ENGLISH 2 Joseph G.

Gonzales BPP A narrative is a story that is created in a constructive format (as a work of speech, writing, song, film, television, video games, photography or theatre) that describes a sequence of fictional or non-fictional events. The word derives from the Latin verb narrare, "to recount", and is related to the adjective gnarus, "knowing" or "skilled" Purpose The basic purpose of narrative is to entertain, to gain and hold a readers interest. However narratives can also be written to teach or inform, to change attitudes / social opinions eg soap operas and television dramas that are used to raise topical issues. Narratives sequence people/characters in time and place but differ from recounts in that through the sequencing, the stories set up one or more problems, which must eventually find a way to be resolved. Types of Narrative There are many types of narrative. They can be imaginary, factual or a combination of both. They may include fairy stories, mysteries, science fiction, romances, horror stories, adventure stories, fables, myths and legends, historical narratives, ballads, slice of life, personal experience. Features
Characters Dialogue

with defined personalities/identities. language to create images in the readers mind and enhance

often included tense may change to the present or the future.

Descriptive

the story. Structure In a Traditional Narrative the focus of the text is on a series of actions: Orientation: (introduction) in which the characters, setting and time of the story are established. Usually answers who? when? where? eg. Mr Wolf went out hunting in the forest one dark gloomy night. Complication or problem: The complication usually involves the main character(s) (often mirroring the complications in real life).

Resolution: There needs to be a resolution of the complication. The complication may be resolved for better or worse/happily or unhappily. Sometimes there are a number of complications that have to be resolved. These add and sustain interest and suspense for the reader. To help students plan for writing of narratives, model, focusing on:
Plot:

What is going to happen? Where will the story take place? When will the story take place? Who are the main characters? What do they look

Setting:

Characterisation:

like?
Structure:

How will the story begin? What will be the problem? How is

the problem going to be resolved?

Theme:

What is the theme / message the writer is attempting to

communicate? Language
Action

verbs: Action verbs provide interest to the writing. For example,

instead of The old woman was in his way try The old woman barred his path. Instead of She laughed try She cackled.
Written Usually

in the first person (I, we) or the third person (he, she, they). past tense. words to do with time. nouns: Strong nouns have more specific meanings, eg. oak as

Connectives,linking Specific

opposed to tree.
Active

nouns: Make nouns actually do something, eg. It was raining could

become Rain splashed down or There was a large cabinet in the lounge could become A large cabinet seemed to fill the lounge.
Careful

use of adjectives and adverbs: Writing needs judicious use of

adjectives and adverbs to bring it alive, qualify the action and provide description and information for the reader.
Use

of the senses: Where appropriate, the senses can be used to

describe and develop the experiences, setting and character:

o o

What does it smell like? What can be heard?

o o o

What can be seen details? What does it taste like? What does it feel like? Simile: A direct comparison, using like or as or as though, eg. The sea

Imagery o

looked as rumpled as a blue quilted dressing gown. Or The wind wrapped me up like a cloak.
o

Metaphor: An indirect or hidden comparison, eg. She has a heart of Onomatopoeia: A suggestion of sound through words, eg. crackle,

stone or He is a stubborn mule or The man barked out the instructions.

o

splat, ooze, squish, boom, eg. The tyres whir on the road. The pitterpatter of soft rain. The mud oozed and squished through my toes.
o

Personification:

Giving

nonliving

things

(inanimate)

living

characteristics, eg. The steel beam clenched its muscles. Clouds limped across the sky. The pebbles on the path were grey with grief.
Rhetorical

Questions: Often the author asks the audience questions,

knowing of course there will be no direct answer. This is a way of involving the reader in the story at the outset, eg. Have you ever built a tree hut?

Variety in sentence beginnings. There are a several ways to do Participles: Jumping with joy I ran home to tell mum my good news. Adverbs: Silently the cat crept toward the bird Adjectives: Brilliant sunlight shone through the window Nouns: Thunder claps filled the air Adverbial Phrases: Along the street walked the girl as if she had not a Conversations/Dialogue: these may be used as an opener. This may be

this eg by using:
o o o o o

care in the world.

o

done through a series of short or one-word sentences or as one long complex sentence.
Show,

Dont Tell: Students have heard the rule show, dont tell but this

principle is often difficult for some writers to master.

