-ray photography (pronncia eks) an L.A. gang


(som de el)

6. The Definite Article (artigos definidos)


Em geral, o artigo definido the (o, a, os, as) usado em ingls do mesmo modo que em portugus, isto , para indicar algo que j conhecemos ou que de conhecimento de todos. Ex: The girl in red is my friend The Beatles were famous. Onde no usamos the? 1. Antes de nomes prprios: ..... John Lennon was born in .... England. 2. Antes de possessivos: ..... My favourite rock singer is Bono Vox. 3. Antes de substantivos empregados em sentido geral: ..... Love is a strange feeling. (sentido geral)

7. The Adjective (adjetivos)


O adjetivo toda palavra que qualifica um substantivo. So bastante simples as regras que orientam sua utilizao:
1.

O adjetivo no varia em nmero. Mesmo que o substantivo aparea no plural, o adjetivo conserva a mesma forma: big car big cars O adjetivo no varia em gnero. O substantivo pode ser masculino ou feminino, mas o adjetivo conserva a mesma forma: strong man - strong woman adjetivo normalmente usado antes do substantivo que ele qualifica:
Ex: I have big cars. He is a strong man.

2.

3.

Alguns adjetivos que voc deve conhecer:


1. grande: 2. velho: 3. antigo: 4. alto: 5. longo: 6. rico: 7. quente: 8. feliz: BIG OLD OLD TALL LONG RICH HOT HAPPY pequeno: jovem: novo: baixo: curto: pobre: frio: infeliz: SMALL, LITTLE YOUNG NEW SHORT SHORT POOR COLD UNHAPPY, SAD

9. gordo: FAT 10.fcil: EASY 11.rpido: FAST 12.bonito: PRETTY 13.lindo: BEALTIFUL 14.bom: GOOD 15.doce: SWEET 16.forte: STRONG 17.caro: EXPENSIVE 18.sujo: DIRTY 19.seco: DRY 20.oriental: EASTERN 21.setentrional:NORTHERN 22.adiantado:EARLY 23.certo: RIGHT 24.direito: RIGHT

magro: difcil: lento: feio: horrvel: mau: amargo: fraco: barato: limpo: molhado: ocidental: meridional: atrasado: errado: esquerdo:

THIN DIFFICULTY, HARD SLOW UGLY AWFUL BAD BITTER WEAK CHEAP CLEAN WET WESTERN SOUTHERN LATE WRONG LEFT

8. TO HAVE (verbo ter)


Simple Present I you he she it we you they have have has has has have have have Simple Past I you he she it we you they had had had had had had had had

Quando usado isoladamente, o verbo to have significa "ter", "possuir". Quando integra expresses, pode adquirir outros sentidos. Exemplos: to have coffe, beer, cigarretes: tomar caf, cerveja / fumar cigarros to have breakfast: tomar caf da manh to have lunch: almoar to have dinner: jantar to have a shower, a bath: tomar banho to have a party: dar uma festa to have a good time: divertir-se

9. Interrogative Words (palavras interrogrativas)


What, which As palavras what e which referem-se pessoas e coisas. WHAT (o que, qual) - What is your name? - My name is Claudina. - What time is it? - It is four oclock. - What size do you use? - Medium. WHICH (qual) refere-se a uma escolha. - Which is your name: Claudine or Claudina? - My name is Claudina. - Which game do you prefer? - Eu like chess best. - Which of these is your favourite actor? - Tom Hanks. Who, whom, whose (Quem, Quem, De quem) As palavras who, whom, whose referem-se pessoas. SUBJECT Who OBJECT Who or Whom POSSESSIVE Whose EXAMPLES Who is investigating the murder? Sherlock Holmes is. Who / Whom did Mr. Doyle try to phone? He tried to phone the police.

Whose footprints are those? Those are the murderer's footprints.

Why, where, when, how (Por que, onde, quando, como) 1. Why? (Por qu? Por que motivo?) - Why is she sad? - Because her dog died. 2. Where? (Onde?) - Where does he live? - He lives far from here. 3. When? (Quando) - When will you come? - We will come late.

