2

SPE 49165 Ubit Field Rejuvenation: Offshore Nigeria A Case History of Resemoir Management

S~ie~

of Petroleum Engineers

of a Giant Oil Field,

C.A. Clayton, SPE, M,F. Cohen, SPE, M. Anis, SPE, T.W. Cooley, SPE, M.M. Honarpour, SPE, J.P. Wallace, SPE, M.R. Chambers, SPE, Mobil Technology Company, Dallas; A.O. Fadase, F.N. Pebdani, S-PE, E.G. Odior, SPE, E.U. Nwaeri, AH. Membere, SPE, E,O. Ekworomadu, SPE, K,A. Miner, SPE; Mobil Producing Nigeria Unlimited; B.O. Ogurtjana, Department of Petroleum Resources, Nigeria; R. A1-Hussainy, SPE, Mobil Oil Corporation.

Copyright 199S, Swiety of Petroleum Engineers, Inc This paper was prepared for presentation at the 1998 SPE Annual Techn4~l Exh!b!tlon held m New Orleans Louisiana, 27-30 September 1%8, Conference and

ThI$ paper was selecled for presentation by an SPE Program Committee following review of Information mntain6d tn an at)stracl submitted by the author(s) Contents of the paper, as presented, have not men revlawed by the Stiety of Petroleum Engineers and are subject to correction by the aulhor(s) The material, as pfesented, does not necessarily reflect any posltlon of the SWety of Petroleum Engineers, Its officers, or members Papers presented at SPE meetings are subject to pubficalion review by Editorial Committees of the Soctety of Petroleum Engineers Electronic reproduction, dlstrlbubon, or storage of any part of this paper for mmmerclal pupses without lhe written resent of the Society of Petroleum Engineers IS proh!b!ted Permission to reproduce in ~int is rssbictad to an abstract of not more than 300 words. !Iluslratims my not be qled The abstract must U3ntain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by wh~ the paper was presented Write L!brar!an, SPE, P O BOX833W. Wchsrdsoa TX 750S3-3836. U.SA fax 01.972.952-9435

Abstract Ubit field is an example of a successful application of integrated reservoir management to an old field, which has resulted in a total change in the development strategy, an increase in recoverable reserves by a half billion barrels and a production uplifi of 110 MBD. The key was an improved understanding of the reservoir hydraulics. Unlocking the genesis of elements that defined the fluid flow units identified their connectivity and distribution as related to their depositional facies, led to rejuvenating this field so completely. New data and techniques in 3-D seismic, core interpretation, computer mapping, 3-D visualization, and advanced reservoir simulation prediction capabilities were brought together to optimize recovery and production. Through the integration of the new reservoir model, horizontal drilling, and surface facilities, this old field is now producing an all-time high of 140 MBD, with ultimate recovery expected to exceed 1 billion barrels, The techniques and methodologies developed at Ubit are being leveraged in other assets. Ubit has a STOIIP of 2.1 billion, The reservoir is cut by 3500 feet of dipping, unconsolidated sands and shales. Production is from a thin oil column, with an associated thick gas cap. Gravity-stable gas expansion is the primary recovery mechanism. For 25 years, Ubit averaged only 30 MBD with a high gas-oil ratio. Gas breakthrough in conventional directionally-drilled production wells has been problematic. Previous reservoir interpretations described the chaotic nature Color printing paid for by Mobil Technology Co.

and poor quality reservoir properties in the eastern two-thirds of the field. Poor historical production performance seemed to confirm these observations. A new horizontally-layered, hydraulic-focused geologic model combined with advanced reservoir simulation techniques yielded a substantially improved interpretation. The reservoir model is the primary focus of this paper. Predicted performance has guided the management of the redevelopment of Ubit. New technology applications and conventional techniques were brought together in the reservoir model design to capture the geologic elements controlling flow, and the dynamic processes controlling recovery. This paper describes some of the significant reservoir engineering, geoscience, infrastructure challenges, and the technical resolutions during the development and management of this complex reservoir system. Key reservoir management strategies were applied to maximize performance and ultimate recoveries. They include: 1) implementing horizontal well drilling, 2) full-field full-life reservoir simulation results defining well placement / timing, 3) balancing a non-uniform gas cap, 4) maintaining stable gas cap movement and pressure throughout, 5) establishing a field plateau rate and 6) minimizing free-gas production. Introduction Historical Background. Ubit field is the largest producing single reservoir in Nigeria. It is located about 35 miles offshore in the Niger Delta (Fig. 1). It has a history typical of many old fields that were discovered and developed long before there was talk in the industry of reservoir management, asset management, integration, 3-D seismic, 3-D modeling / visualization, reservoir simulation, or horizontal wells. Ubits story starts in 1968 when a structural high was drilled, and two distant offsets wells were drilled to help define the reservoir limits: a time when the Nigerian oil and gas industry was young. Platforms were located and wells were drilled based on scanty 2-D seismic. Wells were spaced and completed based on regulations requiring an 800-meter

471

CA. CLAYTON,

M.F. COHEN ET AL.

