ADVANTAGES OF USING JET PUMPS TO DEWATER GAS WELLS AND FOR FRAC FLUID RECOVERY

Toby Pugh, Weathreford International Abstract The use of jet pumps has proven to be extremely advantageous and cost effective for operators in the following cases: a) For dewatering gas wells b) For frac fluid recovery operations c) For when the well has stopped flowing d) To boost production from wells e) For when an existing gas lift well is proving cost prohibitive or the gas is depleting f) To clean sandy wells prior to running EPSs g) Performing DSTs prior to installing production pumps h) In hybrid systems as a backup to gas lift or ESP In addition to the above, a coiled tubing jet pump (Figures 1 and 2) can be used so that the existing tubing typically does not need to be pulled, or when the casing is no longer a viable fluid flow conduit. When the size of the existing tubing in the well is 2-3/8 or larger, the pump standing valve and seal areas are attached to the coiled tubing (either 1-1/4 or 1-1/2). They are run in as a unit and seated on a tubing packer. The pump can then be circulated in and out hydraulically, or it can be installed/retrieved via standard wireline. Production rates of as much as 2000-3000 bpd can be achieved for the full size jet pumps (Figure 3) and 600-800 bpd for the coiled tubing jets inside of either 2-3/8 or larger tubing. As with all jet pump production rates, the above rates are highly dependent on well conditions especially the pump-intake-pressure (or flowing bottomhole pressure at pump depth). This paper will center on the first two items in the above list along with actual installation results for both (see Figures 4 and 5). Discussion The 1-1/4 and 2-3/8 sizes of jet pumps have become the hydraulic pumps of choice for these applications. Both pumps were developed so that they can be used either as free style pumps inside of their respective tubing string or attached to it (known as fixed style). Both the 1-1/4 and 23/8 tubing sizes can be used as either coil tubing or as stick pipe and run inside a larger string of tubing. The power fluid goes to the pump through the inner tubing string and the produced fluid combined with the spent power fluid returns to the surface through the tubing-tubing annulus. The gas is free to flow to the surface through the casing-tubing annulus (Figure 2). The jet pump is well suited to this application because it is highly tolerant of particles in the produced fluid, and can easily be used in applications where the GLR through the pump is typically no more than the 1000-1500 scfpb range. While they can be easily used at higher GLRs (and have been), the required horsepower for the power fluid pump located on the surface might be more than an operator cares to install. It should be noted that while the different sizes of jet pumps are more than capable of the production rates mentioned above, they are not capable of the low rates necessary to pump-off a well. Before the flowing bottomhole pressure declines to or even approaches the level for a pumped off condition, the pump will enter a condition known as power fluid cavitation (Figure 6). This condition is not as well known as production cavitation but it is something that should be avoided. An appendix is included that has information on the theory, advantages and disadvantages of jet pumps along with a section on trouble shooting. The essential differences between the typical gas well dewatering installation and a frac fluid recovery installation are their respective production volumes and the portions of their respective IPR curves that are used. The reason for dewatering a gas well is to remove the back pressure on the formation so the gas can easily flow to the surface, and uncovering no more than half of the perforations will usually accomplish this. The liquid producing rates in gas wells tend to be relatively small (no more than a few 100 bpd or less) so the jet pump will be designed to cover the lower end of the PI/IPR curve while staying out of the power fluid cavitation area. Once the gas is flowing freely to the surface, the jet pump can be removed or left in place as desired. For a frac fluid recovery installation, the goal is to remove the frac fluid from the formation as quickly as possible. This leads to producing rates that tend to be very large (1000s of bpd with higher FBHPs) so the jet pump will be sized to cover the upper end of the PI/IPR curve. Usually, only about 50% of the injected frac fluid is recovered before the gas is flowing freely. At that time, the jet pump is normally removed from the well to allow more flow area for the gas. Jet pumps are also used in dewatering coal bed methane wells where the primary difference between those wells and the previously discussed wells are the fines. While the fines in a CBM well are coal fines, they are typically no worse than the frac sands in a frac fluid recovery well or formation sands in a gas well. While some CBM wells have fines that are sharp and angular, the same is also true of fines in other types of formations such as the Bromide formation in Oklahoma. Also, it should be noted that the high strength frac sands do not create any unusual problems for a jet pump. In those wells which have damaging fines, the area in the jet pump that is typically the most damaged is around the entrance to the throat. It has been found that using a throat made of silicon carbide, instead of the standard tungsten carbide, greatly improves the life of the pump in