4. How? (Como?) - How are you feeling today? - Not so well. I have a headache.

10. There is / There are (existe/existem)


Simple present past antes de palavras no singular antes de palavras no plural there are There is / There are se traduz como "ter" no sentido de "existir". Ex: There is a car outside There are many cars outside. there there is was Simple there

Obs.: "Ter" no sentido de "possuir" expressado pelo verbo HAVE. Ex: I have a car. (eu tenho um carro) Formas Interrogativa e Negativa Interrogative Simple present is there? are there? was there? were there? Negative there is not there are not there was not there were not

Simple past

11. Demonstrative Pronouns (pronomes demonstrativos)


This - that (SINGULAR) These - those (PLURAL) Quando um objeto ou objetos esto perto, usa-se THIS e THESE - este/esta(s)/isto. Quando esto longe, usa-se THAT e THOSE - aquele/aquela(s)/aquilo.

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12. Possessive Adjectives (adjetivos possessivos)

MY - Indica a minha posse: There is a rat in MY bedroom! YOUR - Indica a sua (de voc) posse: YOUR cat loves fish. HIS - Indica a posse dele: To HIS surprise, he coulnd't win! HER - Indica a posse dela: HER husband is a pop star. ITS - Indica a posse de um animal, coisa, etc. sobre algo: OUR secrets... The lion opened ITS mouth.

Indica a nossa posse: My girlfriend and I have OUR little Indica a posse de vocs: Batman and Robin, I love YOUR Indica a posse deles:
Yesterday I visited the Kennedys. THEIR house is

YOUR adventures.

THEIR beautiful

REGRAS BSICAS:
1. Os adjetivos possessivos concordam com o possuidor, e no com a coisa possuda. Ex: Como her indica a posse dela, ao ler esta frase j sabemos que se trata de uma mulher cujo pai muito rico. HER father is very rich. Como his indica a posse dele, ao ler esta frase sabemos que se trata dessa vez de um homem cujo pai muito rico. HIS father is very rich. 2. Os adjetivos possessivos antecedem aos substantivos. Ex: To his SURPRISE, he couldn't win!

13. Regular and Irregular Verbs (verbos regulares e irregulares)


Yesterday the dog escaped and ran under a car. A frase acima possui dois verbos, ambos no simple past (passado simples) O primeiro deles - to escape - um verbo regular, pois termina em ed tanto no simple past (passado simples) como no past participle (passado particpio). Exemplos:

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infinite to escape to walk to stay

simple past escaped walked stayed

past participle escaped walked stayed

O verbo na sua forma original (infinitivo) leva a preposio TO na frente. O segundo verbo - to run - irregular porque no termina em ed. Possui conjugao irregular no simple past e no past participle. Exemplos: infinite to run to buy to write imple past ran bought wrote past participle run bought written

Regular Verbs
Regras para escrever no simple past e no past participle com os verbos regulares: Quando o verbo terminar em e, acrescentamos apenas d: Ex: love - loved Se o verbo terminar em y precedido de vogal, conservamos o y e acrescentamos ed: Ex: pray - prayed Mas: Se o verbo terminar em y precedido de consoante, substituimos o y por i e acrescentamos ed: Ex: try - tried 3. Se o verbo tiver apenas uma slaba e terminar em consoante-vogalconsoante, dobramos a consoante final e acrescentamos ed: Ex: stop stopped 4. Se o verbo tiver mais de uma slaba, mas for oxtono e terminar em consoante-vogal-consoante, dobramos a consoante final e acrescentamos ed: Ex: admit admitted
1. 2.

Irregular Verbs
Os verbos irregulares apresentam formas variadas no simple past e no past participle. Exemplos: I SAW you when I CAME back. The cat DRUNK a lot of milk. Mr. Reese finally SOLD his house. (ver tabela dos verbos irregulares no final da apostila)

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14. Locuo Verbal


Uma locuo verbal formada pela composio de dois verbos, sendo que o segundo fica no infinitivo. Exemplos. I want to learn English. (Eu quero aprender ingls) We need to study hard to pass in the exam. (Ns precisamos estudar duro para passar no exame) I like to read good books. (Eu gosto de ler bons livros) Aps o verbos like e enjoy, o verbo seguinte pode vir com o sufixo ing, mas estar na sua forma infinitiva. Ex: I like playing tennis on Sundays. (Eu gosto de jogar tennis nos domingos) I enjoy watching TV on weekends. (Eu aprecio assistir TV nos finais de semana)

15. Adverbs (advrbios)


Advrbios modificam verbos, adjetivos ou outros advrbios, dando a forma, qualidade ou enfatizando os mesmos. All the birds were singing happily. (Todos os pssaros estavam cantando alegremente.) verbo advrbio It seemed that life was so wonderful. (Parecia que a vida era to maravilhosa.) advrbio adjetivo The birds were singing so happily. (Os pssaros estavam cantando to alegremente.) verbo advrbio advrbio Gneros dos Advrbios: Existem advrbios de modo, lugar, tempo, freqncia e qualidade. 1. Os advrbios de modo "respondem" a questo - Como...? How were the birds singing?

