Additional mathematics project work (TASK 1) Question : Part I Cakes come in a variety of forms and flavours and are

among favourite desserts served during special occasions such as birthday parties, Hari Raya, weddings and etc. Cakes are treasured not only because of their wonderful taste but also in the art of cake baking and cake decorating. Find out how mathematics is used in cake baking and cake decorating and write about your findings. Answer Part I : Geometry - To determine suitable dimensions for the cake, to assist in designing and decorating cakes that comes in many attractive shapes and designs, to estimate volume of cake to be produced. Calculus (differentiation) - To determine minimum or maximum amount of ingredients for cake-baking, to estimate min. or max. amount of cream needed for decorating, to estimate min. or max. size of cake produced. Progressions - To determine total weight/volume of multi-storey cakes with proportional dimensions, to estimate total ingredients needed for cake-baking, to estimate total amount of cream for decoration.

Part II Best Bakery shop received an order from your school to bake a 5 kg of round cake as shown in Diagram 1 for the Teachers Day celebration.

(1)

If a kilogram of cake has a volume of 3800 cm3, and the height of the cake is to be 7.0 cm, calculate the diameter of the baking tray to be used to fit the 5 kg cake ordered by your school. [Use T = 3.142]

Solution :

If 1 kg of cake = 3800 cm 3 of volume, Then 5 kg of cake = 3800 v 5 = 19 000 cm 3 If h = 7 cm, then Formulae for volume,

V ! Tr 2 h 19000 ! 3.142 r 2 7 19000 r2 ! 3.142 v 7 r 2 ! 863.872 r 2 ! 863.872 r ! 29.392

Diameter, d ! 2r d ! 2(29.392) d ! 58.784

(2)

The cake will be baked in an oven with inner dimensions of 80.0 cm in length, 60.0 cm in width and 45.0 cm in height. (a) If the volume of cake remains the same, explore by using different values of heights, h cm, and the corresponding values of diameters of the baking tray to be used, d cm. Tabulate your answers.
Solution :

Given V = 19 000 cm 3, From the formulae, V ! Tr 2 h

d 19000 ! T h 2 Td 2 h 19000 ! 4 19000 ( 4) d2 ! Th 19000 ( 4) d2 ! Th 76000 d! Th
2

The table below constructed using the formulae, d ! for 1 h

h/cm 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

76000 Th

45 .
h/cm 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 d/cm 38.88156 37.72066 36.65789 35.68017 34.77673 33.93861 33.15831 32.42947 31.74666 31.10525 30.50121 29.93104 29.3917 28.8805 28.39508 h/cm 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 d/cm 27.93334 27.49342 27.07365 26.67253 26.28873 25.92104 25.56836 25.22969 24.90413 24.59086 24.28912 23.99822 23.71753 23.44646 23.18448

d/cm 155.5263 109.9737 89.79312 77.76313 69.55345 63.49333 58.7834 54.98683 51.84208 49.18172 46.89293 44.89656 43.13522 41.56614 40.15671

(b)

Based on the values in your table, (i) State the range of heights that is NOT suitable for the cakes and explain your answers.
Solution :
h/cm 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 d/cm 155.5263 109.9737 89.79312 77.76313 69.55345 63.49333 58.7834 54.98683 51.84208 49.18172 46.89293 44.89656 43.13522 41.56614 40.15671 h/cm 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 d/cm 38.88156 37.72066 36.65789 35.68017 34.77673 33.93861 33.15831 32.42947 31.74666 31.10525 30.50121 29.93104 29.3917 28.8805 28.39508 h/cm 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 d/cm 27.93334 27.49342 27.07365 26.67253 26.28873 25.92104 25.56836 25.22969 24.90413 24.59086 24.28912 23.99822 23.71753 23.44646 23.18448

From the table above, h < 7 cm is NOT suitable because any heights lower than 7 cm will result in the diameter of the cake being too big to fit into the baking oven. Furthermore, the cake will be too short and too wide, making it less attractive. Other than that height more than 45 cm will be too tall to be fit into the baking oven. (ii) Suggest the dimensions that you think most suitabl e for the cake. Give reasons for your answer.
Solution : I suggest the height, h = 8 cm. It will produce a cake with diameter, d = 54.99 cm. This cake will more attractive and can fit into oven very well and the size is suitable for easy handling.