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such wells. It has also been reported that the fines in CBM wells tend to clump together inside of the downhole jet pumps. However, an investigation of this claim disclosed that clumps have been found on the surface but no evidence was found of any clumps in the jet pumps. Sizing Considerations A jet pump must have a capacity that is sufficient to obtain the rate of production that the well is capable of delivering. At the same time, the required surface horsepower must be kept at a reasonable level. The first part of the process involves matching the jet pump performance curves with the PI/IPR of the well. The balance of the process involves staying within the operating limitations for a particular installation. The most common limitations are power fluid injection pressure and/or rate, and space limitations (such as for offshore installations). In addition, the backpressure (or discharge pressure) imposed on a jet pump always needs to be as low as possible. A computer is almost always required for the analysis, as the solution is an iterative process if gas is present and it has been known to require almost 50 iterations to obtain a convergence. An analysis can be done with a hand-help calculator if the GLR is 10 or less as a flowing gradient correlation would not be needed. TYPES OF SUBSURFACE PUMP INSTALLATIONS There are three basic subsurface pump systems: the free-type, the fixed-type, and the wireline-type. The first two are most commonly used for gas well dewatering and frac fluid recovery (see Figure 7). FREE-TYPE INSTALLATIONS The free-type system does not require a pulling unit to run or retrieve the pump. The pump is placed inside the power fluid tubing string and is "free" to move with the power fluid to the bottom of the well and back out again when the power fluid direction is reversed (Figure 8). This may be the primary advantage of hydraulic pumping systems. FIXED-INSERT INSTALLATIONS In a fixed-insert installation a large tubing string is run to bottom. The pump is then run on a smaller tubing string inside the main tubing string and seated in a seating shoe. In this design, the smaller string carries the pressurized power fluid to the pump. The exhausted power fluid plus the produced fluids are carried to the surface through the tubingtubing annulus. This allows gas to be vented up the casing annulus to the surface. A variation of this design would involve a packer set below a bottomhole assembly. This isolates the producing zone below the packer from the rest of the well but will cause all of the produced gas to go through the jet pump. This design would also be advantageous whenever bad casing up the hole is a problem or whenever it is necessary to isolate the zone being producing from another zone above the packer but it would not be considered to be a good choice for dewatering a gas well.

SURFACE POWER FLUID CONDITIONING SYSTEMS The purpose of a surface power fluid conditioning system is to provide a constant and adequate supply of suitable power fluid to operate the subsurface pumps. The success and economical operation of any hydraulic pumping fluid installation is, to a large extent, dependent on the effectiveness of the surface conditioning system in supplying clean power fluid for the surface power pump and down-hole pump. The presence of gas, solids, or abrasive materials in the power fluid will seriously affect the operation and wear life of the surface power fluid pump well before any damage is done to the downhole pump. Therefore, the primary objective in conditioning crude oil or water for use as power fluid is to make it as free of gas and solids as is practical. In addition to removing gas and solid material, adding a chemical treatment to the power fluid at the surface could increase the wear life of the pumping equipment. POWER FLUID CHOICES The liquids that are predominately used for the power fluid are those produced by the welltypically water or oil. Arguments can be made for and against the use of either of them as a power fluid so the final choice must be made by the operator. LIMITATIONS OF OTHER FORMS OF LIFT It has always been recognized that the weak link and limiting factor in sucker rod-pumping systems is the sucker rod itself. The thousands of feet of rods needed to transmit the reciprocating motion from the surface to the bottom-hole pump cannot be made strong enough to lift large loads from great depths. Even with the high strength Class "D" rods and tapered string designs, it would not be possible to have more than approximately 40,000 lb. peak load without over stressing the top rods and causing failures. The top rod must lift not only the well fluid on every stroke but also the weight of the submerged rods, which can be as much as 15 tons. The combined effects of the weight of the rods and the dynamics of cyclic loading along with rod/tubing wear in less-than-straight wells impose serious limitations on pumping depths and associated production volumes. The use of high volume electric submersible pumping is increasingly limited as producing horizons become deeper. Problems include the loss of power in the cable, the pressure limitations of the pump discharge housing, the large number of stages and the horsepower of the motor. The use of gas lift is also restricted due to producing bottom-hole pressure requirements. As a rule, it is not possible to obtain as much drawdown of the reservoir with gas lift as with pumps, provided gas interference is not a problem with the pumps. In addition, deep wells may require high injection pressures, which can adversely affect the casing. Gas lift, however, can still be advantageous in gassy or sandy wells, or wells that are very expensive to