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The birds were singing well, happily, joyfully, etc. 2. Os advrbios de lugar "respondem" a questo - Onde...? Where do your cats sleep? My cats sleep here, there, everywhere, etc. 3. Os advrbios de tempo "respondem" a questo - Quando...? When will she arrive home? Today she won't arrive early. 4. Os advrbios de freqncia "respondem" a questo - Quantas vezes...? How often do they visit you? Andrew never visits me, but he always calls me up. 5. Os advrbios de qualidade demostram a importncia, a qualidade ou intensificam algum acontecimento. Doris really worked much today. She is so tired!

16. Prepositions (preposies)


Preposies so palavras que conectam um grupo de duas ou trs palavras que relacionam os substantivos ou pronomes ao elemento bsico da sentena (sujeito, verbo, objeto ou complemento) Preposies tm sido chamadas as "pequenas grandes palavras em ingls". Elas so bastante pequenas e de aparncia insignificante, porm tm funes extremamente importantes. Exemplos: get up (levantar) get in (entrar) get on (subir) get out (sair) get down (descer) go down (descer)

go up (subir) go on (continuar) go in (entrar) go out (sair) go by (passar por algum lugar)

Uma preposio e seu substantivo ou pronome, chamada de frase preposicional. Estas frases podem ser: Adjetivos: usada como um adjetivo seguido do substantivo que ele modifica. We should take the road along the river. (ns deveramos pegar a estrada ao longo do rio) He saw a river with a bridge. (Ele viu um rio com uma ponte) The book on Egypt has been sold. (O livro sobre o Egito foi vendido) The package for Mary arrived yesterday. (O pacote para Mary chegou ontm)

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Advrbios: Quando as preposies modificam verbos, funcionando como advrbios da sentena. They were driving along a country road. (Eles estavam dirigindo ao longo de uma estrada rural) They came to a river. (Eles chegaram em um rio) We saw John in January. (Ns vimos John em janeiro) In April, we will see him again. (Em abril, ns o veremos novamente) As frases preposicionais tambm podem ser: Substantivo: A preposio vem junto com o substantivo. Before breakfast is a good time for a swim. (subject) The best place for a picnic is in the park. (subject complement) Preposies normalmente indicam relacionamentos, tais como posio, lugar, direo, tempo, modo, agente, possesso e condio entre objetos ou outras partes da sentena.

Preposies mais utilizadas In (no, nas, nos, nas, em, dentro de)
Sentido de estar dentro algum lugar

Usos do "In"
Lugar ou residncia em um estado, uma cidade, ou um pas (O lugar normalmente uma grande rea ou uma grande cidade): He lives in America. That river is in California. Ponto do tempo, ou perodo de tempo como uma unidade completa: I saw him in January. It was in 1965. Durao de tempo: He can do it in an hour. He finished that book in one evening. Lnguas: They were speaking in Arabic. The play was produced in French. Dentro, dentro de, fechado:

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He is in his office now. His hand is in his pocket. Depois de um certo perodo de tempo: He will come in an hour.

On (no, nas, nos, nas, em, sobre)


Sentido de estar sobre algum lugar; Sentido de continuidade; Sentido de ligar algo.

Usos do "On"
Descansando sobre ou tocando algo: The book is on the table. We are on the beach Dias da semana e outras datas: Summer begins on June 21. We do not have classes on Sundays. Local ou residncia de uma rua cujo nmero no dado. She is visiting a friend on Magnolia Street. I live on McKinley Street.