(c)

(i)

Form an equation to represent the linear relation between h and d. Hence, plot a suitable graph based on the equation that you have formed. [You may draw your graph with the aid of computer software.]
Solution :

Given V = 19 000 cm 3, From the formulae, V ! Tr 2 h

d 19000 ! T h 2 Td 2 h 19000 ! 4 19000 ( 4) d2 ! Th 19000 ( 4) d2 ! Th 76000 2 d ! Th
2

The table below constructed using the formulae, d 2 ! for 1 h 54 .

76000 Th

h/cm 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

1/h 1.00 0.50 0.33 0.25 0.20 0.17 0.14 0.13 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03

d2 24188.42 12094.21 8062.805 6047.104 4837.683 4031.403 3455.488 3023.552 2687.602 2418.842 2198.947 2015.701 1860.647 1727.744 1612.561 1511.776 1422.848 1343.801 1273.074 1209.421 1151.829 1099.473 1051.67 1007.851 967.5366 930.3237 895.8672 863.872 834.0833 806.2805

d 155.53 109.98 89.80 77.77 68.56 63.49 58.78

d2
26000 25000 24000 23000 22000 21000 20000 19000 18000 17000 16000 15000 14000 13000 12000 11000 10000 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00

1 h

(ii)

(a)

If Best Bakery received an order to bake a ca ke where the height of the cake is 10.5 cm, use your graph to determine the diameter of the round cake pan required.
Solution :

When h = 10.5 cm,

1 = 0.095 h

From the graph, 1 When, = 0.095, then d2 = 2400 h Therefore, d = 2400 d = 49 (b) If Best Bakery used a 42 cm diameter round cake tray, use your graph to estimate the height of the cake obtained.
Solution :

When d = 42, d 2 = 1764 From the graph, When d2 = 1764, 1 = 0.065 h

Therefore, h =

1 0.065 h = 15.4 cm

(3)

Best Bakery has been requested to decorate the cake with fresh cream. The thickness of t he cream is normally set to a uniform layer of about 1cm. (a) Estimate the amount of fresh cream required to decorate the cake using the dimensions that you have suggested in 2(b)(ii).
Solution :

r = 27.5 cm

h = 8 cm

Actual cake r = 27.5 cm + 1cm = 28.5 cm

Actual cake h = 8 cm + 1cm = 9cm

Actual cake with cream

Solution :

Volume of cream used = Vol. of cake with cream Vol. of actual cake = Tr 2 h 19000 = (3.142)( 28.5) 2 9 19000 = 22969 19000 = 3969 cm 3

(b)

Suggest three other shapes for cake, that will have the same height and volume as those suggested in 2(b)(ii). Estimate the amount of fresh cream to be used on each of the cakes.
Solution :

(i)

Square shaped cake

8 cm

Volume of square shaped cake = w v l v h = l2 v h (where w = l)

@

l2 v h = 19000 19000 l2 = 8 l = 2375 l = 49 cm

Cake with cream

Actual size 9 cm

51 cm Estimated volume of cream used = Vol. of cake with cream Vol. of actual cake = l2 v h 19000 = (512 v 9) 19000 = 23409 19000 = 4409 cm3

(i)

Triangle shaped cake

8 cm

Volume of triangle shaped cake 1 = wvlvh 2

1 w v 70 v h = 19000 (assuming l = 70 cm) 2 19000 v2 w= 8 v 70 w = 68 cm

9 cm

Estimated volume of cream used = Vol. of cake with cream Vol. of actual cake 1 = v 70 v 72 v 9 19000 2 = 22680 19000 = 3680 cm3

(i)

Trapezium shaped cake

8 cm

Volume of triangle shaped cake 1 = (a + b) v l v h 2

1 (a + b)v l v h =19000 (assuming a =40 cm b =50 cm) 2 19000 l= v2 8 v 90 l = 53 cm

9 cm

Estimated volume of cream used = Vol. of cake with cream Vol. of actual cake 1 = (42 + 52) v 55 v 9 19000 2 = 23265 19000 = 4265 cm 3

(c)

Based on the values that you have found which shape requires the least amount of fresh cream to be used?
Solution :

Type of cake Volume of cream needed ( cm3 )

Round 3969

Square 4409

Triangle 3680

Trapezium 4265

From the table above, the triangle shaped cake requires the least amount of fresh cream.
Part III

Find the dimension of a 5 kg round cake that requires the minimum amount of fresh cream to decorate. Use at least two different methods including Calculus. State whether you would choose to bake a cake of such dimensions. Give reasons for your answers.
Solution : METHOD 1: Differentation