SPE 49165

spacing and completed with a 10-foot milled window in the middle of the oil column. Production came on stream in 1970, about 30 MBD until extensive reservoir averaging management efforts were implemented in 1995. Development in the early 1970s brought in 9 platforms spatially covering Ubits vast extent (about 9.5 miles by 4 Sixty-three directional wells were drilled. High miles). GORS with some high water cut wells have plagued field performance for 25 years. All conventional technology efforts were attempted to improve well performance: perforations were squeezed, wells were recompleted, larger intervals were opened-up, and some wells were even re-drilled. Nothing seemed to improve the overall field production. The reservoir in the western region of the field had been historically characterized as bedded and competent. Well performance in this region was reasonably good. Average wells produced about 1000-1500 barrels of oil per day, at around 1000 scfbbl GOR, with water cuts of 10 to 15 percent. In contrast, the eastern two-thirds of the field were described as a chaotic mixture of eroded, re-deposited, poor-quality sediments. known legendary throughout the company as the Rubble Beds (Fig. 2a). The broken, highly-disruptive 2-D seismic signature and extreme difficulties in log correlation combined with immediate high GORS and poor production performance seemed to confirm these observations. Wells in the eastern area that could be produced averaged 500-600 BOPD at about 2000 scf/bbl GOR. A number of wells had very short production histories. The new characterization, which integrated 3-D seismic, cores, logs. and historical production data, revealed that the reservoir is composed of sands that are a prograding deltaicshallow-marine-system, which has been tectonically disturbed. Downslope movement of the youngest sand sequences resulted in large scale slumping and block sliding (Fig. 2b). Reservoir quality is good to excellent in these proximal sediments. High drawdowns and lack of laterally continuous shale barriers are responsible for the severe gas-coning problems. Throughout most of the fields history, the eastern region of the field has been virtually shut-in, with the majority of production coming from the three western platforms. Pressure data confirmed field-wide pressure communication. The distinctive horizontal railroad track seismic reflectors of the gas-oil and oil-water contacts and early drilling revealed the large gas cap in this gas expansion reservoir system. Ubits oil column is relatively thin at 160 feet with the gas column varying from 50 to 550 feet thick (Fig. 2c). The hydrocarbon column cuts 3500-foot stratigraphic section a thick. Prior to the current reservoir management practices, the cumulative recovery was estimated at 12 /0. Historical production has been from 63 directionallydrilled wells. Ubits first horizontal well was drilled in November of 1993. Current production is from 37 horizontal wells, with 20 more planned. Results from a new reservoir

model were in place and implementation began in late 1995. Traditionally, the field has been viewed as two regions: West Ubit and East Ubit. Appropriate technology application through applied reservoir management has finally brought the two regions together as one dynamic system. A Second Chance. With the advent and subsequent successes of horizontal well techno10gy23 a team of multi-disciplinary technologists recognized Ubits potential. If Ubits drawdown limitations could be overcome and good reservoir management practices implemented4, the field had the potential to be transformed from an under-performing asset to one of the most important producers in Nigeria. Management set forth-clear business objectives to help evaluate and reaIize the opportunity: 1. Determine the oil-in place, 2. Determine the numbers of wells needed, 3. Predict field production rates, for facilities planning purposes, and 4. Determine the recovery factor for reserves purposes Uncertainties and Challenges. The significant uncertainties and challenges incIuded geological complexities in the reservoir architecture, particularly structural deformation, sandbody geometries, petrophysical rock and fluid properties, and distribution of flow units. Other unknowns were the size of the gas cap and aquifer, and their long-term impact on production, as well as the efficiency of the gas and water displacement in the oil column. An important element in reducing the uncertainty and obtaining measurable results is a robust data set to analyze. Acquisition of 3-D seismic over the companys entire concession prior to the Ubit reservoir study was visionary. New cores strategically placed were also collected. New data acquisition integrated with older data sets of logs cores, 25 years of pressure, and production data are some of the major elements behind the fundamentally different geological interpretation. New data also came with the implementation of horizontal drilling concurrent with the reservoir study. The new horizontal well performance data such as initial rates, shut-in pressures and GORS were invaluable and provided welcome uncertainty reduction. A reservoir management team composed of multidisciplinary members of affiliate, technology center, and Nigerian government technologists as well as key senior advisors addressed Ubits challenges. A reservoir study was designed and implemented to predict future field performance from this horizontal well strategy. Both conventional and new technology tools were considered to construct the reservoir model.

472

SPE 49165 UBIT FIELD REJUVENATION:

A CASE HISTORY OF RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT OF A GIANT OIL FIELD, OFFSHORE NIGERIA

Technology Innovation A focus on capturing the geologic elements that controlled flow and the dynamics of the recovery process led to new approaches. The major ones include: 1) a horizontally layered model, 2) evaluation of the paleotopography of the top of the reservoir surface by 3-D seismic attribute analysis, 3) seismic time slices to define fault and slump block geometries, 4) new approaches in computer mapping utilizing macros and formti grid to grid operations in construction of the horizontal rock property layers, 5) new code written in 3-D modeling software to re-connect stratigraphic layers in the horizontal model and simultaneously create the simulation grid, and 6) experimental gravity-drainage gas-oil relative permeability laboratory procedures. Reservoir Description Ubits hydrocarbon bearing reservoir covers an areal extent of about 15,000 acres. The structure is a large east-west trending anticline bounded to the north, west, and south by two large, intersecting growth faults; both are down thrown to the south. The structure dips gentIy to the east. Hydrocarbon reserves are found at depths of approximately one mile in the Miocene Biafra Sand Member of the Agbada Formation (Fig. 3a). The reservoir interval is composed of unconsolidated sands and shales within a prograding system of lower delta plain, shallow ~rine sediments capped by marine turbidites and The overlying deep marine shales of the debris flows. Pliocene Qua Iboe Member form the reservoir seal. The top of the reservoir is defied at the (b)ase of the (Q)ua (I)boe sands are highly Member (BQI surface)s. Reservoir permeable, and are feldspathic in composition. The western region of the field is characterized by crestal collapse faulting with the top surface of the reservoir dominated by a series of high-relief scarps; structural dips Western region reservoir sands are average 7 degrees. competent and bedded, composed of four thick regressive shallow marine sequences, separated by thick regressive marine shales (Fig. 3b). Unconsolidated sands of the shoreface to lower shoreface environment are the dominant depositional environments. The eastern region of the field is characterized by downslope fault blocks and slump blocks represented on the top reservoir surface as gentle slump features, with the exception of the high-relief on a northeast compression block. Structural dip angles are generally low ranging from 1-4 degrees with several steep] y dipping blocks at 20+ degrees. The eastern region depositional facies include shoreface and the more proximal sands of the lower delta plain: tidal channels and flats, and lagoons and washover sands (Fig. 3c), Stratigraphically younger marine turbidites and debris flow cap the eastern region. Approximately 3500 feet of prograding stratigraphic section cuts through the thin (160-foot) oil column. Excellent quality, fine-grained, wellsorted shoreface sands comprise approximately two-thirds of the oil column. The oil column is overlain by a large gas cap,