At (no, nas, nos, nas, em, perto)


Sentido de estar perto de algum lugar; Usado na frente de lugares pblicos;

Usos do "At"
Local ou residncia em uma pequena cidade, ou em um endereo de uma rua, se o nmero da casa dado: He lives at Smithville. We have finally arrived at his town. Tempo exato: He arrived at 8:00 o'clock. Those farmers stop working at sunset. Preo: The prices of those books begin at one dollar and go up. Direo ou alvo:

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Look at those boys fighting. Localizao, lugar: (lugares pblicos) He is at school now. I am at the door

To (para)
Expressa ao; Usado na frente de verbos no infinitivo.

Exemplos:
I will go to Laguna this weekend. We want to drink a good bottle of wine.

For (Por, para)


No expressa ao;

Usos do "For" (por, para)


Durao de tempo: She played the piano for two hours. We have been waiting for twenty minutes Em troca de: He rented the house for very little money. He bought this book for two dollars. Por prazer ou benefcio de: Mary sang songs for us. She baked a cake for me. Ao invs de ou em lugar de: She was busy, so I did her work for her. Alice is going to cook the dinner for her mother.

Preposio Across Against Behind By

Traduo/sentido do outro lado/atravs Contra Atrs Perto, por, pelo, de

Exemplo Her house is across the street. His bibycle was leaning against the fence. The garage is behind the house. That house by the lake is my dream

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Down in back of in front of Inside Near on top of Over

(Sentido) para baixo Atrs (no fundo) Na frente de Dentro de Perto de No topo de / sobre Sobre (passar por cima sem tocar) Trmino Excesso/sobrecarga Acima de Do lado de fora Atravs Em baixo de (fsico) Em baixo de (tocando) Acima Entre vrias coisas ou pessoas Entre duas coisas ou pessoas Depois Antes/ na frente Abaixo (sentido) Oposto / do outro lado Dentro de Em cima (sobre)

Outside Through Under Underneath Up Among Between After Before Below Opposite Within Upon

house. We saw her walking down Fifth Avenue this afternoon. The taxi is parked in back of the bus. The ball rolled in front of the bus. Come in. It is warmer inside the house. You shouldn't smoke near gasoline. I want cake and ice cream, and on top of that I want whipped cream. The mother pulled the blanket over the baby. The game is over. There was an overflow in the system The temperature is over 40o C There's a bird's nest outside my window. The bird flew through the open window. I found that book. It was under the desk. Put a pad underneath that hot coffe pot. He was walking up the street. If you look carefully, you might find the letter among those papers. His shop in between the bank and the post office. Walk straight ahead; then take the first street after the bridge. I have your letter before me now. They live in the apartment below ours. The school is opposite the church. The mail will arrive within an hour. He placed his hat upon his head

17. Verbal Tenses (Tempos Verbais) 17.1 The simple present tense (presente simples)
As oraes abaixo esto no simple present tense, um tempo para expressar aes habituais no presente.

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I GO to school every day. She WORKS at Univali. Na segunda orao, o sujeito est na 3a. pessoa do singular, sendo o verbo acrescido de s, es ou ies de acordo a terminao do verbo, seguindo as mesmas regras do plural de substantivos. Exemplos de uso: I dance We dance. You dance You dance. He She dances. They dance. It s na 3a. pessoa do singular Advrbios que normalmente acompanham o presente simples: Always sempre Never nunca often = frequenly frequentemente seldom = rarely raramente sometimes algumas vezes every day (week,...) todos os dias (semana,....) once a day uma vez por dia twice a day duas vezes por dia INTERROGATIVA E NEGATIVA Para frases interrogativas e negativas, utiliza-se os auxiliares DO ou DOES (He, she, It). Exemplos: Do you work? No, I do not. (don't) Does she work? No, she does not. (doesn't) I don't work in Blumenau, I work in Florianpolis. She doesn't work in Blumenau, she works in Florianpolis.

17.2 The present continuos tense (presente contnuo)


Expressa uma ao que est acontecendo no presente momento. O presente contnuo tem esta frmula: to be + Exemplo: I am studying. verbo principal com "ing"

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Exemplos de uso They are crossing the street now I am playing the guitar at this moment. Nowadays she is working in a factory. INTERROGATIVA E NEGATIVA

Advrbios de tempo que normalmente acompanham now agora at this moment neste momento Nowadays hoje em dia

Como o present continuos formado pelo verbo to be, para formar a interrogativa, coloca-se o verbo to be na frente da frase. E para formar a negativa, acrescenta-se not aps o verbo to be. You are studying English. Are you studying English? You are not studying English.

