ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS PROJECT SPM 2011

NAME: MOHAMAD NOR ARIFFIN BIN

MOHD ROSLI

I/C: 941231-06-5819 CLASS: 5 RAJIN TEACHER NAME: PUAN ANITA

Kerja Ariffin

Additional Mathematics Project 2011

Additional Mathematics Project 2011

Content
No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Topic Acknowledgement Objectives Introduction Additional Mathematics {Part 1} Additional Mathematics {Part 2} Additional Mathematics {Part 3} Further Exploration Conclusion Reflection Reference Page 1~2 3~4 5~6 7~8 9 ~ 17 18 ~ 19 20 ~ 21 22 ~ 23 24 ~ 25 26 ~ 27

Additional Mathematics Project 2011

Acknowledgement
First of all, I would like to say thank you to those people that have help me, for all of the moral support and care for my health during Im doing this project. As well as Im not forgotten to thank you to my parents for providing everything to me such as money so that I can buy anything that are needed in this project especially papers. They also supported me and give me encouragement to complete this task so that this project can be done perfectly. Furthermore, I would like to thanks to my Additional Mathematics teacher, Puan Anita . Puan Anita had guiding my friend and I while we facing some difficulties in this project. She have teach us patiently and guide us so that we can understand what should we do in this project and complete it perfectly.

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Objectives

The purpose for us to carry out this project task are : i) ii) iii) To apply and adapt a variety of problem solving strategies to solve the problems. To improve the skill so that it can help to solve the problems effectively. To improve the mathematical knowledge so that the students will be more confidence while doing the mathematics questions. To improve the communication skill while doing the project work, sharing the idea, and giving the opinion to complete the project. To develop a better thinking skill while doing the mathematic problems. To bring up a positive attitude while solving the mathematic problems.

iv)

v) vi)

Additional Mathematics Project 2011

Introduction
History and facts about cakes Although clear examples of the difference between cake and bread are easy to find, the precise classification has always been elusive. For example, banana bread may be properly considered either a quick bread or a cake. The Greeks invented beer as a leavener, frying fritters in olive oil, and cheesecakes using goat's milk. In ancient Rome, basic bread dough was sometimes enriched with butter, eggs, and honey, which produced a sweet and cake-like baked good. Early cakes in England were also essentially bread: the most obvious differences between a "cake" and "bread" were the round, flat shape of the cakes, and the cooking method, which turned cakes over once while cooking, while bread was left upright throughout the baking process. Sponge cakes, leavened with beaten eggs, originated during the Renaissance, possibly in Spain. Cake decorating is one of the sugar arts requiring mathematics that uses icing or frosting and other edible decorative elements to make otherwise plain cakes more visually interesting. Alternatively, cakes can be molded and sculpted to resemble three-dimensional persons, places and things. In many areas of the world, decorated cakes are often a focal point of a special celebration such as a birthday, graduation, bridal shower, wedding, or anniversary.

Additional Mathematics Project 2011

Additional Mathematics {Part I}

Questions Cakes come in a variety of forms and flavours and are among favourite desserts served during special occasions such as birthday parties, Hari Raya, weddings and etc. Cakes are treasured not only because of their wonderful taste but also in the art of cake baking and cake decorating. Find out how mathematics is used in cake baking and cake decorating and write about your findings. Answer: Geometry To determine suitable dimensions for the cake, to assist in designing and decorating cakes that comes in many attractive shapes and designs, to estimate volume of cake to be produced Calculus (differentiation) To determine minimum or maximum amount of ingredients for cake-baking, to estimate minimum or maximum amount of cream needed for decorating, to estimate minimum or maximum size of cake produced. Progressions To determine total weight/volume of multi-storey cakes with proportional dimensions, to estimate total ingredients needed for cake-baking, to estimate total amount of cream for decoration.

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Additional Mathematics {Part II}

Best Bakery shop received an order from your school to bake a 5 kg of round cake as shown in Diagram 1 for the Teachers Day celebration.

