92

Chapter 2

Differentiation

51. x2

y2

25; acceleration of the top of the ladder dx dt x dx dt d 2x dt 2 dy dt dy dt dx dt

d 2y dt 2

First derivative: 2x

2y y

0 0 dx dt y d 2y dt 2 dy dt dy dt d 2y dt 2 0 1 y x d 2x dt 2 dx dt
2

Second derivative: x

dy dt

When x d 2y dt 2

7, y 1 24

24, 70

dy dt 2
2

7 dx , and 12 dt 7 12
2

2 (see Exercise 27). Since 1 24 4 49 144 1 24 29.10s

dx d 2x is constant, 2 dt dt 625 144 206.2

0.

0.1808 ft sec2

53. (a) Using a graphing utility, you obtain m s (b) dm dt dm ds ds dt 1.762s 29.10 ds dt 1.2.

0.881s2

(c) If t Thus,

s 1995 , then s dm dt

15.5 and

ds dt

1.762 15.5

29.10 1.2

2.15 million.

Review Exercises for Chapter 2

1. f x f x x2 lim 2x f x x x2 2x x x 3 x x
2

f x 2x x x x
2 2

x0

lim

x x 2x

x2 2 x x

2x 3

3 x2 2x 3

x0

lim

2x x

x0

lim 3. f x f x x lim

2 x

x0

lim 2x
x0

2x

2 1.

1 f x x x x x x x 1 x x x x x x x x x f x 1 x x x x 1 2 x x x x 1 x x x x

5. f is differentiable for all x

x0

lim lim lim

x0

x0

x0

lim

x0

Review Exercises for Chapter 2

93

7. f x

2 2. 2 because of the sharp turn

9. Using the limit definition, you obtain g x At x 1, g 1 4 3 1 6 3 2

(a) Continuous at x

4 x 3

1 . 6

(b) Not differentiable at x in the graph.

y 7 6 5 4 3 2 x 1 2 3 4 5 6

1 2 3

11. (a) Using the limit defintion, f x At x y 2 y (b)

4

3x 2.

13. g 2

x2

lim

gx x x2 x x x3 x x

g2 2 1 2 x2 2 2 x2 x x 2 x 2 8 2 4 4

1, f 3x 3x
0

3. The tangent line is 1 1

x2
2

x2

lim

lim

(1, 2)

x2

lim

x2

lim x 2

15.
2

17. y
f f

25 0

19. f x f x

x8 8x7

x 1 1

21. h t h t

3t 4 12t 3 33 x x
2 3

23. f x f x 6x1
2

x3 3x2 2 t 3
2

3x2 6x 3x x 2

25. h x h x

6 x 3x
1 2

3x1 x

27. g t g x 31. f f

1 x2

4 t 3 3 cos

4 3t3 sin 4 cos 4

29. f f

2 2

3 sin 3 cos

3 sin

94

Chapter 2

Differentiation

33.

F F t

200 T 100 T 4, F 4 9, F 9 50 vibrations/sec/lb. 331 vibrations/sec/lb. 3

35.

st s 9.2 s0

16t2 16 9.2 1354.24

s0
2

s0

(a) When T (b) When T 37. (a)

15
y

The building is approximately 1354 feet high (or 415 m).

(c) Ball reaches maximum height when x (d) y y y 0

x
20 40 60

25.

x 1 1 0.6 0

0.02x2 0.04x

10

y 10 y 25

Total horizontal distance: 50 (b) 0 0 39. x t (a) v t at (c) v t x

3 2

x x 1 t2

0.02x2 x implies x 50 2 2t 2
3 2. 3 2

y 30 y 50 50. 1 (e) y 25 0

0.2 1

3t x t v t 0 for t 2

t 3

2 t

3 (b) v t < 0 for t < 2 .

