The origins of Satellite Communication can be traced back to an article written by Mr. Arthur C.

Clarke in the British Radio magazine Wireless World in 1945. Satellite communication began much latter in October 1957 with the lunch by U.S.S.R. of small satellite called Sputnik I. The first true communication satellites, Telster I and II, were launched in July 1962 and May 1963. Since then there has no looking back. Satellite communication offers a great number of advantages over terrestrial links, that is why, it is preferred over terrestrial communication, namely : High availability minimal/nil fading No last mile problem Extensive coverage-Hemi/Zonal/Spot Broad cast nature allows easy point to multipoint links Easy scalability and expandability of network Security and secrecy can be adequately addressed Less prone to failure due to natural calamities The disadvantages being: High up- front investment in ground segment High recurring cost on satellite segment. A Satcom exchange has also been provided in NTPC-Khalgaon, which caters to the communication needs all its 96 employees. The layout of the SATCOM exchange BPL INOX 250, NTPCKhalgaon has been shown in figure I. The out door unit basically consists of the Antenna. The indoor unit comprises a modem, multiplexer, router, DAMA, DTE, EPBX. The users can connect to the worldwide web or the companys internet using this system. Using a PC the users can connects to the company LAN via a modem and then via server all the outside mails are router to the Proxy server. From the router the data is routed to the multiplexer from where it goes to the RFT via a modem. The data is transmitted via the antenna and the satellite to the NTPC earth station at Muradnagar (now NOIDA). To connect to the Corporate Center a 2Mbps micro wave link is used. A proxy server is also present in the Corporate Center from where it connects to the Internet w orld via CGI and MTNL/BSNL server. Private Branch Automatic Exchange. The EPBAX connects to the main plant telephone exchange as well as a member of subscribers. These provide the facility of voice communication via satellite to the users. This is particularly useful in case of terrestrial links, which are much more damage prone. GDAMS data is also sent to the corporate centre using this link, as is illustrated in figure. A brief description of the component is given below:-

SATELLITE: The third transponder of INSAT-3E with a bandwidth of 18MHz has been allocated to NTPC to cater to its communication purposes. The bandwidth was updated to 27MHZ on 19th of July, 2005.The Kahelgaon satellite Communication Plan is given below: Satellite : INSAT 3E Location : 55 DEG EAST Transponder No. : 3 Transponder Bandwidth : 27MHz (6012.00MHz6039.00MHz) Beacon Frequency : 4190.97MHz Polarization : E/S U/L LINEAR HORIZONTAL E/S DN/L LINEAR VERTICAL MCPC Stn. Spt Tx. : 6025MHz Setting MCPC Stn. Spt Rx : 3800MHz Setting

ANTENNA:The antenna is of CASs grain configuration using shaped reflector technique to optimize receive gain to noise ratio and the corrugation technique for primary horn feed to get better symmetry and minimum side lobe of the radiation pattern. The antenna specification is given below:-

Type

: LIMITED STEERABLE AZ-EL MOUNT

Feed And Reflector : 7.5M dia. CASSEGRAIN WITH SHAPED REFLECTOR Tracking : MANUAL DRIVE, AUTO STEP TRACK Sky Coverage : EL +5deg - +90deg AZ -20deg - +20 deg Frequency Range : TX 5.850-6.425GHz Rx 3.700-4.200GHz Polarization : LINEAR ORTHOGONAL AND CIRCULAR Gain : 6GHz BAND- 51+20logf/6 dB 4GHz BAND 47.5+20logf/4dB Power Handling : 5KW C W Capacity Antenna Weight : 9 TONNES (Approx)