which varies in thickness from 50 to 550 feet thick. Fluid contacts are uniform, Non-sealing faults have provided the mechanism for fluid and pressure communication between fault blocks and slump blocks. Historical production from conventional wells was primarily from western platform wells. Evolution of the Hydraulic Geologic Model Integration of the stmctial and stratigraphic frameworks was essential in unraveling Ubits geologic complexities. Distinct structural and stratigraphic differences existed between the eastern and western regions of Ubit. When they were evaluated together, a fundamentally different geologic model emerged. The strongest evidence was in the consistency found in the integration of the regionaI and local structural deformation with the observed stratigraphic succession and smaller-scale deformation textures found in the cores. The interpretations from the 3-D seismic and strategically placed cores provided that the reservoir geometries could be defined and reservoir properties predicted for both regions. Structural Framework 3-D seismic was critical to the definition of the structural geometries within the Ubit Field. It was used extensively to define the complex slump block geometries in the eastern region of the field and to determine the communication between slump blocks. Understanding the tectonic processes responsible for Ubits stmctural deformation was a frost priority. Placement in the regional stratigraphic context of a shelf-edge delta that had collapsed into a series of rotated, tilted slump block significantly reduced uncertainty in identifying the reservoirs internal framework. It also provided the basis for a directional understanding of the extensional structural failure, The striking contrast between the strong reflectors in the bedded, competent thick regressive shallow marine-marine sequences of the western region with the broken seismic signature of the eastern region of the field is shown in the seismic line in Fig. 4. The top of the reservoir (BQI) is also shown. A number of seismic techniques were applied, in particular, attribute analysis, rock physics and amplitude analysis, seismic facies analysis of time slices, and conventional reflector mapping. All aided the interpretation but the main contributing techniques were reflector mapping in the west region, and seismic facies analysis of time sIices with surface attribute analysis to define the eastern region. Fault and Slump Block Geometries Delineated. Nineteen, major structural framework areas were identified in Ubit. These areas were defined by the major faults and larger slump scars. Subsequent seismic time slice analysis identified 70 significant internal fault and slump blocks. Five of these were in the western region and represent the

473

C.A. CtAYTON,

M.F. COHEN ET AL.

SPE 49165

. southern fault block and a central collapse feature. Sixty-five of the blocks were in the eastern region. They are interpreted as younger sequences affected by downslope translation and (Fig.4). slumping and now described as disturbed Enhanced seismic imaging and resolution provided by the 3-D seismic data helped resolve major as well as subtle structural and stratigraphic features in the identification of the block geometries. BQ1 Time Surface Ana~.sis. Reservoir slumps and fault blocks in the eastern region were interpreted with 3-D crossHowever, the geometries sectional and time slice data. represented at the top of the reservoir (BQI surface) were critical to the interpretation process and helped classifi large regions of the field. Detailed surface analysis on a suite of attribute maps was especially effective for identifying and displaying major faults and slump scars which were used to define major structural framework areas. The structural dip map of the BQI in Fig. 5 is one of the Steeper dips are shown by red attribute maps constructed. and black, and mark the underlying faulting and slumping. Blue areas are some of the shallowest dips. Major framework areas of the central horst blocks were especially well defined as well as surface scars of the southern slumps, northern slumps, and western collapse faults. lnte~retations on every line and trace (12.5-meter spacing) were utilized to achieve this high resolution. Time Slice and Cross-sectional Analysis. Refinement of the major framework areas identified above, into a series of slump blocks was accomplished using vertical seismic sections tied to a series of time slices. Time slices in the oil column were characterized in greater detail to provide accuracy in defining the geometries and for identifying potential horizontal well locations. Fig. 6 is a seismic time slice that shows the major faults and slumps. The 70 polygons representing the outlines of the slump and fault block geometries are shown in Fig. 7. These define the geometries of the most significant structural features within the reservoir. The geometries represent major faults, slides and, slumps, as well as the location and geomet~ of highly, tilted rotated blocks. The outlines of the slump blocks were digitized as a series of contiguous polygons for map construction purposes, Structural dips were delineated for all eastern polygons for use in depositional facies and rock property mapping. A graphic representation of the BQI surface in Fig. 2b shows the slump features and the failure directions. Structural ,%!odel Design Components were Two-fold. Structure maps on the BQI surface and the western sequences were conventionally constructed utilizing reflector mapping tying-in to log picks, then time-depth converted. Polygon geometries of the slump blocks, slump direction, and structural dip were utilized for the eastern region. Stratigraphic Framework Lithology, stratigraphy, depositional facies, and structural deformation interpretations were made from approximately 3600 feet of core from six wells. Four cores were strategically placed during the study to evaluate structural framework areas. Three additional cores were taken to validate the model in undrilled flank areas, and to evaluate residual fluid saturations in the secondary gas cap. Integration of all core interpretations revealed that Ubit reservoir sands are composed of unconsolidated sands in a normally prograding shallow marine deltaic system. Older thick shallow marine regressive sequences of shoreface, lower shoreface sediments capped by thick marine trangressive shales characterized the west region. Younger sequences of shoreface and more proximal environments of the lower delta plain (tidal channels and flats, and lagoons) characterize the eastern region of the field. The sands in the depositional system are primarily fine-grained and generally well sorted. Eastern Region Sediments not Chaotic but Predictable. Key observations made from eastern core interpretations indicated that the reservoir was not composed of chaotic redeposited rubble beds, but were unconsolidated sediments in a normally prograding system, were predictable with no significant reduction of rock properties. and Textural Evidence. The vertical Stratigrapttic stratigraphic succession of environments ranged from strand plain to lower delta plain sediments, capped by marine debris flows and turbidites. Detachment surfaces were observed in shales, with very contorted bedding as compared to fairly low angle bedding in the sands. Small-scale deformation features were evaluated to determine the vertical extent of deformation away from the detachment surfaces. Rock properties by depositional facies type were also evaluated in the same manner. The results indicated very rapid disappearance of reformational textures into the overlying sand bodies. The highly porous sands (27-35% porosity) were not observed to have suffered any significant deterioration in rock properties. Their rock property relationships compared well with porosity/permeability transforms developed from western Hence, the deformation region cores and later newer ones, appears to be more on the bedform level that at the pore level in these shallow surface slumps. The stratigraphy, bedform, and textural deformation observed were consistent with a structural interpretation of a delta shelf-edge collapse. This major shelf collapse included Ubit and the surrounding areas, and resulted in an immediate change from shetfal deltaic environments to deeper water settings. Turbidites were interpreted to have shed from the remaining shallow water areas slightly smoothing the surface slump features, and thickening off the structural flanks. Turbidite deposition, interpreted by a distinctive capping sand log motif, was not observed on any western region well logs. Integration and consistency of the core interpretations with