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service due to pulling the tubing if the gas lift valves that are used are installed/retrieved with wireline. CONCLUSIONS Using jet pumps has shown to be both effective and easy to use for dewatering gas wells and for frac fluid recvery. In addition to the versatility it offers to match the wells production rate by simply changing the nozzle and/or throat, it also offers the operator an opportunity for a significant cost savings as compared to other forms of lift. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The author would like to thank the management of Weatherford International for its support in writing this paper. References Ref 1: SPE 20024, Artificial Lift with Coiled Tubing for Flow Testing the Monterey Formation, Offshore California Ref 2: SPE 35586, Coiled Tubing Conveyed Jet Pump Application Ref 3: Weatherford Internal Document, Overview of Hydraulic Pumping by Toby Pugh List of Illustrations Fig. 1 1-1/4 Colied Tubing Jet Pump Fig. 2 1-1/4 Coiled Tubing Jet Pump Installation Fig. 3 Typical Full Size Jet Pump Fig. 4 Gas Well Installation Results Fig. 5 Frac Well Installation Results Fig. 6 Schematic of Cavitation Bubbles and Damage Due to Power Fluid Cavitation Fig. 7 Free and Fixed Pump Installations Fig. 8 Installing/Removing a Free Style Pump Fig. 9 Schematic of Flow Velocity and Static Pressure in a Jet Pump Fig. 10 Flow Rates/Pressures Entering and Leaving a Jet Pump Fig. 11 Volume/Pressure Relationships for Different Area Ratios

design parameters of the physical nozzles and throats being used in order for them to function correctly. It is not uncommon for someone to focus on the ratios used in jet pumps, such as the area ratio, and forget about the actual sizes of the parts being analyzed. This can lead to misapplications and failure to perform as desired. Power fluid is pumped at a given rate (QS) to the down-hole jet pump where it reaches a nozzle with a total pressure, designated as PN (see Figure 9). This high-pressure liquid is then directed through the nozzle, which converts the fluid from a low velocity, high static pressure flow to a high velocity, low static pressure flow (PS). The low static pressure (PS) allows well fluids to flow from the reservoir at the desired production rate (QS) into the well bore and pump. The volume of power fluid used will be primarily proportional to the size of the nozzle. Whenever a high velocity jet of liquid is introduced into a stagnant or slowly moving liquid, a dragging action occurs at the boundary between the two liquids due to the interaction of the high velocity particles with the low velocity particles. The mixing of the two liquids is initialed by this dragging action and the transfer of momenta accelerates the slow liquid in the direction of flow. The mixing of the two streams at this point is minimal at most as the slow moving liquid at the boundary is able to move away from the high velocity jet. The slow liquid then enters a region of decreasing area, which is the annulus between the mixture stream and the inner walls of the throat. At the throat entrance, that annular area is the difference between nozzle exit area and throat area. As the two flows progress, a through mixing of the two streams takes place because the slow moving liquid at the boundary is not able to move away due to the walls of the throat. The area of the mixture stream progressively spreads while the area of the core of the high velocity jet progressively decreases until it disappears (see Figure 10). At or before the throat exit the mixture stream has spread until it touches the walls of the throat. At that point, all of the slow liquid has been mixed with the primary jet. The flow then exits the pump through a diffuser section, which converts it to a high static pressure, low velocity state. This high discharge pressure (Pd) must be sufficient to lift the combined flow rate (Qt) to the surface. The area of the throat must be able to pass the power fluid as well as the liquids and gas being produced. The area in the pump that must accommodate just the produced fluids (liquid and gas) is the annular area between the nozzle and the throat and it is this area that determines the cavitation characteristics of the pump. For high flow installations the size of the nozzle is chosen such that the annulus area in the throat is maximized. The resultant area ratio is excellent for high flow/low lift requirements. The reverse is true for low production rate installations where the annular area annulus is minimized. The resultant area ratio for this case is excellent for high

APPENDIX THEORY OF JET PUMPS The key components of a jet pump are the nozzle and throat. The ratio of the areas of these two parts is referred to as the area ratio of the pump and it determines the performance characteristics of the pump. Pumps with the same area ratio have the same performance and efficiency curves. Note: The power fluid and production flow rates must be within the

