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[AIDS]

[AIDS is the most fatal disease in todays world. It is a disease which has no cure. It can change someones life in an instance. The victim suffers significantly from both physically and mentally. AIDS is spreading all over the world in a fast speed. But it is a good thing that our country falls under low estimate zone. It indicates that our people are very conscious about this disease.] 11/4/2010

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Group Members
Student Name
Khandaker Manowar Hossain Tasrif Khaled Shakil Chowdhury Abrar Ahmad

Student ID
071 382 030 093 0284 030 092 0361 030 091 0936 520

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What Does AIDS Mean History of AIDS Historical Landmark of AIDS How Do We Get AIDS Symptoms of HIV Positive How Do We Know If We Have AIDS Myths and Misconceptions About HIV and AIDS Is There Any Cure for AIDS A Global Assessment of AIDS Prevalence HIV and AIDS in Bangladesh o Background o Risk Factors o How Do We Prevent an Epidemic Conclusion

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What Does "AIDS" Mean? AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome: Acquired means you can get infected with it. Immune Deficiency means a weakness in the body's system that fights diseases. Syndrome means a group of health problems that make up a disease.

AIDS is caused by a virus called HIV, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus. If you get infected with HIV, your body will try to fight the infection. It will make "antibodies," special molecules to fight HIV. A blood test for HIV looks for these antibodies. If you have them in your blood, it means that you have HIV infection. People who have the HIV antibodies are called "HIV-Positive. Being HIV-positive, or having HIV disease, is not the same as having AIDS. Many people are HIV-positive but don't get sick for many years. As HIV disease continues, it slowly wears down the immune system. Viruses, parasites, fungi and bacteria that usually don't cause any problems can make you very sick if your immune system is damaged. These are called "opportunistic infections." History of AIDS The origin of AIDS and HIV has puzzled scientists ever since the illness first came to light in the early 1980s. For over twenty years it has been the subject of fierce debate and the cause of countless arguments, with everything from a promiscuous flight attendant to a suspect vaccine programmer being blamed. So what is the truth? Just where did AIDS come from?

AIDS 5 The first recognized cases of AIDS occurred in the USA in the early 1980s. A number of gay men in New York and California suddenly began to develop rare opportunistic infections and cancers that seemed stubbornly resistant to any treatment. At this time, AIDS did not yet have a name, but it quickly became obvious that all the men were suffering from a common syndrome. The discovery of HIV, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, was made soon after. While some were initially resistant to acknowledge the connection (and indeed some remain so today), there is now clear evidence to prove that HIV causes AIDS. So, in order to find the source of AIDS, it is necessary to look for the origin of HIV, and find out how, when and where HIV first began to cause disease in humans. Historical Landmark of AIDS 1959 Scientists isolate what is believed to be the earliest known case of AIDS. The discovery suggests that the multitude of global AIDS viruses all shared a common African ancestor within the past 40 to 50 years.

1978 Gay men in the US and Sweden -- and heterosexuals in Tanzania and Haiti -- begin showing signs of what will later be called AIDS.

1980

AIDS 6 Deaths in US -- 31 (includes all known cases 1981 and before)

1982 CDC (USA) links the new disease to blood. The term AIDS ("acquired immune deficiency syndrome") is used for the first time on July 27th.

1983 Institute Pasteur (France) finds the virus (HIV).

1985 The FDA (US) approves the first HIV antibody test. Blood products begin to be tested in the US and Japan. The first International Conference on AIDS is held in Atlanta (US). The first AIDS-related play -- The Normal Heart, by Larry Kramer -- opens in New York.

1993

AIDS 7 Four French blood bank officials sent to prison for allowing HIV-tainted blood into French blood banks.

1997 CDC reports first case of probable HIV transmission through kissing.

How Do We Get AIDS? You don't actually "get" AIDS. You might get infected with HIV, and later you might develop AIDS. You can get infected with HIV from anyone who's infected, even if they don't look sick and even if they haven't tested HIV-positive yet. The blood, vaginal fluid, semen, and breast milk of people infected with HIV has enough of the virus in it to infect other people. Most people get the HIV virus by: having sex with an infected person sharing a needle (shooting drugs) with someone who's infected being born when their mother is infected, or drinking the breast milk of an infected woman Getting a transfusion of infected blood used to be a way people got AIDS, but now the blood supply is screened very carefully and the risk is extremely low.

