Cooling and Lubrication of Engines Most small two-stroke engines are air-cooled.

Air flows over cooling fins around the outside of the cylinder and head, either by the natural motion of the vehicle or from a fan. Many aircraft four-stroke engines are also air-cooled; larger engines have the cylinders arranged radially so that all cylinders are directly in the airstream. Most four-stroke engines, however, are watercooled. A water jacket encloses the cylinders; a water pump forces water through the jacket, where it draws heat from the engine. Next, the water flows into a radiator where the heat is given off to the air; it then moves back into the jacket to repeat the cycle. During warm-up a thermostatic valve keeps water from passing to the radiator until optimum operating temperatures are attained. Four-stroke engines are lubricated by oil from a separate oil reservoir, either in the crankcase, which is a pan attached to the underside of the engine, or in an external tank. In an automobile engine a gear pump delivers the oil at low pressure to the bearings. Some bearings may depend on oil splashed from the bottom of the crankcase by the turning crankshaft. In a two-stroke engine the lubricating oil is mixed with the fuel. http://www.cdxetextbook.com/engines/lube/topic.html

The Working of an Engine's Lubrication System Written by: Finn Orfano Edited by: Lamar Stonecypher Updated Mar 3, 2010 Related Guides: Oil Filter What is a lubricating system of an engine and how does it work? Let us read more to learn about the purpose and operation of this important system. Purpose Of Lubricating System The lubricating oil performs the following functions in an engine:
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The oil lubricates moving parts to minimize wear by sealing the clearances between moving parts such as bearings, shafts, etc. Thus, the parts move on layers of oil, and not in direct contact with each other, which reduces power loss in the engine. The oil obtains heat from the moving parts of the engine which is transferred into the cooler oil in the oil pan. Therefore, the oil performs the function of a cooling agent. Some engines have oil nozzles which spray oil at the underside of the pistons, thereby removing heat from the pistons. The oil fills the clearances between rotating journals and the bearings. When heavy loads are abruptly placed on the bearings, the oil acts as a cushioning agent, which reduces the wear on bearings. The oil creates a seal between the walls of the cylinder and the piston rings, thereby reducing exhaust gas blowby.

The oil performs the function of a cleaning agent by picking up dirt particles and taking them to oil pan. Larger particles are retained at the bottom while smaller particles are filtered out by oil filters.

Lubricant Dispense System www.nordsonefd.com Get Consistent, Controlled Deposits of Lubricants. Request Free Catalog Ads by Google Parts And Operation Of Lubricating System
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Oil Pump: The gear-type oil pump has a pair of meshing gears. The spaces between the teeth are filled with oil when the gears unmesh. The oil pump obtains oil from the oil pan and sends oil through the oil filter to the oil galleries and main bearings. Some oil passes from the holes in the crankshaft to the rod bearings. Main bearings and rod bearings are lubricated adequately to achieve their desired objectives. In the rotor type oil pump, the inner rotor is driven and drives the outer rotor. As the rotor revolves, the gaps between the lobes are filled with oil. When the lobes of the inner rotor move into the gaps in the outer rotor, oil is forced out through the outlet of pump. An oil pump can also be driven by a camshaft gear that drives the ignition distributor or by the crankshaft. Oil Pan: Oil also flows to the cylinder head through drilled passages that make up the oil gallery, lubricates camshaft bearings and valves, and then returns to oil pan. Some engines have grooves or holes in connecting rods, which provide extra lubrication to pistons and walls of cylinders. Oil Cooler: Oil cooler prevents overheating of oil, by flow of engine coolant past tubes carrying hot oil. The coolant picks excess heat and carries it to the radiator. Oil Filter: The oil from oil pump flows through oil filter before reaching the engine bearings. The oil filter retains the dirt particles and allows only clean filtered oil to pass.

Lubricating System Indicators There are indicator lights which are on when the engine oil pressure is low. Electric analog and electronic digital gauges are used to indicate the oil pressure. A dipstick is used to measure the oil level in the oil pan, while in some vehicles oil change indicator lights are used to identify the quality of oil.