474

SPE 49165 UBIT FIELD REJUVENATION:

A CASE HISTORY

OF RESERVOIR

MANAGEMENT

OF A GIANT OIL FIELD, OFFSHORE

NIGERIA

structural interpretations increased the confidence level in prediction and reducing uncertainty in Eastern Ubit. Internal Geologic Elements Controlling Flow Defined. Recognition and full definition of rock properties of the major depositional facies, that include fluid flow and saturation characteristics, as derived from relative permeability and capillary pressure measurements, was essential in capturing and mapping reservoir flow units. Seven depositional facies types were identified as controlling the preponderance of flow and no flow in the reservoir system. Petrophysicalbased facies descriptions of each type were defined (Fig. 8). The rock property relationships defined for Ubit depositional facies types are directly related to their grain size. Examples of the Iithology. typical log response, representative netigross ratio, porosity and permeability relationship, capillary pressure and fluid relative permeability curves for each depositional facies type are shown on Fig. 8. Log signatures or motifs and rock property relationships as defined from core-to-log analysis were utilized to interpret all logs, Grain Size Control. Grain size is the primary controlling element of reservoir property relationships in Ubits generally well-sorted depositional system. This is primarily a function of the limited grain-size range found in the sediments resulting from distance of transport, and the dominance of waveprocesses. Grain size ranges from medium sand to mud, with the vast majority of sands in the fine range. Robust physical and defined in these relationships were observed The major depositional facies unconsolidated sediments. types representing Ubits depositional system are: 1) marine turbidites and debris flow sands; 2) lower delta plain tidal channels and Iagoonal sands, 3) shallow marine upper shoreface and lower shoreface sands and 4) shelf shales. Excellent quality reservoir sands of the shoreface, channels, and turbidite facies comprise approximately 80/0 of the pore volume within the oil column. Reservoir Facies and Historical Wel[ Performance. The best reservoir quality depositional facies were the turbidites, shoreface, and channel sands. Some distinguishing production characteristics do exist. Shoreface sands dominated the oil column. Their excellent quality and large lateral geometries provided excellent conventional completions where some overlying shale protection from the gas cap is present. Channel sands were good producers, but tended to cone water more easily; this was most likely related to their limited lateral geometries and larger pore size. Completions in the turbidites were excellent, this depositional facies type is found primarily in flank positions where sands thicken and there was no overlying gas cap. Lower shoreface sands, due to lower permeability and higtier bound water, are not preferable completions. The poorest reservoir quali~ is in debris flow and lagoonai facies. Completions in these depositional facies had short production histories. Lack of oil volume and ability to recharge characterized these poor-quality, low net/gross ratio, laterally discontinuous sands, They were the worst gas

coning wells at Ubit. Resistivity Modeling. All deep induction resistivity logs were forward modeled using a commercially available sofiare product developed by Mobil. Resistivity modeling is an advanced petrophysical technique that more accurately represents water saturation. The technology, known for its contribution in thin-bed analysis, also adds significant value at variable contrast lithology boundaries at Ubit. Sharper bed boundaries defined from resistivity modeling also resulted in sharper, better defined rock properties values in interval summations. Capillary pressure end-point saturations matched well with resistivity modeled water saturations. F1OW Units Defined and Mapped Internal stratigraphic analysis of major flow and no-flow units in the older strand plain sequences in the western region yielded 19 inter-bedded flow units. A conventional mapping approach was utilized constructing depositional facies, porosity, permeability and net to gross ratio maps. In the eastern region a dip projection method was used to distribute rock properties in the slump blocks. Stratigraphy interpreted from well logs residing in each of the structural framework areas, structural dips, and slump directions, was used to distribute rock properties at 20-foot vertical intervals through the oil column. The manual approach described above provided for detailed interpretation for each fault and slump block that would in turn define the communication relationships between them. Unfortunately, 3-D modeling sotiare packages could not yet handle construction of the numerous fault and slump geometries in Ubits severely broken architecture, as well as distribute the rock properties within them. Robust 3-D modeling so~are to achieve these results was desired. However, with the lack of a suitable alternative, the systematic process just described was developed and provided results in a surprising reasonable timeframe. Oil Geochemistry Studies Support Fie[dwide Fluid Compositional variations based on Communication. geochemical data provided evidence that 1) the field was charged from the east; 2) fluid flow, at least on a geological time scale, was continuous across the reservoir; 3) the depositional facies have exerted control on fluid movement within the field; and 4) the reservoir filled subsequent to deformation, Scoping Model Results from early scoping geologic and simulation models indicated constraints using current technology applications. The scoping simulation results using a conventional stratigraphic-layering approach led to a radical change in the final model design. Due to the thick stratigraphic section that is cut by the thin, areally extensive oil column, only a small percentage of grid cells were located within the oil column. Approximately 90/0

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C.A. CLAYTON, M.F. COHEN ET AL.

