zoologist

1. .1 [norm /nO:m/ /nO:rm/ noun [C usually plural 1 :agree with

an accepted standard or a way of behaving or doing things that most people

Europe's varied cultural, political and ethical norms accepted social norms

the norm a situation or type of behaviour that is expected and considered to be

2 :typical

.One child per family is fast becoming the norm in some countries

Abundant

literally

/"lIt.@r.@l.i/ /-r@.li/ /"lI.@`-/ adverb

:having the real or original meaning of a word or phrase .They were responsible for literally millions of deaths .We live literally just round the corner from her .(You'll lose marks if you translate too literally (= one word at a time

.1 .2

in the nearest future

Demerit
weed.3 4.

.object + to infinitive] I don't think she intended me to hear the remark +] .The course is intended for intermediate-level students !It was intended as a compliment, honestly .By midday, we were really feeling (= suffering from) the heat .Never in her life had she felt so happy .She looked at the finished painting with satisfaction .She derived/obtained great satisfaction from/out of helping other people .For me, job satisfaction is more important than the money [ debut /"deI.bju/ noun [C.1

2.

:when someone performs or presents something to the public for the first time .She made her professional stage debut in Swan Lake .He started as an actor, making his debut as a director in 1990 her debut (= first) album Jack Wilshere and Michael Carrick had already withdrawn, prompting Manchester United's .Tom Cleverley to be called up [prompt (CAUSE) /prQmpt/ /prA:mpt/ verb [T 1

:to make something happen

.The bishop's speech has prompted an angry response from both political parties .Recent worries over the president's health have prompted speculation over his political future

:prompt sb to do sth to make someone decide to say or do something

?What prompted you to say that .I don't know what prompted him to leave

to help someone, especially an actor, to remember what they were going to say

3 :or do

I forgot my line and had to be prompted 1. 2.

a throat infection Chelsea's Frank Lampard has become the third midfielder to withdraw from the .Wednesday's friendly against the Netherlands England squad for
.1

2.

Frank Lampard pulls out of England ssquad due to illness

[entice

/In"taIs/ verb [T

:to persuade someone to do something by offering them something pleasant .The adverts entice the customer into buying things they don't really want .People are being enticed away from the profession by higher salaries elsewhere .to infinitive] A smell of coffee in the doorway enticed people to enter the shop +]

[enticement

/In"taI.sm@nt/ noun [C or U

.One of the enticements of the job is the company car

enticing

/In"taI.sIN/ adjective

Something which is enticing attracts you to it by offering you advantages or :pleasure an enticing smile an enticing job offer
.1 .2 appertain to sth phrasal verb FORMAL :to be connected to or belong to .She enjoyed the privileges appertaining to the office of chairman

pollster

[poll

/p@Ul/ /poUl/ verb [T

to ask a person for their opinion as part of a general study of what people think :about a subject .Half the people polled said they would pay more for environmentally-friendly food [poll (OPINION) /p@Ul/ /poUl/ noun [C

:a study in which people are asked for their opinions about a subject or person .We're carrying out/conducting a poll to find out what people think about abortion .The latest opinion poll puts the Democrats in the lead [casual (CHANCE) /"k{Z.ju.@l/ adjective [before noun

:not serious or considered; (done) by chance .It was just a casual comment, I didn't mean it to be taken so seriously .To a casual observer, everything might appear normal IELTS is jointly owned by the British Counci struggled to contain the country's worst unrest since race riots set the capital

ablaz

Decide on the date of the test you want to do and get an A chaotic wave of violence and looting raged across London and spread to three ,other major British cities on Tuesday
.1 [casual (TEMPORARY) /"k{Z.ju.@l/ adjective [before noun :not regular or fixed; temporary casual labour/labourers/workers casual sex

2.

.The psychologist's attitude seemed far too casual, even brutal .Security around the conference hotel seemed almost casual Although close to tears, she tried to make her voice sound casual (make a break (ALSO make the break to stop having a close relationship with someone, especially stop living with them, or to change a :course of action that you have had for a long time

.You've been in your job for years - it's time you made a break When a relationship ends, it's often best to make a clean/complete brea break (END) /breIk/ verb [I or T] broke, broken

:to destroy or end something, or to come to an end .Eventually someone spoke, breaking the silence .She laughed and that broke the tension .(The enemy were unable to break the code (= understand it and so make it useless .She broke (= did better than) the record for the 5000 metres .Outside workers were brought in in an attempt to break (= end) the strike .They tried to break his will (= make him lose his control) but he resisted .He thought she would break (= lose her self-control) under the strain [break /breIk/ noun [C

