Friction

Earlier we assumed action and reaction forces at contacting surfaces are normal Seen as smooth surface not practically true Normal & tangential forces are important Tangential forces generated near contacting surfaces are FRICTIONAL FORCES Sliding of one contact surface to other friction occurs and it is opposite to the applied force Reduce friction in bearings, power screws, gears, aircraft propulsion, missiles through the atmosphere, fluid flow etc. Maximize friction in brakes, clutches, belt drives etc. Friction dissipated as heat loss of energy, wear of parts etc.

Friction
Dry friction (coulomb friction) Occurs when un-lubricated surfaces are in contact during sliding friction force always oppose the sliding motion Occurs when the adjacent layers in a fluid (liquid, gas) are moving at different velocities This motion causes friction between fluid elements Depends on the relative velocity between layers No relative velocity no fluid friction depends on the viscosity of fluid measure of resistance to shearing action between the fluid layers Fluid friction

Dry friction: Laws of dry friction

W

W weight; N Reaction of the surface

A

Only vertical component

N W P

P applied load
A F N

F static friction force : resultant of many forces acting over the entire contact area Because of irregularities in surface & molecular attraction

F
Equilibrium

Fm

Motion

Fk p Less irregularities interaction

F N More irregularities interaction

P is increased; F is also increased and continue to oppose P This happens till maximum Fm is reached Body tend to move till Fm is reached After this point, block is in motion Block in motion: Fm reduced to Fk lower value kinetic friction force and it remains same related to irregularities interaction N reaches B from A Then tipping occurs abt. B

EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE: Fm proportional to N Fm = s N; s static friction co-efficient Similarly, Fk = k N; k kinetic friction co-efficient

k = 0.75 s s and k depends on the nature of surface; not on contact area of surface

Four situations can occur when a rigid body is in contact with a horizontal surface: We have horizontal and vertical force equilibrium equns. and F=N
F
Equilibrium

Fm

Motion

Fk p

No motion, (Px < Fm)

It is sometimes convenient to replace normal force N and friction force F by their resultant R:

No friction

No motion

Motion impending

Motion

Fm s N Fk k N tans = = tank = = N N N N tans = s tank = k

s angle of static friction maximum angle (like Fm) k angle of kinetic friction; k < s

Consider block of weight W resting on board with variable inclination angle .

ANGLE OF INCLINATION IS INCREASING

Angle of inclination = angle of repose; = s

R Not vertical

Three categories of problems

First category: to know a body slips or not

All applied forces are given, co-effts. of friction are known Find whether the body will remain at rest or slide Friction force F required to maintain equilibrium is unknown (magnitude not equal to s N) Solution
Determine F required for equilibrium, by solving equilibrium equns; Also find N Compare F obtained with maximum value Fm i.e., from Fm = s N F is smaller or equal to Fm, then body is at rest Otherwise body starts moving Actual friction force magnitude = Fk = k N

Beer/Johnston

A 100 N force acts as shown on a 300 N block placed on an inclined plane. The coefficients of friction between the block and plane are s = 0.25 and k = 0.20. Determine whether the block is in equilibrium and find the value of the friction force.
= 36.9 DEG

Fx = 0 :
Fy = 0 :

3 100 N - 5 (300 N ) F = 0

F = 80 N
= 36.9 DEG

4 N - 5 (300 N ) = 0

N = 240 N
Fm = s N = 0.25 (240) = 60 N

Fm < F
The block will slide down the plane.

 If maximum friction force is less than friction force required for equilibrium, block will slide. Calculate kinetic-friction force.
Factual = Fk = k N = 0.20(240 N )
Factual = 48 N

F
Equilibrium

Fm

Motion

Fk p

Meriam/Kraige; 6/8

Cylinder weight: 30 kg; Dia: 400 mm Static friction co-efft: 0.30 between cylinder and surface Calculate the applied CW couple M which cause the cylinder to slip Fx = 0 = -NA+0.3NB Cos 30-NB Sin 30 = 0 Fy = 0 =>-294.3+0.3NA+NBCos 30-0.3NB Sin 30 = 0 Find NA & NB by solving these two equns.
M FB = 0.3 NB C NA M 30 30 x 9.81

MC = 0 = > 0.3 NA (0.2)+0.3 NB (0.2) - M = 0 Put NA & NB; Find M

NB FA = 0.3 NA

NA = 237 N & NB = 312 N; M = 33 Nm

Second category: Impending relative motion when two or three bodies in contact with each other
Meriam/Kraige; 6/5 4 12

Paint Wooden block

Wooden block: 1.2 kg; Paint: 9 kg

Determine the magnitude and direction of (1) the friction force exerted by roof surface on the wooden block, (2) total force exerted by roof surface on the wooden block