Diagram 1
1)

If a kilogram of cake has a volume of 3800 , and the height of the cake is to be 7.0cm, calculate the diameter of the baking tray to be used to fit the 5 kg cake ordered by your school. [Use = 3.142]

Answer: Volume of 5kg cake = Base area of cake x Height of cake 3800\ x 5 = (3.142)( ) x 7 (3.142) = ( ) 863.872 = ( ) = 29.392 d = 58.784 cm

Additional Mathematics Project 2011

2)The cake will be baked in an oven with inner dimensions of 80.0 cm in length, 60.0 cm in width and 45.0 cm in height. a) If the volume of cake remains the same, explore by using different values of heights, h cm, and the corresponding values of diameters of the baking tray to be used, d cm. Tabulate your answers. Answer: First, form the formula for d in terms of h by using the above formula for volume of cake, V = 19000, that is: 19000 = (3.142)(d/2)h =


= d d= Height, h(cm) 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 Diameter, d(cm) 155.53 109.98 89.80 77.77 68.56 63.49 58.78 54.99 51.84 49.18

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(b)Based on the values in your table, (i) State the range of heights that is NOT suitable for the cakes and explain your answers. Answer: h < 7cm is NOT suitable, because the resulting diameter produced is too large to fit into the oven. Furthermore, the cake would be too short and too wide, making it less attractive. (ii) Suggest the dimensions that you think most suitable for the cake. Give reasons for your answer. Answer: h = 8cm, d = 54.99cm, because it can fit into the oven, and the size is suitable for easy handling.

Additional Mathematics Project 2011

(c) (i) Form an equation to represent the linear relation between h and d. Hence, plot a suitable graph based on the equation that you have formed. [You may draw your graph with the aid of computer software.] Answer: 19000 = (3.142) ( )h 19000/(3.142)h = = d d= d= log d = log d = Log h Log d  log h + log 155.53 0 2.19 1 1.69 2 1.19 3 0.69 4 0.19

Additional Mathematics Project 2011

(ii)

(a) If Best Bakery received an order to bake a cake where the height of the cake is 10.5 cm, use your graph to determine the diameter of the round cake pan required. Answer: h = 10.5cm, log h = 1.021, log d = 1.680, d = 47.86cm

Additional Mathematics Project 2011

(b) If Best Bakery used a 42 cm diameter round cake tray, use your graph to estimate the height of the cake obtained. Answer: d = 42cm, log d = 1.623, log h = 1.140, h = 13.80cm 3) Best Bakery has been requested to decorate the cake with fresh cream. The thickness of the cream is normally set to a uniform layer of about 1cm. (a)Estimate the amount of fresh cream required to decorate the cake using the dimensions that you have suggested in 2(b)(ii). Answer: h = 8cm, d = 54.99cm Amount of fresh cream = VOLUME of fresh cream needed (area x height) Amount of fresh cream = Vol. of cream at the top surface + Vol. of cream at the side surface Vol. of cream at the top surface = Area of top surface x Height of cream = (3.142)( ) x 1 = 2375 cm Vol. of cream at the side surface = Area of side surface x Height of cream = (Circumference of cake x Height of cake) x Height of cream = 2(3.142)(54.99/2)(8) x 1 = 1382.23 cm Therefore, amount of fresh cream = 2375 + 1382.23 = 3757.23 cm

Additional Mathematics Project 2011

(b)Suggest three other shapes for cake, that will have the same height and volume as those suggested in 2(b)(ii). Estimate the amount of fresh cream to be used on each of the cakes. Answer: 1 Rectangle-shaped base (cuboid)

19000 = base area x height Base area = Length x Width = 2375 By trial and improvement, 2375 = 50 x 47.5 (length = 50, width = 47.5, height = 8) Therefore, volume of cream = 2(Area of left / right side surface)(Height of cream) + 2(Area of front/back side surface)(Height of cream) + Vol. of top surface = 2(8 x 50)(1) + 2(8 x 47.5)(1) + 2375 = 3935 cm