A group of prisoners made a break (= escaped) from the jail some years back break (USE FORCE) /breIk/ verb [I or T; usually + adverb or preposition] broke, broken :to go somewhere or do something by force .(He threatened to break the door down (= enter using force .The horse tried to break free from its stable .In the storm the boat broke loose from its moorings .The thieves broke the safe open and stole the diamonds .(The police broke up the fight (= ended it forcefully .She broke his grip and ran away [breakage /"breI.kIdZ/ noun [C

:something that has been broken Any breakages must be paid for .Men tend to marry later than women .Paul married Lucy four years ago They don't have any plans to marry at presen

a wealthy man of marriageable age

marquee (ROOF) /mA:"ki:/ /mA:r-/ noun [C] US a roof-like structure which sticks out over the entrance to a public building, especially a theatre, and on which there is usually a sign

marquee (MAIN PERFORMER) /mA:"ki:/ /mA:r-/ adjective [before noun] US being the main performer or sports person in a show, film, sports event, etc. or being the :performer, etc. whose name will attract most people to the show, film, etc The studio chiefs wanted a marquee name in the lead role, not some unknown the curtain falls on sth LITERARY :When the curtain falls on a period of time, it ends .Although the curtain has now fallen on the Republican era, many of its values still remain draw (= open or close) the curtains

.See picture Net :a thick layer of something which makes it difficult to see anything behind it 2

.They could see nothing through the curtain of rain/smoke Bring down curtain

yet (UNTIL NOW) :still; until the present time

/jet/ adverb 1

.I haven't spoken to her yet .He hasn't finished yet ".Are you ready?" "Not yet - wait a moment"

:the best/worst, etc. yet the best or worst, etc. until now

.Of all the songs I've heard tonight, that's the best yet yesteryear /"jes.t@.jI@r/ /-t@`.jIr/ noun [U] LITERARY :a time in the past the Hollywood stars of yesteryear yesterday /"jes.t@.deI/ /-t@`-/ noun 1

:U] the day before today]

".Is that today's paper?" "No, it's yesterday's"

:the day before yesterday two days ago

.I rang her the day before yesterday

?object + to infinitive] Are the players mentally and physically prepared to play a tough game +] .The meal took two hours to prepare

:to expect that something will happen and to be ready for it

.to infinitive] It almost seems as if she is preparing to die +] .R] You need to prepare yourself for a long wait]

prepared

/prI"pe@d/ /-"perd/ adjective 1

:ready to deal with a situation

.When she called on me, I wasn't prepared .They were prepared for the worst :o make or get something or someone ready for something that will happen in the future ?Have you prepared for your interview .She'll prepare the food ahead of time and freeze it .This course aims to prepare students for middle and senior managerial positions ?object + to infinitive] Are the players mentally and physically prepared to play a tough game +] preparatory work Differences over these issues narrowed during the preparatory meetings/talks [preparation /%prep.@r"eI.S@n/ /-@"reI-/ noun [U

:the things that you do or the time that you spend preparing for something .The teacher didn't seem to have done much preparation for the class .The team blamed injuries and lack of preparation for their failure to win .Yasmin assisted in the preparation of this article .1 .2 preordain /%pri:.O:"deIn/ /-O:r-/ verb [T] FORMAL.3

 especially of a power thought to be greater than ordinary people) to decide or fix what will) :happen in a way that cannot be changed or controlled .to infinitive] Illness and suffering seemed (to be) preordained to be her lot +] .His life seems to have followed a preordained path/direction

[preoccupy

/%pri:"Qk.jU.paI/ /-"A:.kju:-/ verb [T

:to be the main thought in someone's mind, causing other things to be forgotten .Economic concerns are preoccupying the voters in this election

1..

preoccupied

/%pri:"Qk.jU.paId/ /-"A:.kju:-/ adjective

:thinking or worrying about something too much .She's been very preoccupied recently because her mother has been very ill ?Why is the media so preoccupied with the love lives of politicians

[preoccupation

/pri:%Qk.jU"peI.S@n/ /-%A:.kju:-/ noun [C or U

.My main preoccupation now is trying to keep life normal for the sake of my two boys Lately, his preoccupation with football had caused his marks at school to sli .1 2.