TRANSCIEVER:The AAV680 C-Band single Package Transceiver ODU interfaces with the 70MHz/140MHz Indoor Unit having bandwidths of + 18MHz. In Single Package RF Transceiver there 70 or 140 MHz if input from the indoor modulation to an RF signal in the C-Band, transmission via antenna and down convert the L-Band signal (950 1450 MHz) to an IF signal of 70/140 MHz. for the demodulator. The Single Package Transceiver has three parts Phase Locked Low Noise Block ( PLLNB) Booster for 16W and above (optional) Accessories It also has two modules L band module comprising, This also has some partitions. As follows.. 1. synthesizers 2. up converter 3. down converter 4. monitor & control Power Block Up Module (PBU) This also has some partitions. As follows. 1. Power supply board 2. SSPA module ( Solid State Power Amplifier ) 3. BUC module ( Block Up Converter ) It designed as a single PCB. All SSPA configurations are designed as soft boards bounded onto aluminum base plates. A low noise amplifier is provided which receives the weak downlink signal (3.625-4200MHz) and amplifies it to the correct level before sending it to the SPT for frequency down conversion. It uses HEMT devices to achieve low noise, high gain and low distortion amplification features. A Booster is provided to boost up the transmit power of the signal from SPT. For better reliability, two streams of outdoor C-Band and Ex C-Band transceivers have been provided. A A low noise amplifier is provided which receives the weak downlink signal (3.625-4.200MHz) and amplifies it to the correct level before sending it to the SPT for frequency down conversion. It uses HEMT devices to achieve low noise, high gain and low distortion amplification features. A Booster is provided to boost up the transmit power of the signal from SPT.

For better reliability, two streams of outdoor C-Band and Ex C-Band transceivers have been provided. Redundancy switching equipment performs the switchover operation when a fault is detected at any one of the streams. Switchover can be auto/manual and results in less than half a second of traffic interruption. Independent path switching between the transceivers is allowed. There is a LNA device. It receives very weak down link signal and amplifies it to the right level before sending to SPT for the frequency down conversion. This procedure uses High Electron Mobility Transistor (HETM) for low noise, high gain, low distortion in amplification. It requires 12 V DC. Another equipment is used named BOOSTER. This is used to boost the transmit power of signal from SPT. It has two pats. 1. Power supply board
This converts AC to DC for SSPA. 2. SSPA (Solid State Power Amplifier ) This receives RF power from SPT and amplifies to correct power level.

RCU
The redundancy control unit is supplied with +12 or +15 V DC via agilis transceivers. The unit contains.. Monitor & control (M & C ) module Window access panel (WAP ) IF input power splitter IF output switch

M & C

This module comes with an intel based microcontroller to link the monitor and control functions from the out door RCU to the indoor DTE (usually PC). To active remote /local mode, toggle the DIP switch at the out door RCU window access panel. NOTE:- Users CAN NOT active remote or local mode from the indoor DTE.

The AAV080 inter connection diagram of redundancy system as follows.

MODEM:The word "modem" is a contraction of the words modulatordemodulator. The digital satellite modem serves as an interface between the users data terminal equipment and the IF frequency interface with the up/down converter. The UMOD has been configured for full duplex operation. The transmit and receive paths are independent for most applications. In the transmit direction the UMOD accepts user data at the common interface module (CIM) and directs it across the backplane to the transmit portion of the terrestrial data interface which converts the users electrical format to the format used in UMOD. The

data is directed to the optional internal framing unit for processing and then to the UMOD motherboard. On the motherboard the data is sent to the channel encoder where scrambling, differential encoding & FEC encoding is performed. The data is then routed to the transmit filter for digital filtering and interpolation; then passed to the modulator where the signal is PSK modulated onto an IF carrier provided by the transmit synthesizer. This modulated carrier is then amplified inn the IF stage, then routed for transmission across the backplane to the IF OUT connector on the IF panel. Fig:- UMOD FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM
DATA

TERRESTRIAL CLOCK DATA INTERFACE CLOCK TRANSMIT PORTION

Stn CLOCK

IFU

CHANNEL ENCODING

TRANSMIT FILTERING

MODULATION

TRANSMIT SYNTHESIZER & IF STAGE

BAC IFPA KPL NEL ANE IF OUT

BAC C IM KPL ANE

TRANSMIT TIMING GENERATOR

REDUNDA NCY CONTROLLER UMOD SOFT WARE CONFIG/ CONTROL M&C CONTROL PROCESSOR

REFERNCE FRONT OSCILLATOR 10MHz PANEL AND KETPAD DISPLAY

DATA

RECEIVE TIMING GENERATOR

CLOCK DATA

TERESTRIAL INTERFACE (RECEIVE PORTION)