Roof surface

10.2x 9.81

= tan-1 (4/12) = 18.43

(2) Total force = 10.2 x 9.81 = 100.06 N UP

F

(1) Fx = 0 => -F+100.06 sin 18.43 => F = 31.6 N Fy = 0 => N = 95 N

Beer/Johnston

For 20 kg block
20 x 9.81 = 196.2 N

(a)

For 30 kg block
30 x 9.81 = 294.3 N F1 N1

T F1 N1

P
F2 N2

(B)

490.5 N

Beer/Johnston
A 6.5-m ladder AB of mass 10 kg leans against a wall as shown. Assuming that the coefficient of static friction on s is the same at both surfaces of contact, determine the smallest value of s for which equilibrium can be maintained. A
2.5 m

6m

Slip impends at both A and B, FA= sNA, FB= sNB Fx=0=> FANB=0, NB=FA=sNA Fy=0=> NAW+FB=0, NA+FB=W NA+sNB=W; W = NA(1+s2) Mo = 0 => (6) NB - (2.5) (NA) +(W) (1.25) = 0 6sNA - 2.5 NA + NA(1+s2) 1.25 = 0 s = -2.4 2.6 = > Min s = 0.2

FB B NB

W A NA FA
1.25

O
1.25

Wedges
Wedges - simple machines used to raise heavy loads like wooden block, stone etc. Loads can be raised by applying force P to wedge Force required to lift block is significantly less than block weight
A wooden block C, D Wedges

Friction at AC & CD prevents wedge from sliding out Want to find minimum force P to raise block

FBD of block

FBD of wedge

F3 6

Fx = 0 :
N1 + s N 2 = 0

Fx = 0 :
s N 2 N 3 ( s cos 6 sin 6 ) +P=0

6 N3

Fy = 0 :

W s N 1 + N 2 = 0 N + N (cos 6 sin 6 ) = 0 2 3 s

Fy = 0 :

Beer/Johnston Two 8 wedges of negligible weight are used to move and position a 530-N block. Knowing that the coefficient of static friction is 0.40 at all surfaces of contact, determine the magnitude of the force P for which motion of the block is impending s = tan1 s = tan1 (0.4) = 21.801
FBD of block 530 R2 530
21.8

slip impends at wedge/block wedge/wedge and block/incline

41.8 91.8

R1

Using sine law,

(R2/Sin 41.8) = (530/sin 46.4) R2 = 487.84 N

R1
20 21.8

46.4

R2

P = 440.6 N

Beer/Johnston A 6 steel wedge is driven into the end of an ax handle to lock the handle to the ax head. The coefficient of static friction between the wedge and the handle is 0.35. Knowing that a force P of magnitude 60 N was required to insert the wedge to the equilibrium position shown, determine the magnitude of the forces exerted on the handle by the wedge after force P is removed.
P = 60 N

s = tan 1 s= tan 1 (0.35 ) = 19.29

By symmetry R1= R2; in EQUILIBRIUM

3 19.29 6 3

R2

R1

19.29

Fy = 0: 2R1 sin 22.29 60 N =0 R1 = R2 = 79.094 N

WHAT WILL HAPPEN IF P IS REMOVED ?

Vertical component of R1, R2 will be eliminated Hence, H1 = H2 = 79.094 N cos22.29 = 73.184 N Final force = 73.184 N Since included angle is 3(< s) from the normal, the wedge is self-locking and will remain in place.

No motion

Screws Used for fastening, transmitting power or motion, lifting body Square threaded jack - screw jack
V-thread is also possible

W- AXIAL LOAD
Upward motion

M APPLIED MOMENT ABOUT AXIS OF SCREW M M=PXr L LEAD DISTANCE Advancement per revolution HELIX ANGLE

To raise load
M W

One full thread of screw

R + w P

P = M/r

2r

tan (+) = P/W = M/rW => M = rW tan (+)

= tan-1 (L/2r)

angle of friction

To lower load unwinding condition

W

<

Screw will remain in place self locking

P = M/r R

Moment required to => M = rW tan (-) lower the screw

In verge of un-winding

>
Moment required to prevent unwinding

Screw will unwind itself

R P = M/r

=> M = rW tan (-)

Beer/Johnston

A clamp is used to hold two pieces of wood together as shown. The clamp has a double square thread of mean diameter equal to 10 mm with a pitch of 2 mm. The coefficient of friction between threads is s = 0.30. If a maximum torque of 40 Nm is applied in tightening the clamp, determine (a) the force exerted on the pieces of wood, and (b) the torque required to loosen the clamp.