[absorption

/@b"zO:p.S@n/ /-"zO:rp-/ noun [U

.Some poisonous gases can enter the body by absorption through the skin Her absorption in her work (= giving all of her attention to it) is so great that she .thinks about nothing else abstention /{b"stent.S@n/ noun [U] FORMAL

Abstention from alcohol is essential while you are taking this medication.1

[abstain (NOT DO)

/{b"steIn/ verb [I

:to not do something, especially something enjoyable that you think might be bad .He took a vow to abstain from alcohol/smoking/sex absorbent /@b"zO:.b@nt/ /-"zO:r-/ adjective

:able to take liquid in through the surface and to hold it absorbent paper [murder /"m3:.d@r/ /"m3`:.d@`/ noun [C or U

:the crime of intentionally killing a person .Two sisters have been charged with (= officially accused of) murder .There were three murders in the town last year .The three were convicted of (= proved guilty of) murder murder weapon

munitions

/mju:"nIS.@nz/ plural noun

:military weapons such as guns and bombs .The army used precision-guided munitions to blow up enemy targets a munitions depot a munitions factory [municipality /mju:%nIs.I"p{l.@.ti/ /-i/ noun [C

:a city or town with its own local government, or this local government itself The municipality provides services such as electricity, water and rubbish collection
.1 municipal /mju:"nIs.I.p@l/ adjective

:of or belonging to a town or city municipal authorities municipal tennis courts municipal elections

commune

common courtesy/decency the basic level of politeness which you expect from someone

:common knowledge a fact that everyone knows

.that] It's common knowledge that they live together +] .

the common man

:ordinary people ?How can anyone so privileged have any understanding of the common man

[slaughter

/"slO:.t@r/ /"slA:.@`/ verb [T 1

:to cruelly and unfairly kill a lot of people

.Thousands of people were slaughtered in the civil war

:to kill an animal for meat

.The animals are slaughtered in abattoirs

:to defeat someone very easily

.England slaughtered Germany 5-1 at football slaughter /"slO:.t@r/ /"slA:.@`/ noun 1 :war .Hardly anyone in the town escaped the slaughter when the rebels were defeated We must find ways of reducing the slaughter which takes place on our roads (= .death of many people in motor accidents) every year [endure (EXPERIENCE) /In"djU@r/ /-"dUr/ verb [T

S or U] the killing of many people cruelly and unfairly, especially in a]

:to suffer something difficult, unpleasant or painful .We had to endure a nine-hour delay at the airport .She's already had to endure three painful operations on her leg

confide in sb phrasal verb to share your feelings and secrets with someone because you trust them not to tell :other people
She's nice, but I don't feel I can confide in her.1

.1 .2 [confide /k@n"faId/ verb [I or T

:to tell something secret or personal to someone whom you trust not to tell anyone else .that] He confided (to her) that his hair was not his own +] .speech] "My husband doesn't know yet, but I'm going to leave him, " she confided +]

consume

. She laughs at herself a lot which is always endearing

endear sb to sb phrasal verb :to cause someone to be liked by someone R] She is unlikely to endear herself to her colleagues with such an aggressive] .approach

sad to say something you say when you are telling someone about something bad that :happened

Sad to say, the ring was never fou [sadden /"s{d.@n/ verb [T

:to make someone sad .to infinitive] It saddens me to think that we'll never see her again +]
. We are deeply saddened by this devastating tragedy.1

[ shriek

/Sri:k/ verb [I or T.1

2.

.We shrieked with laughter when we realized how stupid we'd been .I tried to apologize, but he just shrieked abuse at me .speech] "Don't you dare do that ever again!" she shrieked +] a short, loud, high cry, especially one produced suddenly as an expression of a :powerful emotion shrieks of delight He suddenly let out a piercing shriek

They erected a marquee to accommodate 500 wedding guests.1

. trap (MOUTH) /tr{p/ noun [C] SLANG :a mouth !Oh, shut your trap (= stop talking) - I'm bored of listening to you I've told him it's a secret and he's to keep his trap shut (= not say anything about .(it

be trapped If someone or something is trapped, they are unable to move or escape :from a place or situation .The two men died when they were trapped in a burning building Fire officers used cutting equipment to free his legs, which were trapped under a .steel beam FIGURATIVE Jack left the job after ten years because he was beginning to feel .trapped .A greenhouse stays warm because the glass traps the heat of the sun

. The legal system is full of snares for those who are not wary .That chair looks a bit unstable to me .It is a poor and politically unstable society Unspoilt (unspoiled /Vn"spOIld/ /-"spOIlt/ adjective (UK ALSO unspoilt

An unspoiled place is beautiful because it has not been changed or damaged by :people an island with clean, unspoiled beaches
peril

/"per.@l/ noun [C or U] FORMAL.1

 2.

s :great danger, or something that is very dangerous 1

.I never felt that my life was in peril .(The journey through the mountains was fraught with peril (= full of dangers .Teenagers must be warned about the perils of unsafe sex