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lift/low flow installations. However, high lift ratios are more susceptible to cavitation than are the low lift ratios (see Figure 11). Advantages/Disadvantages of Hydraulic Pumps There are numerous advantages of a hydraulic pumping system as compared to sucker-rod, ESP or gas-lift systems. One major advantage is that it will operate over a wide range of well conditions such as setting depths of as much as 18,000 feet and production rates of as much as 35,000 bpd. Virtually all of the following advantages apply to dewatering gas wells as well as typical production installations. Typically, no rig is required to retrieve free pumps. In many cases, this may be the primary advantage of hydraulic pumping systems as compared to the other systems. Jet pumps are highly flexible in adjusting to changing production rates. Jet pumps can operate more reliably in deviated wells. Chemicals can be added to the power fluid to control corrosion, paraffin, scaling, etc. plus fresh water can be used to desolve salt deposits. Jet pumps have no moving parts. Jet pumps can typically perform better in higher GLR wells than positive displacement pumps, such as progressive cavity pumps, rod pumps, hydraulic piston pumps and ESPs. Jet pumps have long run lives. Standard jet pujps can operate successfully in temperatures as high as 400oF by simply using high temperatuere elastomers for their o-rings and sseal rings. Jet pumps have low maintenance costs. Jet pumps are field repairable. Jet pumps can be installed in sliding sleeves, wireline nipples and across gas lift mandrels as well as their own bottomhole assemblies. Jet pumps have a high tolerance for solids in the production fluids. Jet pumps have a high tolerance to corrosive fluids through the use of CRA materials and/or inhibitors entrained in the power fluid. The power fluid serves as a diluent when producing viscous crudes. The power fluid can be heated (usually water) to produce heavy crudes or crudes with high pour points. The disadvantages connected with a hydraulic pumping system include: It is often misapplied (this is a common problem for all forms of artificial lift). It requires knowledge by operating personnel (this is a common problem for all forms of artificial lift).

Surface pressures of as much as 5000 psi might be a safety hazard. Conditioning of the power fluid is required in order to have a supply of clean power fluid. Sand or other particles in the power fluid must be removed as they can damage the power fluid pump on the surface, the nozzle in a jet pump and the throat in a jet pump. A jet pump cannot pump-off a well. It requires a minimum flowing bottomhole pressure in order to avoid power fluid cavitation. That minimum pressure can be as much as 10%-30% of the hydrostatic based on the TVD of the pump and the makeup of the fluids being produced. However, it has been reported that some jet pumps were able to be operated with just 3% of the hydrostatic pressure without cavitating issues. The use of hydraulic pumps offshore has typically been limited to those platforms where a water injection system is already in place, as the deck space requirements for the surface equipment normally exceed what is available. Casing pressure capability can be a limitation for reverse flow installations. Jet pumps have low operating efficiencies which result in a higher installed horsepower than what is needed by other forms of lift. The power fluid injection rate for jet pumps will vary from 1 - 4 times the production rate, which depends primarily on the PI/IPR of the formation. The back pressure imposed on a jet pump has a strong influence on the power fluid injection pressure and can increase the injection pressure by 1-1/2 to 4 psi for each psi of back pressure. The rate of increase for a particular jet pump is determined by the area ratio of that pump (the area of the nozzle divided by the area of the throat).

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TROUBLE SHOOTINGCAUSES AND SOLUTIONS

INDICATION Sudden increase in operating pressure power fluid rate constant or reduced. Slow increase in operating pressure with constant power fluid rate, or slow decrease in power fluid rate with constant operating pressure. Sudden increase in operating pressure and power fluid rate essentially stopped. Sudden decrease in operating pressure with power fluid rate constant, or sudden increase in power fluid rate with operating pressure constant. Drop in production while all surface measurements conditions remain normal. CAUSE (a) Paraffin build-up or obstruction in power oil line, flow line, or valve. (b) Partial plug in nozzle. (a) Slow build-up of paraffin. (b) Worn throat or diffuser REMEDY (a) Run soluble plug or hot oil, or remove obstruction. Unseat and reseat pump. (b) Retrieve pump and clear nozzle. (a) Run soluble plug or hot oil. (b) Retrieve pump and repair.

(a) Fully plugged nozzle.

(a) Retrieve pump and clear nozzle.

(a) Failure in power fluid tubing string. (b) Blown pump seal or broken nozzle.

(a) Check tubing for leaks and pull and repair if leaking. (b) Retrieve pump and repair.

(a) Worn throat or diffuser. (b) Plugged standing valve or pump. (c) Leak or plug in gas vent. (d) Changing well conditions. (a) Cavitation damage in pump or high gas production. (b) Plugging of standing valve or pump. (a) Cavitation damage.