Assuming that the surface area of the cake is proportionate to the amount of fresh cream needed to decorate t he cake. Hence, Formula for the surface area = Tr 2  2Trh h=
19000 3.142 r 2

Surface area in contact with cream 19000 = Tr 2  2Tr 2 3.142r 38000 = Tr 2  r The values, when plotted into a graph will form a minimum value that can be obtained through differentiation.
dy !0 dx

dy 38000 ! 2Tr  2 dx r 38000 0 ! 2Tr  2 r

0 ! 6.284r 3  38000 38000 ! 6.284r 3 6047.104 ! r 3 18.22 ! r When r ! 18.22 , h = 18.22 cm

METHOD 2: Comparing Value so height against volume of the cream

h / cm 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

r/cm 77.76312594 54.98683368 44.89656169 38.88156297 34.77672715 31.74666323 29.39169891 27.49341684 25.92104198 24.59085959 23.44646466 22.44828085 21.56761061 20.78306961 20.07835278 19.44078148 18.86032835 18.32894456 17.84008461 17.38836357 16.96930528 16.57915416 16.21473264 15.87333161 15.55262519

Volume of cream used / cm3 19983.61097 10546.03779 7474.421308 5987.368708 5130.07372 4585.132889 4217.001202 3958.195683 3771.409389 3634.380579 3533.027734 3458.024292 3402.958572 3363.284999 3335.696569 3317.733804 3307.53252 3303.65622 3304.981833 3310.620011 3319.858421 3332.120672 3346.936074 3363.917063 3382.742114

From the table above, the minimum value of cream used is 3303.66 cm 3 when h = 18 cm. When h = 18 cm, r = 18.3 cm .

I would not choose to bake a cake with such dimension because its dimensions are not suitable. For example the height is too high. Furthermore such cakes are difficult to handle easily.

Further exploration

Best Bakery received an order to bake a multi-storey cake for Merdeka Day celebration, as shown in Diagram 2.

The height of each cake is 6.0 cm and the radius of the largest cake is 31.0 cm. The radius of the second cake is 10% less than the radius of the first cake, the radius of the third cake is 10% less than the radius of t he second cake and so on. (a) Find the volume of the first, the second, the third and the fourth cakes. By comparing all these values, determine whether the volumes of the cakes form a number pattern? Explain and elaborate on the number patterns.
Solution :

Volume of cake 1 = Tr 2 h = 3.142 v 31 v 31 v 6 = 18116.8 cm 3 Volume of cake 2 = Tr 2 h = 3.142 v (0.9 v 31) 2 v 6 = 14676.6 cm 3

Volume of cake 3 = Tr 2 h = 3.142 v (0.9 v 0.9 v 31) 2 v 6 = 11886.4 cm 3 Volume of cake 4 = Tr 2 h = 3.142 v (0.9 v 0.9 v 0.9 v 31) 2 v 6 = 9628 cm3 The values 18116.8, 14676.6, 11886.4 and 9628 form a number pattern. The pattern formed is a geometrical progression. This is proven by the fact that there is a common ratio between subsequent numbers, r = 0.81

14676 .6 ! 0.81 18116 .8

11886.4 ! 0.81 14676.6

9628 ! 0.81 11886 .4

(b)

If the total mass of all the cakes should not exceed 15 kg, calculate the maximum number of cakes that the bakery needs to bake. Verify your answer using other methods.
Solution : Sn ! a (1  r n ) 18116 .772(1  0.8 n ) ! 1 r 1  0.8

15 kg = 57 000 cm 3
18116 .772 (1  0.8 n ) 0.2 11400 " 18116.772(1  0.8 n ) 57000 " 0.629 " (1  0.8 n )  0.371 " 0.8 n 0.371 0.8 n log 0.371 log 0.8 n log 0.371 n log 0.8

log 0.371 n log 0.8 4.444 n n=4 Verification of answer

If n = 4, Total mass of 4 cakes = 18116.8 + 14676.6 + 11886.4 + 9628 = 54307.8 cm 3 Total mass of cakes = 14.29 kg If n = 5 If n = 4, Total mass of 4 cakes = 18116.8 + 14676.6 + 11886.4 + 9628 + 7798.7 = 62106.5 cm 3 Total mass of cakes = 16.34 kg Total mass of cakes must not exceed 15 kg. Therefore, maximum number of cakes needed to be made = 4.

Reflection

In making this project, I have spent countless hours doing this project. I realized that this subject is a compulsory to me. Without it I can not fulfil my big dreams and wishes.