17.3 The simple past tense (passado simples)


O simple past normalmente usado para descrever aes que comearam e terminaram no passado. Ex: I WAS here last night. Forma-se o passado dos verbos regulares, acrescentando-se d, ed, ou ied. The dog DIED. Advrbios de tempo que normalmente o acompanham o passado simples: Yesterday ontm last (night, week, year, etc.) (noite, semana, ano, etc) passada / passado one hour ago (uma hora atrs) two days ago (dois dias atrs) a week ago (uma semana atrs, semana passada)

INTERROGATIVA E NEGATIVA Para frases interrogativas e negativas, utiliza-se o auxiliar DID. Neste caso, o verbo permanece no presente. Exemplos: - You worked yesterday. - Did you work yesterday? - You did not work yesterday. (didnt)

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17.4 The past continuos tense (passado contnuo)


Empregamos o past continuos tense para descrever aes que estavam acontecendo no passado quando foram interrompidas ou como referncia de algo que se estava fazendo ou que estava acontecendo num determinado tempo no passado. formado pelo verbo to be no passado, acrescentando-se ing ao verbo principal: I WAS studyING when you arrived. A forma interrogativa e negativa a aquela correspondente ao verbo to be. Exemplos de uso I was playing yesterday. You were singing last night. It was raining when I came. to be simple past ing form

Advrbios de tempo e expresses que normalmente o acompanham: Yesterday ontm last (night, week, year, etc.) (noite, semana, ano, etc. ) passada / passado

17.5 The simple future tense (futuro simples)


Usa-se o simple future tense para descrever aes futuras. Emprega-se o verbo auxiliar WILL para construir oraes no futuro simples. I WILL go to Europe next year. (I'll ...) I WILL not travel next month. (I won't ...)

17.6 Going to (futuro progressivo ou futuro prximo)


O Futuro Progressivo constitudo pelo verbo to be no presente + going to. Expressa uma ao que deve acontecer num futuro prximo: He is going to wait his girl till midnight. (Ele vai esperar sua garota at a meia noite

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presente I am going to sleep now. (Eu vou dormir agora) Presente

17.7 Progressive Past (passado progressivo)


O Passado Progressivo constitudo pelo verbo to be no passado + going to. Descreve uma ao planejada, mas que por algum motivo no foi realizada. He was going to commit suicide, but a man saved his life.
Passado (Eu ia cometer

suicdio, mas um homem salvou minha vida.)

17.8 WOULD (futuro do pretrito)


O futuro do pretrito no ingls expresso atravs do auxiliar WOULD, que coloca o verbo principal no futuro do pretrito. Exemplos: I WOULD like to help you, but it is raining. (Eu gostaria de ajud-lo, mas est chovendo) WOULD you like a glass of water? (Voc gostaria de um copo de gua?) Affirmative I would go. (I'd go) He would go. (hed go) Interrogative Would I go? Would he go? Negative I would not go. (I wouldn't go.) He would not go. (He wouldn't go.)

Outros Verbos no Futuro do Pretrito:


COULD - poderia Ex: COULD you help me? (Voc poderia me ajudar?)

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SHOULD - deveria Ex: You SHOULD study English. (Voc deveria estudar ingls)

17.9 The Present Perfect Tense (presente perfeito)


Expressa uma ao no passado sem tempo determinado, ou uma ao no passado que continua no presente. Forma-se o Present Perfect: verbo HAS/HAVE + verbo principal no passado particpio O auxiliar do presente perfeito o verbo HAVE/HAS Exemplos: I HAVE lived in Europe for many years. (Eu morei na Europa por muitos anos) I HAVE lived in Florianpolis since 1988. (Eu moro em Florianpolis desde 1988) She HAS been in Rio de Janeiro. (Ela esteve no Rio de Janeiro) Have you ever been in Europe? (Voc alguma vez esteve na Europa?) No, I havent. (No, eu no estive)

17.10 The Past Perfect Tense (passado perfeito)


Expressa uma ao que aconteceu no passado, antes de outra ao, tambm no passado. Forma-se o Past Perfect: verbo HAD + verbo principal no passado particpio O auxiliar do passado perfeito o verbo HAD Exemplo: I HAD called the ambulance when the police arrived. I HAD just Finished my homework when you called.