SPE 49i65

of the grid cells were in the gas and water columns or were inactive ceils. me combination of a thick stratigraphic section dipping through a thin oil column over a large area made cell usage extremely inefficient. More importantly, there were an insufficient number of grid cells in the oil column to capture the verticaI dynamic processes. This model failed to achieve even a crude GOR or watercut history match. In reviewing the scoping model results with the gravity drainage, gas expansion processes, it became apparent that a horizontallylayered simulation model would have to be built. Horizontal Layer DesignVertical layering of the model considered the energy of the system in the gas cap and the dominant recovery process of gravity drainage. Rock property distribution in the layers was integrated into the model design. A geostatistical technique was applied to the large gas cap and aquifer layers. A determines tic approach for rock property distribution was used for the gravity drainage dominated oil column and fluid interface layers. Vertical layering of the model design is shown in a schematic cross-section in Fig. 9, along with the number of grids cells used in the fill model. The design focused on capturing oil-column fluid and gravity drainage, gas expansion processes. The following design description represents this 18-layer model. The horizontal layer approach allowed for a full 14 of the 18 layers to Te-m tie oil coIumn. Two Iayers were in the gas cap, while two layers comprised the aquifer. The gas layer immediately above the oil column and the water layer immediately below the oiI column were kept at the fiier grid level. This ensured that numerical errors were reduced at the fluid interfaces. The highest and lowest simulation layers provided the remaining gas and water pore volume. Oil column layer thickness was a combination of 10 foot and 20 foot layers; fluid interface layers were 20 feet. Seventy-eight per cent of the grid cells now resided in the three fluid phase oil column, as compared to the scoping model at 10O/O. Construction of the Horizontality Layered Model In building the numeric geologic model, care was taken to define and capture the physics in the grain-size control of and irreducible water saturation. porosity, permeability, Equally important was the vertical and lateral distribution in scale-up. The model layer design was set at 20 feet to provide for improved resolution of reservoir flow unit properties and vertical layering in the oil column. This scale also minimized homogenizing the reservoir properties that was encountered in scale-up using the stratigraphic layering approach in the scoping model, An organized series of grid to grid operations utilizing the computer mapping program formulas and macros was utilized to build 20-foot horizontal rock property maps. The following is a summary of the computer mapping methodology used to

generate the horizontal layers or slices. The structure grids in the western region of the field were sliced into 20-foot horizontal layers for the oil column and fluid interfaces. The slicing process generated rock property data sets for each of the simulation layers. Eastern region rock properties were entered for all slump polygons. The combination of eastern and western region data sets formed a continuous mosaic of gridded data for each slice. Utilizing the formula and macro options available in the mapping program, procedures were developed to automate this repetitive task. A geostatistical technique was applied to the large gas cap and aquiferc. We took into account the possibilities of investigating geostatistical techniques and found that it does not reaIIy matter in the definition of the gas cap and aquifer reservoir parameters. High resolution of the parameters was not necessary there. Figure 10 is a representative set of rock property slice maps, for one of the horizontal layers, Reconstruction of Stratigraphic Layers Horizontal rock property slices were loaded into 3-D modeling software to re-connect the stratigraphic layers and develop the simulation grid. New code was written in the 3-D modeling software to provide for scale-up of the rock property slices in creating the horizontal layer simulation grid, since the z-direction had been defined. Iterative scaleups were needed in the horizontal gridding (x-, y-directions) to reconnect the stratigraphic layers and simultaneously defiie the areal grid cell sizes. The process is represented in Fig. 11 utilizing one rock property slice as an example of the effective process, and the resultant simulation model. Note the connectivity of the gridcells in the dipping western region of the model in Fig. 11. Reservoir Simulation Model Dynamic Properties and Model Input Simulation Grid. The resulting simulation grid, as previously described consists of 93 x-direction, 40 y-direction, and 18 layers, or approximately 67,000 grid cells. Most of the 20-foot, oil-leg cells were subdivided to 10 feet to provide for more resolution of the gas front. Fig. 9 illustrates the layering, which was designed to provide the maximum grid resolution for advancing gas or water fronts. The areal grid spacing is basically 200 meters, but is reduced to 50 meters in several locations. Fig. 12 depicts the areal grid. Capillary Pressure. Seven facies types were defined: turbidites, upper shoreface, lower shoreface, channel, debris flow, lagoonal, and shale. Capillary pressure curves are very sharp, and therefore lead to very little transition zone in upper shoreface and turbidite and the channel facies consistent with the high permeabilities found there. Lower shoreface, Iagoonal, and debris flow facies indicate a small water-oil Turbidites, upper shoreface, and channel transition zone. facies represent the higher permeability sands; lower

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SPE 4916~ UBIT FIELD REJUVENATION:

A CASE HISTORY OF RESERVOIR

MANAGEMENT

OF A GIANT OIL FIELD, OFFSHORE

NIGERIA

shoreface and Iagoonal are somewhat lower quality, while the debris flow sands have the lowest permeabilities. Shales are dense and competent and were treated as barriers to flow. Relative Permeabili@. Water-relative permeability is controlled by grain-size distribution in Ubit sands. Upper shoreface, turbidites and channel facies tend to be higher than other depositional facies types due to their larger grain-size. The permeability curves for all of the facies indicate waterwet character. Neither the gas nor the oil curves demonstrate a significant difference among the depositional facies types. An average curve was derived from centrifuge data. Fluid Properties. The fluid is a medium-grade oil, 37 API. The PVT is treated in black oil mode, with Bo = 1.38 and GOR = 612 scf/bbl at initial reservoir conditions. The oil viscosity is 0.64 cp initially and increases to 0.9 at abandonment. The mobility ratio is not adverse for the reservoir brine, which has its viscosity of 0.35 cp and low relative permeabilities. However, as in most reservoirs, the low gas viscosity, 0.16-0.17 cp, can lead to gas coning problems. .YYZ Linking Permeabilities. Thin no-flow barriers and baffles of marine. estuary. lagoon, and debris flow shales, are represented by linking permeability multipliers between cells. The thin barrier f baffles proved to be essential to matching the reservoir performance. Absolute Permeability. Facies-defined permeability values were derived through porosity-permeability relationships. Permeabilities range from O.I md to 7 darcies. Most are in the 2-3 darcy range. Based upon laboratory data, the vertical
permeabi~ities values. are approximately 70?/. of the horizontal