Read more: http://www.brighthub.com/engineering/mechanical/articles/37202.aspx#ixzz1Ueoh7ziL 2.12 Lubrication System in I.C. Engines

2.12.1 Need for Lubrication

In an I.C. engine, moving parts rub against each other causing frictional force. Due to the frictional force, heat is generated and the engine parts wear easily. Power is also lost due to friction, since more power is required to drive an engine having more friction between rubbing surfaces.

To reduce the power lost and also wear and tear of the moving part substance called lubricant is introduced between, the rubbing surfaces.

2.12.2 Function of Lubrication

(a)

Lubricant reduces friction between moving part

(b)

It reduces wear and tear of the moving parts.

(c)

It minimizes power loss due to friction.

(d) It provides cooling effect. While lubricating it also carries some heat from the moving parts and delivers it to the surroundings through the bottom of the engine (crank case).

(e)

It helps reduce noise created by the moving parts.

2.12.3 Engine parts which are lubricated

The following are some engine parts that require adequate lubrication.

1. Crank shaft

2. Crank pin 3. Big and small end of the connecting rode

4. Piston pin

5. Internal surfaces of cylinder walls

6. Piston rings

7. Valve mechanisms 8. Cam shaft etc.

2.12.4 Lubrication Systems

The main lubrication systems are:

1. Petrol lubrication system or Mist lubrication system.

2. Wet sump lubrication system.

2.12.5 Petrol Lubrication System or Mist Lubrication System.

This system of lubrication is used in scooters and motor cycles. About 3% to 6% of lubricating oil is added with petrol in the petrol tank. The petrol evaporates when the engine is working. The lubricating oil is left behind in the form of mist. The parts of the engine such as piston cylinder walls, connecting rod are lubricated by being wetted with the oil mist

Disadvantage

(i) If the added oil is less, there will not be sufficient lubrication and even result in seizure of the engine, (ii) If the added oil is more, it will lead to excess exhaust smoke and carbon deposits in the cylinder, exhaust parts and spark plugs.

2.12.6 Wet sump Lubrication System

Engine Lubrication

Two types of engine lubrication systems are used in internal-combustion engines: the splash system and the pressure-feed system. The pressure-feed system, with small modifications, is the more popular for more popular for modern automobile engines. The splash system is used on most lawn mower and outboard engines.

2.12.7 Pressure-Feed System.

In the pressure-feed system, oil is forced by the oil pump through oil lines and drilled passageways. The oil, passing through the drilled passageways under pressure, supplies the necessary lubrication for the crankshaft main bearings, the connecting-rod bearings piston-pin bushings, camshaft bearings, valve lifters, valve push rods, and rocker studs. Oil passing through the oil lines is directed to the timing gears and the valve rocker shafts in order to lubricate these parts. The cylinder walls are lubricated by oil thrown off the connecting-rod and piston-pin bearings. Some engines have oil spit holes in the connecting rods that line up with drilled holes in the crankshaft journal during each revolution, and through or spit a steam of oil onto the cylinder walls.

Pressure-Feed System To enable the oil to pass from the drilled passageways in the engine block to the rotating crankshaft, the main bearings must have oil feed holes or grooves that line up with the drilled holes in the crankshaft each time the crankshaft rotates. The same is true in the case of the connecting-rod bearings and the drilled passageways in the connecting rods. Since the oil in the passageways is under pressure, each time the drilled holes in the crankshaft and connecting rod

line up with the holes in the bearings, the pressure forces the oil through these drilled passages into the crankshaft and connecting rod, lubricating their respective bearings.

After the oil has been forced to the area requiring lubrication, it falls back down into the oil pan ready to be picked up again and returned through the system. As the oil falls, it is frequently splashed by the moving parts onto some other part requiring lubrication.

2.12.8 The Splash system

The splash system is used only on small four-stroke-cycle engines such as lawn mower engines. As the engine is operating, dippers on the ends of the connecting rods enter the oil supply, pick up sufficient oil to lubricate the connecting-rod bearing, and splash oil to the upper parts of the engine. The oil is thrown up as droplets, or fine spray, which lubricates the cylinder walls, piston pins and valve mechanism.

The Splash system