(a) Increase operating pressure. Replace throat and diffuser. (b) Retrieve pump and check. Retrieve/check standing valve. (c) Check gas vent system. (d) Run pressure recorder and resize pump. (a) Lower operating pressure or install larger throat. (b) Retrieve pump and check. Retrieve/check standing valve. (a) Check pump and standing valve for plugging. Install larger throat or reduce operating pressure to reduce velocity. (a) Replace throat, preferably with a premium material throat. Install a larger nozzle and throat to reduce velocity. (a) Run pressure recorder and resize pump. (b) Check pump and standing valve. (c) Check tubing. Pull and repair if leaking. (d) Check tubing and re-stab if necessary.

No production increase when operating pressure is increased. Throat worn as noted by one or more dark, pitted zones. Throat worn its cylindrical shape changed to barrel shape, smooth finish. New installation does not meet prediction of production.

(a) Erosion.

(a) Incorrect well data. (b) Plugging of standing valve or pump. (c) Tubular leak. (d) Side string in parallel installations not landed.

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Examples of Throat Damage

Example A

Erosion from sand normally occurs in a long enlarged area from the entrance end of the throat and into the diffuser section of the throat. Solution: Use a sand consolidation technique in the reservoir, use silicon carbide for throat material.

Example B
Entrance end of throat enlarged, usually caused from trying to produce more than the annular area will accommodate. Also, choking from large volume of gas. Solution: Go to larger throat size.

Example C

Example D

Cavitation at the entrance of the throat is due to an excess of produced fluids. Solution: Go to larger size throat. Cavitation farther into the throat indicates power fluid cavitation, which is usually the result of insufficient pump-intake-pressure. Solution: Decrease operating pressure/injection rate, resize nozzle/throat combination.

Cavitation in the lower end of the throat and into the diffuser indicates power fluid cavitation, which is usually the result of insufficient pumpintake-pressure. Solution: Decrease operating pressure/injection rate, resize nozzle/throat combination.

Figure 1

1-1/4 Coiled Tubing Jet Pump

COILED OR CONVENTIONAL TUBING

PUMP CAVITY

1-1/4" JET "FREE" PUMP

POWER FLUID

WELL FLUID WELL CASING (OPEN FOR VENTING GAS)

PRODUCED FLUID

Seal Area

GAS

STANDING VALVE

TUBING PACKER

Figure 2

1-1/4 Coiled Tubing Jet Pump Installation

Figure 3

Typical Full Size Jet Pump

REAL RESULTS Reliable, Cost-Saving Jet Pumps, Installed Freestyle, Remove Water for Free Flow of Gas to Surface
Objectives
Dewater wells producing up to 200 bbl/d of water. Progressing cavity pumps (PCPs) had been used previously, but numerous problems were experienced including rod/tubing wear, broken rotors resulting from torque problems, surging, and corrosion. The high volume of gas precluded use of rod pumps. Electric submersible pumps (ESPs) were ruled out because of the difficulty in producing at rates lower than 300 bbl/d, the high-angle deviation of the wells, and lack of electricity at the site.

Results
The freestyle jet pumps are producing at rates up to 800 bbl/d and at less than 50 bbl/d by changing only the nozzle and/or throat. This task was quickly accomplished, as freestyle operation capability meant that the pump could be circulated in and out hydraulically. The jet pumps had no trouble dealing with the high deviation angles or other problems encountered by PCPs. The jet pumps have proven highly reliable in removing the required volumes of water to enable gas flow.

Well type: Gas; four directional, one vertical Casing/tubing: 5 in., 17 lb/ft; 2-7/8 in.; 1-1/4 in. Depth in: 8,000 ft Flow rate: 200 bbl/d BHA details: Coiled tubing

Value to Client
Gas is flowing freely to the surface because the pumps are producing the necessary volumes of water. Freestyle jet pumps have low operating costs, with quick installation and retrieval for maintenance, using power fluid instead of a pulling unit. Low-cost repair parts are among other money-saving advantages. Performance of the jet pumps is being optimized on an ongoing basis.

Weatherford International Ltd. 515 Post Oak Blvd., Suite 600 Houston, Texas 77027 USA Tel: 713-693-4000 www.weatherford.com

Weatherford Toby Pugh, Regional Product Line Manager 972-243-1114 or 713-693-4895 Mobile: 972-768-4174

Weatherford products and services are subject to the Companys standard terms and conditions, available on request or at www.weatherford.com. For more information contact an authorized Weatherford representative. Unless noted otherwise, trademarks and service marks herein are the property of Weatherford. Specifications are subject to change without notice.