Sorg. Laboratory measurements indicate that Sorg depends upon the fluid velocity. At low velocities (less than 40 ftlyear), the flow is gravity stable with efficient gas displacement, and oil residuals range between 5 and 7Y0. Measurements at higher velocities lead to larger residual oil saturations (up to 30Yo). In Ubit, with the oil legs relatively

large areal extent and small thickness, the velocities are on the order of 3 ftlyear, well within the gravity stable regime. Core data from the secondary gas cap in 1996 confirmed the low oil residual saturations. Values of 5-6/0 were applied in the Ubit model. Less important are the residual oil saturations to water, because water movement, except for water coning, is quite limited. A value of20% was applied in the simulation model. Sgc, the CritiCa] gas saturation, was Set to 37. for a]] cases presented in this paper. Initialization. Oil in place at initialization of the model was 2.14 billion barrels, which is close to the volumetric calculation at 2.12 billion. Effect of Permeability Curve Near to the Endpoint The oil relative permeability curves near to the endpoint, Sorg, proved to be critical to making accurate predictions of ultimate recovery. Laboratory measurements using the centrifuge led to extremely low oil relative permeabilities ( 1.E-6 - 1.E-7) near to Sorg. Using these curves with an Sorg of So/o led to predictions of oil sti]l at i 2-200/0 saturation in the With the low relative upper layers at field abandonment. permeabilities, oil was slowly being stripped in the model, but would not approach the residual within the lifetime of the reservoir. The residual value was correct, but the curve near to the residual was too pessimistic. Laboratory Measurements. An examination of the centrifuge measurements indicated that capillary end effects led to an underestimation of the relative permeability to oil for a gravity-stable process. Fig. 14 illustrates the relative permeability curves for viscous dominated and gravity-stable dominated cases both with and without the correction, On a linear scale, the differences between the original curve and the one accounting for capillary pressure end effects are not easily distinguishable. Field Measurements. Field core measurements taken in 1996 confirmed the low oil saturations in the secondary gas cap. The new field data showed that the relative permeability curves had to be corrected for end effects. Results. The small difference in the curves makes an enormous difference in the results. When the new relative permeabilities were applied during the history phase, simulated saturation values in 1997 matched the fieldmeasured residual of 5/0, as compared to the 12-20V0 using the original curves.
For the prediction cases, the revised model has an impact of 100 MM bbls, or a 10/0 increase compared to the original model. Fig. 15 depicts a comparison between the two cases.

Residual Saturations. The estimation of correct endpoint saturations to the relative permeability curves is critical to matching and predicting performance in the Ubit reservoir, There are four endpoints to consider in the water-wet system: Siw, Sorg, Sorw, and Sgt. Gas trapping is not an issue here. Siw was derived by evaluating all of the capillary pressure information, and determining whether a consistent relationship exists between Siw and permeability, porosity, the Leverett-J function, or facies type, Siw was found to best correlate to Fig. 13 illustrates that Swi decreases inversely permeability. with logarithm of permeability up to 2500 md, and is 70/. for all permeabilities higher than 2500 md. The relationship is valid for the entire Llbit reservoir. This is again, a function of grain-size control related to irreducible water saturation and permeability, and in Ubit sands defined by depositional facies type. The relationship in Fig. 13 was applied universally in the model to determine the irreducible water, Siw. Capillary pressure curves for each of the seven facies types, using these endpoints, were then applied to calculate the initial water saturations. A second important endpoint is the residual oil to gas,

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History Match Ubits production history began in 1970. The objective was to match shut-in pressure and GOR data. Some of the data was characterized by gas or water coning, which would require an extremely fine grid around the wells. There was no attempt to match the coning data, but attention was paid to non-localized changes and trends. Because of the high permeabilities and lack of sealing faults, Ubit pressure changes communicate throughout the reservoir quickly. Figs. 16 and 17 illustrate the field pressure and GOR history match. Due to detailed geologic Geologic Model Validated. characterization, relative few changes to the modef were necessary to achieve a reasonable match with historical data. The largest uncertainty was in the estimation of the aquifer size. It does not play a large role, however, because gas expansion provides the dominant pressure support. Slight adjustments to the gas cap size were sufficient to bring the simulated pressure results in line with the observed data. In summary, the new simulation model offers the following advantages: 1) location of most of the grid cells in the oil leg to capture the advancing gas cap, 2) new reservoir characterization of the east, 3) correct treatment of residual oil saturations, 4) use of the excellent Siw correlation to permeability, 5) facies-based petrophysical properties tied to grain size, 6) more effective gridding of geologic geometries, properties, and allows easier horizontal well placement in the oil column, 7) flexibility to increase vertical layering without adding large numbers of additional cells. Reservoir Management Objectives The reservoir management objectives were to: . Determine ultimate recovery . Develop a full field f full life development plan and operating policy . Maximize ultimate recovery . Implement horizontal wells q Utilize existing infrastructure . Identify additional platform needs or facilities upgrades In order to realize the objectives, the following specific issues were addressed: the number of horizontal wells, optimal well placement and timing, appropriate GOR limits, the establishment of an optimal fie[d plateau rate, and the maximum individual well withdrawal rates. Fluid Distribution and Pressures in 1995 During the latter part of the history match period, 1992-95, the field showed two major tilts, the predominant west-east tilt, shown in Figs. 20 and 21, and a less severe north-south tilt in the west portion of the field. This was due to the years of production and reservoir drawdown of the western platforms. Several eastern wells also had distinct depletion cones.

Redevelopment Strategy Well Placement Simulation results identified 57 horizontal-well locations for The drilling program is maximum ultimate recovery. ongoing. The study also indicated that reservoir management of Ubits depletion was best realized by taking full advantage of the gravity drainage processes and the reservoir energy in the gas cap. The development plan included delaying drilling of the western platforms, and establishment of individual well GOR limits. The eastern platforms needed to be drilled first, followed by the centraI platforms. Flank locations were drilled as soon as the recommended platforms were placed to develop these under-exploited areas. West redevelopment was scheduled last and would start in the northwest and move Simulation results showed that delaying western south. drilling would provide for necessary withdrawals and cap gas leveling in the eastern and central portion of the field. Lateral placement. Well spacing is fairly even in the eastern portion of the field. Horizontal well placement in the west is slightly farther apart. An optimal area] distribution is important for maintaining the efficiency of the recovery process, which results in an increase in ultimate recovery of up to 60A. Primarily due the thick shales in the section reducing lateral drainage volumes, and also the impact of gravity drainage in the intact dipping structure. All wells were placed in the best reservoir facies, shoreface, channel and turbidites. Eastern wells were placed within slump blocks to prevent lost circulation problems in drilling and potential coning problems. Prior to the study results, concerns had been expressed regarding the sweep efficiency and of preferentially producing only the better quality sands. Vertical sweep efficiency of the gas cap was observed to be effective in ail facies types. CJnly very small amounts of bypassed oil are observed in the poor quality sands of the discontinuous inter-bedded muddy sands of the debris flow facies. Vertical placement of the wells was determined to beat 40 feet above the oil-water contact determined by a number of sensitivity runs using a detailed single-well version of the field model. Effects of GOR Since the initial development of the field, there has been concern that producing at high GOR will hurt reservoir performance. This consideration conflicted with the objective of increasing the relatively low oil rates. A value of 3000 scf/bbl GOR was set as the target, but historically it was difficult to honor it at every well. The reservoir model allows for a better estimate of what the GOR limit should be. Fig. 18 illustrates production profiles using well GOR limits of 3000 and 1500 scfibl. The application of a GOR limit of 3000 scfbbl today will cause earlier abandonment of the field as compared to using the