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18. Irregular verbs table (tabela dos verbos irregulares)


Infinitive To be To beat To become To begin To behold To bet To bind To bite To bleed To blow To break To bring To build To burn To buy To catch To choose To come To cost To cut To dare To dig To do To draw To dream To drink To drive To eat To fall To feed To feel To fight To find To fly To forbid To forget To forgive To freeze To get To give To go To grow To hang To have To hear To hide Simple past was/were beat became began beheld bet/betted bound bit bled blew broke brought built burnt/burned bought caught chose came cost cut durst/dared dug did drew dreamt/dreamed drank drove ate fell fed felt fought found flew forbade forgot forgave froze got gave went grew hung/hanged had heard hid Past participle been beaten become begun beheld bet/betted bound bitten bled blown broken brought built burnt/burned bought caught chosen come cost cut durst/dared dug done drawn dreamt/dreamed drunk driven eaten fallen fed felt fought found flown forbidden forgotten forgiven frozen got/gotten given gone grown hung/hanged had heard hidden Translation ser, estar; existir bater; derrotar Tornar-se Comear Observar; contemplar Apostar Ligar; juntar Morder Sangrar Soprar Quebrar Trazer Construir Queimar Comprar Pegar; agarrar Escolher Vir Custar Cortar Ousar, Ter coragem de Cavar Fazer Desenhar; puxar; retirar Sonhar Beber Dirigir; guiar Comer Cair Alimentar Sentir(-se) Lutar; combater Encontrar; achar Voar Proibir Esquecer(-se de) Perdoar Congelar Obter; tornar-se; ficar Dar Ir Crescer; tornar-se; ficar Pendurar; enforcar Ter Ouvir Esconder

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To hit To hold To hurt To keep To know To lay To lead To lean To learn To leave To lend To let To lie To light To lose To make To mean To meet To overcome To pay To put To read To ride To ring To rise To run To say To see To seek To sell To send To set To shake To shine To shoot To show To shut To sing To sink To sit To sleep To slide To smell To speak To spell

hit held hurt kept knew laid led leant/leaned learnt/learned left lent let lay lit/lighted lost made meant met overcame paid put read rode rang rose ran said saw sought sold sent set shook shone shot showed shut sang sank sat slept slid smelt/smelled spoke spelt/spelled

hit held hurt kept known laid led leant/leaned learnt/learned left lent let lain lit/lighted lost made meant met overcome paid put read ridden rung risen run said seen sought sold sent set shaken shone shot shown/showed shut sung sunk/sunken sat slept slid smelt/smelled spoken spelt/spelled

Bater; acertar Segurar; conter; realizar (festa, reunio, etc.) Ferir; doer Guardar; manter; continuar Saber; conhecer Pr; assentar Conduzir; liderar Encostar(-se); inclinar(-se) Aprender Deixar; partir; sair Emprestar Deixar; permitir Deitar-se; situar-se Acender; iluminar Perder Fazer Significar; pretender; Querer, dizer Encontrar; conhecer Superar Pegar Pr; colocar Ler Montar; cavalgar Tocar; soar (campainha, telefone, etc.) Subir; levantar-se Correr; dirigir (negcio) Saber Ver Buscar; procurar Vender Mandar; enviar Pr Sacudir Brilhar Atirar; disparar Mostrar Fechar Cantar Afundar Sentar-se Dormir Deslizar; fazer deslizar Cheirar; sentir cheiro de Falar Grafar; soletrar

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To spend To spread To stand To steal To stick To swear To sweep To swim To take To teach To tear To tell To think To throw To understand To wake(up) To wear To weep To win To write

spent spread stood stole stuck swore swept swam took taught tore told thought threw understood woke/waked(up) wore wept won wrote

spent spread stood stolen stuck sworn swept swum taken taught torn told thought thrown understood woken/waked(up) worn wept won written

Gastar; passar (tempo) Espalhar(-se) Ficar em p; aguentar Roubar Grudar; fincar Jurar Varrer Nadar Pegar; tomar; levar Ensinar Rasgar Contar; dizer Pensar Lanar; jogar Entender; compreender Acordar Usar; vestir Chorar; lacrimejar Vencer Escrever

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