14 QC TOOLS

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Check sheet. Histogram. Pareto chart. Ishikawa chart. Stratification analysis. Scatter plot. Control chart. Affinity diagram. Relations diagram. Tree diagram. Matrix diagram. Matrix data analysis. PDPC. Procedure diagram.

1. Check sheet-The check sheets are used for data collection.

The function of a check sheet is to present information in an efficient, graphical format. A check sheet is a table or a form used to systematically register data as it is collected. Advantages of using a check sheet: Effective way of displaying data Easy to use Reduces cost. A first step in the construction of other graphical tools. Can be used to substantiate allegation. Eg- This is a case in which a big retail outlet was facing a problem of lesser sales. So they decided to form a check sheet of no purchase from the responses of the customers that went without purchasing any item Total number occurrences per 37 20 5 9 1 4 2 19 6 103 of

Cause of no purchase

Week 1

Week 2 IIIII IIIII IIIII IIIII IIIII I III IIIII I I III II IIIII IIIII II IIII 54

Could not find item IIIII IIIII IIIII II No offer of help IIIII IIIII IIII Item sold out II Item not carried III Prices too high Line too long I Wrong credit cards Poor lighting IIIII II No place to sit II Total number of 49 causes per week

So here we can see that how check sheet can help us to collaborate data in a very formatted way and help in identifying the problems.

2. Histogram A graphical representation of individual measures values in a data set according to the frequency. Help us in visualize the distribution pattern of data collected. Many facts behind the data & behaviour of the process can be revealed easily.

Eg- Here i have taken a example that i undertook in one of the project in 2nd trimester. Here we have drawn a histogram considering the 5 major factor that were indenfied after observing the problem for 5 days.

1. Flow Chart A flow chart (flow diagram) is a graphical representation that sequentially explains the steps of a process A flow chart documents the process, shows who is responsible for each step, and who the internal/ external customer is. Boxes, diamonds and lines are used to show work flow. Process improvement depends on focusing on the process as well as the required output. For long-term quality improvement, focusing on the process is necessary. A large organization, an SME or any company aiming for quality improvement and productivity gain requires automated process diagrams.

Eg-Here again I am drawing a Flow chart of all the processes involves in Heat treatment plant where I did this project of mine. The flow chart shows the different processes in order and the level of problem was indentified using the flow chart.

1. Scatter Diagrams Scatter diagrams help us see causal relationships. The diagram usually is limited to two variables, one independent and one dependent variable.

Provides both visual and statistical means to test the strength of the relationship (R varies from -1 to 1). Provides a good follow up to the cause and effect diagram.

Eg- The scatter diagram of the variation of CP have been drawn with respect to the no. Of charges, This is again one of the step involved in the project i under took with Mahindra and Mahindra.

2. Pareto Analysis Pareto analysis is good for prioritizing the problems. It is special type of the histogram. Vilferdo Pareto 20 % of the population has 80 % of the wealth. Juran used the term- Vital few ,trivial many. So we use that 20 % of quality problem cause 80 % of the dollar loss.

Eg- The pareto chart of the five causes of variation of CP has been drawn. Here we see almost 80% is due the first 2 causes.

1. Cause and Effect Diagrams Cause and effect diagrams are graphic outlines of probable causes of problems. From the diagram, you then determine actual causes and seek their solutions. They are also called "fish-bone diagrams" because they look like a fish skeleton. The centre line represents the problem and each main line off the centre represents a cause category. While each cause and effect diagram is unique, many follow a set pattern to help you get started Purpose: To generate in a structured manner, maximum number of ideas regarding possible causes for a problem by using brainstorming techniques.

Eg- The fish bone diagram shown in the figure is the one developed by me by brainstorming with the employees in M & M.

2. StratificationStratification is a technique used in combination with other data analysis tools. The large data that we collect become cumbersome to be handled so this technique helps us to differentiate and thus help in forming patterns. some lists replace "stratification" with "flowchart" or "run chart" Eg- The stratification technique that I utilized is dividing the large number of problems in three categories A,B,C. From a large number we were able to develop a pattern and were able to spot the areas which required changes. A- Self Involvement, B- Involvement of Other Departments , C- Involvement of Higher Management

3. Matrix data analysisThe Matrix Data Analysis Chart (MDAC) is used to form clusters of related items within a larger group. When we are handling a large amount of data, it is very difficult for us to determine which groups can be related, so this technique helps in forming clusters of similar or related items This technique is quite similar to clustering or perceptual mapping (Marketing).

For example-A washing powder may have different efficiencies at achieving 'softness' and 'stain removal' in garments made of acrylic, polyester, wool and various fiber mixtures. If similar affects are found in a group of fibers, then changing the powder ingredients may affect the whole group in a similar way. The Matrix Data Analysis Chart (or MDAC) helps classify items by identifying two major characteristics common to all items and then plotting each item as a point on a standard x-y chart. This makes it easier to see how the individual items relate both to the characteristics and to one another