(d) x t v1
1 2 1 2 1 4

0 for t 21 22

1, 2. 3 3 1 1

v2

The speed is 1 when the position is 0. 3x2 3x2 2 45. f x f x 6x3 x 2x 7 x2 7 2x 9x2
2

41. f x f x

2x 2 16x

3 x2 7 2x 3 6x

43. h x h x

x sin x 1 sin x 2 x x2 x2 x2 x2 x2 1 x 1 1 2x 1
2

x1 2 sin x x cos x

2x 2

47. f x 2 1 1 x3 f x

1 1 x2 x2 12 x 1 2x

2 x3 1 x3

49. f x f x

4 4 3x 2 sec x

3x2 3x2

51. y
2

x2 cos x cos x 2x cos2 x tan x x sec2 x tan x x2 x sin x 2x cos x x 2 sin x cos2 x

6x

6x 3x2

y 55. y

53. y y

3x 2 sec x tan x

6x sec x

Review Exercises for Chapter 2

95

57. y y

x cos x x sin x

sin x cos x cos x x sin x

59. g t g t g t

t3 3t2 6t y y

3t 3

61. f f f

3 tan 3 sec2 6 sec sec tan 6 sec

2

63.

2 sin x 2 cos x 2 sin x 2 sin x 0

3 cos x 3 sin x 3 cos x 3 cos x 2 sin x 3 cos x

tan y

y y

65. f x f x

1 1 1 2

x3

1 2

67. h x
1 2

x x2 2 x x2

3 1

x3

3x2

h x

3 1 3 x2

x2 x2 1
3

1 1 x2 6x 1

x 12

3 2x

3x2 2 1 x3 s2 s2 s s2
5 2 5 2

2x

69. f s f s

1 1

s3 3s2 3s

5 s3 s2 1 3s 5 5 25
5 2

71. y s2 5 1
3 2

3 cos 3x 9 sin 3x

1 1

2s

1 1

3 2 3 2

s3

s s2

8s3

73. y y

1 csc 2x 2 1 2 csc 2x cot 2x 2 csc 2x cot 2x

75. y y

x 2 1 2 1 1 2

sin 2x 4 1 cos 2x 2 4 cos 2x sin2 x

77. y y

2 32 sin x 3 sin1 2 x cos x cos x cos3 x

2 72 sin x 7 sin5 2 x cos x sin2 x

79. y y

sin x x 2 x 2 cos x x 22 sin x

sin x 1 sin x 1 1
4 5

81. f t f t

t2 t tt

83. g x 2 g x

2x x x x 1

1 2
3 2

1 2

7t

The zeros of f correspond to the points on the graph of f where the tangent line is horizontal.
0.1

g does not equal zero for any value of x in the domain. The graph of g has no horizontal tangent lines.
4

f
0.1 1.3

f
0.1 2

g
2

96

Chapter 2 t 6t 1 5 1

Differentiation
1 2

85. f t f t

1 3

5 6

87. y y

tan 1

1 6

sec2 1 x 2 1 x

f does not equal zero for any x in the domain. The graph of f has no horizontal tangent lines.
5

y does not equal zero for any x in the domain. The graph has no horizontal tangent lines.
5

y
20 7 2

f
2 1

y
4

89. y y y

2x2 4x 4

sin 2x 2 cos 2x 4 sin 2x

91. f x f x f

cot x csc2 x 2 csc x csc x cot x

93. f t f t f t

t 1 t 1 2t 1 t
2

1 t3 2 t4

2 csc2 x cot x

95. g g g 97. T T

tan 3 3 sec2 3

sin cos

1 1 sin
1

18 sec2 3 tan 3 700 t2 t2 4t 10

1400 t 2 4t 10 2 1, 1400 1 2 4 10 2 5, 1400 5 30 3xy 3y 3x 2 10 y3 3y2y y2 y y

2

(a) When t T 1

(b) When t 18.667 deg hr. T (d) When t 3.240 deg hr. T 9

3, 1400 3 2 12 10 2 10, 2 10
2

7.284 deg hr.