CRL AGC

BAC IFPA KPL NEL ANE IF IN

IFU

CHANNEL DECODING

DIGITAL DEMODULATO R

RECEIVE FILTERING

RECEIVE SYNTHESIZER & IF STAGE

My pc I

In the receive direction the IF signal is input at the IF IN connector on the IF Panel, passed across the backplane and received by the receive IF processor on the UMOD motherboard which performs low noise amplification, automatic gain control and filtering. The signal is then routed to the receive synthesizer and demodulator where the IF carrier is removed by either BPSK or QPSK demodulation. The resulting base band data is then directed to the channel decoder where it is FEC decoded, differentially decoded and

descrambled. The data then passes through the optional IFU daughter card where deframing and other processing takes place. The data is then routed to the receive portion of the terrestrial data interface daughter card which converts the receive data and clock to appropriate formats and directs it across the backplane to the CIM where they can be accessed by the user. The UMOD block diagram is illustrated above:MULTIPLEXER:The Kilomux is an advanced, highly versatile user configurable modular TDM system providing an efficient method for transmitting data, voice and fax over digital data services. Its main functions are: Multiplexing/De-multiplexing operation System management Interfacing with the optional external system management. The basic Kilomux system consists of two kilomux units interconnected with each other. Two main links are there to provide for standby redundancy for the main link. The Kilomux uses permanent on-demand allocation of main link bandwidth.
The Kilomux is designed for unattended operation. A complete collection of parameters configuring the kilomux system and each of its modules,is determined by a database which is stored in the non-volatile memory of the Kilomux control module. Kilomux can store two different databases and can be configured to switchover automatically between databases per requirement. Given below are the I/O connections of the multiplexer.

Fig: - I/O CONNECTION OF KILOMUX

ROUTER

UMOD

FIELD I/O

REMOTE TERMINAL UNIT

MODEM

MODEM

LSD HSD

KILOMUX 2100

KILOMUX 2100

SATCOM LINES

BPL EPABX SYSTEM INDX 250

TRUNK 1 TRUNK 2

(STANDBY)

PC
TRUNK 3

It is provided with alarm buffer as well as LED indicator to display in real time the main link and power supply status. The system can be managed using either of the following: Front panel using push buttons and LCD ASCII terminal connection Telnet connection via the Ethernet LAN/SLIP connection RADview network management station.

ROUTER:Routers are specialized computers that send your messages and those of every other Internet user speeding to their destinations along thousands of pathways.. These are crucial devices that let messages flow between networks rather than within networks. A router has two separate but related jobs: (i) The router ensures that information doesn't go where it's not needed. This is crucial for keeping large volumes of data from clogging the connections of "innocent bystanders." (ii) The router makes sure that information does make it to the intended destination. It joins the two networks, passing information from one to the other and, in

some cases, performing translations of various protocols between the two networks. It also protects the networks from one another, preventing the traffic on one from unnecessarily spilling over to the other. As the number of networks attached to one another grows, the configuration table for handling traffic among them grows, and the processing power of the router is increased. A configuration table is a collection of information, including:
(i) Information on which connections lead to particular groups of addresses (ii) Priorities for connections to be used (iii) Rules for handling both routine and special cases of traffic.

ROUTING OF PACKETS:The office network connects to the router using an Ethernet connection. There are two connections between our router and the ISP. One is via the satcom system and the other via the BSNL ISDN line as is illustrated in figure I. This way the ISDN line is held as an insurance against a problem with the other faster connection. In addition to routing packets from one point to another, the router has rules limiting how computers from outside the network can connect to computers inside the network, how the network appears to the outside world, and other security functions. While most companies also have a special piece of hardware or software called a firewall to enforce security, the rules in a router's configuration table are important to keeping a company's (or family's) network secure. One of the crucial tasks for any router knows when a packet of information stays on its local network. For this, it uses a mechanism called a subnet mask. The subnet mask looks like an IP address and usually reads "255.255.255.0." This tells the router that all messages with the sender and receiver having an address sharing the first three groups of numbers are on the same network, and shouldnt be sent to another network. Thus knowing where and how to send a message is the most important job of a router. Some simple routers do this and nothing more. Other routers add additional functions to the jobs they perform. Rules about where messages from inside a company may be sent and from which companys messages are accepted can be applied to some routers. Others may have rules that help minimize the damage from "denial of service" attacks. The one constant is that modern networks, including the Internet, could not exist without the router.