.Fifteen people were killed in/over a period of four days .The study will be carried out over a six-month period
perilous /"per.@l.@s/ adjective FORMAL.1 extremely dangerous 1. :s.2 .The country roads are quite perilous.3

namely

/"neIm.li/ adverb.4

used when you want to give more detail or be more exact about something you :have just said We need to get more teachers into the classrooms where they're most needed, .namely in high poverty areas [swallow (NOT EXPRESS) /"swQl.@U/ /"swA:.loU/ verb [T

:to not express or show something ".She swallowed her disappointment, saying, "That's OK, it doesn't matter .He was forced to swallow his pride and ask if he could have his old job back .An increasing amount of the countryside is being swallowed (up) by the town .Many small businesses have been swallowed (up) by large companies

swallow (THROAT)

/"swQl.@U/ /"swA:.loU/ verb

I or T] to cause food, drink, pills, etc. to move from your mouth into] 1 your stomach by using the muscles of your throat, or to use the muscles of your :throat as if doing this .My throat is so sore that it really hurts when I swallow .He put a grape into his mouth and swallowed it whole

I] to use the muscles of your throat, as if moving something from your] 2 mouth into your stomach, because you are nervous or frightened, or are about to :say something .He swallowed hard and said, "Dad, I've got something to tell you

:SPECIALIZED designed to be used for one particular purpose

a dedicated computer a dedicated sports channe decree /dI"kri:/ noun [C or U] FORMAL

:an official statement that something must happen .The decree stopped short of a full declaration of independence More than 200 people were freed by military decree
.1 .2

decompress

/%di:.k@m"pres/ verb 1 :this

I or T] to return to the original size or air pressure, or to cause something to do]

.The computer chip compresses and decompresses a colour image in less than a second If a plane window breaks the cabin will rapidly decompress

decompose

spare (EXTRA)

/spe@r/ /sper/ adjective 1

:If something is spare, it is available to use because it is extra

a spare key/tyre spare sheets and blankets ?Have you got a spare pen .We've got a spare room if you want to stay overnight with us ?Could I have a word with you when you've got a spare moment/minute UK INFORMAL "Do you want this cake?" "Yes, if it's going spare (= if no one else .(wants it
.1 . He has a short attention/concentration span.2 3.

an average life span of seventy years Over a span of just three years, the new government has transformed the country's economic prospects.

wn (EARLY MORNING) 1 sky: We woke at dawn.

/dO:n/ /dA:n/ noun [C or U]

the period in the day when light from the sun begins to appear in the

We left as dawn was breaking (= starting). We left at the break of dawn. Twenty-three people were arrested and large quantities of heroin were seized in a dawn raid (= a sudden entering of a building by police officers, in an attempt to catch people involved in illegal activities).

2 LITERARY the dawn of sth the start of a period of time or the beginning of something new: The fall of the Berlin Wall marked the dawn of a new era in European history. .

from dawn to dusk from early morning until night: We worked from dawn to dusk, seven days a week.

He seems to find it difficult to integrate socially. [R] It's very difficult to integrate yourself into a society whose culture is so different from your own. Children are often very good at integrating into a new culture. treat (PAY FOR) /tri:t/ verb [T]

to buy or pay for something for another person: Put your money away - I'm going to treat you (to this). I'm going to treat myself to (= buy for myself) a new pair of sandals. treatment /"tri:t.m@nt/ noun [C or U]

free dental treatment Perhaps it's time to try a new course of treatment. This disease doesn't generally respond to (= improve as a result of) treatment. There are various treatments for this complaint.

It's wrong to treat animals as if they had no feelings. I treat remarks like that with the contempt that they deserve. Stories about pirates often include a search for buried treasure. attractions A good nurse has to be attuned to the needs of his or her patients. attribute sth to sb/sth (RESULT) phrasal verb to say or think that something is the result or work of something or someone else: The doctors have attributed the cause of the illness to an unknown virus. To what do you attribute this delay? Most experts have attributed the drawing to Michelangelo.

a very attractive young woman I find him very attractive (= He attracts me sexually). attractive countryside These flowers are brightly coloured in order to attract butterflies. The circus is attracting huge crowds/audiences. Magnets attract iron filings.