AIDS 8 There are no documented cases of HIV being transmitted by tears or saliva, but it is possible to be infected with HIV through oral sex or in rare cases through deep kissing, especially if you have open sores in your mouth or bleeding gums. Symptoms of HIV POSITIVE You might not know if you get infected by HIV. Some people get fever, headache, sore muscles and joints, stomach ache, swollen lymph glands, or a skin rash for one or two weeks. Most people think it's the flu. Some people have no symptoms. The virus will multiply in your body for a few weeks or even months before your immune system responds. During this time, you won't test positive for HIV, but you can infect other people. When your immune system responds, it starts to make antibodies. When this happens, you will test positive for HIV. After the first flu-like symptoms, some people with HIV stay healthy for ten years or longer. But during this time, HIV is damaging your immune system. One way to measure the damage to your immune system is to count your CD4 cells you have. These cells, also called "T-helper" cells, are an important part of the immune system. Healthy people have between 500 and 1,500 CD4 cells in a milliliter of blood. Without treatment, your CD4 cell count will most likely go down. You might start having signs of HIV disease like fevers, night sweats, diarrhea, or swollen lymph nodes. If you have

AIDS 9 HIV disease, these problems will last more than a few days, and probably continue for several weeks. How Do We Know If We Have AIDS? HIV disease becomes AIDS when your immune system is seriously damaged. If you have less than 200 CD4 cells or if your CD4 percentage is less than 14%, you have AIDS. If you get an opportunistic infection, you have AIDS. There is an "official" list of these opportunistic infections put out by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). The most common ones are: PCP (Pneumocystis pneumonia), a lung infection. KS (Kaposi's sarcoma), a skin cancer. CMV (Cytomegalovirus), an infection that usually affects the eyes. Candida, a fungal infection that can cause thrush (a white film in your mouth) or infections in your throat or vagina. AIDS-related diseases also include serious weight loss, brain tumors, and other health problems. Without treatment, these opportunistic infections can kill you. AIDS is different in every infected person. Some people die a few months after getting infected, while others live fairly normal lives for many years, even after they "officially" have AIDS. A few HIV-positive people stay healthy for many years even without taking antiretroviral medications (ARVs).

AIDS 10 Myths and Misconceptions about HIV and AIDS For nearly 30 years, HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) have been shrouded in many myths and misconceptions. In some cases, these mistaken ideas have prompted the very behaviors that cause more people to become HIV-positive. Although unanswered questions about HIV remain, researchers have learned a great deal. Here are the top ten myths about HIV, along with the facts to dispute them. Myth No. 1: I can get HIV by being around people who are HIV-positive. The evidence shows that HIV is not spread through touch, tears, sweat, or saliva. You cannot catch HIV by:

Breathing the same air as someone who is HIV-positive Touching a toilet seat or doorknob handle after an HIV-positive person Drinking from a water fountain Hugging, kissing, or shaking hands with someone who is HIV-positive Sharing eating utensils with an HIV-positive person Using exercise equipment at a gym

You can get it from infected blood, semen, vaginal fluid, or mother's milk. Myth No. 2: I don't need to worry about becoming HIV positive -- new drugs will keep me well. Yes, antiretroviral drugs are improving and extending the lives of many people who are HIV-positive. However, many of these drugs are expensive and produce serious side effects.

AIDS 11 None yet provides a cure. Also, drug-resistant strains of HIV make treatment an increasing challenge. Myth No. 3: I can get HIV from mosquitoes. Because HIV is spread through blood, people have worried that biting or bloodsucking insects might spread HIV. Several studies, however, show no evidence to support this -- even in areas with lots of mosquitoes and cases of HIV. When insects bite, they do not inject the blood of the person or animal they have last bitten. Also, HIV lives for only a short time inside an insect. Myth No. 4: I'm HIV-positive -- my life is over. In the early years of the disease epidemic, the death rate from AIDS was extremely high. But today, antiretroviral drugs allow HIV-positive people -- and even those with AIDS -- to live much longer. Myth No. 5: AIDS is genocide. In one study, as many as 30% of African-Americans and Latinos expressed the view that HIV was a government conspiracy to kill minorities. Instead, higher rates of infection in these populations may be due, in part, to a lower level of health care. Myth No. 6: I'm straight and don't use IV drugs -- I won't become HIV-positive. Most men do become HIV-positive through sexual contact with other men or through injection drug use. However, about 16% of men and 78% of women become HIV-positive through heterosexual contact.