Lead distance = 2 x pitch = 2 x 2 = 4 mm r = 5 mm

(double square thread)

2(2 mm ) tan = = = 0.1273 2 r 10 mm tan s = s = 0.30 L

= 7.3

s = 16.7

a) Forces exerted on the wooded pieces M/r tan (+) = W W = 40 / (0.005) tan (24) = 17.96 kN b) the torque required to loosen the clamp M = rW tan (-) = 0.005 (17.96) tan (9.4) M = 14.87 Nm

Beer/Johnston The position of the automobile jack shown is controlled by a screw ABC that is singlethreaded at each end (right-handed thread at A, left-handed thread at C). Each thread has a pitch of 2 mm and a mean diameter of 7.5 mm. If the coefficient of static friction is 0.15, determine the magnitude of the couple M that must be applied to raise the automobile.
FBD joint D:

By symmetry:

4 kN

Fy = 0 => 2FADsin254 kN=0 FAD = FCD = 4.73 kN

25

25

FAD

FCD

FBD joint A: 4.73 kN

25

Fx = 0 => FAC2(4.73) cos25=0 FAC = 8.57 kN

25

FAC

FAE = 4.73 Joint A

W = FAC = 8.57

Here is used instead of used earlier

P = M/r

R (7.5)

L = Pitch = 2 mm

MA = rW tan (+) = (7.5/2) (8.57) tan (13.38) = 7.63 Nm

Similarly, at C, Mc = 7.63 Nm (by symmetry); Total moment = 7.63 (2) = 15.27 Nm

Journal & Thrust bearing Journal bearings provide lateral support to rotating shafts Thrust bearings provide axial support
bearing bearing

shaft

shaft

Journal bearing - Axle friction

Thrust bearing - Disc friction

Friction in full circular area - DISK FRICTION (Eg., Disc clutch)

Friction between two ring shaped areas

Consider Hollow shaft (R1, R2) M Moment required for shaft rotation at constant speed P axial force which maintains shaft in contact with bearing

Couple moment required to overcome friction resistance, M

Equilibrium conditions and moment equations are necessary to solve problems

Beer/Johnston A .178 m-diameter buffer weighs 10.1 N. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the buffing pad and the surface being polished is 0.60. Assuming that the normal force per unit area between the pad and the surface is uniformly distributed, determine the magnitude Q of the horizontal forces required to prevent motion of the buffer.

Mo = 0 => (0.2) Q M = 0; Q = M / 0.2

M O

M = 2/3 (0.6) (10.1) (0.178/2) = 0.36 Nm

Q = M / 0.2 = 0.36/0.2 = 1.8 N

0.2 m

-Q

Consider flat belt, cylindrical drum

Belt friction
Draw free-body diagram for PP element of belt Fx = 0 : (T + T ) cos T cos s N = 0 2 2 Fy = 0 : N (T + T ) sin T sin =0 2 2

dT / T = S d T2 T1 0

dT / T = S d

angle of contact

ln (T2/T1) = S ; T2/T1 = e S

ln (T2/T1) = S ; T2/T1 = e S
Applicable to belts passing over fixed drums; ropes wrapped around a post; belt drives T2 > T1 This formula can be used only if belt, rope are about to slip; Angle of contact is radians; rope is wrapped n times - 2n rad In belt drives, pulley with lesser value slips first, with S remaining same

V- Belt

T2/T1 = e S /sin (/2)

Beer/Johnston
A flat belt connects pulley A to pulley B. The coefficients of friction are s = 0.25 and k = 0.20 between both pulleys and the belt. Knowing that the maximum allowable tension in the belt is 600 N, determine the largest torque which can be exerted by the belt on pulley A.

Since angle of contact is smaller, slippage will occur on pulley B first. Determine belt tensions based on pulley B; = 120 deg = 2/3 rad

T2 = e T1
s

600 N = e 0 .25 (2 3 ) = 1 .688 T1

600 N T1 = = 355 .4 N 1.688

MA = 0:

M A + (8 cm )(355.4 N 600 N ) = 0 M A = 1956.8 N cm

Check for belt not sliping at pulley A: ln (600/355.4) = x 4/3 => = 0.125 < 0.25

Beer/Johnston A 120-kg block is supported by a rope which is wrapped 1.5 - times around a horizontal rod. Knowing that the coefficient of static friction between the rope and the rod is 0.15, determine the range of values of P for which equilibrium is maintained.

= 1.5 turns = 3 rad

For impending motion of W up P = W e s = (1177.2 N) e (0.15)3 = 4839.7 N For impending motion of W down P = W es = (1177.2 N) e(0.15)3 = 286.3 N

W = 9.81 X 120 = 1177.2 N

For equilibrium: 286 N P 4.84 kN

Beer/Johnston In the pivoted motor mount shown, the weight W of the 175-N motor is used to maintain tension in the drive belt. Knowing that the coefficient of static friction between the flat belt and drums A and B is 0.40, and neglecting the weight of platform CD, determine the largest couple which can be transmitted to drum B when the drive drum A is rotating clockwise.
For impending belt slip: CW rotation = radians

Obtain FBD of motor and mount; MD = 0 => find T1 and T2

T1 = 54.5 N, T2 = 191.5 N

Obtain FBD of drum at B; MB in CCW; MB = 0; Find MB MB=10.27 N.m