(c) When t T 25 x2 2x 3xy

1400 10 100 40

0.747 deg hr.

99.

10 0 2x 2x 3x y x 3y 3y y2 x y y1
2

101. y 1 x 2
1 2

16 0 y y 2 x

x1 2y

1 y 2

1 2

x y 2 y

2 xy x y 2 y y

2 xy y 2 x 2 xy y 2 x 2 y 2 xy x 2y x 2x y y y x x

Review Exercises for Chapter 2

97

103. x cos y y y x cos y

x sin y sin y cos x y

y cos x y sin x y sin x y cos x sin y

105. 2x

x2

y2 2yy y

20 0
9

(2, 4)
9

y sin x sin y cos x x cos y

x y
6

At 2, 4 : y Tangent line: y x Normal line: y 2x

1 2 4 2y 4 y 1 x 2 10 2x 0 0 2 2

107.

y dy dt dy dt

x 2 units sec dx 1 dx dt 2 x dt 1 dx , 2 dt 1, 4, dx dt dx dt 2 x dy dt 4 x

(a) When x (b) When x (c) When x

2 2 units/sec. 4 units/sec. 8 units/sec.

109.

s h s dV dt

1 2 2 1 h 4 1

111. s t s t s 35

60 9.8t 60

4.9t2
s (t)

4.9t2 25 5 4.9 st xt 3s t 3 9.8 5 4.9

30 x(t )

4.9t2 t 1 h 4 5 8 4 4 2 hh h tan 30 1 3 xt dx dt
2
1 2

Width of water at depth h: w V dV dt dh dt When h 2 2s 5 2 2 5 4 2 4 2 h dh dt 2 h 2 h

ds dt

1 2

38.34 m sec
2

2 dV dt 54 h 1, dh dt 2 m min. 25

s h 2

98

Chapter 2

Differentiation

Problem Solving for Chapter 2

1. (a) x 2 y r
2

r2 Circle y Parabola
3

x2 Substituting, y y2 y2 yy 2r y 2r y 2r r
2

3 1

r2 r2 0 0

y y

r2 y 1

Since you want only one solution, let 1 Graph y x 2 and x 2 y

1 2 2 1 4

2r

0r

1 2

(b) Let x, y be a point of tangency: x 2 y x2 y 2x 2b b Also, x 2 y y b y y y

2

1 2x

2y

by

0y

x b y

circle .

2x (parabola). Equating, x b 1 1 b 2 b
2

y 1 and y y

1 2 x 2 imply y 1 2 1y 1 2 1y

3 1

1y

3 and b 4

5 . 4

Center: 0, Graph y

5 4 x 2 and x 2 y 5 4 a0
2

3. (a)

f x f 0 f 0 P1 x

cos x 1 0 1

P1 x P1 0 P
1

a1x 1 0

(b)

f x f 0 f 0 f 0 P2 x

cos x 1 0 1 1
1 2 2x

P2 x P2 0 P P
2 2

a0

a1x

a2x 2 1 0
1 2

a0 a0 a1 a1

a0 a0 a1 a1 2a2 a2

0 0

(c)

x cos x P2 x

1.0 0.5403 0.5

0.1 0.9950 0.9950

0.001 1 1

0 1 1

0.001 1 1

0.1 0.9950 0.9950

1.0 0.5403 0.5

P2 x is a good approximation of f x (d) f x f 0 f 0 f 0 f 0 x sin x 0 1 0 1

1 3 6x

cos x when x is near 0. a0 a1x a2 x 2 0 1 0

1 6

P3 x P3 0 P P P
3 3 3

a3x3

a0 a0 a1 a1 2a2 a2 6a3 a3

0 0 0

P3 x

Problem Solving for Chapter 2 5. Let p x p x Ax3 3Ax 2 B 2B A 3A Bx 2 2Bx C C B 2B C C 2D 2C 12 16 5 2C 12, you obtain 4A 8A 2. Finally, C
1 2