AIDS 12 Myth No. 7: If I'm receiving treatment, I can't spread the HIV virus. When HIV treatments work well, they can reduce the amount of virus in your blood to a level so low that it doesn't show up in blood tests. Research shows, however, that the virus is still "hiding" in other areas of the body. It is still essential to practice safe sex so you won't make someone else become HIV-positive. Myth No. 8: My partner and I are both HIV positive -- there's no reason for us to practice safer sex. Practicing safer sex -- wearing condoms or using dental dams -- can protect you both from becoming exposed to other (potentially drug resistant) strains of HIV. Myth No. 9: I could tell if my partner was HIV-positive. You can be HIV-positive and not have any symptoms for years. The only way for you or your partner to know if you're HIV-positive is to get tested. Myth No. 10: You can't get HIV from oral sex. It's true that oral sex is less risky than some other types of sex. But you can get HIV by having oral sex with either a man or a woman who is HIV-positive. Always use a latex barrier during oral sex.

AIDS 13 Is There Any Cure For AIDS? There is no cure for AIDS. There are drugs that can slow down the HIV virus, and slow down the damage to your immune system. There is no way to "clear" the HIV out of your body. Other drugs can prevent or treat opportunistic infections (OIs). In most cases, these drugs work very well. The newer, stronger ARVs have also helped reduce the rates of most OIs. A few OIs, however, are still very difficult to treat.

A Global Assessment of AIDS Prevalence

According to UNAIDS' 2007 Global AIDS report, an estimated 33.2 million (30.6 million36.1 million) people worldwide were living with HIV in 2007. Of these, 30.8 million were adults (28.233.6 million), 2.5 million (2.22.6 million) were children under the age of 15 years. Of the adults, 15.4 million (13.916.6 million) were women.

An estimated 2.5 million (1.8 million4.1 million) became newly infected with HIV in 2007 of which 2.1 million (1.43.6 million) were adults and 420 000 (350 000540 000) were children under 15 years

An estimated 2.1 million (1.9 million2.4 million) people and lost their lives to AIDS in 2007. Of these, 1.7 million (1.62.1 million) were adults and 330 000 (310 000380 000) were children under the age of 15 years.

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HIV and AIDS in Bangladesh BACKGROUND The first case of HIV/AIDS in Bangladesh was detected in 1989. Since then 1495 cases of HIV/AIDS have been reported (as of December 2008). However UNAIDS estimates that the number of people living with HIV in the country may be as high as 12,000, which is within the range of the low estimate by UNICEF's State of the World's Children Report 2009. The overall prevalence of HIV in Bangladesh is less than1%, however, high levels of HIV infection have been found among injecting drug users (7% in one part of the capital city, Dhaka). Due to the limited access to voluntary counseling and testing services, very few Bangladeshi's are aware of their HIV status.

AIDS 15 Although still considered to be a low prevalence country, Bangladesh remains extremely vulnerable to an HIV epidemic, given its dire poverty, overpopulation, gender inequality and high levels of transactional sex. The emergence of a generalized HIV epidemic would be a disaster that poverty-stricken Bangladesh could ill-afford. It is estimated that without any intervention the prevalence in the general adult population could be as high as 2% in 2012 and 8% by 2025. Bangladesh is in the unique position to succeed where several other developing countries have not: to keep the AIDS epidemic from expanding beyond this current level by initiating comprehensive and strategically viable preventative measures, avoiding a gradual spread of HIV infection from high-risk groups to the general population.

RISK FACTORS Bangladesh is vulnerable to an expanded HIV epidemic due to the prevalence of behavior patterns and risk factors that facilitate the rapid spread of HIV. Risk factors include: Large Commercial Sex Industry: There are over 105,000 male and female sex workers in Bangladesh. Brothel-based female sex workers reportedly see around 18 clients per week, while street based and hotel-based workers see an average of 17 and 44 clients per week, respectively. Condom Use: Sixth round BSS (2006-2007) data indicate significant improvement in condom use during last sex with new client particularly among brothel- and street-based workers. Condom use was 70 percent for brothel workers and ranged between 51 to 81 percent among street workers. However, condom use was low among hotel based sex workers in Dhaka and Chittagong at 40 and 36 percent, respectively. Hotel-based workers are especially vulnerable to

AIDS 16 HIV as they have the largest number of clients. Consistent condom use and with regular clients is lower for all sub-groups.