The number of old German cars still on the road attests (to) the excellence of their manufacture.

a job: She applied for a position in the firm that I work for. position /p@"zIS.@n/ verb [T usually + adverb or preposition]

to put something or someone in a particular place: The army had been positioned to the north and east of the city. [R] When it came to seating people for dinner, I positioned myself as far away from him as possible. religious/moral convictions / / /

a deep/strong/lifelong conviction convey (TAKE) /k@n"veI/ verb [T]

to take or carry someone or something to a particular place: The goods are usually conveyed by sea. Could you convey a message to Mr Merrick for me, please? If you see James, do convey my apologies (to him). devotion

the "converse noun [S] FORMAL the opposite: In the US, you drive on the right hand side of the road, but in Britain the converse applies


However, the converse of this theory may also be true.

convert

/k@n"v3:t/ /-"v3`:t/ verb [I or T]

to (cause something or someone to) change in form, character or opinion: Could we convert the small bedroom into a second bathroom? What's the formula for converting pounds into kilos? He converted to (= starting believing in) Catholicism when he got married. I used not to like exercise, but my sister has converted me (to it).

the same: Go on, lend me the money - you know I'd do as much for you. mph /%em.pi:"eItS/

ABBREVIATION FOR miles per hour: My car won't do/go more than 70 mph. She was caught driving at 120 mph.

move

/mu:v/ noun [C]

an action taken to achieve something: Buying those shares was a good move. This move (= stage in a plan of action) towards improving childcare facilities has been widely welcomed. [+ to infinitive] The council is making a move (= taking action) to ban traffic in

some parts of the city. moving /"mu:.vIN/ adjective

causing strong feelings of sadness or sympathy: a very moving story I find some of Brahms's music deeply moving

moving

/"mu:.vIN/ noun [U]

I hate moving (= going to a different place to live or work).

movement (GROUP OF PEOPLE)

/"mu:v.m@nt/ group noun [C]

a group of people with a particular set of aims: the women's movement The suffragette movement campaigned for votes for women in Britain and the US. [+ to infinitive] a movement to stop animals being killed for their fur

move (CHANGE POSITION) 1

/mu:v/ verb [I or T]

to (cause to) change position:

I'm so cold I can't move my fingers. Will you help me move this table to the back room? Can we move (= change the time of) the meeting from 2pm to 3.30pm? Don't move! Stay right where you are.

I thought I could hear someone moving about/around upstairs. If you move along/over/up (= go further to the side, back or front) a bit, Tess can sit next to me. Police officers at the scene of the accident were asking passers-by to move along/on (= to go to a different place). Come on, it's time we were moving (= going to a different place). Let's stay here tonight, then move on (= continue our journey) tomorrow mornin

a particular position, higher or lower than others: He's in the front/first rank of (= one of the best) international tennis players. Consumer preferences were placed in rank order from 1 to 5. movement /"mu:v.m@nt/ noun [U]

There has been little movement in the dollar (= It has not changed in value very much) toda move (PROGRESS) /mu:v/ verb [I or T]

to (cause to) progress, change or happen in a particular way or direction: The judge's decision will allow the case to move ahead. If you want to move ahead in your career, you'll have to work harder. Share prices moved up/down slowly yesterday. Sophie has been moved up/down a grade at school. It's time this company moved into (= started to take advantage of the benefits of) the computer age. . move (CHANGE PLACE) /mu:v/ verb [I]

to go to a different place to live or work: We're moving to Paris.

They've bought a new house, but it will need a lot of work before they can move into it/move in. I hear Paula has moved in with her boyfriend (= gone to live in his house). The couple next door moved away (= went to live somewhere else) last year. A lot of businesses are moving out of London because it's too expensive. moving /"mu:.vIN/ adjective [before noun]

A moving object is one that moves: a moving target moving parts in a machine

movements

/"mu:v.m@nts/ plural noun

sb's movements what someone is doing during a particular period: I don't know his movements this week.

a signed Hockney print attention (NOTICE) /@"ten.tS@n/ noun [U]

notice, thought or consideration: Ladies and gentlemen, could I have your attention, please? They're organizing a campaign to draw people's attention to the environmentally harmful effects of using their cars. He likes being the centre of attention (= having a lot of people notice him) I knocked on the window to get/attract/catch her attention (= make her notice me). After an hour, my attention started to wander (= I stopped taking notice). Don't pay any attention to (= take any notice of) Nina - she doesn't know what she's talking about. If you don't pay attention (= listen carefully) now, you'll get it all wrong later. Wait a moment and I'll give you my full/undivided attention (= I'll listen to and think about only you).

Many countries are starting to turn their attention to (= to consider) new forms of energy. See also attention at attend (PROVIDE HELP).

attend

/@"tend/ verb [I] FORMAL

to give attention to what someone is saying: I'm afraid I wasn't attending to what was being said.

attentions

/@"tent.S@nz/ plural noun

Many countries are starting to turn their attentions (= attention) to new forms of energy