2004-2006 Weatherford. All rights reserved. Real Result RR 1175.00

REAL RESULTS Freestyle Jet Pumps Recover Frac Fluid Five Times Faster, Saving up to $200,000 per Well
Objectives
Accelerate frac fluid recovery to reduce associated costs and put wells on production faster. The operators standard procedure in the past was to let wells flow naturally and then fracture-stimulate them when flow rates were no longer acceptable. Frac fluid recovery would be completed by swabbing or, on rare occasions, by using nitrogen foam. In the case of these four wells, the operator sought a solution for faster recovery of the frac fluids to maximize the benefits of fracturing and reduce fluid recovery costs.

Weatherfords freestyle jet pump provides a cost-efficient means for speeding fluid recovery. The jet pump is easily moved from well to well and can pump at rates of less than 50 bpd to up to 2,000 bpd with a simple change of nozzle and/or throat.

Reversing the power fluid flow direction allows removal of the jet pump to provide an optimal oil and gas flow to the surface.

Results
Weatherfords freestyle jet pumps were used on all four wells. The pump and portable surface power unit were quickly relocated, from well to well, to repeat the recovery process. Frac fluids were recovered in one to three days for smallvolume fracs (less than 15,000 bpd) and in one to three weeks for large-volume fracs (more than 15,000 bpd). During the frac fluid recovery process, well data were obtained that would allow the operator to accurately size the artificial-lift equipment needed for producing each well. Location Oklahoma, USA Well Type Oil and gas Hole Angle Vertical/deviated Casing and Tubing 5 1/2-in., 17-lb/ft casing 2 7/8-in. tubing Formations Viola, Bromide, Woodford Shale, Hunton Bottomhole Assembly Freestyle pump Products/Services Hydraulic-lift services Freestyle jet pump Portable surface power unit

Value to Client
Recovering the frac fluids and putting the wells on production was five times faster than possible with swabbing. Nitrogen foam, which is cost prohibitive at US$50,000 to $200,000 per day, was used only on rare occasions. Sales began immediately when Weatherfords jet pump was used. Once each well was producing, the pump was easily removed to provide an optimal oil and gas flow path to the surface with the full tubing ID, in addition to the tubing-casing annulus. Success with Weatherfords jet pump gave the client a viable option for more cost-effective frac fluid recovery.
Weatherford International Ltd. 515 Post Oak Blvd., Suite 600 Houston, Texas 77027 USA Tel: 713-693-4000 www.weatherford.com

Weatherford Darrell Richardson Hydraulic Lift Products darrell.richardson@weatherford.com

Weatherford products and services are subject to the Companys standard terms and conditions, available on request or at www.weatherford.com. For more information contact an authorized Weatherford representative. Unless noted otherwise, trademarks and service marks herein are the property of Weatherford. Specifications are subject to change without notice. Weatherford sells its products and services in accordance with the terms and conditions set forth in the applicable contract between Weatherford and the client.

2007 Weatherford. All rights reserved. Real Result RR 2843.00

Figure 6

Schematic of Cavitation Bubbles and Damage Due to Power Fluid Cavitation

Outer Tubing Inner Tubing

Outer Tubing

Inner Tubing

Jet Pump

Jet Pump

Inside the Tubing Packer

Free Style Pump

Fixed Style Pump

Color Key

Power Fluid Produced Fluid Return Fluid (Production and Spent Power Fluid)

Figure 7

Free and Fixed Pump Installations

Figure 8

Installing/Removing a Free Style Pump

H o w T h e J e t P u m p W o rk s
PN Power F lu id P re s s u re Pd

Power F lu id V e lo c ity N o z z le Ps Pa T h ro a t D iffu s e r

Figure 9

Schematic of Flow Velocity and Static Pressure in a Jet Pump

N o z z le

T h ro a t

D iffu s e r

S e c o n d a r y F lo w PS QS

M ix e d F lo w

PN QN

Pd Qt

PS QS

H ig h V e lo c it y C o r e

Figure 10

Flow Rates/Pressures Entering and Leaving a Jet Pump

N oozzzz le /T roro ta R Rtio s s N le /T h h a t a a tio Vo lu m e /P re s s u re R e la tio n s h ip s

" AR aR A T IO A " tio

V o lu m e /P re s su re R e la tio n s h ip s

" CR aR A T IO C " tio

" ER aR A T IO E " tio

L IFtT L if

Vo V O L U M E lu m e

Figure 11

Volume/Pressure Relationships for Different Area Ratios