Sexually Transmitted Infections: Syphilis rates fell among brothel- and street-based sex workers in Dhaka and among IDUs in Dhaka and Rajshahi between 2004 and 2006. Syphilis rates, however, have remained unchanged for hotel-based sex workers, male sex workers, and street based workers in Chittagong, indicating the presence of other risky sexual behaviors that facilitate the spread of the HIV. Needle-sharing among Injecting Drug Users: The seventh round of serological surveillance data shows that there is a concentrated epidemic among IDUs in one neighborhood of Dhaka with an HIV prevalence of 10.4 percent. This level of infection among IDUs poses a significant risk as the infection can spread rapidly and is spreading within the group, then through their sexual partners and their clients into the general population. The BSS data for 2006-2007 indicate the persistence of unsafe injecting practices among IDUs and the majority still shares needles and syringes. Another concern is the significant number of IDUs who sell their blood professionally. Bangladesh continues to rely on professional blood-sellers to meet part of the transfusion needs of its people. Lack of Knowledge: Data on knowledge and behavior indicates that only 17 percent of the most-at-risk populations have correct knowledge about prevention and misconceptions on HIV/AIDS. Furthermore, a 2005 population based survey among adolescents and young people (15-24 years) indicated that only one out of three males in urban and one out of four in rural areas had correct knowledge of HIV and AIDS. Among the general population, data indicate that 59 percent of ever-married women and 42 percent of men of age 15-54 could not mention a

AIDS 17 single way to avoid contracting HIV. High level of stigma associated with people living with HIV. People engaged in high-risk behaviors often have limited access to health care.

HOW DO WE PREVENT AN EPIDEMIC? Prevention should be a key element in the national response to HIV. One of the four key priorities of the UNICEF and UNAIDS global Unite for Children, Unite against AIDS campaign - 'preventing infection among adolescents and young people' - is especially pertinent in Bangladesh. The cornerstone of HIV prevention is safer sex. Young people need practical help in the form of appropriate life skills and youth-friendly health services where they can seek advice, have their queries answered and obtain condoms and treatment for STIs. Young people need and have the right to access comprehensive information about STIs, HIV and AIDS prevention and positive living and to make informed decisions about sex and sexuality.

Conclusion AIDS is the most fatal disease in todays world. It is a disease which has no cure. It can change someones life in an instance. The victim suffers significantly from both physically and mentally. AIDS is spreading all over the world in a fast speed. But it is a good thing that our country falls under low estimate zone. It indicates that our people are very conscious about this disease.

AIDS 18 References http://www.aids.org/factSheets/102-HIV-Testing.html http://www.aids.org/factSheets/500-Opportunistic-Infections.html http://www.aids.org/factSheets/150-Stopping-the-Spread-of-HIV.html http://www.aids.org/factSheets/151-Safer-Sex-Guidelines.html http://www.aids.org/factSheets/152-How-Risky-Is-It.html http://www.niaid.nih.gov/factsheets/aidsstat.htm http://www.aids.org/factSheets/103-Acute-HIV-Infection.html http://www.aids.org/factSheets/124-T-Cell-Tests.html http://www.aids.org/factSheets/515-Pneumocystis-Pneumonia-PCP.html http://www.aids.org/factSheets/511-Kaposis-Sarcoma-KS.html http://www.aids.org/factSheets/504-Cytomegalovirus-CMV.html http://www.aids.org/factSheets/501-Candidiasis-Thrush.html http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00018871.htm http://www.boydgraves.com/timeline/ http://www.aegis.com/topics/timeline/ http://www.avert.org/origin-aids-hiv.htm http://www.webmd.com/hiv-aids/top-10-myths-misconceptions-about-hivaids?page=2 http://www.hivaidsonline.in/index.php/GLOBAL/a-global-assessment-of-aidsprevalence.html

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