Additional Mathematics Project 2011

2 Triangle-shaped base

19000 = base area x height Base area = 2375 x length x width = 2375  Length x Width = 4750 By trial and improvement, 4750 = 95 x 50 (length = 95, width = 50) Slant length of triangle = (95 + 25)= 98.23 Therefore, amount of cream = Area of rectangular front side surface(Height of cream) + 2(Area of slant rectangular left/right side surface)(Height of cream) + Vol. of top surface = (50 x 8)(1) + 2(98.23 x 8)(1) + 2375 = 4346.68 cm

Additional Mathematics Project 2011

3 Pentagon-shaped base

19000 = base area x height Base area = 2375 = area of 5 similar isosceles triangles in a pentagon Therefore: 2375 = 5(length x width) 475 = length x width By trial and improvement, 475 = 25 x 19 (length = 25, width = 19) Therefore, amount of cream = 5(area of one rectangular side surface)(height of cream) + vol. of top surface = 5(8 x 19) + 2375 = 3135 cm (c)Based on the values that you have found which shape requires the least amount of fresh cream to be used? Answer: Pentagon-shaped cake, since it requires only 3135 cm of cream to be used.

Additional Mathematics Project 2011

Additional Mathematics {Part III}

Find the dimension of a 5 kg round cake that requires the minimum amount of fresh cream to decorate. Use at least two different methods including Calculus. State whether you would choose to bake a cake of such dimensions. Give reasons for your answers. Answer: Method 1: Differentiation Use two equations for this method: the formula for volume of cake (as in Q2/a), and the formula for amount (volume) of cream to be used for the round cake (as in Q3/a). 19000 = (3.142)rh (1) V = (3.142)r + 2(3.142)rh (2) From (1): h = (3)

Sub. (3) into (2): V = (3.142)r + 2(3.142)r( V = (3.142)r + ( ) V = (3.142)r + 38000r-1 ( ) = 2(3.142)r ( 0 = 2(3.142)r (

) =0

) -->> minimum value, therefore

= 2(3.142)r = r

6047.104 = r r = 18.22 *Sub. r = 18.22 into (3):

Additional Mathematics Project 2011

h=

h = 18.22 Therefore, h = 18.22cm, d = 2r = 2(18.22) = 36.44cm Method 2: Quadratic Functions Use the two same equations as in Method 1, but only the formula for amount of cream is the main equation used as the quadratic function. Let f(r) = volume of cream, r = radius of round cake: 19000 = (3.142) rh (1) F (r) = (3.142)r + 2(3.142)hr (2) From (2): f(r) = (3.142)(r + 2hr) -->> factorize (3.142) = (3.142)[ (r + ) ( ) ] -->> completing square, with a = (3.142), b = 2h and c = 0 = (3.142)[ (r + h) h ] = (3.142)(r + h) (3.142)h (a = (3.142) (positive indicates min. value), min. value = f(r) = (3.142)h, corresponding value of x = r = --h) Sub. r = --h into (1): 19000 = (3.142)(--h)h h = 6047.104 h = 18.22 Sub. h = 18.22 into (1): 19000 = (3.142)r(18.22) r = 331.894 r = 18.22 Therefore, h = 18.22 cm, d = 2r = 2(18.22) = 36.44 cm I would choose not to bake a cake with such dimensions because its dimensions are not suitable (the height is too high) and therefore less attractive. Furthermore, such cakes are difficult to handle easily.