478

SPE 49165 UBIT FIELD REJUVENATION:

A CASE HISTORY OF RESERVOIR

MANAGEMENT

OF A GIANT OIL FIELD, OFFSHORE

NIGE~A

lower GOR limit. However, the benefit of reducing the GOR limit further from 1500 to 1000 scf~bl was found to have a marginal effect on recovery. Individual Well Rates One of the benefits of well management package is that the rates can be automatically constrained by GOR and pressure limits, In Ubits case, horizontal wells can produce anywhere from 3,000 to 8,000 barrels per day depending upon their location in the reservoir. Most of them were seen in the model to be in the range of 3,000-$,000 barrels per day. These rates were confirmed in the field. Uniform withdrawal of the reservoir does require different rates from the wells. Field Plateau Rate The effect of total field off-take rate is related to other factors, such as individual well rates, coning, etc. Sensitivity runs at 1IO, 130, and 150 indicate that the high plateau rates can be applied without reducing ultimate recovery provided that the wells strictly adhere to their GOR constraints. Naturally, the higher field rates can be sustained only for limited periods of time, as is illustrated in Fig. 19. Balance of Gas Cap and Uniform Pressure. Figs. 20 and 21 show the progress in balancing the gas/oil columns. Comparison of the fluid levels from initial conditions in 1970 to 1992 pre-horizontal well strategy and post-horizontal wells in the year 2020 are depicted in Fig. 20a, 20b, and 20c. Note the non-uniform gas cap development across the field in 1992 (pre-horizontal well drilling) as contrasted with the level uniform fluid levels in year 2020. Fig. 21 displays the area] pressure distribution in a layer located approximately mid-point through the oil column. The dif~erence between pre- and post-horizontal well drilling is not as dramatic as that shown with the fluids distribution because of the generally excellent permeabilities and communication in Ubit. The pressures before horizontal-well drilling indicate a field-wide gradient of approximately 30 psi; after horizontalwell drilling, the east-west pressure differential declines to less than 10 psi across the field. Operational Considerations Operating Policy The above results demonstrate that the establishment of a field rate plateau, the minimization of free gas production by rate reduction on individual wells that exceed the GOR limit, and the maintenance of uniform pressure throughout the reservoir are the best operating practices for Ubit. These reservoir management practices are being now being consistently applied at Ubit. Horizontal Well Completions Historically, completions Iri the Ubit field were cased, cemented, and gravel packed either from directional or

vertical wells. However, the introduction of horizontal wells brought the need to change the completion strategy. Only one horizontal well had been drilled in West Africa prior to Ubit, therefore, very little information was available. Before a final completion program was selected, the completion was designed to meet the following program requirements: q Provide a means to control f prevent the production of the poorly consolidated sand from the Ubit formation. q Minimize damage to the producing formation and production equipment by the drilling and stimulation fluids. q Minimize the pressure drawdown or friction along the horizontal well section during production. q Provide a means to circulate for well control and stimulation during the running and placement of the completion equipment. q Incorporate continuous down-hole pressure monitoring during the producing life of the well and locate this pressur~ gauge as close to the pay as possible. As a result of a multi-disciplinary effort, the final completion using pre-packed screens and blank sections was chosen as a low risk solution to insure success for the first well. The equipment was purchased, and it was successfully placed in the first well. The well was also stimulated to maximize productivity, In the next well, the completion was modified to include a pre-pack section (for sand control) and a predrilled liner (for no sand control). The well was completed in this manner and no sand was produced, indicating no sand control was required, Consequently, future wells were completed using only predrilled liners. The first wells were drilled using heavy-oil base mud to ensure well control and hole stability of the sand and shales as the well was drilled. On subsequent wells, the mud weight was reduced and modified to a point where such little formation damage occurred, that stimulation was no longer required. In one of the subsequent wells, an attempt was made to complete the well open hole without a liner. This was tried and within a very short period of time a shale section in the well collapsed. Several production logs have been run in the Ubit horizontal wells, and they indicate almost no formation damage and contribution from the entire well bore. Overall the Ubit completion story is one in which a close teamwork relationship between, drilling, completion, reservoir engineering and geology existed to start with a very conservative design and then quickly eliminate unneeded equipment, optimize fluids, and improve operating practices. Ubit Facilities Revamp and Expansion When the concept of expanding Ubit production was first envisaged, the facilities consisted of a central processing platform and 14 wellhead platforms that fed the full production stream from Ubit and four other fields to a central complex. The central processing platfom was designed to receive production totaling 78 MBD of liquids at 1,000 GOR, separate and flare the free gas, and pump the oil and water up

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C.A. CLAYTON, M.F. COHEN ET AL.

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to a sufficient pressure to enter the offshore pipeline network and on to final processing and storage onshore at the Qua Iboe terminal. These facilities had exceeded their design life of 25 years, and required considemble physical, safety, and capacity upgrade to handle the desired increased throughputs, and last an additional 30 years, the expected remaining life of the field. Through extensive testing and static and transient modeling, it was determined that the basic structures of the platforms were competent and capable of an additional 30 years of service. Process and hydraulic modeling showed that the existing process could be modified to handle the increased throughput requirements. me resdting facility additions and modifications included: 1) debottlenecking the process, adding one separator and increasing pump sizes, increasing the throughput capability to 240 MBD at 800 GOR, 2) to eliminate flaring, a new gas compression platform was added with a capacity of 150 MMscf, which included three turbo-compressors and three turbo-generators, 3) adding a separate living-quarters platform with capacity for 40 people, 4) a new emergency flare structure capable of handling the increased gas throughput, 5) a new export pipeline, and 6) four additional wellhead platforms and their associated gathering lines. Upon completion of the final pipeline infrastructure additions, the facility has demonstrated its ability to meet design specifications, with production exceeding 240 MBD in early 1997.