99

Cx C D

At 1, 1 : A 3A At 1, 3:

1 14 D 3 2 2

Equation 1 Equation 2 Equation 3 Equation 4

Adding Equations 1 and 3: 2B

Subtracting Equations 1 and 3: 2A Adding Equations 2 and 4: 6A 2C

Subtracting Equations 2 and 4: 4B Hence, B 4 and D 2C 4x 2 a 2 y2 x4 a2x 2 a a2x 2 a

2

1 2

2B

Subtracting 2A Thus, p x 7. (a) x4 a2 y 2 y 2x3 a2 x 2 a2x 2

4 and 6A 5.

2A

x4 x4 a2x 2 a x4

Graph: y1 (b)
3

and y2

a= 1 2
3

a=2 a=1
2

a, 0 are the x-intercepts, along with 0, 0 .

(c) Differentiating implicitly, 4x 3 y a2 2

2

2a2 x

2a2 y y x a2 a2y 2x 2 0 2x 2 a2 x
a

2a2x 4x3 2a2y a2 a2 2 a2y 2 a2y2

a4 4 a2y 2 y2 y

a4 2 a4 4 a2 4

a 2 a a , , 2 2 a , 2 a , 2 a a , , 2 2 a , 2 a 2

Four points:

100 9. (a)

Chapter 2
y

Differentiation Line determined by 0, 30 and 90, 6 :

30

(0, 30)

y
(90, 6) (100, 3)
x 90 100

30

30 6 x 0 90 100, y

24 x 90 30

4 xy 15

4 x 15

30

When x

4 100 15

10 > 3 Shadow determined by man. 3

Not drawn to scale

(b)
30

Line determined by 0, 30 and 60, 6 :

(0, 30) (60, 6) (70, 3)
x 60 70

y When x

30

30 6 x 0 60 70, y 2 70 5

0 30

2 xy 5

2 x 5

30

2 < 3 Shadow determined by child.

Not drawn to scale

(c) Need 0, 30 , d, 6 , d 30 0 6 d 6 d d 3

10, 3 collinear. 10 24 d 3 d 10 80 feet dx dt 5.

(d) Let y be the length of the street light to the tip of the shadow. We know that For x > 80, the shadow is determined by the man. y 30 y 6 x y dy 5 x and 4 dt 5 dx 4 dt 25 . 4

For x < 80, the shadow is determined by the child. y 30 y x 3 10 y 10 x 9 100 dy and 9 dt 10 dx 9 dt 50 . 9

Therefore, 25 4 50 9 x > 80 0 < x < 80 80.

dy dt

dy is not continuous at x dt

11. L x

lim lim lim

Lx Lx L x x lim

x0

x x L x x

Lx Lx

x0

x0

Also, L 0 But, L 0 Thus, L x

L x x

L0 L0 0 L0 L 0 L 0 0.

x0

0 because L 0 L 0 , for all x.

The graph of L is a line through the origin of slope L 0 .

Problem Solving for Chapter 2 13. (a)

101

z (degrees) sin z z sin z z

z0

0.1 0.0174524

0.01 0.0174533

0.0001 0.0174533

(b) lim

z0

0.0174533 sin z z lim

z 0

In fact, lim (c) d sin z dz

180 sin z sin z z z cos z cos z z 180 2 sin z sin z z 1 cos z sin z sin z z

lim

z 0

lim

z 0

sin z

lim

z 0

cos z

sin z 0 (d) S 90 d Sz dz sin 90

cos z sin c

180

cos z cos 180 1

180

1; C 180 Cz

180

d sin cz dz

cos cz

180

(e) The formulas for the derivatives are more complicated in degrees. 15. j t a t

(a) j t is the rate of change of the acceleration. (b) From Exercise 102 in Section 2.3, st vt at a t 8.25t 2 16.5t 16.5 jt 0 66t 66