Additional Mathematics Project 2011

FURTHER EXPLORATION
Best Bakery received an order to bake a multi-storey cake for Merdeka Day celebration, as shown in Diagram 2. The height of each cake is 6.0 cm and the radius of the largest cake is 31.0 cm. The radius of the second cake is 10% less than the radius of the first cake, the radius of the third cake is10% less than the radius of the second cake and so on. a) Find the volume of the first, the second, the third and the fourth cakes. By comparing all these values, determine whether the volumes of the cakes form a number pattern? Explain and elaborate on the number patterns. Answer: I) Height, h of each cake = 6cm II) Radius of largest cakes = 31cm Radius of 2nd cake = 10% smaller than 1st cake Radius of 3rd cake = 10% smaller than 2nd cake 31, 27.9, 25.11, 22.599 a = 31, r = V = (3.142) rh c) Radius of 1st cake = 31, volume of 1st cake = (3.142)(31)(6) = 18116.772 Radius of 2nd cake = 27.9, vol. of 2nd cake = 14674.585 Radius of 3rd cake = 25.11, vol. of 3rd cake = 11886.414 Radius of 4th cake = 22.599, vol. of 4th cake = 9627.995

Additional Mathematics Project 2011

18116.772, 14674.585, 11886.414, 9627.995, a = 18116.772, ratio, r = T2/T1 = T3 /T2 = = 0.81 (b) If the total mass of all the cakes should not exceed 15 kg, calculate the maximum number of cakes that the bakery needs to bake. Verify your answer using other methods. Answer: Sn =
     

Sn = 57000, a = 18116.772 and r = 0.81 57000 =

   

1 0.81n = 0.59779 0.40221 = 0.81n og0.81 0.40221 = n n=

  

n = 4.322 Therefore, n 4.

Additional Mathematics Project 2011

Conclusion
In mathematics, an arithmetic progression (AP) or arithmetic sequence is a sequence of numbers such that the difference of any two successive members of the sequence is a constant. For instance, the sequence 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, is an arithmetic progression with common difference 2. If the initial term of an arithmetic progression is a1 and the common difference of successive members is d, then the nth term of the sequence is given by:

and in general

A finite portion of an arithmetic progression is called a finite arithmetic progression and sometimes just called an arithmetic progression. The behavior of the arithmetic progression depends on the common difference d. If the common difference is:
y y

Positive, the members (terms) will grow towards positive infinity. Negative, the members (terms) will grow towards negative infinity.

Additional Mathematics Project 2011

In mathematics, a geometric progression, also known as a geometric sequence, is a sequence of numbers where each term after the first is found by multiplying the previous one by a fixed non-zero number called the common ratio. For example, the sequence 2, 6, 18, 54, ... is a geometric progression with common ratio 3. Similarly 10, 5, 2.5, 1.25, ... is a geometric sequence with common ratio 1/2. The sum of the terms of a geometric progression is known as a geometric series. Thus, the general form of a geometric sequence is

and that of a geometric series is

where r 0 is the common ratio and a is a scale factor, equal to the sequence's start value.

Diagram 1

Additional Mathematics Project 2011

REFLECTION
In the making of this project, I have spent countless hours doing this project. I realized that this subject is a compulsory to me. Without it, I cant fulfill my big dreams and wishes. I used to hate Additional Mathematics. It always makes me wonder why this subject is so difficult. I always tried to love every part of it. Throughout day and night, I sacrificed my precious time to have fun. From Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday and even the weekend, I always looking forward to try to love additional mathematics From now, I have learn that additional mathematics is need some time to do and I have find out that additional mathematics is fun and easy. I have also learned that to be more discipline so that I can work easily especially that I can submit my additional mathematics project work punctually. From now onwards, I will learn additional mathematics properly and do my best in this subject so that I can score a better mark in SPM examination and fulfill my big dreams, my wishes.

Additional Mathematics Project 2011

Reference
Website: http://www.scribd.com/doc/57347904/Additional-Maths-ProjectWork-2-2011 http://www.google.com.my/search?tbm=isch&hl=en&source=hp&biw =1280&bih=899&q=cakes&gbv=2&oq=cakes&aq=f&aqi=g9gs1&aql=undefined&gs_sm=e&gs_upl=51l451l0l3l3l0l0l0l0l1029l1029l7 -1l1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_progression http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_series