7. The application of horizontal wells was critical in obtaining higher rates and recovery. 8. Predicted performance from the reservoir model has proven to be vital in guiding the management of Ubits redevelopment. Nomenclature GOR = gas-oil ratio Siw =irreducible water saturation Sgc = critical gas saturation Sorg = residual oil saturation to gas Sorw = residual oil saturation to water WOR = water-oil ratio Acknowledgements We sincerely acknowledge the management of MobiI Producing Nigeria Unlimited, in particular Victor Oyofo for his passion and vision, Paul Caldwell and Paul Cheong and Stan Evans for their support and encouragement. We recognke the effort and contributions of the many- MPN, NAPIMS and DPR technologists who participated in this project. We also wish to acknowledge Mobil E&P Technology Center management, Benne Bette and Bob Heinemann, for providing the technical opportunities and fostering the partnership with our Nigerian affiliate. Denny Sansom, Jim Trigger, Sam Sampafi provided the critical support and encouragement which pushed this project to completion. Others who contributed are Ray Pashuck, Mark Lindsey, Jim Gorrnly, Mark Dobin, Brian Sabin, Ron Moore, Tom Edwards, Wayne Alexander, Madhuri Basu and Philip Trussell. We thank Mobil Producing Nigeria Unlimited and the National Nigerian Petroleum Company for permission to publish this paper. References 1. Fadase, A.O., et al.: Horizontal Well Application in Nigerias Ubit Field Performance Evaluation and Future Potential: 1994 6* Annual International Conference on Horizontal Well Technology, Houston (Oct. 24-26). 2. Babu, D. K., and Odeh, A. S.: Productivity of a Horizontal
Well, SPE 18298, Presented at the 63d Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition of the Society of Petroleum Engineers held in Houston, Texas, October 2-5, 1988. Odeh, A. S., and Babu, D. K., Transient Flow Behavior of Horizontal Wells: Pressure Drawdown and Buildup Analysis, SPE Formation Evacuation Journal, March 1990 A1-Hussainy, R., and Humphreys N., Reservoir Management: Principles and Practice, JPT (Dee, 1996) 1129. Doust, H., and Omatsola, E.: Niger Delta, Divergenf Passive Margin Basins, Edwards (cd.) AAPG Memoir (1 990). Deutsch, C. V. and A. G. Joumel: Geostatistical SoWare Library and Users Guide, Oxford Univ. Press, NY (1992). M. M., Hazlett, R.D. et al,: Edwards, J.T., Honarpour, Validation of Gravity Dominated Relative Permeability and Residual Oil Saturation in a Giant Oil Field, SPE 49216, 1998 SPE Annual Technical Conf. in New Orleans, La, Sept. 27-30.

Current Performance Ubit is currently producing 140 MBD from 37 horizontal wells. The 110 MBD production rate impact from appropriate technology application through applied reservoir management is contrasted with the fieId rate prior to and afier reservoir management, Fig. 22. Conclusions 1, Appropriate technology through integrated applied reservoir management led to a complete rejuvenation of the Ubit Field. Rates were increased four-fold and the predicted ultimate recovery has doubled. 2. Acquisition of new 3-D seismic and strategically placed cores provided for the substantially improved geologic interpretation. 3. The eastern region sediments are not chaotic. Reservoir geometries could be defined and rock properties predicted. 4. Flow units are defied by grain size control, which identified their connectivity and distribution as related to their depositional facies. 5. A realistic reservoir model could only be achieved through the application of a horizontal layered grid. 6. The correct measurement of oil relative permeability close to the residual oil saturation and the residual oil saturation itself makes an enormous difference in the predicted reservoir performance.

3.

4. 5. 6 7.

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SPE 49135 UBiT FiELD R~NATION.

A CASE HISTORY OF RESERVOIR WNAGEMENT

OF A GIANT OIL FIELD, OFFSi-iORE NIGERiA

F~.l-Location

rnapof UbitW,of?ahore

Niguia

a)

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Fig. 3 -a) Generaiiiad etratigraphic columnof the SE N~er Dak b) representsa westernragion ahaibw marine sequence,and c) repreaente the more protimale-m regioniiibgy.

Fw. 2- Comparison of reservoir Aaractarizations a) old chaoticRubble Beds,withb) new @ictabb Disturbed, fau~ and slumpedinterpretation.Large arrowsrapraaant tie directionof downsbpe movem~ and siumpi~, wh~ tier arrows represent the direction of eubeequant -ping. ~e fluidcolumndistribution repeented in c). is

481

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C.A. CIAYTON, M.F. COHEN H AL.

SPE 49165

7000

7500

8000

Disturbed
Slbe showingmaior framewoWareas

~i

. q

Rg, 5-1301 Surfaca StTUtiral framework areas.

Dip Map *owing major

fig. 7 - The 19 Major Framework ~eaa, oornpoaed of 70 inkmal faultand slumpbboks are depictedin variousoobrs.

482

SPE 49185

UBIT FIELD REWENATION:

A CASE HISTORY OF RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT OF A GIANT OIL FIELD, OFFSHORE NIGERIA

13

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Fig. 10 -S&of Rook ProperlySIW Maps for one 20ft. (zdireotion)Simulation Model Layer

483

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C,A. CLAWON, M.F. COHEN ET AL

SPE 49165

dodel ~em

# Grid Gells

1 2 3-16 17 18
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Fig. 12- Simulation Grti

Shvvs Pe~billty

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Fig. 13 Hg. 11- Model Gridding

484

2512

SPE 49185 UBIT FIELD REJUVENATION. A CASE HISTORY OF RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT OF A GIANT OIL FIELD, OFFSHORE NIGERIA 15

Eff~

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485

16

C.A. CIAYTON, M.F. COHEN ET AL

SPE 49165

b)

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Fig. 21- Fmld Pressure DHfererrtlak a) pre-horizontal ells,b) poatw horizontal wells

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486