Personal

Voice: It may be described as writing which is honest and

convincing. The author is able to put the reader there. The writer invests something of him/her self in the writing. The writing makes an impact on the reader. It reaches out and touches the reader. A connection is made.
Ang tayutay ay salita o isang pahayag na ginamiy upang bigyang-diin ang isang kaisipan o damdamin. Sinasadya ng pagpapahayag na gumamit ng talinghaga o di karaniwang salita o paraan ng pagpapahayag upang bigyang diin ang kaniyang saloobin. 1. Simili o Pagtutulad - di tiyak na paghahambing ng dalawang magkaibang bagay. Ginagamitan ito ng mga salitang: tulad ng, paris ng, kawangis ng, tila, sing-, sim-, magkasing-, magkasim-, at iba pa. Ito ay tinatawag naSimile sa Ingles. Halimbawa: 1. Tila yelo sa lamig ang kamay na nenenerbyos na mang-aawit. 2. Si Menandro'y lobong nagugutom ang kahalintulad. 3. Ang kanyang kagandahan ay mistulang bituing nagninigning. 4. Ang mga tumakas ay ikinulong na parang mga sardines sa piitan. 5. Si maria na animo'y bagong pitas na rosas ay hindi napa-ibig ng mayamang dayuhan. 6. Gaya ng maamong tupa si Jun kapag nakagalitan. 2. Metapora o Pagwawangis - tiyak na paghahambing ngunit hindi na ginagamitan ng pangatnig.Nagpapahayag ito ng paghahambing na nakalapat sa mga pangalan, gawain, tawag o katangian ng bagay na inihahambing. Ito ay tinatawag na METAPHOR sa Ingles. Halimbawa: 1. Siya'y langit na di kayang abutin nino man. 2. Ang kanyang mga kamay ay yelong dumampi sa aking pisngi. 3. Matigas na bakal ang kamao ng boksingero. 4. Ikaw na bulaklak niring dilidili. 5. Ahas siya sa grupong iyan. 3. Personipikasyon o Pagsasatao - Ginagamit ito upang bigyang-buhay, pagtaglayin ng mga katangiang pantao - talino, gawi, kilos ang mga bagay na walang buhay sa pamamagitan ng mga pananalitang nagsasaad ng kilos tulad ng pandiwa, pandiwari, at pangngalang-diwa. 'PERSONIFICATION' sa Ingles. Halimbawa: 1. Hinalikan ako ng malamig na hangin. 2. Ang mga bituin sa langit ay kumikindat sa atin.

3. Nahiya ang buwan at nagkanlong sa ulap. 4. Sumasayaw ang mga dahon sa pag-ihip ng hangin. 5. Nagtago ang buwan sa likod ng ulap. 4. Apostrope o Pagtawag - isang panawagan o pakiusap sa isang bagay na tila ito ay isang tao. Halimbawa: 1. O tukso! Layuan mo ako! 2. Kamatayan nasaan ka na? wakasan mo na ang aking kapighatian. 3. Araw, sumikat ka na at tuyuin ang luhang dala ng kapighatian. 4. Ulan, ulan kami'y lubayan na. 5. Oh, birheng kaibig-ibig ina naming nasa langit, Liwanagin yaring isip, nang sa layon di malihis. 6. Pagmamalabis o Hayperbole - Ito ay lagpalagpasang pagpapasidhi ng kalabisan o kakulangan ng isang tao, bagay, pangyayari, kaisipan, damdamin at iba pang katangian, kalagayan o katayuan. Halimbawa: 1. Namuti ang kaniyang buhok kakahintay sayo. 2. Abot langit ng pagmamahal niya sa aking kaibigan. 3. BUmabaha ng dugo sa lansangan. 4. Umuulan ng dolyar kina Pilar nang dumating si Seman. 7. Panghihimig o Onomatopeya - ito ang paggamit ng mga salitang kung ano ang tunog ay siyang kahulugan.ONOMATOPOEIA sa Ingles Halimbawa: 1. Ang lagaslas nitong batis, alatiit nitong kawayan, halumigmig nitong hangin, ay bulong ng kalikasan. 2. Himutok na umaalingawngaw sa buong gubat. 3. Humalinghing siya sa sakit ng hagupit na tinanggap. 9. Pagpapalit-saklaw o Senekdoke - isang bagay, konsepto kaisipan, isang bahagi ng kabuuan ang binabanggit. Halimbawa: 1. Isinambulat ang order sa dibdib ng taksil. 2. Isang Rizal ang nagbuwis ng buhay alang-alang sa Inang Bayan. 3. Walang bibig ang umasa kay Romeo. 4. Hingin mo ang kaniyang kamay. 10. Paglilipat-wika o Transferred Epithet- tulad ng pagbibigay-katauhan na pinasasabagay ang mga katangiang pantao, na ginagamit ang pang-uri. Halimbawa: 1. Patay tayo dun.